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Essential Components of Synthetic Infectious Prion Formation De Novo. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111694. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a class of neurodegenerative diseases that are uniquely infectious. Whilst their general replication mechanism is well understood, the components required for the formation and propagation of highly infectious prions are poorly characterized. The protein-only hypothesis posits that the prion protein (PrP) is the only component of the prion; however, additional co-factors are required for its assembly into infectious prions. These can be provided by brain homogenate, but synthetic lipids and non-coding RNA have also been used in vitro. Here, we review a range of experimental approaches, which generate PrP amyloid assemblies de novo. These synthetic PrP assemblies share some, but not necessarily all, properties of genuine infectious prions. We will discuss the different experimental approaches, how a prion is defined, the non-protein requirements of a prion, and provide an overview of the current state of prion amplification and generation in vitro.
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2
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Oh J, Lee K, Park Y. Enhancing sensitivity in absorption spectroscopy using a scattering cavity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14916. [PMID: 34290293 PMCID: PMC8295268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Absorption spectroscopy is widely used to detect samples with spectral specificity. Here, we propose and demonstrate a method for enhancing the sensitivity of absorption spectroscopy. Exploiting multiple light scattering generated by a boron nitride (h-BN) scattering cavity, the optical path lengths of light inside a diffusive reflective cavity are significantly increased, resulting in more than ten times enhancement of sensitivity in absorption spectroscopy. We demonstrate highly sensitive spectral measurements of low concentrations of malachite green and crystal violet aqueous solutions. Because this method only requires the addition of a scattering cavity to existing absorption spectroscopy, it is expected to enable immediate and widespread applications in various fields, from analytical chemistry to environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghun Oh
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - KyeoReh Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - YongKeun Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Tomocube, Inc., Daejeon, 34051, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Abstract
Introduction: Prion diseases are a class of rare and fatal neurodegenerative diseases for which no cure is currently available. They are characterized by conformational conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the disease-associated 'scrapie' isoform (PrPSc). Under an etiological point of view, prion diseases can be divided into acquired, genetic, and idiopathic form, the latter of which are the most frequent.Areas covered: Therapeutic approaches targeting prion diseases are based on the use of chemical and nature-based compounds, targeting either PrPC or PrPSc or other putative player in pathogenic mechanism. Other proposed anti-prion treatments include passive and active immunization strategies, peptides, aptamers, and PrPC-directed RNA interference techniques. The treatment efficacy has been mainly assessed in cell lines or animal models of the disease testing their ability to reduce prion accumulation.Expert opinion: The assessed strategies focussing on the identification of an efficient anti-prion therapy faced various issues, which go from permeation of the blood brain barrier to immunological tolerance of the host. Indeed, the use of combinatory approaches, which could boost a synergistic anti-prion effect and lower the potential side effects of single treatments and may represent an extreme powerful and feasible way to tackle prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zattoni
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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Stepanchuk A, Tahir W, Nilsson KPR, Schatzl HM, Stys PK. Early detection of prion protein aggregation with a fluorescent pentameric oligothiophene probe using spectral confocal microscopy. J Neurochem 2020; 156:1033-1048. [PMID: 32799317 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Misfolding of the prion protein (PrP) and templating of its pathological conformation onto cognate proteins causes a number of lethal disorders of central nervous system in humans and animals, such as Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, chronic wasting disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Structural rearrangement of PrPC into PrPSc promotes aggregation of misfolded proteins into β-sheet-rich fibrils, which can be visualized by conformationally sensitive fluorescent probes. Early detection of prion misfolding and deposition might provide useful insights into its pathophysiology. Pentameric formyl thiophene acetic acid (pFTAA) is a novel amyloid probe that was shown to sensitively detect various misfolded proteins, including PrP. Here, we compared sensitivity of pFTAA staining and spectral microscopy with conventional methods of prion detection in mouse brains infected with mouse-adapted 22L prions. pFTAA bound to prion deposits in mouse brain sections exhibited a red-shifted fluorescence emission spectrum, which quantitatively increased with disease progression. Small prion deposits were detected as early as 50 days post-inoculation, well before appearance of clinical signs. Moreover, we detected significant spectral shifts in the greater brain parenchyma as early as 25 days post-inoculation, rivaling the most sensitive conventional method (real-time quaking-induced conversion). These results showcase the potential of pFTAA staining combined with spectral imaging for screening of prion-infected tissue. Not only does this method have comparable sensitivity to established techniques, it is faster and technically simpler. Finally, this readout provides valuable information about the spatial distribution of prion aggregates across tissue in the earliest stages of infection, potentially providing valuable pathophysiological insight into prion transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Stepanchuk
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Waqas Tahir
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Peter R Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peter K Stys
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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5
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Detection of Pathognomonic Biomarker PrP Sc and the Contribution of Cell Free-Amplification Techniques to the Diagnosis of Prion Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030469. [PMID: 32204429 PMCID: PMC7175149 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases, the clinical manifestation of which can resemble other promptly evolving neurological maladies. Therefore, the unequivocal ante-mortem diagnosis is highly challenging and was only possible by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of the brain at necropsy. Although surrogate biomarkers of neurological damage have become invaluable to complement clinical data and provide more accurate diagnostics at early stages, other neurodegenerative diseases show similar alterations hindering the differential diagnosis. To solve that, the detection of the pathognomonic biomarker of disease, PrPSc, the aberrantly folded isoform of the prion protein, could be used. However, the amounts in easily accessible tissues or body fluids at pre-clinical or early clinical stages are extremely low for the standard detection methods. The solution comes from the recent development of in vitro prion propagation techniques, such as Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real Time-Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC), which have been already applied to detect minute amounts of PrPSc in different matrixes and make early diagnosis of prion diseases feasible in a near future. Herein, the most relevant tissues and body fluids in which PrPSc has been detected in animals and humans are being reviewed, especially those in which cell-free prion propagation systems have been used with diagnostic purposes.
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6
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Nuebling GS, Plesch E, Ruf VC, Högen T, Lorenzl S, Kamp F, Giese A, Levin J. Binding of Metal-Ion-Induced Tau Oligomers to Lipid Surfaces Is Enhanced by GSK-3β-Mediated Phosphorylation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:880-887. [PMID: 32069020 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While fibrillar deposits of hyperphosphorylated protein tau are a key hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, small oligomers have been speculated to be the key toxic aggregate species. Trivalent metal ions were shown to promote tau oligomer formation in vitro. However, little is known about potential intercellular spreading mechanisms or toxic modes of action of such oligomers. We investigated interactions of tau monomers and Fe3+/Al3+-induced oligomers with small unilamellar vesicles derived from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (neutral, liquid-crystalline phase) and dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (neutral, gel-phase). We further evaluated the influence of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β)-mediated tau phosphorylation applying the single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy techniques fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence intensity distribution analysis, and scanning for intensely fluorescent targets. In these experiments, no binding to neutral lipid surfaces was observed for tau monomers. In contrast, metal-ion-induced tau oligomers showed a gain of function in binding to neutral lipid surfaces. Of note, tau phosphorylation by GSK-3β increased both oligomer formation and membrane affinity of the resulting oligomers. In conclusion, our data imply a pathological gain of function of metal-ion-induced oligomers of hyperphosphorylated tau, enabling membrane binding irrespective of surface charge even at nanomolar protein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg S. Nuebling
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department for Palliative Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Plesch
- Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Viktoria C. Ruf
- Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Högen
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorenzl
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department for Palliative Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Endowed Professorship for Interdisciplinary Research in Palliative Care, Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frits Kamp
- Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Research Center, Metabolic Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen DZNE, 81377 Munich, Germany
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7
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Atienza-Roca P, Kieser DC, Cui X, Bathish B, Ramaswamy Y, Hooper GJ, Clarkson AN, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Martens PJ, Wise LM, Woodfield TBF, Lim KS. Visible light mediated PVA-tyramine hydrogels for covalent incorporation and tailorable release of functional growth factors. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5005-5019. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00603c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PVA-Tyr hydrogel facilitated covalent incorporation can control release of pristine growth factors while retaining their native bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Atienza-Roca
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- University of Otago Christchurch
- Christchurch 8011
- New Zealand
| | - David C. Kieser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- University of Otago Christchurch
- Christchurch 8011
- New Zealand
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- University of Otago Christchurch
- Christchurch 8011
- New Zealand
| | - Boushra Bathish
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- University of Otago Christchurch
- Christchurch 8011
- New Zealand
| | - Yogambha Ramaswamy
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Sydney
- Sydney 2006
- Australia
| | - Gary J. Hooper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- University of Otago Christchurch
- Christchurch 8011
- New Zealand
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy
- Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand
- University of Otago
- Dunedin 9054
- New Zealand
| | | | - Penny J. Martens
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Lyn M. Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- University of Otago
- New Zealand
| | - Tim B. F. Woodfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- University of Otago Christchurch
- Christchurch 8011
- New Zealand
| | - Khoon S. Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- University of Otago Christchurch
- Christchurch 8011
- New Zealand
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8
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Moroder L, Musiol H. Amino acid chalcogen analogues as tools in peptide and protein research. J Pept Sci 2019; 26:e3232. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moroder
- Bioorganic ChemistryMax‐Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Musiol
- Bioorganic ChemistryMax‐Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
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9
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Ruf VC, Nübling GS, Willikens S, Shi S, Schmidt F, Levin J, Bötzel K, Kamp F, Giese A. Different Effects of α-Synuclein Mutants on Lipid Binding and Aggregation Detected by Single Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy and ThT Fluorescence-Based Measurements. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1649-1659. [PMID: 30605594 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Six α-synuclein (aSyn) point mutations are currently known to be associated with familial parkinsonism: A30P, E46K, H50Q, G51D, A53E, and A53T. We performed a comprehensive in vitro analysis to study the impact of all aSyn mutations on lipid binding and aggregation behavior. Markedly reduced lipid binding of A30P, moderately attenuated binding of G51D, and only very slightly reduced binding for the other mutants were observed. A30P was particularly prone to form metal ion induced oligomers, whereas A53T exhibited only weak tendencies to form oligomers. In turn, fibril formation occurred rapidly in H50Q, G51D, and A53T, but only slowly in A30P, suggesting mutants prone to form oligomers tend to form fibrils to a lesser extent. This was supported by the observation that fibril formation of wild type aSyn, A30P, and A53T was impaired in the presence of ferric iron. Additionally, we found the aggregation kinetics of mixtures of A30P or A53T and wt aSyn to be determined by the faster aggregating aSyn variant. Our results implicate differential mechanisms playing a role in aSyn pathology on the molecular level. This might contribute to a better understanding of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and provide potential links to develop prevention strategies and disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria C. Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Georg S. Nübling
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Sophia Willikens
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Song Shi
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Kai Bötzel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
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10
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Review: Fluid biomarkers in the human prion diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 97:81-92. [PMID: 30529227 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human prion diseases are a diverse set of often rapidly progressive neurodegenerative conditions associated with abnormal forms of the prion protein. We review work to establish diagnostic biomarkers and assays that might fill other important roles, particularly those that could assist the planning and interpretation of clinical trials. The field now benefits from highly sensitive and specific diagnostic biomarkers using cerebrospinal fluid: detecting by-products of rapid neurodegeneration or specific functional properties of abnormal prion protein, with the second generation real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay being particularly promising. Blood has been a more challenging analyte, but has now also yielded valuable biomarkers. Blood-based assays have been developed with the potential to screen for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, although it remains uncertain whether these will ever be used in practice. The very rapid neurodegeneration of prion disease results in strong signals from surrogate protein markers in the blood that reflect neuronal, axonal, synaptic or glial pathology in the brain: notably the tau and neurofilament light chain proteins. We discuss early evidence that such tests, applied alongside robust diagnostic biomarkers, may have potential to add value as clinical trial outcome measures, predictors of future disease course (including for asymptomatic individuals at high risk of prion disease), and as rapidly accessible and sensitive markers to aid early diagnosis.
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11
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Schwille P. There and back again: from the origin of life to single molecules. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 47:493-498. [PMID: 29569181 PMCID: PMC5982444 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
What is life? There is hardly a more fundamental question raised by aspiring researchers, and one less prone to ever be answered in a scientifically satisfying way. In the long, productive and highly influential period of research following his Nobel-recognised work on relaxation kinetics, Manfred Eigen made seminal contributions towards a quantifiable definition of life, with a strong focus on its evolutionary character. In the last years of his time as an active researcher, however, he devoted himself to another, purely experimental topic: the detection and analysis of single biomolecules in aqueous solution. In this short review, I will give an overview of the groundbreaking contributions to the field of single molecule research made by Eigen and coworkers, and show that both, in its intrinsic motivation, and in its consequences, single molecule research strongly relates to the question of the physical-chemical essence of life. In fact, research on living systems with single molecule sensitivity will always refer the researcher to the question of the simplest possible representation, and thus the origin, of any biological phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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12
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Kundel F, Tosatto L, Whiten DR, Wirthensohn DC, Horrocks MH, Klenerman D. Shedding light on aberrant interactions - a review of modern tools for studying protein aggregates. FEBS J 2018; 285:3604-3630. [PMID: 29453901 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The link between protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease is well established. However, given the heterogeneity of species formed during the aggregation process, it is difficult to delineate details of the molecular events involved in generating pathological aggregates from those producing soluble monomers. As aberrant aggregates are possible pharmacological targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, the need to observe and characterise soluble oligomers has pushed traditional biophysical techniques to their limits, leading to the development of a plethora of new tools capable of detecting soluble oligomers with high precision and specificity. In this review, we discuss a range of modern biophysical techniques that have been developed to study protein aggregation, and give an overview of how they have been used to understand, in detail, the aberrant aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins associated with the two most common neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Tosatto
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy
| | | | | | | | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
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13
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Villar-Piqué A, Schmitz M, Candelise N, Ventura S, Llorens F, Zerr I. Molecular and Clinical Aspects of Protein Aggregation Assays in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7588-7605. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Detection of contactin-2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer's disease using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS). Clin Biochem 2017; 50:1061-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Kedia N, Almisry M, Bieschke J. Glucose directs amyloid-beta into membrane-active oligomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18036-18046. [PMID: 28671211 PMCID: PMC5654640 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02849k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligomeric amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ-42) peptides are considered to be the most toxic species connected to the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease. However, not all aggregation conditions promote oligomer formation in vitro, raising the question whether oligomer formation in vivo also requires a specific suitable cellular environment. We recently found that interaction with neuronal membranes initiates aggregation of Aβ-42 and neuronal uptake. Our data suggest that small molecules in the extracellular space can facilitate the formation of membrane-active Aβ-42 oligomers. We analyzed the early stage of Aβ-42 aggregation in the presence of glucose and sucrose and found that these sugars strongly favor Aβ-42 oligomer formation. We characterized oligomers by dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, immuno-transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy. We found that Aβ-42 spontaneously and rapidly forms low molecular weight oligomers in the presence of sugars. Slightly acidic pH (6.7-7) greatly favors oligomer formation when compared to the extracellular physiological pH (7.4). Circular dichroism demonstrated that these Aβ-42 oligomers did not adopt a β-sheet structure. Unstructured oligomeric Aβ-42 interacted with membrane bilayers of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) and neuronal model cells, facilitated cellular uptake of Aβ-42, and inhibition of mitochondrial activity. Our data therefore suggest that elevated concentrations of glucose within the range observed in diabetic individuals (10 mM) facilitate the formation of membrane-active Aβ-42 oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraja Kedia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, 63130 St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Michael Almisry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, 63130 St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jan Bieschke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, 63130 St. Louis, MO, USA.
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16
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Hasegawa M, Wandera EA, Inoue Y, Kimura N, Sasaki R, Mizukami T, Shah MM, Shirai N, Takei O, Shindo H, Ichinose Y. Detection of rotavirus in clinical specimens using an immunosensor prototype based on the photon burst counting technique. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3383-3394. [PMID: 28717574 PMCID: PMC5508835 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive fluorescence sensor was developed for the detection of small, fluorescence-labeled particles dispersed in a solution. The prototype system comprises of a laser confocal optical system and a mechanical sample stage to detect photon bursting of fluorescence-labeled small particles in sample volumes less than 5 μL within 3 minutes. To examine the feasibility of the prototype system as a diagnostic tool, assemblages of rotavirus and fluorescence-labeled antibody were analyzed. The detection sensitivity for rotavirus was 1 × 104 pfu/mL. Rotavirus in stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis was also detected. The advantages and disadvantages of this immunosensor with respect to ELISA and RT-PCR, the current gold standards for virus detection, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Nanami Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Sasaki
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Tamio Mizukami
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Mohammad Monir Shah
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shirai
- Industrial Research Center of Shiga Prefecture, 232 Kami-Toyama, Ritto-shi, Shiga 520-3004, Japan
| | - Osamu Takei
- LIFETECH Co. Ltd., 4074, Miyadera, Iruma-shi, Saitama 358-0014, Japan
| | - Hironori Shindo
- Matsunami Glass IND. Ltd., 2-1-10 Yasaka, Kishiwada-shi, Osaka 596-0049, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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17
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Nübling G, Schuberth M, Feldmer K, Giese A, Holdt LM, Teupser D, Lorenzl S. Cathepsin S increases tau oligomer formation through limited cleavage, but only IL-6, not cathespin S serum levels correlate with disease severity in the neurodegenerative tauopathy progressive supranuclear palsy. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2407-2412. [PMID: 28493068 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Limited cleavage promotes the aggregation propensity of protein tau in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Cathepsin S (CatS) is overexpressed in brains of patients suffering from tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, CatS serum levels correlate with survival in the elderly. The current study investigates whether limited cleavage by CatS promotes tau aggregation, and whether CatS serum levels may correlate with disease severity in tauopathies. Oligomer formation of fluorescently labeled protein tau was monitored by single particle fluorescence spectroscopy after coincubation with CatS. Tau cleavage patterns were investigated by SDS-PAGE. For serum analyses, samples were collected from 42 patients with probable progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) according to NINDS-PSP criteria. Disease severity was assessed by PSP rating scale (PSP-RS), PSP staging system (PSP-S) and Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living (SEADL). CatS, cystatin C (CysC) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) serum levels were determined by ELISA, ECLIA and turbidimetry, respectively. SDS-PAGE demonstrated a distinct cleavage pattern of protein tau after coincubation with CatS. Furthermore, tau oligomer formation was increased 2.4-fold (p < 0.05) after limited cleavage. Serum CatS and CysC levels did not correlate with disease severity in PSP. Of note, IL-6 correlated with PSP-S (r = 0.41; 95% CI 0.11-0.65; p = 0.008), SEADL (r = -0.37; 95% CI -0.61 to -0.06; p = 0.017) and the history and gait/midline subdomains of the PSP-RS. While CatS facilitates tau aggregation in vitro, serum levels of CatS appear not to correlate with disease severity. The observed correlation of IL-6 with disease severity warrants further investigation of inflammatory markers in PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Nübling
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Palliative Care, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - M Schuberth
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - K Feldmer
- Department of Palliative Care, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - L M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Lorenzl
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Palliative Care, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Endowed Professorship for Palliative Care, Salzburg, Austria
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18
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Abstract
Although an effective therapy for prion disease has not yet been established, many advances have been made toward understanding its pathogenesis, which has facilitated research into therapeutics for the disease. Several compounds, including flupirtine, quinacrine, pentosan polysulfate, and doxycycline, have recently been used on a trial basis for patients with prion disease. Concomitantly, several lead antiprion compounds, including compound B (compB), IND series, and anle138b, have been discovered. However, clinical trials are still far from yielding significantly beneficial results, and the findings of lead compound studies in animals have highlighted new challenges. These efforts have highlighted areas that need improvement or further exploration to achieve more effective therapies. In this work, we review recent advances in prion-related therapeutic research and discuss basic scientific issues to be resolved for meaningful medical intervention of prion disease.
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19
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Gao S, Cui M, Li R, Liang L, Liu Y, Xie L. Quantitative deconvolution of autocorrelations and cross correlations from two-dimensional lifetime decay maps in fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:9-15. [PMID: 36718073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a widely used method for measuring molecular diffusion and chemical kinetics. However, when a mixture of fluorescent species is taken into account, the conventional FCS method has limitations in extracting autocorrelations for different species and cross correlations between different species. Recently developed fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy (FLCS) based on time-tagged time-resolved (TTTR) photon recording, which can record the global and micro arrival time for each individual photon, has been used to discriminate different species according to fluorescence lifetime. Here, based on two-dimensional lifetime decay maps constructed from TTTR photon stream, we have developed a quantitative lifetime-deconvolution FCS model (LDFCS) to extract precise chemical rates for chemical conversions in multi-species systems. The key point of LDFCS model is separation of different species according to the global distribution of fluorescence lifetime and then deconvolution of autocorrelations and cross-correlations from the two-dimensional lifetime decay maps constructed by the micro arrival times of photon pairs at each delay time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Menghua Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiru Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Liming Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
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20
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Gambin Y, Polinkovsky M, Francois B, Giles N, Bhumkar A, Sierecki E. Confocal Spectroscopy to Study Dimerization, Oligomerization and Aggregation of Proteins: A Practical Guide. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050655. [PMID: 27144560 PMCID: PMC4881481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein self-association is a key feature that can modulate the physiological role of proteins or lead to deleterious effects when uncontrolled. Protein oligomerization is a simple way to modify the activity of a protein, as the modulation of binding interfaces allows for self-activation or inhibition, or variation in the selectivity of binding partners. As such, dimerization and higher order oligomerization is a common feature in signaling proteins, for example, and more than 70% of enzymes have the potential to self-associate. On the other hand, protein aggregation can overcome the regulatory mechanisms of the cell and can have disastrous physiological effects. This is the case in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, where proteins, due to mutation or dysregulation later in life, start polymerizing and often fibrillate, leading to the creation of protein inclusion bodies in cells. Dimerization, well-defined oligomerization and random aggregation are often difficult to differentiate and characterize experimentally. Single molecule “counting” methods are particularly well suited to the study of self-oligomerization as they allow observation and quantification of behaviors in heterogeneous conditions. However, the extreme dilution of samples often causes weak complexes to dissociate, and rare events can be overlooked. Here, we discuss a straightforward alternative where the principles of single molecule detection are used at higher protein concentrations to quantify oligomers and aggregates in a background of monomers. We propose a practical guide for the use of confocal spectroscopy to quantify protein oligomerization status and also discuss about its use in monitoring changes in protein aggregation in drug screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gambin
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Mark Polinkovsky
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Bill Francois
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Nichole Giles
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Akshay Bhumkar
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Emma Sierecki
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Sciences, School of Medical Science, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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21
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Horrocks MH, Lee SF, Gandhi S, Magdalinou NK, Chen SW, Devine MJ, Tosatto L, Kjaergaard M, Beckwith JS, Zetterberg H, Iljina M, Cremades N, Dobson CM, Wood NW, Klenerman D. Single-Molecule Imaging of Individual Amyloid Protein Aggregates in Human Biofluids. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:399-406. [PMID: 26800462 PMCID: PMC4800427 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
The misfolding and aggregation of
proteins into amyloid fibrils
characterizes many neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s
and Alzheimer’s diseases. We report here a method, termed SAVE
(single aggregate visualization by enhancement) imaging, for the ultrasensitive
detection of individual amyloid fibrils and oligomers using single-molecule
fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate that this method is able to
detect the presence of amyloid aggregates of α-synuclein, tau,
and amyloid-β. In addition, we show that aggregates can also
be identified in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Significantly, we
see a twofold increase in the average aggregate concentration in CSF
from Parkinson’s disease patients compared to age-matched controls.
Taken together, we conclude that this method provides an opportunity
to characterize the structural nature of amyloid aggregates in a key
biofluid, and therefore has the potential to study disease progression
in both animal models and humans to enhance our understanding of neurodegenerative
disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew H. Horrocks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Steven F. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Department
of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N
3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia K. Magdalinou
- Reta
Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Serene W. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Devine
- Division
of Brain Sciences, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12
0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Tosatto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Kjaergaard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph S. Beckwith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department
of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N
3BG, United Kingdom
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry,
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University College University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marija Iljina
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Nunilo Cremades
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Dobson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W. Wood
- Department
of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N
3BG, United Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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22
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Wagner J, Krauss S, Shi S, Ryazanov S, Steffen J, Miklitz C, Leonov A, Kleinknecht A, Göricke B, Weishaupt JH, Weckbecker D, Reiner AM, Zinth W, Levin J, Ehninger D, Remy S, Kretzschmar HA, Griesinger C, Giese A, Fuhrmann M. Reducing tau aggregates with anle138b delays disease progression in a mouse model of tauopathies. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:619-31. [PMID: 26439832 PMCID: PMC4612332 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathological tau aggregation leads to filamentous tau inclusions and characterizes neurodegenerative tauopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Tau aggregation coincides with clinical symptoms and is thought to mediate neurodegeneration. Transgenic mice overexpressing mutant human P301S tau exhibit many neuropathological features of human tauopathies including behavioral deficits and increased mortality. Here, we show that the di-phenyl-pyrazole anle138b binds to aggregated tau and inhibits tau aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, anle138b treatment effectively ameliorates disease symptoms, increases survival time and improves cognition of tau transgenic PS19 mice. In addition, we found decreased synapse and neuron loss accompanied by a decreased gliosis in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that reducing tau aggregates with anle138b may represent an effective and promising approach for the treatment of human tauopathies.
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23
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Guan Y, Cao KJ, Cantlon A, Elbel K, Theodorakis EA, Walsh DM, Yang J, Shah JV. Real-Time Monitoring of Alzheimer's-Related Amyloid Aggregation via Probe Enhancement-Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26212450 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the use of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and a novel amyloid-binding fluorescent probe, ARCAM 1, to monitor the aggregation of the Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). ARCAM 1 exhibits a large increase in fluorescence emission upon binding to Aβ assemblies, making it an excellent candidate for probe enhancement FCS (PE-FCS). ARCAM 1 binding does not change Aβ aggregation kinetics. It also exhibits greater dynamic range as a probe in reporting aggregate size by FCS in Aβ, when compared to thioflavin T (ThT) or an Aβ peptide modified with a fluorophore. Using fluorescent burst analysis (via PE-FCS) to follow aggregation of Aβ, we detected soluble aggregates at significantly earlier time points compared to typical bulk fluorescence measurements. Autocorrelation analysis revealed the size of these early Aβ assemblies. These results indicate that PE-FCS/ARCAM 1 based assays can detect and provide size characterization of small Aβ aggregation intermediates during the assembly process, which could enable monitoring and study of such aggregates that transiently accumulate in biofluids of patients with Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Guan
- Department
of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kevin J. Cao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | | | - Kristyna Elbel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | | | - Jerry Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department
of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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24
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Sancesario GM, Bernardini S. How many biomarkers to discriminate neurodegenerative dementia? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 52:314-26. [PMID: 26292074 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1051658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are currently used for the diagnosis of dementia. Opposite changes in the level of amyloid-β(1-42) versus total tau and phosphorylated-tau181 in the CSF reflect the specific pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brain. This panel of biomarkers has proven to be effective to differentiate AD from controls and from the major types of neurodegenerative dementia, and to evaluate the progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD. In the absence of specific biomarkers reflecting the pathologies of the other most common forms of dementia, such as Lewy Body disease, Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, etc., the evaluation of biomarkers of AD pathology is used, attempting to exclude rather than to confirm AD. Other biomarkers included in the common clinical practice do not clearly relate to the underlying pathology: progranulin (PGRN) is a selective marker of frontotemporal dementia with mutations in the PGRN gene; the 14-3-3 protein is a highly sensitive and specific marker for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, but has to be used carefully in differentiating rapid progressive dementia; and α-synuclein is an emerging candidate biomarker of the different forms of synucleinopathy. This review summarizes several biomarkers of neurodegenerative dementia validated based on the neuropathological processes occurring in brain tissue. Notwithstanding the paucity of pathologically validated biomarkers and their high analytical variability, the combinations of these biomarkers may well represent a key and more precise analytical and diagnostic tool in the complex plethora of degenerative dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Sancesario
- a Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology , Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS , Rome , Italy and
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- b Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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25
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Deeg AA, Reiner AM, Schmidt F, Schueder F, Ryazanov S, Ruf VC, Giller K, Becker S, Leonov A, Griesinger C, Giese A, Zinth W. Anle138b and related compounds are aggregation specific fluorescence markers and reveal high affinity binding to α-synuclein aggregates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1884-90. [PMID: 26028294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Special diphenyl-pyrazole compounds and in particular anle138b were found to reduce the progression of prion and Parkinson's disease in animal models. The therapeutic impact of these compounds was attributed to the modulation of α-synuclein and prion-protein aggregation related to these diseases. METHODS Photophysical and photochemical properties of the diphenyl-pyrazole compounds anle138b, anle186b and sery313b and their interaction with monomeric and aggregated α-synuclein were studied by fluorescence techniques. RESULTS The fluorescence emission of diphenyl-pyrazole is strongly increased upon incubation with α-synuclein fibrils, while no change in fluorescence emission is found when brought in contact with monomeric α-synuclein. This points to a distinct interaction between diphenyl-pyrazole and the fibrillar structure with a high binding affinity (Kd=190±120nM) for anle138b. Several α-synuclein proteins form a hydrophobic binding pocket for the diphenyl-pyrazole compound. A UV-induced dehalogenation reaction was observed for anle138b which is modulated by the hydrophobic environment of the fibrils. CONCLUSION Fluorescence of the investigated diphenyl-pyrazole compounds strongly increases upon binding to fibrillar α-synuclein structures. Binding at high affinity occurs to hydrophobic pockets in the fibrils. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The observed particular fluorescence properties of the diphenyl-pyrazole molecules open new possibilities for the investigation of the mode of action of these compounds in neurodegenerative diseases. The high binding affinity to aggregates and the strong increase in fluorescence upon binding make the compounds promising fluorescence markers for the analysis of aggregation-dependent epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Deeg
- BioMolekulare Optik and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne M Reiner
- BioMolekulare Optik and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Schueder
- BioMolekulare Optik and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Sergey Ryazanov
- NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Viktoria C Ruf
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Giller
- NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; DFG Research Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zinth
- BioMolekulare Optik and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 Munich, Germany.
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26
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Wollenweber FA, Hanecker P, Bayer-Karpinska A, Malik R, Bäzner H, Moreton F, Muir KW, Müller S, Giese A, Opherk C, Dichgans M, Haffner C, Duering M. Cysteine-Sparing CADASIL Mutations in
NOTCH3
Show Proaggregatory Properties In Vitro. Stroke 2015; 46:786-92. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Mutations in
NOTCH3
cause cerebral autosomal–dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), the most common monogenic cause of stroke and vascular dementia. Misfolding and aggregation of NOTCH3 proteins triggered by cysteine-affecting mutations are considered to be the key disease mechanisms. However, the significance of cysteine-sparing mutations is still debated.
Methods—
We studied a family with inherited small vessel disease by standardized medical history, clinical examination, MRI, ultrastructural analysis of skin biopsies, and Sanger sequencing of all
NOTCH3
exons. In addition, we performed in vitro characterization of
NOTCH3
variants using recombinant protein fragments and a single-particle aggregation assay.
Results—
We identified a novel cysteine-sparing
NOTCH3
mutation (D80G) in 4 family members, which was absent in a healthy sibling. All mutation carriers exhibited a CADASIL typical brain imaging and clinical phenotype, whereas skin biopsy showed inconsistent results. In vitro aggregation behavior of the D80G mutant was similar compared with cysteine-affecting mutations. This was reproduced with cysteine-sparing mutations from previously reported families having a phenotype consistent with CADASIL.
Conclusions—
Our findings support the view that cysteine-sparing mutations, such as D80G, might cause CADASIL with a phenotype largely indistinguishable from cysteine mutations. The in vitro aggregation analysis of atypical
NOTCH3
mutations offers novel insights into pathomechanisms and might represent a tool for estimating their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Arne Wollenweber
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Patrizia Hanecker
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Anna Bayer-Karpinska
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Rainer Malik
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Hansjörg Bäzner
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Fiona Moreton
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Keith W. Muir
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Susanna Müller
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Armin Giese
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Christian Opherk
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Martin Dichgans
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Christof Haffner
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
| | - Marco Duering
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München (F.A.W., P.H., A.B.-K., R.M., C.O., M.D., C.H., M.D.), Institute for Pathology (S.M.), and Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (A.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany (H.B.); Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (F.M., K.W.M.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum am
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Kirca M, Kleinbongard P, Soetkamp D, Heger J, Csonka C, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R. Interaction between connexin 43 and nitric oxide synthase in mice heart mitochondria. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:815-25. [PMID: 25678382 PMCID: PMC4395196 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43), which is highly expressed in the heart and especially in cardiomyocytes, interferes with the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. Conversely, Cx43 gene expression is down-regulated by nitric oxide derived from the inducible NOS. Thus, a complex interplay between Cx43 and NOS expression appears to exist. As cardiac mitochondria are supposed to contain a NOS, we now investigated the expression of NOS isoforms and the nitric oxide production rate in isolated mitochondria of wild-type and Cx43-deficient (Cx43(Cre-ER(T)/fl) ) mice hearts. Mitochondria were isolated from hearts using differential centrifugation and purified via Percoll gradient ultracentrifugation. Isolated mitochondria were stained with an antibody against the mitochondrial marker protein adenine-nucleotide-translocator (ANT) in combination with either a neuronal NOS (nNOS) or an inducible NOS (iNOS) antibody and analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The nitric oxide formation was quantified in purified mitochondria using the oxyhaemoglobin assay. Co-localization of predominantly nNOS (nNOS: 93 ± 4.1%; iNOS: 24.6 ± 7.5%) with ANT was detected in isolated mitochondria of wild-type mice. In contrast, iNOS expression was increased in Cx43(Cre-ER(T)/fl) mitochondria (iNOS: 90.7 ± 3.2%; nNOS: 53.8 ± 17.5%). The mitochondrial nitric oxide formation was reduced in Cx43(Cre-ER(T)/fl) mitochondria (0.14 ± 0.02 nmol/min./mg protein) in comparison to wild-type mitochondria (0.24 ± 0.02 nmol/min./mg). These are the first data demonstrating, that a reduced mitochondrial Cx43 content is associated with a switch of the mitochondrial NOS isoform and the respective mitochondrial rate of nitric oxide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mücella Kirca
- Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany; Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Schhool of Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
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Nübling GS, Levin J, Bader B, Lorenzl S, Hillmer A, Högen T, Kamp F, Giese A. Modelling Ser129 phosphorylation inhibits membrane binding of pore-forming alpha-synuclein oligomers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98906. [PMID: 24911099 PMCID: PMC4049638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In several neurodegenerative diseases, hyperphosphorylation at position Ser129 is found in fibrillar deposits of alpha-synuclein (asyn), implying a pathophysiological role of asyn phosphorylation in neurodegeneration. However, recent animal models applying asyn phosphorylation mimics demonstrated a protective effect of phosphorylation. Since metal-ion induced asyn oligomers were identified as a potential neurotoxic aggregate species with membrane pore-forming abilities, the current study was undertaken to determine effects of asyn phosphorylation on oligomer membrane binding. Methods We investigated the influence of S129 phosphorylation on interactions of metal-ion induced asyn oligomers with small unilamellar lipid vesicles (SUV) composed of POPC and DPPC applying the phosphorylation mimic asyn129E. Confocal single-particle fluorescence techniques were used to monitor membrane binding at the single-particle level. Results Binding of asyn129E monomers to gel-state membranes (DPPC-SUV) is slightly reduced compared to wild-type asyn, while no interactions with membranes in the liquid-crystalline state (POPC-SUV) are seen for both asyn and asyn129E. Conversely, metal-ion induced oligomer formation is markedly increased in asyn129E. Surprisingly, membrane binding to POPC-SUV is nearly absent in Fe3+ induced asyn129E oligomers and markedly reduced in Al3+ induced oligomers. Conclusion The protective effect of pseudophosphorylation seen in animal models may be due to impeded oligomer membrane binding. Phosphorylation at Ser129 may thus have a protective effect against neurotoxic asyn oligomers by preventing oligomer membrane binding and disruption of the cellular electrophysiological equilibrium. Importantly, these findings put a new complexion on experimental pharmaceutical interventions against POLO-2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sebastian Nübling
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bader
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorenzl
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Endowed Professorship for Interdisciplinary Research in Palliative Care, Institute of Nursing Science and –Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Hillmer
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Högen
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frits Kamp
- Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Recent applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in live systems. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3571-84. [PMID: 24726724 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a widely used technique in biophysics and has helped address many questions in the life sciences. It provides important advantages compared to other fluorescence and biophysical methods. Its single molecule sensitivity allows measuring proteins within biological samples at physiological concentrations without the need of overexpression. It provides quantitative data on concentrations, diffusion coefficients, molecular transport and interactions even in live organisms. And its reliance on simple fluorescence intensity and its fluctuations makes it widely applicable. In this review we focus on applications of FCS in live samples, with an emphasis on work in the last 5 years, in the hope to provide an overview of the present capabilities of FCS to address biologically relevant questions.
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Cervenakova L, Brown P. Advances in screening test development for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 2:873-80. [PMID: 15566331 DOI: 10.1586/14789072.2.6.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The blood of patients with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease can no longer be considered free of infectivity. There have been two recent reports of highly probable transfusion-associated iatrogenic variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease infections, and there is supporting experimental evidence of scrapie transmission by the transfusion of blood from sheep with naturally occurring disease. In the absence of a preclinical diagnostic test for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, the main precautionary measures undertaken by blood agencies employ donor exclusion criteria, ensuring that the number of any further iatrogenic cases will be small. The development of a sensitive, specific and reliable diagnostic test is urgently needed for early identification of infected individuals in order to ensure the safety of blood supplies. During the past 5 years, significant progress has been made in improving the sensitivity and specificity of tests using brain and lymphoreticular tissues to identify Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-infected individuals. However, the quest for a blood test is still in its infancy and requires extensive further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Cervenakova
- American Red Cross Research and Development, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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Olson E, Torres R, Levene MJ. Integrated fluorescence correlation spectroscopy device for point-of-care clinical applications. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1074-82. [PMID: 23847733 PMCID: PMC3704089 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe an optical system which reduces the cost and complexity of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), intended to increase the suitability of the technique for clinical use. Integration of the focusing optics and sample chamber into a plastic component produces a design which is simple to align and operate. We validate the system by measurements on fluorescent dye, and compare the results to a commercial instrument. In addition, we demonstrate its application to measurements of concentration and multimerization of the clinically relevant protein von Willebrand factor (vWF) in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eben Olson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT 06510,
USA
| | - Richard Torres
- Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510,
USA
| | - Michael J. Levene
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT 06510,
USA
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Wagner J, Ryazanov S, Leonov A, Levin J, Shi S, Schmidt F, Prix C, Pan-Montojo F, Bertsch U, Mitteregger-Kretzschmar G, Geissen M, Eiden M, Leidel F, Hirschberger T, Deeg AA, Krauth JJ, Zinth W, Tavan P, Pilger J, Zweckstetter M, Frank T, Bähr M, Weishaupt JH, Uhr M, Urlaub H, Teichmann U, Samwer M, Bötzel K, Groschup M, Kretzschmar H, Griesinger C, Giese A. Anle138b: a novel oligomer modulator for disease-modifying therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as prion and Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:795-813. [PMID: 23604588 PMCID: PMC3661926 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and prion diseases, deposits of aggregated disease-specific proteins are found. Oligomeric aggregates are presumed to be the key neurotoxic agent. Here we describe the novel oligomer modulator anle138b [3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-(3-bromophenyl)-1H-pyrazole], an aggregation inhibitor we developed based on a systematic high-throughput screening campaign combined with medicinal chemistry optimization. In vitro, anle138b blocked the formation of pathological aggregates of prion protein (PrPSc) and of α-synuclein (α-syn), which is deposited in PD and other synucleinopathies such as dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Notably, anle138b strongly inhibited all prion strains tested including BSE-derived and human prions. Anle138b showed structure-dependent binding to pathological aggregates and strongly inhibited formation of pathological oligomers in vitro and in vivo both for prion protein and α-synuclein. Both in mouse models of prion disease and in three different PD mouse models, anle138b strongly inhibited oligomer accumulation, neuronal degeneration, and disease progression in vivo. Anle138b had no detectable toxicity at therapeutic doses and an excellent oral bioavailability and blood–brain-barrier penetration. Our findings indicate that oligomer modulators provide a new approach for disease-modifying therapy in these diseases, for which only symptomatic treatment is available so far. Moreover, our findings suggest that pathological oligomers in neurodegenerative diseases share structural features, although the main protein component is disease-specific, indicating that compounds such as anle138b that modulate oligomer formation by targeting structure-dependent epitopes can have a broad spectrum of activity in the treatment of different protein aggregation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wagner
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sergey Ryazanov
- NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Song Shi
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Prix
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Bertsch
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Present Address: Institut für Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerda Mitteregger-Kretzschmar
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Geissen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Vascular Medicine, UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Fabienne Leidel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Andreas A. Deeg
- BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian J. Krauth
- BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zinth
- BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Tavan
- BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Pilger
- NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Frank
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen H. Weishaupt
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Labor für Pharmakokinetik, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Munich, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytische Massenspektrometrie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Teichmann
- Tierhaltung, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Samwer
- Zelluläre Logistik, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Bötzel
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Hans Kretzschmar
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Hoffmann A, Neupane K, Woodside MT. Single-molecule assays for investigating protein misfolding and aggregation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:7934-48. [PMID: 23612887 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44564j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation are relevant to many fields. Recently, their investigation has experienced a revival as a central topic in the research of numerous human diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Much has been learned from ensemble biochemical approaches, but the inherently heterogeneous nature of the underlying processes has obscured many important details. Single-molecule techniques offer unique capabilities to study heterogeneous systems, while providing high temporal and structural resolution to characterize them. In this Perspective, we give an overview of the single-molecule assays that have been applied to protein misfolding and aggregation, which are mainly based on fluorescence and force spectroscopy. We describe some of the technical challenges involved in studying aggregation at the single-molecule level and discuss what has been learned about aggregation mechanisms from the different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
The structural conversion of the prion protein PrP into a transmissible, misfolded form is the central element of prion disease, yet there is little consensus as to how it occurs. Key aspects of conversion into the diseased state remain unsettled, from details about the earliest stages of misfolding such as the involvement of partially- or fully-unfolded intermediates to the structure of the infectious state. Part of the difficulty in understanding the structural conversion arises from the complexity of the underlying energy landscapes. Single molecule methods provide a powerful tool for probing complex folding pathways as in prion misfolding, because they allow rare and transient events to be observed directly. We discuss recent work applying single-molecule probes to study misfolding in prion proteins, and what it has revealed about the folding dynamics of PrP that may underlie its unique behavior. We also discuss single-molecule studies probing the interactions that stabilize non-native structures within aggregates, pointing the way to future work that may help identify the microscopic events triggering pathogenic conversion. Although single-molecule approaches to misfolding are relatively young, they have a promising future in prion science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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Abstract
The deposition of peptides and proteins as amyloid fibrils is a common feature of nearly 50 medical -disorders affecting the brain or a variety of other organs and tissues. These disorders, which include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, the prion diseases, and type II diabetes, have an enormous impact on the public health and economy of the modern world. Extensive research is therefore taking place to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms and determinants of the pathological conversion of amyloidogenic proteins from their soluble forms into fibrillar structures. The use of molecular probes and biophysical techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and particularly NMR spectroscopy, are allowing detailed analysis of the mechanism of fibril formation and of the underlying structural and chemical features of the associated pathogenicity. Nanobodies, the antigen-binding domains derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, are excellent tools to probe protein aggregation as a result of their exquisite specificity and high affinity and stability, along with their ease of expression and small size; the latter in particular allows them to be used very efficiently in combination with NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In this chapter we present an overview of how nanobodies are being used to obtain detailed information on the mechanisms of amyloid formation and on the nature and origin of their links with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin De Genst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Mille C, Debarnot D, Zorzi W, Moualij BE, Quadrio I, Perret-Liaudet A, Coudreuse A, Legeay G, Poncin-Epaillard F. A New Approach for Detection Improvement of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disorder through a Specific Surface Chemistry Applied onto Titration Well. BIOSENSORS 2012; 2:433-47. [PMID: 25586034 PMCID: PMC4263562 DOI: 10.3390/bios2040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work illustrates the enhancement of the sensitivity of the ELISA titration for recombinant human and native prion proteins, while reducing other non-specific adsorptions that could increase the background signal and lead to a low sensitivity and false positives. It is achieved thanks to the association of plasma chemistry and coating with different amphiphilic molecules bearing either ionic charges and/or long hydrocarbon chains. The treated support by 3-butenylamine hydrochloride improves the signal detection of recombinant protein, while surface modification with the 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-diamine (geranylamine) enhances the sensitivity of the native protein. Beside the surface chemistry effect, these different results are associated with protein conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mille
- LUNAM Université, UMR Université du Maine, CNRS n°6283, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, Département Polymères, Colloïdes et Interfaces, av. O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France; E-Mails: (C.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Dominique Debarnot
- LUNAM Université, UMR Université du Maine, CNRS n°6283, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, Département Polymères, Colloïdes et Interfaces, av. O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France; E-Mails: (C.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Willy Zorzi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Protéines Prion, Institut de Pharmacie, B36, n°1 avenue de l’Hôpital, 4000 Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (B.E.M.)
| | - Benaissa El Moualij
- Centre de Recherche sur les Protéines Prion, Institut de Pharmacie, B36, n°1 avenue de l’Hôpital, 4000 Liège, Belgium; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (B.E.M.)
| | - Isabelle Quadrio
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Laboratoire des Maladies à Prions, Groupement Hospitalier Est; Hôpitaux de Lyon 59 bd Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, FranceCTTM, 20 rue Thalès de Milet 72000 Le Mans, France; E-Mails: (I.Q.); (A.P.-L.)
| | - Armand Perret-Liaudet
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Laboratoire des Maladies à Prions, Groupement Hospitalier Est; Hôpitaux de Lyon 59 bd Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, FranceCTTM, 20 rue Thalès de Milet 72000 Le Mans, France; E-Mails: (I.Q.); (A.P.-L.)
| | - Arnaud Coudreuse
- CTTM, 20 rue Thalès de Milet 72000 Le Mans, France; E-Mails: (A.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Gilbert Legeay
- CTTM, 20 rue Thalès de Milet 72000 Le Mans, France; E-Mails: (A.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Fabienne Poncin-Epaillard
- LUNAM Université, UMR Université du Maine, CNRS n°6283, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, Département Polymères, Colloïdes et Interfaces, av. O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France; E-Mails: (C.M.); (D.D.)
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Limited cleavage of tau with matrix-metalloproteinase MMP-9, but not MMP-3, enhances tau oligomer formation. Exp Neurol 2012; 237:470-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Trexler AJ, Rhoades E. Function and dysfunction of α-synuclein: probing conformational changes and aggregation by single molecule fluorescence. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:622-31. [PMID: 22983916 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation and deposition of the neuronal protein α-synuclein in the substantia nigra region of the brain is a key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. α-Synuclein assembles from a monomeric state in solution, which lacks stable secondary and tertiary contacts, into highly structured fibrillar aggregates through a pathway which involves the population of multiple oligomeric species over a range of time scales. These features make α-synuclein well suited for study with single-molecule techniques, which are particularly useful for characterizing dynamic, heterogeneous samples. Here, we review the current literature featuring single-molecule fluorescence studies of α-synuclein and discuss how these studies have contributed to our understanding of both its function and its role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Trexler
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, P.O. Box 208114, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Fiorino F, Eiden M, Giese A, Severino B, Esposito A, Groschup MH, Perissutti E, Magli E, Incisivo GM, Ciano A, Frecentese F, Kretzschmar HA, Wagner J, Santagada V, Caliendo G. Synthesis of benzamide derivatives and their evaluation as antiprion agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5001-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nübling G, Bader B, Levin J, Hildebrandt J, Kretzschmar H, Giese A. Synergistic influence of phosphorylation and metal ions on tau oligomer formation and coaggregation with α-synuclein at the single molecule level. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:35. [PMID: 22824345 PMCID: PMC3472288 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrillar amyloid-like deposits and co-deposits of tau and α-synuclein are found in several common neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence indicates that small oligomers are the most relevant toxic aggregate species. While tau fibril formation is well-characterized, factors influencing tau oligomerization and molecular interactions of tau and α-synuclein are not well understood. Results We used a novel approach applying confocal single-particle fluorescence to investigate the influence of tau phosphorylation and metal ions on tau oligomer formation and its coaggregation with α-synuclein at the level of individual oligomers. We show that Al3+ at physiologically relevant concentrations and tau phosphorylation by GSK-3β exert synergistic effects on the formation of a distinct SDS-resistant tau oligomer species even at nanomolar protein concentration. Moreover, tau phosphorylation and Al3+ as well as Fe3+ enhanced both formation of mixed oligomers and recruitment of α-synuclein in pre-formed tau oligomers. Conclusions Our findings provide a new perspective on interactions of tau phosphorylation, metal ions, and the formation of potentially toxic oligomer species, and elucidate molecular crosstalks between different aggregation pathways involved in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Nübling
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Str, 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Altered Prion protein expression pattern in CSF as a biomarker for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36159. [PMID: 22558368 PMCID: PMC3338608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the most frequent human Prion-related disorder (PrD). The detection of 14-3-3 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is used as a molecular diagnostic criterion for patients clinically compatible with CJD. However, there is a pressing need for the identification of new reliable disease biomarkers. The pathological mechanisms leading to accumulation of 14-3-3 protein in CSF are not fully understood, however neuronal loss followed by cell lysis is assumed to cause the increase in 14-3-3 levels, which also occurs in conditions such as brain ischemia. Here we investigated the relation between the levels of 14-3-3 protein, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and expression of the prion protein (PrP) in CSF of sporadic and familial CJD cases. Unexpectedly, we found normal levels of LDH activity in CJD cases with moderate levels of 14-3-3 protein. Increased LDH activity was only observed in a percentage of the CSF samples that also exhibited high 14-3-3 levels. Analysis of the PrP expression pattern in CSF revealed a reduction in PrP levels in all CJD cases, as well as marked changes in its glycosylation pattern. PrP present in CSF of CJD cases was sensitive to proteases. The alterations in PrP expression observed in CJD cases were not detected in other pathologies affecting the nervous system, including cases of dementia and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP). Time course analysis in several CJD patients revealed that 14-3-3 levels in CSF are dynamic and show a high degree of variability during the end stage of the disease. Post-mortem analysis of brain tissue also indicated that 14-3-3 protein is upregulated in neuronal cells, suggesting that its expression is modulated during the course of the disease. These results suggest that a combined analysis of 14-3-3 and PrP expression pattern in CSF is a reliable biomarker to confirm the clinical diagnosis of CJD patients and follow disease progression.
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Högen T, Levin J, Schmidt F, Caruana M, Vassallo N, Kretzschmar H, Bötzel K, Kamp F, Giese A. Two different binding modes of α-synuclein to lipid vesicles depending on its aggregation state. Biophys J 2012; 102:1646-55. [PMID: 22500765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies of in vitro aggregation of α-synuclein are rendered complex because of the formation of a heterogeneous population of oligomers. With the use of confocal single-molecule fluorescence techniques, we demonstrate that small aggregates (oligomers) of α-synuclein formed from unbound monomeric species in the presence of organic solvent (DMSO) and iron (Fe(3+)) ions have a high affinity to bind to model membranes, regardless of the lipid-composition or membrane curvature. This binding mode contrasts with the well-established membrane binding of α-synuclein monomers, which is accompanied with α-helix formation and requires membranes with high curvature, defects in the lipid packing, and/or negatively charged lipids. Additionally, we demonstrate that membrane-bound α-synuclein monomers are protected from aggregation. Finally, we identified compounds that potently dissolved vesicle-bound α-synuclein oligomers into monomers, leaving the lipid vesicles intact. As it is commonly believed that formation of oligomers is related PD progression, such compounds may provide a promising strategy for the design of novel therapeutic drugs in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Högen
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Felekyan S, Kalinin S, Sanabria H, Valeri A, Seidel CAM. Filtered FCS: species auto- and cross-correlation functions highlight binding and dynamics in biomolecules. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:1036-53. [PMID: 22407544 PMCID: PMC3495305 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An analysis method of lifetime, polarization and spectrally filtered fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, referred to as filtered FCS (fFCS), is introduced. It uses, but is not limited to, multiparameter fluorescence detection to differentiate between molecular species with respect to their fluorescence lifetime, polarization and spectral information. Like the recently introduced fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy (FLCS) [Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 353, 439-445], fFCS is based on pulsed laser excitation. However, it uses the species-specific polarization and spectrally resolved fluorescence decays to generate filters. We determined the most efficient method to generate global filters taking into account the anisotropy information. Thus, fFCS is able to distinguish species, even if they have very close or the same fluorescence lifetime, given differences in other fluorescence parameters. fFCS can be applied as a tool to compute species-specific auto- (SACF) and cross- correlation (SCCF) functions from a mixture of different species for accurate and quantitative analysis of their concentration, diffusion and kinetic properties. The computed correlation curves are also free from artifacts caused by unspecific background signal. We tested this methodology by simulating the extreme case of ligand-receptor binding processes monitored only by differences in fluorescence anisotropy. Furthermore, we apply fFCS to an experimental single-molecule FRET study of an open-to-closed conformational transition of the protein Syntaxin-1. In conclusion, fFCS and the global analysis of the SACFs and SCCF is a key tool to investigate binding processes and conformational dynamics of biomolecules in a nanosecond-to-millisecond time range as well as to unravel the involved molecular states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suren Felekyan
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstraße 1, Geb. 26.32.02, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Single particle analysis of tau oligomer formation induced by metal ions and organic solvents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:190-6. [PMID: 21726531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathological aggregates of tau protein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases termed 'tauopathies'. Increasing evidence indicates that tau oligomer species rather than the large amyloid cytoplasmic inclusions relevant for histopathological diagnosis might be crucial for cellular damage and neurodegeneration. Trivalent metal ions and polyanionic structures like heparin or arachidonic acid have been shown to induce tau aggregation. However, little is known about early processes of tau aggregation. In this study, we applied fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and scanning for intensely fluorescent targets (SIFT) to investigate oligomer formation of tau protein at nanomolar protein concentrations at the single-particle level. Our results indicate that the formation of distinct tau oligomers is induced by the trivalent metal ions Fe(3+) and Al(3+) and by organic solvents like DMSO, respectively. In contrast, bivalent metal ions (Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) had no effect. While DMSO-induced small tau oligomers are relatively stable in solution, dynamic remodeling can be initiated by non-ionic detergents. Moreover Al(3+) induces rapid formation of a different oligomer species of larger size. Our results provide further insights into early tau oligomerization and aggregation dynamics.
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Duering M, Karpinska A, Rosner S, Hopfner F, Zechmeister M, Peters N, Kremmer E, Haffner C, Giese A, Dichgans M, Opherk C. Co-aggregate formation of CADASIL-mutant NOTCH3: a single-particle analysis. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3256-65. [PMID: 21628316 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) is the most common monogenic cause of stroke and vascular dementia. Accumulation and deposition of the NOTCH3 (N3) extracellular domain in small blood vessels has been recognized as a central pathological feature of the disease. Recent experiments suggested enhanced formation of higher order multimers for mutant N3 compared with wild-type (WT). However, the mechanisms and consequences of N3 multimerization are still poorly understood, in part because of the lack of an appropriate in vitro aggregation assay. We therefore developed and validated a robust assay based on recombinant N3 fragments purified from cell culture supernatants. Using single-molecule analysis techniques such as scanning for intensely fluorescent targets and single-particle fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we show that spontaneous aggregation is limited to CADASIL-mutant N3, recapitulating a central aspect of CADASIL pathology in vitro. N3 aggregation requires no co-factor and is facilitated by sulfhydryl crosslinking. Although WT N3 does not exhibit multimerization itself, it can participate in aggregates of mutant N3. Furthermore, we demonstrate that thrombospondin-2, a known interaction partner of N3, co-aggregates with mutant N3. Sequestration of WT N3 and other proteins into aggregates represents a potentially important disease mechanism. These findings in combination with a new assay for single-molecule aggregation analysis provide novel opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Quadrio I, Perret-Liaudet A, Kovacs GG. Molecular diagnosis of human prion disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 5:291-306. [PMID: 23484550 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2011.576664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human prion diseases (PrDs) are transmissible fatal nervous system disorders with public health implications. They are characterized by the presence of a disease-associated form of the physiological cellular prion protein. Development of diagnostic procedures is important to avoid transmission, including through blood products. Methods used for the detection of disease-associated PrP have implications for other neurodegenerative diseases. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss recent progress in the understanding of the molecular background of phenotypic variability of human PrDs, and the current concepts of molecular diagnosis. Also, the authors provide a critical summary of the diagnostic methods with regard to the molecular subtypes. EXPERT OPINION In spite of a lack of specific tests to detect disease-associated PrP in body fluids, the constellation of clinical symptoms, detection of protein 14-3-3 in cerebrospinal fluid, electroencephalogram, cranial MRI and prion protein gene examinations, together have increased the specificity and sensitivity of in vivo diagnostics. As new forms of PrDs are reported, continuous evaluation of their incidence and the search for their etiology is crucial. Recent studies, suggesting prion-like properties of certain proteinopathies associated with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, have again brought PrDs to the center of interest as a model of diseases with disordered protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Quadrio
- Hospices Civils de Lyon/Claude Bernard University , Groupement Hospitalier Est, Prion Disease Laboratory, Pathology and Biochemistry, 59 bd Pinel , 69677, BRON Cedex , France
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Agarwal NR, Fazio E, Neri F, Trusso S, Castiglioni C, Lucotti A, Santo N, Ossi PM. Ag and Au nanoparticles for SERS substrates produced by pulsed laser ablation. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED A key challenge in managing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases in medicine, agriculture, and wildlife biology is the development of practical tests for prions that are at or below infectious levels. Of particular interest are tests capable of detecting prions in blood components such as plasma, but blood typically has extremely low prion concentrations and contains inhibitors of the most sensitive prion tests. One of the latter tests is quaking-induced conversion (QuIC), which can be as sensitive as in vivo bioassays, but much more rapid, higher throughput, and less expensive. Now we have integrated antibody 15B3-based immunoprecipitation with QuIC reactions to increase sensitivity and isolate prions from inhibitors such as those in plasma samples. Coupling of immunoprecipitation and an improved real-time QuIC reaction dramatically enhanced detection of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) brain tissue diluted into human plasma. Dilutions of 10(14)-fold, containing ~2 attogram (ag) per ml of proteinase K-resistant prion protein, were readily detected, indicating ~10,000-fold greater sensitivity for vCJD brain than has previously been reported. We also discriminated between plasma and serum samples from scrapie-infected and uninfected hamsters, even in early preclinical stages. This combined assay, which we call "enhanced QuIC" (eQuIC), markedly improves prospects for routine detection of low levels of prions in tissues, fluids, or environmental samples. IMPORTANCE Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are largely untreatable and are difficult to diagnose definitively prior to irreversible clinical decline or death. The transmissibility of TSEs within and between species highlights the need for practical tests for even the smallest amounts of infectivity. A few sufficiently sensitive in vitro methods have been reported, but most have major limitations that would preclude their use in routine diagnostic or screening applications. Our new assay improves the outlook for such critical applications. We focused initially on blood plasma because a practical blood test for prions would be especially valuable for TSE diagnostics and risk reduction. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in particular has been transmitted between humans via blood transfusions. Enhanced real-time quaking-induced conversion (eRTQ) provides by far the most sensitive detection of vCJD to date. The 15B3 antibody binds prions of multiple species, suggesting that our assay may be useful for clinical and fundamental studies of a variety of TSEs of humans and animals.
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Hüls S, Högen T, Vassallo N, Danzer KM, Hengerer B, Giese A, Herms J. AMPA-receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission is enhanced by iron-induced α-synuclein oligomers. J Neurochem 2011; 117:868-78. [PMID: 21426349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) is a characteristic pathological finding in Parkinson's disease and related disorders, such as dementia with Lewy bodies. Recent evidence suggests that α-syn oligomers represent the principal neurotoxic species; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms are still not well understood. Here, we studied the neurophysiological effects of various biophysically-characterized preparations of α-syn aggregates on excitatory synaptic transmission in autaptic neuronal cultures. Nanomolar concentrations of large α-syn oligomers, generated by incubation with organic solvent and Fe(3+) ions, were found to selectivity enhance evoked α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)-receptor, but not NMDA-receptor, mediated synaptic transmission within minutes. Moreover, the analysis of spontaneous AMPA-receptor-mediated miniature synaptic currents revealed an augmented frequency. These results collectively indicate that large α-syn oligomers alter both pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms of AMPA-receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. The augmented excitatory synaptic transmission may directly contribute to nerve cell death in synucleinopathies. Indeed, already low micromolar glutamate concentrations were found to be toxic in primary cultured neurons incubated with large α-syn oligomers. In conclusion, large α-syn oligomers enhance both pre- and post-synaptic AMPA-receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, thereby aggravating intracellular calcium dyshomeostasis and contributing to excitotoxic nerve cell death in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hüls
- Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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50
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Tang J, Tang D, Su B, Huang J, Qiu B, Chen G. Enzyme-free electrochemical immunoassay with catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol and recycling of p-aminophenol using gold nanoparticles-coated carbon nanotubes as nanocatalysts. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3219-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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