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Shah MM, Bundi M, Kathiiko C, Guyo S, Galata A, Miringu G, Ichinose Y, Yoshida LM. Antibiotic-Resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 and Its SXT Elements Associated with Two Cholera Epidemics in Kenya in 2007 to 2010 and 2015 to 2016. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0414022. [PMID: 37125926 PMCID: PMC10269778 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04140-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 strains have long been observed in Africa, and strains exhibiting new resistance phenotypes have emerged during recent epidemics in Kenya. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological aspects, drug resistance patterns, and genetic elements of V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from two cholera epidemics in Kenya between 2007 and 2010 and between 2015 and 2016. A total of 228 V. cholerae O1 strains, including 226 clinical strains isolated from 13 counties in Kenya during the 2007-2010 and 2015-2016 cholera epidemics and two environmental isolates (from shallow well water and spring water isolates) isolated from Pokot and Kwale Counties, respectively, in 2010 were subjected to biotyping, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, including the detection of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements. All V. cholerae isolates were identified as El Tor biotypes and susceptible to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. The majority of isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (94.6%), streptomycin (92.8%), and nalidixic acid (64.5%), while lower resistance was observed against ampicillin (3.6%), amoxicillin (4.2%), chloramphenicol (3.0%), and doxycycline (1.8%). Concurrently, the integrating conjugative (SXT) element was found in 95.5% of the V. cholerae isolates; conversely, class 1, 2, and 3 integrons were absent. Additionally, 64.5% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance patterns. Antibiotic-resistant gene clusters suggest that environmental bacteria may act as cassette reservoirs that favor resistant pathogens. On the other hand, the 2015-2016 epidemic strains were found susceptible to most antibiotics except nalidixic acid. This revealed the replacement of multidrug-resistant strains exhibiting new resistance phenotypes that emerged after Kenya's 2007-2010 epidemic. IMPORTANCE Kenya is a country where cholera is endemic; it has experienced three substantial epidemics over the past few decades, but there are limited data on the drug resistance patterns of V. cholerae at the national level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from two consecutive epidemics and to examine their associated antimicrobial genetic determinants. Our study results revealed two distinct antibiotic resistance trends in two separate epidemics, particularly trends for multidrug-associated mobile genetic elements and chromosomal mutation-oriented resistant strains from the 2007-2010 epidemic. In contrast, only nalidixic acid-associated chromosomal mutated strains were isolated from the 2015-2016 epidemic. This study also found similar patterns of antibiotic resistance in environmental and clinical strains. Continuous monitoring is needed to control emerging multidrug-resistant isolates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Monir Shah
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine–Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Bundi
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine–Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine–Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sora Guyo
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine–Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amina Galata
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine–Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miringu
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine–Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine–Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lay-Myint Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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2
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Wandera EA, Muriithi B, Kathiiko C, Mutunga F, Wachira M, Mumo M, Mwangi A, Tinkoi J, Meiguran M, Akumu P, Ndege V, Kasiku F, Ang'awa J, Mozichuki R, Kaneko S, Morita K, Ouma C, Ichinose Y. Impact of integrated water, sanitation, hygiene, health and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea disease epidemiology and microbial quality of water in a resource-constrained setting in Kenya: A controlled intervention study. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:669-677. [PMID: 35700209 PMCID: PMC9541685 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We assessed the impact of water, hygiene and sanitation (WASH), maternal, new‐born and child health (MNCH), nutrition and early childhood development (ECD) on diarrhoea and microbial quality of water in a resource‐constrained rural setting in Kenya. Methods Through a controlled intervention study, we tested faecal and water samples collected from both the intervention and control sites before and after the interventions using microbiological, immunological and molecular assays to determine the prevalence of diarrhoeagenic agents and microbial quality of water. Data from the hospital registers were used to estimate all‐cause diarrhoea prevalence. Results After the interventions, we observed a 58.2% (95% CI: 39.4–75.3) decline in all‐cause diarrhoea in the intervention site versus a 22.2% (95% CI: 5.9–49.4) reduction of the same in the control site. Besides rotavirus and pathogenic Escherichia coli, the rate of isolation of other diarrhoea‐causing bacteria declined substantially in the intervention site. The microbial quality of community and household water improved considerably in both the intervention (81.9%; 95% CI: 74.5%–87.8%) and control (72.5%; 95% CI: 64.2%–80.5%) sites with the relative improvements in the intervention site being slightly larger. Conclusions The integrated WASH, MNCH, nutrition and ECD interventions resulted in notable decline in all‐cause diarrhoea and improvements in water quality in the rural resource‐limited population in Kenya. This indicates a direct public health impact of the interventions and provides early evidence for public health policy makers to support the sustained implementation of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Betty Muriithi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Felix Mutunga
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Wachira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurine Mumo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Mwangi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Tinkoi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mirasine Meiguran
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pius Akumu
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Valeria Ndege
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Kasiku
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Ang'awa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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3
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Henzan H, Takeuchi R, Njenga SM, Gregorio ER, Ichinose Y, Nonaka D, Kobayashi J. Factors influencing school re-entry among adolescents in Kenya. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14866. [PMID: 34062044 PMCID: PMC9299618 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of out-of-school children and adolescents has been increasing globally. In sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated 23 million adolescents leave school due to poverty, teenage pregnancy, and unspecified illnesses. The reasons for absenteeism are well-known but the factors involved in the decision to return to school have not been analyzed. This study aimed to identify the factors that promote primary school re-entry among chronic adolescent absentees in rural sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Qualitative data were gathered through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions involving nine pupils who returned to school after chronic absenteeism and 140 adult stakeholders in Mbita sub-county, Kenya. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The thematic analysis results showed that four factors promoted school re-entry, namely: (1) social norms: "school for a better life"; (2) linkage of community and school; (3) supportive environment; and (4) using discipline to make adolescents serious about their education. CONCLUSIONS School re-entry among chronic absentees in Mbita sub-county is promoted by both community and school factors. It was observed that social norms regarded an education as a "passport to a better life." Adolescents, teachers, and community leaders view education as a means of improving one's socio-economic status. Two essential elements of health-promoting schools, a supportive environment and a linkage with community, effectively promoted returning to the school among adolescents. The introduction of health-promoting schools was recommended to implement a school re-entry policy in Kenya effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Henzan
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami-gun, Japan
| | - Rie Takeuchi
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami-gun, Japan.,Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Japan.,Japanese Consortium for Global school Health and Research, Nakazu-gun, Japan
| | - Sammy M Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ernesto R Gregorio
- College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami-gun, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami-gun, Japan.,Japanese Consortium for Global school Health and Research, Nakazu-gun, Japan
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4
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Wandera EA, Hatazawa R, Tsutsui N, Kurokawa N, Kathiiko C, Mumo M, Waithira E, Wachira M, Mwaura B, Nyangao J, Khamadi SA, Njau J, Fukuda S, Murata T, Taniguchi K, Ichinose Y, Kaneko S, Komoto S. Genomic characterization of an African G4P[6] human rotavirus strain identified in a diarrheic child in Kenya: Evidence for porcine-to-human interspecies transmission and reassortment. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 96:105133. [PMID: 34767977 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human rotavirus strains having the unconventional G4P[6] genotype have been sporadically identified in diarrheic patients in different parts of the world. However, the whole genome of only one human G4P[6] strain from Africa (central Africa) has been sequenced and analyzed, and thus the exact origin and evolutionary pattern of African G4P[6] strains remain to be elucidated. In this study, we characterized the full genome of an African G4P[6] strain (RVA/Human-wt/KEN/KCH148/2019/G4P[6]) identified in a stool specimen from a diarrheic child in Kenya. Full genome analysis of strain KCH148 revealed a unique Wa-like genogroup constellation: G4-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T7-E1-H1. NSP3 genotype T7 is commonly found in porcine rotavirus strains. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that 10 of the 11 genes of strain KCH148 (VP7, VP4, VP6, VP1-VP3, NSP1, and NSP3-NSP5) appeared to be of porcine origin, the remaining NSP2 gene appearing to be of human origin. Therefore, strain KCH148 was found to have a porcine rotavirus backbone and thus is likely to be of porcine origin. Furthermore, strain KCH148 is assumed to have been derived through interspecies transmission and reassortment events involving porcine and human rotavirus strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report on full genome-based characterization of a human G4P[6] strain from east Africa. Our observations demonstrated the diversity of human G4P[6] strains in Africa, and provide important insights into the origin and evolutionary pattern of zoonotic G4P[6] strains on the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Riona Hatazawa
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naohisa Tsutsui
- Department of Project Planning and Management, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8405, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kurokawa
- Department of Project Planning and Management, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8405, Japan
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Maurine Mumo
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Eunice Waithira
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Mary Wachira
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Boniface Mwaura
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - James Nyangao
- Center for Virus Research, KEMRI, Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya
| | | | - Joseph Njau
- Department of Pediatrics, Kiambu County Referral Hospital, Kiambu 39-00900, Kenya
| | - Saori Fukuda
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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5
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Akiyama T, Njenga SM, Njomo DW, Takeuchi R, Kazama H, Mutua A, Walema B, Tomokawa S, Estrada CA, Henzan H, Asakura T, Shimada M, Ichinose Y, Kamiya Y, Kaneko S, Kobayashi J. Implementation of Kenyan comprehensive school health program: improvement and association with students' academic attainment. Health Promot Int 2020; 35:1441-1461. [PMID: 32125374 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence supporting the effectiveness of a comprehensive school health program. However, implementation in developing countries is a challenge. Furthermore, the available information on the association between a comprehensive school health program and students' academic attainment is limited. In Kenya, a project to verify the effects of a comprehensive school health program was carried out in Mbita sub-county, Homa Bay County from September 2012 to August 2017. This study aimed to clarify the improvement of school health during the project years and the association between school health and students' academic attainment. Primary schools in Mbita sub-county were selected as study sites. We assessed 44 schools' scores on a school health checklist developed from the Kenyan Comprehensive School Health Program, the students' mean score on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), and absenteeism during the project years (2013-16). The mean school health checklist score (n = 44 schools) was 135.6 in 2013, 169.9 in 2014, 158.2 in 2015 and 181.3 in 2016. The difference of the mean score between 2013 and 2016 was significant. In addition, correlation analysis showed a significant association between mean KCPE score in the project years and school health checklist score (Pearson's coefficient was 0.43, p = 0.004). The results of this study suggest improvements of school health by the implementation of the Kenyan Comprehensive School Health Program and students' academic attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Akiyama
- Department of Health Science, Nagano College of Nursing, 694 Akaho, Komagane, Nagano 399-4117, Japan.,Japanese Consortium for Global School Health and Research, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Sammy M Njenga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840 00200, Off Mbagathi Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Doris Wairimu Njomo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840 00200, Off Mbagathi Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rie Takeuchi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Haruki Kazama
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Alex Mutua
- Ministry of Health, Afya House, Cathedral Road, PO Box 30016-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barnett Walema
- State Department of Early Learning and Basic Education, Ministry of Education, PO Box 30040-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sachi Tomokawa
- Japanese Consortium for Global School Health and Research, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.,Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Shinshu University, 6-Ro Nishi Nagano, Nagano City, Nagano 380-8544, Japan
| | - Crystal Amiel Estrada
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hanae Henzan
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takashi Asakura
- Japanese Consortium for Global School Health and Research, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.,Department of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukuikita-machi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shimada
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kamiya
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Japanese Consortium for Global School Health and Research, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.,Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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6
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Tomokawa S, Asakura T, Njenga SM, Njomo DW, Takeuch R, Akiyama T, Kazama H, Mutua A, Barnett W, Henzan H, Shimada M, Ichinose Y, Kamiya Y, Kaneko S, Miyake K, Kobayashi J. Examining the appropriateness and reliability of the strategy of the Kenyan Comprehensive School Health Program. Glob Health Promot 2020; 27:78-87. [DOI: 10.1177/1757975920917976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Kenyan government established the Kenyan Comprehensive School Health Program (KCSHP) on the basis of Kenyan National School Health Policy. A KCSHP pilot project was carried out in eight primary schools in Mbita Sub-County of Homa Bay County in the Nyanza Region from 2012 to 2017. This pilot project provided health facilities and support for evaluation with a school health checklist, and organized teacher training on health education, a child health club, and school-based health check-ups. The present study aimed to examine the appropriateness and reliability of the strategy of the second KCSHP pilot project in Kenya. We analyzed data from self-administered questionnaires targeted at pupils in seventh-grade in the eight primary schools. The questionnaire consisted of questions on health-related knowledge, attitudes and practices, self-evaluated physical and mental health status, self-awareness of health control, subjective happiness, recognition on the importance of learning about health in school, absenteeism, and sense of school belongingness. The project contributed to improving health-related knowledge, attitudes and practices, self-evaluated health status, sense of school belongingness, recognition on the importance of learning about health in school, self-awareness of health control, and absenteeism. On the contrary, subjective happiness did not improve significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Tomokawa
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Shinshu University, Nagano City, Nagano, Japan
- Japanese Consortium for Global School Health and Research, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Asakura
- Japanese Consortium for Global School Health and Research, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Rie Takeuch
- Japanese Consortium for Global School Health and Research, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akiyama
- Japanese Consortium for Global School Health and Research, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Health Science, Nagano College of Nursing, Nagano, Japan
| | - Haruki Kazama
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Hanae Henzan
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shimada
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kamiya
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Miyake
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Shinshu University, Nagano City, Nagano, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Japanese Consortium for Global School Health and Research, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Abstract
Providencia alcalifaciens is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae that has been commonly implicated as a causative agent of diarrheal infection in humans and animals. Recent outbreaks of P. alcalifaciens in both developing and developed countries have raised public health concerns. Several studies have suggested that P. alcalifaciens can cause diarrhea by invading the intestinal mucosa, although its pathogenicity has not been well established. Often routine laboratory investigations that seek etiological agents of diarrhea do not actively pursue P. alcalifaciens detection. Therefore, routine laboratory diagnosis should be given more attention for better understanding the epidemiology and pathogenicity of P. alcalifaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Monir Shah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.,Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.,Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
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8
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Shah MM, Miringu G, Wada A, Kaneko S, Ichinose Y. Case Report: Bacillus pumilus-Caused Bacteremia in a Patient with Food Poisoning. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:688-690. [PMID: 30628569 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus pumilus has rarely been reported as a cause of human infections. We report a case of a B. pumilus causing food poisoning in an adult male. A 51-year-old Japanese man complained of severe abdominal cramps, fever with chills, diarrhea, dizziness, and loss of appetite after eating reheated rice with stewed minced meat purchased from a Kenyan restaurant. Bacillus pumilus was isolated from blood culture and was identified using a biochemical test and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The patient was treated with probiotics and ciprofloxacin and recovered after 3 days. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the potential role of B. pumilus as a foodborne pathogen in Kenya and highlights the importance of good hygiene and food preparation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Monir Shah
- Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miringu
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Akihiro Wada
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
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9
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Takeuchi R, Njenga SM, Ichinose Y, Kaneko S, Estrada CA, Kobayashi J. Is there a gap between health education content and practice toward schistosomiasis prevention among schoolchildren along the shores of Lake Victoria in Kenya? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007572. [PMID: 31425499 PMCID: PMC6715249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite provision of preventive measures against schistosomiasis such as mass drug administration (MDA), the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni remains high in communities living near Lake Victoria. This study aimed to analyse the status of schistosomiasis, including its prevalence, health education, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among pupils, and water use in schools in Mbita situated along the shores of Lake Victoria. Four primary schools were selected as target schools and pupils in classes six and seven were recruited as study participants. The prevalence of S. mansoni was examined by Kato-Katz method. Simultaneously, a KAP survey toward schistosomiasis was conducted among the pupils. Health education contents were extracted from textbooks. All primary schools in the study site were surveyed regarding how each secured water used for daily school life. The prevalence of S. mansoni was 56% and 36% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. 60–70% of pupils chose a correct answer for the mode of transmission. More than 70% of pupils answered that bathing in Lake Victoria causes Schistosoma infection; however, more than 70% of pupils bathed in Lake Victoria sometimes or every day. According to the science textbook, “avoiding contact with contaminated water” is the way to prevent schistosomiasis; however, 66% of schools asked pupils to bring water from Lake Victoria. The prevalence of S. mansoni among pupils remains high. Schoolchildren are taught to avoid contact with contaminated water but are often asked to fetch water from the lake. From the school health viewpoint, health education that reflects the social and cultural context of the community in the contents and teaching methods are needed. In addition to this, provision of sanitation infrastructure is needed. A comprehensive and innovative approach which harmonises central and local governments and other stakeholders, as well as community is important to prevent schistosomiasis. According to WHO, it is estimated that at least 206 million people required preventive treatment for schistosomiasis in 2016 and of those at least 90% live in Africa. Moreover, school-age children are most affected by this worm. In Kenya, despite preventive measures against schistosomiasis such as mass drug administration (MDA) in primary schools, it remains a major public health problem, especially along the shores of Lake Victoria. Our study revealed that the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni was high among pupils despite their knowledge about schistosomiasis transmission. This can be attributed to lack of safe water supply and latrines. A comprehensive approach which harmonises central and local governments and other stakeholders, as well as community is needed to prevent schistosomiasis. For example, the combination of health education (in which schools play as focal point) with provision of water infrastructure, encouragement to use and construct toilets in both schools and community/households, snail control, and MDA with monitoring can be employed to control and prevent schistosomiasis. From the school health viewpoint, it is necessary to develop health education contents and teaching methods that reflect the social and cultural context of the community in order to improve their behaviour and change the social norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Takeuchi
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Sammy M. Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Eco-epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Crystal A. Estrada
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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10
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Bundi M, Shah MM, Odoyo E, Kathiiko C, Wandera E, Miring'u G, Guyo S, Langat D, Morita K, Ichinose Y. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates responsible for cholera outbreaks in Kenya between 1975 and 2017. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:350-358. [PMID: 31407393 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kenya is endemic for cholera with different waves of outbreaks having been documented since 1971. In recent years, new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 have emerged and have replaced most of the traditional El Tor biotype globally. These strains also appear to have increased virulence, and it is important to describe and document their phenotypic and genotypic traits. This study characterized 146 V. cholerae O1 isolates from cholera outbreaks that occurred in Kenya between 1975 and 2017. Our study reports that the 1975-1984 strains had typical classical or El Tor biotype characters. New variants of V. cholerae O1 having traits of both classical and El Tor biotypes were observed from 2007 with all strains isolated between 2015 and 2017 being sensitive to polymyxin B and carrying both classical and El Tor type ctxB. All strains were resistant to Phage IV and harbored rstR, rtxC, hlyA, rtxA and tcpA genes specific for El Tor biotype indicating that the strains had an El Tor backbone. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping differentiated the isolates into 14 pulsotypes. The clustering also corresponded with the year of isolation signifying that the cholera outbreaks occurred as separate waves of different genetic fingerprints exhibiting different genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The emergence and prevalence of V. cholerae O1 strains carrying El Tor type and classical type ctxB in Kenya are reported. These strains have replaced the typical El Tor biotype in Kenya and are potentially more virulent and easily transmitted within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bundi
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Biosafety Training and Accreditation, National Biosafety Authority, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohammad Monir Shah
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eric Odoyo
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ernest Wandera
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miring'u
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sora Guyo
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Langat
- Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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11
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Wandera EA, Komoto S, Mohammad S, Ide T, Bundi M, Nyangao J, Kathiiko C, Odoyo E, Galata A, Miring'u G, Fukuda S, Hatazawa R, Murata T, Taniguchi K, Ichinose Y. Genomic characterization of uncommon human G3P[6] rotavirus strains that have emerged in Kenya after rotavirus vaccine introduction, and pre-vaccine human G8P[4] rotavirus strains. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 68:231-248. [PMID: 30543939 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) was introduced to the national immunization program in Kenya in July 2014. There was increased detection of uncommon G3P[6] strains that coincided temporally with the timing of this vaccine introduction. Here, we sequenced and characterized the full genomes of two post-vaccine G3P[6] strains, RVA/Human-wt/KEN/KDH1951/2014/G3P[6] and RVA/Human-wt/KEN/KDH1968/2014/G3P[6], as representatives of these uncommon strains. On full-genomic analysis, both strains exhibited a DS-1-like genotype constellation: G3-P[6]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 11 genes of strains KDH1951 and KDH1968 were very closely related to those of human G3P[6] strains isolated in Uganda in 2012-2013, indicating the derivation of these G3P[6] strains from a common ancestor. Because the uncommon G3P[6] strains that emerged in Kenya are fully heterotypic as to the introduced vaccine strain regarding the genotype constellation, vaccine effectiveness against these G3P[6] strains needs to be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Shah Mohammad
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Tomihiko Ide
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Martin Bundi
- National Biosafety Authority, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - James Nyangao
- Center for Virus Research, KEMRI, Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Amina Galata
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miring'u
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Saori Fukuda
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Riona Hatazawa
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
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12
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Nosaki K, Umeyama Y, Toyozawa R, Takamori S, Haratake N, Miura N, Oba T, Yamaguchi M, Seto T, Takenoyama M, Ichinose Y. P3.01-76 Clinical Background and Response to Chemotherapy in NSCLC Patients with MET Exon14 Skipping Mutation or High MET Gene Copy Number. J Thorac Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Yamagami K, Matsumoto H, Hashimoto T, Yanai S, Yuen S, Yata Y, Ichinose Y, Deai T, Toi M. The application of indocyanine green fluorescence navigation method to a sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in node-positive breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy270.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Maruyama R, Fukuda M, Kitazaki T, Ogawara D, Ichiki M, Mukae H, Nakagaki N, Kishimoto J, Ichinose Y, Sugio K. P1.01-65 PII of Pemetrexed or Pemetrexed Plus Bevacizumab for Previously Untreated Elderly (>=75) Non-Squamous NSCLC (LOGIK1201). J Thorac Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Muriithi B, Bundi M, Galata A, Miringu G, Wandera E, Kathiiko C, Odoyo E, Kamemba M, Amukoye E, Huqa S, Shah M, Inoue S, Ichinose Y. Biosafety and biosecurity capacity building: insights from implementation of the NUITM-KEMRI biosafety training model. Trop Med Health 2018; 46:30. [PMID: 30116141 PMCID: PMC6083558 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-018-0108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The NUITM-KEMRI biosafety training program was developed for capacity building of new biosafety level three (BSL-3) laboratory users. The training program comprehensively covers biosafety and biosecurity theory and practice. Its training curriculum is based on the WHO biosafety guidelines, local biosafety standards, and ongoing biosafety level three research activities in the facility, also taking into consideration the emerging public health issues. The program’s training approach enhances the participant’s biosafety and biosecurity knowledge and builds their skills through the hands-on practice sessions and mentorship training. Subsequently, the trainees are able to integrate acquired knowledge and good practices into their routine laboratory procedures. This article describes implementation of the NUITM-KEMRI biosafety training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Muriithi
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Amina Galata
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miringu
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ernest Wandera
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martha Kamemba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evans Amukoye
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sora Huqa
- 4Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohammad Shah
- 5Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shingo Inoue
- 6Department of Virology, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya.,NUITM-KEMRI c/o KEMRI-CMR, P.O. Box 19993-002, Nairobi, Kenya
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16
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Wandera EA, Mohammad S, Bundi M, Nyangao J, Galata A, Kathiiko C, Odoyo E, Guyo S, Miring'u G, Komoto S, Ichinose Y. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus hospitalisation rates among a resource-limited rural population in Mbita, Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:425-432. [PMID: 29432666 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A two-dose oral monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) was introduced into the Kenyan National Immunization Program in July 2014. We assessed trends in hospitalisation for rotavirus-specific acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and strain distribution among children <5 years in a rural, resource-limited setting in Kenya before and after the nationwide implementation of the vaccine. METHODS Data on rotavirus AGE and strain distribution were derived from a 5-year hospital-based surveillance. We compared rotavirus-related hospitalisations and strain distribution in the 2-year post-vaccine period with the 3-year pre-vaccine baseline. Vaccine administrative data from the Unit of Vaccines and Immunization Services (UVIS) for Mbita sub-county were used to estimate rotavirus immunisation coverage in the study area. RESULTS We observed a 48% (95% CI: 27-64%) overall decline in rotavirus-related hospitalisations among children aged <5 years in the post-vaccine period. Coverage with the last dose of rotavirus vaccine increased from 51% in year 1% to 72% in year 2 of the vaccine implementation. Concurrently, reductions in rotavirus hospitalisations increased from 40% in the first year to 53% in the second year of vaccine use. The reductions were most pronounced among the vaccine-eligible group, with the proportion of cases in this age group dropping to 14% in post-vaccine years from a high of 51% in the pre-vaccine period. A diversity of rotavirus strains circulated before the introduction of the vaccine with G1P[8] being the most dominant strain. G2P[4] replaced G1P[8] as the dominant strain after the vaccine was introduced. CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus vaccination has resulted in a notable decline in hospital admissions for rotavirus infections in a rural resource-limited population in Kenya. This provides early evidence for continued use of rotavirus vaccines in routine childhood immunisations in Kenya. Our data also underscore the need for expanding coverage on second dose so as to maximise the impact of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shah Mohammad
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Bundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,National Biosafety Authority, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Amina Galata
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sora Guyo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miring'u
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Kijogi C, Kimura D, Bao LQ, Nakamura R, Chadeka EA, Cheruiyot NB, Bahati F, Yahata K, Kaneko O, Njenga SM, Ichinose Y, Hamano S, Yui K. Modulation of immune responses by Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children living in the endemic region of Mbita, western Kenya. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:284-293. [PMID: 29353010 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Individuals living in malaria endemic areas become clinically immune after multiple re-infections over time and remain infected without apparent symptoms. However, it is unclear why a long period is required to gain clinical immunity to malaria, and how such immunity is maintained. Although malaria infection is reported to induce inhibition of immune responses, studies on asymptomatic individuals living in endemic regions of malaria are relatively scarce. We conducted a cross-sectional study of immune responses in asymptomatic school children aged 4-16years living in an area where Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni infections are co-endemic in Kenya. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were subjected to flow cytometric analysis and cultured to determine proliferative responses and cytokine production. The proportions of cellular subsets in children positive for P. falciparum infection at the level of microscopy were comparable to the negative children, except for a reduction in central memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. In functional studies, the production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to P. falciparum crude antigens exhibited strong heterogeneity among children. In addition, production of IL-2 in response to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies was significantly reduced in P. falciparum-positive children as compared to -negative children, suggesting a state of unresponsiveness. These data suggest that the quality of T cell immune responses is heterogeneous among asymptomatic children living in the endemic region of P. falciparum, and that the responses are generally suppressed by active infection with Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kijogi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Lam Quoc Bao
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University
| | - Risa Nakamura
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University
| | - Evans Asena Chadeka
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ngetich Benard Cheruiyot
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Felix Bahati
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kazuhide Yahata
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Sammy M Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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Soo R, Mok T, Shi YK, Zhang L, Lu S, Yang JCH, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto N, Nokihara H, Sugawara S, Nishio M, Takahashi T, Goto K, Chang J, Maemondo M, Ichinose Y, Cheng Y, Lim W, Morita S, Tamura T. EAST-LC: Randomized controlled phase III trial of S-1 versus docetaxel (DOC) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had received a platinum-based treatment: Results from patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx671.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Seto T, Nosaki K, Toyozawa R, Taguchi K, Edagawa M, Shimamatsu S, Toyokawa G, Hirai F, Yamaguchi M, Takeda Y, Takenoyama M, Ichinose Y. Real-world data on treatment patterns and survival among ALK+ NSCLC patients in Japan. Treatment patterns and survival among ALK+ NSCLC patients in Japan: Single institute experience. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx671.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nokihara H, Lu S, Mok TSK, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto N, Shi YK, Zhang L, Soo RA, Yang JC, Sugawara S, Nishio M, Takahashi T, Goto K, Chang J, Maemondo M, Ichinose Y, Cheng Y, Lim WT, Morita S, Tamura T. Randomized controlled trial of S-1 versus docetaxel in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (East Asia S-1 Trial in Lung Cancer). Ann Oncol 2017; 28:2698-2706. [PMID: 29045553 PMCID: PMC5834128 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy remains a viable option for the management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) despite recent advances in molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy. We evaluated the efficacy of oral 5-fluorouracil-based S-1 as second- or third-line therapy compared with standard docetaxel therapy in patients with advanced NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced NSCLC previously treated with ≥1 platinum-based therapy were randomized 1 : 1 to docetaxel (60 mg/m2 in Japan, 75 mg/m2 at all other study sites; day 1 in a 3-week cycle) or S-1 (80-120 mg/day, depending on body surface area; days 1-28 in a 6-week cycle). The primary endpoint was overall survival. The non-inferiority margin was a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.2. RESULTS A total of 1154 patients (577 in each arm) were enrolled, with balanced patient characteristics between the two arms. Median overall survival was 12.75 and 12.52 months in the S-1 and docetaxel arms, respectively [HR 0.945; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.833-1.073; P = 0.3818]. The upper limit of 95% CI of HR fell below 1.2, confirming non-inferiority of S-1 to docetaxel. Difference in progression-free survival between treatments was not significant (HR 1.033; 95% CI 0.913-1.168; P = 0.6080). Response rate was 8.3% and 9.9% in the S-1 and docetaxel arms, respectively. Significant improvement was observed in the EORTC QLQ-C30 global health status over time points in the S-1 arm. The most common adverse drug reactions were decreased appetite (50.4%), nausea (36.4%), and diarrhea (35.9%) in the S-1 arm, and neutropenia (54.8%), leukocytopenia (43.9%), and alopecia (46.6%) in the docetaxel arm. CONCLUSION S-1 is equally as efficacious as docetaxel and offers a treatment option for patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center, JapicCTI-101155.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nokihara
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai
| | - T S K Mok
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - K Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka
| | - N Yamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Y K Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - R A Soo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - J C Yang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S Sugawara
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Miyagi
| | - M Nishio
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - T Takahashi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka
| | - K Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - J Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - M Maemondo
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Miyagi
| | - Y Ichinose
- Department of Cancer Information Research, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Clinical Research Institute, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - W T Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Morita
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - T Tamura
- Thoracic Center, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Takamori S, Toyokawa G, Tagawa T, Kinoshita F, Kozuma Y, Matsubara T, Haratake N, Akamine T, Hirai F, Takenoyama M, Ichinose Y, Maehara Y. P2.09-005 The C-reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio is a Novel Significant Prognostic Factor in Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.09.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Shindo K, Sato T, Satake A, Kurita N, Tsuchiya M, Ichinose Y, Hata T, Koh K, Yamashiro N, Kobayashi F, Nagasaka T, Takiyama Y. Skin vasomotor regulation in patients with multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Nagasaka T, Hata T, Ichinose Y, Kho K, Yamashiro N, Tsuchiya M, Takaki R, Shindo K, Takiyama Y. Morphological features of mitochondria in anti-mitochondrial antibodies-positive myositis. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Chadeka EA, Nagi S, Sunahara T, Cheruiyot NB, Bahati F, Ozeki Y, Inoue M, Osada-Oka M, Okabe M, Hirayama Y, Changoma M, Adachi K, Mwende F, Kikuchi M, Nakamura R, Kalenda YDJ, Kaneko S, Hirayama K, Shimada M, Ichinose Y, Njenga SM, Matsumoto S, Hamano S. Spatial distribution and risk factors of Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm infections among schoolchildren in Kwale, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005872. [PMID: 28863133 PMCID: PMC5599053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large-scale schistosomiasis control programs are implemented in regions with diverse social and economic environments. A key epidemiological feature of schistosomiasis is its small-scale heterogeneity. Locally profiling disease dynamics including risk factors associated with its transmission is essential for designing appropriate control programs. To determine spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and its drivers, we examined schoolchildren in Kwale, Kenya. Methodology/Principal findings We conducted a cross-sectional study of 368 schoolchildren from six primary schools. Soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni eggs in stool were evaluated by the Kato-Katz method. We measured the intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection by urine filtration. The geometrical mean intensity of S. haematobium was 3.1 eggs/10 ml urine (school range, 1.4–9.2). The hookworm geometric mean intensity was 3.2 eggs/g feces (school range, 0–17.4). Heterogeneity in the intensity of S. haematobium and hookworm infections was evident in the study area. To identify factors associated with the intensity of helminth infections, we utilized negative binomial generalized linear mixed models. The intensity of S. haematobium infection was associated with religion and socioeconomic status (SES), while that of hookworm infection was related to SES, sex, distance to river and history of anthelmintic treatment. Conclusions/Significance Both S. haematobium and hookworm infections showed micro-geographical heterogeneities in this Kwale community. To confirm and explain our observation of high S. haematobium risk among Muslims, further extensive investigations are necessary. The observed small scale clustering of the S. haematobium and hookworm infections might imply less uniform strategies even at finer scale for efficient utilization of limited resources. The World Health Organization is spearheading the war on neglected tropical diseases, including helminth infections, by encouraging its member states to intensify control efforts. This call has recently been answered in most endemic regions of helminthiasis and governments are scaling up chemotherapy-based control programs in collaboration with private and public partners. However, it is necessary to clearly understand factors driving local transmission dynamics of helminth infections to design effective control programs. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 368 primary schoolchildren in Kwale, Kenya, and identified factors associated with the intensity of Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm infections. The negative binomial generalized linear mixed model showed the intensity of S. haematobium infection was much higher among Muslims and schoolchildren from low socioeconomic status households. High intensity of hookworm infection was associated with sex, SES, distance to river and history of anthelmintic treatment. Our findings demonstrate considering social and cultural drivers of NTDs could be beneficial in designing of efficient control programs and expediting NTDs control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Asena Chadeka
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Nagi
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sunahara
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Felix Bahati
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Manabu Inoue
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Osaka-City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayuko Osada-Oka
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayuko Okabe
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Hirayama
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mwatasa Changoma
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keishi Adachi
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Faith Mwende
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mihoko Kikuchi
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Risa Nakamura
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yombo Dan Justin Kalenda
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shimada
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sammy M. Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Wandera EA, Mohammad S, Bundi M, Komoto S, Nyangao J, Kathiiko C, Odoyo E, Miring'u G, Taniguchi K, Ichinose Y. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus and all-cause gastroenteritis in peri-urban Kenyan children. Vaccine 2017; 35:5217-5223. [PMID: 28780116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) was introduced into the National Immunization Program in Kenya in July 2014. We examined the impact of the vaccine on hospitalization for all-cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and rotavirus-specific AGE and strain distribution at a large referral hospital which serves a predominantly peri-urban population in Central Kenya. Data on rotavirus AGE and strain distribution were derived from ongoing hospital-based AGE surveillance. Hospital administrative data were used to compare trends in all-cause AGE. Pre-vaccine (July 2009-June 2014) and post-vaccine (July 2014-June 2016) periods were compared for changes in hospitalization for all-cause AGE and rotavirus AGE and strain distribution. Following the vaccine introduction, the proportion of children aged <5years hospitalized for rotavirus declined by 30% (95% CI: 19-45%) in the first year and 64% (95% CI: 49-77%) in the second year. Reductions in rotavirus positivity were most pronounced among the vaccine-eligible group (<12months) in the first year post-vaccination at 42% (95% CI: 28-56%). Greater reductions of 67% (95% CI: 51-79%) were seen in the second year in the 12-23months age group. Similarly, hospitalizations for all-cause AGE among children <5years of age decreased by 31% (95% CI: 24-40%) in the first year and 58% (95% CI: 49-67%) in the second year of vaccine introduction. Seasonal peaks of rotavirus and all-cause AGE were reduced substantially. There was an increased detection of G2P[4], G3P[6] and G3P[8], which coincided temporally with the timing of the vaccine introduction. Thus, introducing the rotavirus vaccine into the routine immunization program in Kenya has resulted in a notable decline in rotavirus and all-cause AGE hospitalizations in Central Kenya. This provides early evidence for public health policy makers in Kenya to support the sustained use of the rotavirus vaccine in routine immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Apondi Wandera
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
| | - Shah Mohammad
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Bundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan; National Biosafety Authority, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Japan
| | | | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miring'u
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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Shah M, Odoyo E, Wandera E, Kathiiko C, Bundi M, Miringu G, Guyo S, Komoto S, Nyangao J, Karama M, Tsuji T, Taniguchi K, Morita K, Ichinose Y. Burden of Rotavirus and Enteric Bacterial Pathogens among Children under 5 Years of Age Hospitalized with Diarrhea in Suburban and Rural Areas in Kenya. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 70:442-447. [PMID: 28250260 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to investigate the incidence of rotavirus and enteric bacterial infections among children up to 5 years old with diarrhea living in suburban and rural areas of Kenya. Between August 2011 and December 2013, a total of 1,060 diarrheal fecal specimens were obtained from 722 children at Kiambu County Hospital (KCH), located in a suburban area, and from 338 children from Mbita District Hospital (MDH), located in a rural part of western Kenya. Of the 1,060 isolates, group A rotavirus was detected in 29.6% (214/722) and 11.2% (38/338) fecal specimens from KCH and MDH, respectively. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) was found to be the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens in both study areas (32.8% at KCH and 44.1% at MDH). Two different mixed infection patterns (virus/bacteria and bacteria/bacteria) were observed among patients. A significantly higher infection rate of rotavirus (17.6%, p = 0.001) and DEC (10.5%, p = 0.007) were observed during the dry season. Our study found that in both suburban and rural settings in Kenya, rotavirus and DEC are the principal cause of pediatric diarrhea and exhibit higher incidence during the dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shah
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine.,Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project
| | - Ernest Wandera
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine.,Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project
| | - Martin Bundi
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project
| | - Gabriel Miringu
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project
| | - Sora Guyo
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University
| | - James Nyangao
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)
| | - Mohamed Karama
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine.,Department of Virology, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine.,Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine.,Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University
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Hasegawa M, Wandera EA, Inoue Y, Kimura N, Sasaki R, Mizukami T, Shah MM, Shirai N, Takei O, Shindo H, Ichinose Y. Detection of rotavirus in clinical specimens using an immunosensor prototype based on the photon burst counting technique. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:3383-3394. [PMID: 28717574 PMCID: PMC5508835 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive fluorescence sensor was developed for the detection of small, fluorescence-labeled particles dispersed in a solution. The prototype system comprises of a laser confocal optical system and a mechanical sample stage to detect photon bursting of fluorescence-labeled small particles in sample volumes less than 5 μL within 3 minutes. To examine the feasibility of the prototype system as a diagnostic tool, assemblages of rotavirus and fluorescence-labeled antibody were analyzed. The detection sensitivity for rotavirus was 1 × 104 pfu/mL. Rotavirus in stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis was also detected. The advantages and disadvantages of this immunosensor with respect to ELISA and RT-PCR, the current gold standards for virus detection, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Nanami Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Sasaki
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Tamio Mizukami
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Mohammad Monir Shah
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shirai
- Industrial Research Center of Shiga Prefecture, 232 Kami-Toyama, Ritto-shi, Shiga 520-3004, Japan
| | - Osamu Takei
- LIFETECH Co. Ltd., 4074, Miyadera, Iruma-shi, Saitama 358-0014, Japan
| | - Hironori Shindo
- Matsunami Glass IND. Ltd., 2-1-10 Yasaka, Kishiwada-shi, Osaka 596-0049, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Wandera EA, Mohammad S, Ouko JO, Yatitch J, Taniguchi K, Ichinose Y. Variation in rotavirus vaccine coverage by sub-counties in Kenya. Trop Med Health 2017; 45:9. [PMID: 28450794 PMCID: PMC5404664 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-017-0051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Kenya. In July 2014, Kenya introduced the rotavirus vaccine into her national immunization program. Although immunization coverage is crucial in assessing the real-world impact of this vaccine, variability in the vaccine coverage across the country is likely to occur. In view of this, we estimated the extent of coverage for the rotavirus vaccine at two socio-economically different sub-counties using the administrative data. The findings indicate disparities in vaccine coverage and access between the sub-counties and, thus, underscore the need to strengthen immunization systems to facilitate timely, accessible, and equitable vaccine delivery across the country. Both sub-counties recorded high vaccine dropout, suggestive of poor utilization of the vaccine. In this regard, increased social mobilization is needed to encourage vaccine compliance and to enhance tracking of vaccine defaulters. While efforts to improve the accuracy of the administrative coverage estimates are crucial, vaccination coverage surveys will be needed to verify the administrative coverage data and help identify specific factors relating to rotavirus vaccine coverage in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Apondi Wandera
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.,Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shah Mohammad
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Odhiambo Ouko
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Yatitch
- Public Health Department, Kiambu sub-county, Kiambu, Kenya
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- KEMRI/Nagasaki University, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
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Gitaka JN, Takeda M, Kimura M, Idris ZM, Chan CW, Kongere J, Yahata K, Muregi FW, Ichinose Y, Kaneko A, Kaneko O. Selections, frameshift mutations, and copy number variation detected on the surf 4.1 gene in the western Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum population. Malar J 2017; 16:98. [PMID: 28253868 PMCID: PMC5335827 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN4.1 is a putative ligand expressed on the merozoite and likely on the infected red blood cell, whose gene was suggested to be under directional selection in the eastern Kenyan population, but under balancing selection in the Thai population. To understand this difference, surf4.1 sequences of western Kenyan P. falciparum isolates were analysed. Frameshift mutations and copy number variation (CNV) were also examined for the parasites from western Kenya and Thailand. Results Positively significant departures from neutral expectations were detected on the surf4.1 region encoding C-terminus of the variable region 2 (Var2) by 3 population-based tests in the western Kenyan population as similar in the Thai population, which was not covered by the previous analysis for eastern Kenyan population. Significant excess of non-synonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site over synonymous substitutions per synonymous site was also detected in the Var2 region. Negatively significant departures from neutral expectations was detected on the region encoding Var1 C-terminus consistent to the previous observation in the eastern Kenyan population. Parasites possessing a frameshift mutation resulting a product without intracellular Trp-rich (WR) domains were 22/23 in western Kenya and 22/36 in Thailand. More than one copy of surf4.1 gene was detected in western Kenya (4/24), but no CNV was found in Thailand (0/36). Conclusions The authors infer that the high polymorphism of SURFIN4.1 Var2 C-terminus in both Kenyan and Thai populations were shaped-up by diversifying selection and maintained by balancing selection. These phenomena were most likely driven by immunological pressure. Whereas the SURFIN4.1 Var1 C-terminus is suggested to be under directional selection consistent to the previous report for the eastern Kenyan population. Most western Kenyan isolates possess a frameshift mutation that would limit the expression of SURFIN4.1 on the merozoite, but only 60% of Thai isolates possess this frameshift, which would affect the level and type of the selection pressure against this protein as seen in the two extremities of Tajima’s D values for Var1 C-terminus between Kenyan and Thai populations. CNV observed in Kenyan isolates may be a consequence of this frameshift mutation to increase benefits on the merozoite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse N Gitaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Mount Kenya University, PO Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Mika Takeda
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Kimura
- Radioisotope Centre, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Zulkarnain Md Idris
- Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chim W Chan
- Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James Kongere
- Nairobi Research Station, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute (NUITM-KEMRI) Project, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, P. O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kazuhide Yahata
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Francis W Muregi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Mount Kenya University, PO Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Nairobi Research Station, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute (NUITM-KEMRI) Project, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, P. O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Akira Kaneko
- Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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Miring’u G, Bundi M, Muriithi BK, Apondi EW, Galata AA, Kathiiko CN, Odoyo EO, Guyo SH, Ongubo ON, Ouko JO, Karama M, Shah M, Inoue S, Ichinose Y. Knowledge and Practices Regarding Usage of Biological Safety Cabinets. Appl Biosaf 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1535676016685790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Miring’u
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Bundi
- National Biosafety Authority–Biosafety Training and Accreditation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sora Huka Guyo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Mohammad Shah
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ochi S, Shah M, Odoyo E, Bundi M, Miringu G, Guyo S, Wandera E, Kathiiko C, Kariuki S, Karama M, Tsuji T, Ichinose Y. An Outbreak of Diarrhea in Mandera, Kenya, Due to Escherichia coli Serogroup O-Nontypable Strain That Had a Coding Gene for Enteroaggregative E. coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin 1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 96:457-464. [PMID: 27994101 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In an outbreak of gastroenteritis in December 2009, in Mandera, Kenya, Escherichia coli O-nontypable (ONT) strain was isolated from stool specimens of patients (18/24, 75%). The E. coli ONT organisms could not be assigned to any of the recognized diarrheagenic groups of E. coli However, they possessed the enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin-1 gene. The cell-free culture filtrates of the E. coli ONT strain isolated from the outbreak cases induced considerable amount of fluid accumulation in suckling mouse intestine, indicating production of an enterotoxic factor(s). These results identify E. coli that did not have any diarrheagenic characteristics except astA as the etiological agent of the diarrheal outbreak in Mandera. It is however considered necessary to characterize the fluid accumulation factor(s) to determine whether any novel toxins were responsible for the fluid accumulation. Moreover, it is important to study dissemination of strains producing the enterotoxic factor(s) to assess their public health significance distribution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Shah
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Bundi
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miringu
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sora Guyo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ernest Wandera
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Takao Tsuji
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Shah M, Kathiiko C, Wada A, Odoyo E, Bundi M, Miringu G, Guyo S, Karama M, Ichinose Y. Prevalence, seasonal variation, and antibiotic resistance pattern of enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized diarrheic children in suburban regions of central Kenya. Trop Med Health 2016; 44:39. [PMID: 27942243 PMCID: PMC5126808 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-016-0038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of enteric pathogens has not been well studied in Kenya because of wide disparities in health status across the country. Therefore, the present study describes the prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria, their seasonal variation, and antibiotic resistance profiles among hospitalized diarrheic children in a suburban region of central Kenya. Methods Fecal samples were collected between July 2009 and December 2013 from a total of 1410 children younger than 5 years, hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Kiambu County Hospital, Kenya. Conventional culture, biochemical, and molecular methods were conducted to identify causative bacterial pathogens and their virulence factors. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using E-test strips and VITEK-2 advanced expert system (AES) to evaluate the drug-resistance pattern of the isolates. Results Of the 1410 isolates, bacterial infections were identified in 474 cases. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) was the most frequently isolated pathogen (86.5%). Other pathogens such as Aeromonas (5.5%), Shigella (4%), Salmonella (3.4%), Providencia (3.2%), Vibrio spp. (1.1%), Yersinia enterocolitica (1.1%), and Plesiomonas shigelloides (0.2%) were also identified. Mixed bacterial infection was observed among 11.1% of the cases. The highest infection rate was found during the dry season (59.3%, p = 0.04). Most of the DEC was found to be multidrug resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 97.6%, amoxicillin 97.6%, erythromycin 96.9%, ampicillin 96.6%, and streptomycin 89%. Conclusions This study suggests that DEC is the leading diarrhea-causing bacterial pathogen circulating in central Kenya, and seasonality has a significant effect on its transmission. Proper antibiotic prescription and susceptibility testing is important to guide appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shah
- Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya ; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8523 Japan ; Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Akihiro Wada
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Bundi
- Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miringu
- Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sora Guyo
- Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohamed Karama
- Center for Public Health Research, KEMRI, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 19993-00202, Nairobi, Kenya ; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8523 Japan ; Department of Bacteriology, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8523 Japan ; Leading Graduate School Program, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8523 Japan
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Abstract
Two hydroquinone derivatives were prepared and their antimicrobial activity evaluated. Their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using a broth dilution method. Gentamycin and ciprofloxacin were used as reference antibiotics. The antimicrobial activity of 4-(benzyloxy)phenol (monobenzone) was also evaluated based on its structural similarity to the new compounds; activity was comparable to that of 3,5-dimethyl-4-((4-nitrobenzyl)oxy)phenol (4a). 2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-((4-nitrobenzyl)oxy)phenol (4b) exhibited the best antibacterial activity against both clinical isolates and type strain of Moraxella catarrhalis (M. catarrhalis), with a MIC value of 11 µM, comparable to ciprofloxacin 9 µM.
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Kogure Y, Saka H, Takiguchi Y, Atagi S, Kurata T, Ebi N, Inoue A, Kubota K, Takenoyama M, Seto T, Kada A, Yamanaka T, Ando M, Yamamoto N, Gemma A, Ichinose Y. Carboplatin (Cb) plus nab-paclitaxel (PTX) versus docetaxel (D) for elderly squamous (Sq) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (CAPITAL study). Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw383.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Nishio M, Mok T, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto N, Shi YK, Zhang L, Lu S, Soo R, Yang J, Morita S, Sugawara S, Nokihara H, Takahashi T, Goto K, Chang J, Maemondo M, Ichinose Y, Cheng Y, Lim WT, Tamura T. EAST-LC: Randomized controlled phase III trial of S-1 versus docetaxel in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who had received a platinum-based treatment. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw383.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Wandera EA, Mohammad S, Komoto S, Maeno Y, Nyangao J, Ide T, Kathiiko C, Odoyo E, Tsuji T, Taniguchi K, Ichinose Y. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Central Kenya before vaccine introduction, 2009-2014. J Med Virol 2016; 89:809-817. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A. Wandera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Shah Mohammad
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Maeno
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | | | - Tomihiko Ide
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Center for Microbiology Research, KEMRI; KEMRI-Nagasaki University; Nairobi Kenya
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Wang Y, Koh K, Ichinose Y, Yasumura M, Ohtsuka T, Takiyama Y. A de novo mutation in the NALCN gene in an adult patient with cerebellar ataxia associated with intellectual disability and arthrogryposis. Clin Genet 2016; 90:556-557. [PMID: 27633718 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - K Koh
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Y Ichinose
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - M Yasumura
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - T Ohtsuka
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Y Takiyama
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Isozumi R, Uemura H, Kimata I, Ichinose Y, Logedi J, Omar AH, Kaneko A. Novel mutations in K13 propeller gene of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:490-2. [PMID: 25695257 PMCID: PMC4344268 DOI: 10.3201/eid2103.140898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We looked for mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum K13 propeller gene of an artemisinin-resistant parasite on islands in Lake Victoria, Kenya, where transmission in 2012–2013 was high. The 4 new types of nonsynonymous, and 5 of synonymous, mutations we detected among 539 samples analyzed provide clues to understanding artemisinin-resistant parasites.
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Shah MM, Odoyo E, Larson PS, Apondi E, Kathiiko C, Miringu G, Nakashima M, Ichinose Y. First Report of a Foodborne Providencia alcalifaciens Outbreak in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:497-500. [PMID: 26123962 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Providencia alcalifaciens is an emerging bacterial pathogen known to cause acute gastroenteritis in children and travelers. In July 2013, P. alcalifaciens was isolated from four children appearing for diarrhea at Kiambu District Hospital (KDH) in Kenya. This study describes the outbreak investigation, which aimed to identify the source and mechanisms of infection. We identified seven primary and four secondary cases. Among primary cases were four mothers who had children and experienced mild diarrhea after eating mashed potatoes. The mothers reported feeding children after visiting the toilet and washing their hands without soap. P. alcalifaciens was detected from all secondary cases, and the isolates were found to be clonal by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. Our study suggests that the outbreak was caused by P. alcalifaciens, although no fluid accumulation was observed in rabbit ileal loops. The vehicle of the outbreak was believed to be the mashed potato dish, but the source of P. alcalifaciens could not be confirmed. We found that lack of hygiene, inadequate food storage, and improper hand washing before food preparation was the likely cause of the current outbreak. This is the first report of a foodborne infection caused by P. alcalifaciens in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Monir Shah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Peter S Larson
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ernest Apondi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Gabriel Miringu
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Matsumoto J, Lohman BD, Morimoto K, Ichinose Y, Hattori T, Taira Y. Damage control interventional radiology (DCIR) in prompt and rapid endovascular strategies in trauma occasions (PRESTO): A new paradigm. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96:687-91. [PMID: 26119866 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article proposes an innovative concept of interventional radiology for hemodynamically unstable trauma patients. Damage control interventional radiology (DCIR) is an aggressive and time-conscious algorithm that prioritizes saving life of the hemorrhaging patient in extremis which conventional emergency interventional radiology (CEIR) cannot efficiently do. Briefly, DCIR aims to save life while CEIR aims to control bleeding with a constant concern to time-awareness. This article also presents the concept of "Prompt and Rapid Endovascular Strategies in Traumatic Occasions" (PRESTO) that entirely oversees and manages trauma patients from arrival to the trauma bay until initial completion of hemostasis with endovascular techniques. PRESTO's "Start soon and finish sooner" relies on the earlier activation of interventional radiology team but also emphasizes on a rapid completion of hemostasis in which DCIR has been specifically tailored. Both DCIR and PRESTO expand the role of IR and represent a paradigm shift in the realm of trauma care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matsumoto
- Departments of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Saint-Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511 Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - B D Lohman
- Departments of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Saint-Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511 Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - K Morimoto
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Y Ichinose
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - T Hattori
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Y Taira
- Departments of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Saint-Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511 Kanagawa, Japan.
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Wanyua S, Ndemwa M, Goto K, Tanaka J, K'opiyo J, Okumu S, Diela P, Kaneko S, Karama M, Ichinose Y, Shimada M. Profile: the Mbita health and demographic surveillance system. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 42:1678-85. [PMID: 24415606 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mbita Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Mbita HDSS), located on the shores of Lake Victoria in Kenya, was established in 2006. The main objective of the HDSS is to provide a platform for population-based research on relationships between diseases and socio-economic and environmental factors, and for the evaluation of disease control interventions. The Mbita HDSS had a population of approximately 54 014 inhabitants from 11 576 households in June 2013. Regular data are collected using personal digital assistants (PDAs) every 3 months, which includes births, pregnancies, migration events and deaths. Coordinates are taken using geographical positioning system (GPS) units to map all dwelling units during data collection. Cause of death is inferred from verbal autopsy questionnaires. In addition, other health-related data such as vaccination status, socio-economic status, water sources, acute illness and bed net distribution are collected. The HDSS has also provided a platform for conducting various other research activities such as entomology studies, research on neglected tropical diseases, and environmental health projects which have benefited the organization as well as the HDSS community residents. Data collected are shared with the community members, health officials, local administration and other relevant organizations. Opportunities for collaboration and data sharing with the wider research community are available and those interested should contact shimadam@nagasaki-u.ac.jp or mhmdkarama@yahoo.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheru Wanyua
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine-Kenya Medical Research Institute Project, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya and Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Hirai F, Yamanaka T, Taguchi K, Daga H, Ono A, Tanaka K, Kogure Y, Shimizu J, Kimura T, Fukuoka J, Iwamoto Y, Sasaki H, Takeda K, Seto T, Ichinose Y, Nakagawa K, Nakanishi Y. A multicenter phase II study of carboplatin and paclitaxel for advanced thymic carcinoma: WJOG4207L. Ann Oncol 2014; 26:363-8. [PMID: 25403584 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic carcinoma (TC) is an exceptionally rare tumor, which has a very poor prognosis differing from thymoma. Till date, there has been no report of any results of clinical trials focusing on TC. The role of non-anthracycline-based chemotherapy has not been elucidated since the previous studies included a relatively small number of TC patients. This single-arm study evaluated carboplatin and paclitaxel (CbP) in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced TC. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study treatment consisted of carboplatin (area under the curve 6) and paclitaxel (200 mg/m(2)) every 3 weeks for a maximum of six cycles. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR) by independent review. The secondary end points included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and safety. Based on the SWOG 2-stage design, the planned sample size of 40 patients was determined to reject the ORR of 20% under the expectation of 40% with a power of 0.85 and a type I error of 0.05. RESULTS Forty patients from 21 centers were enrolled for this study from May 2008 to November 2010. Of the 39 patients evaluable for analysis, 36 were pathologically diagnosed by independent review, and 97% patients were eventually TC. There was 1/13 complete/partial responses with an ORR of 36% (95% confidence interval 21%-53%; P = 0.031). The median PFS was 7.5 (6.2-12.3) months, while OS did not reach the median value. Major adverse event was grade 3-4 neutropenia in 34 patients (87%). There was no treatment-related death. CONCLUSIONS In this largest trial with TC, CbP showed promising efficacy in advanced TC when compared with anthracycline-based chemotherapy, which is the current standard treatment of thymic neoplasm. Our results established that CbP, one of the standard treatments for non-small-cell lung cancer, might be an option as a chemotherapy regimen for TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hirai
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka
| | - T Yamanaka
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama
| | - K Taguchi
- Department of Pathology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka
| | - H Daga
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka
| | - A Ono
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka
| | - K Tanaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Y Kogure
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya
| | - J Shimizu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya
| | - T Kimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka
| | - J Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki
| | - Y Iwamoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hiroshima City Hospital, Hiroshima
| | - H Sasaki
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi
| | - K Takeda
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka
| | - T Seto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka
| | - Y Ichinose
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka
| | - K Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Y Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Bundi M, Miring'u G, Inoue S, Muriithi B, Ashur S, Wandera E, Kathiiko C, Odoyo E, Narita C, Kwalla A, Galata A, Makumi A, Huka S, Shah M, Karama M, Shimada M, Bii C, Kariuki S, Horio M, Ichinose Y. BSL-3 Laboratory User Training Program at NUITM-KEMRI. Trop Med Health 2014; 42:171-6. [PMID: 25589881 PMCID: PMC4272904 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2014-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens handled in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) containment laboratory pose significant risks to laboratory staff and the environment. It is therefore necessary to develop competency and proficiency among laboratory workers and to promote appropriate behavior and practices that enhance safety through biosafety training. Following the installation of our BSL-3 laboratory at the Center for Microbiology Research-Kenya Medical Research Institute in 2006, a biosafety training program was developed to provide training on BSL-3 safety practices and procedures. The training program was developed based on World Health Organization specifications, with adjustments to fit our research activities and biosafety needs. The program is composed of three phases, namely initial assessment, a training phase including theory and a practicum, and a final assessment. This article reports the content of our training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bundi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya ; National Biosafety Authority , P.O. Box 28251-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miring'u
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Betty Muriithi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salame Ashur
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ernest Wandera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chika Narita
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Allan Kwalla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amina Galata
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Angela Makumi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sora Huka
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya ; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Microbiology Research , P.O. Box 19464-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohammed Shah
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohammed Karama
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya ; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Public Health Research , P.O. Box 20752-00202, KNH, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Masaaki Shimada
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cristine Bii
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Microbiology Research , P.O. Box 19464-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Microbiology Research , P.O. Box 19464-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Masahiro Horio
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Research Station , NUITM-KEMRI Project, C/O CMR, KEMRI P.O. Box 19993-00202 Nairobi, Kenya
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Komoto S, Wandera Apondi E, Shah M, Odoyo E, Nyangao J, Tomita M, Wakuda M, Maeno Y, Shirato H, Tsuji T, Ichinose Y, Taniguchi K. Whole genomic analysis of human G12P[6] and G12P[8] rotavirus strains that have emerged in Kenya: identification of porcine-like NSP4 genes. Infect Genet Evol 2014; 27:277-93. [PMID: 25111611 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
G12 rotaviruses are globally emerging rotavirus strains causing severe childhood diarrhea. However, the whole genomes of only a few G12 strains have been fully sequenced and analyzed, of which only one G12P[4] and one G12P[6] are from Africa. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete genomes of three G12 strains (RVA/Human-tc/KEN/KDH633/2010/G12P[6], RVA/Human-tc/KEN/KDH651/2010/G12P[8], and RVA/Human-tc/KEN/KDH684/2010/G12P[6]) identified in three stool specimens from children with acute diarrhea in Kenya, Africa. On whole genomic analysis, all three Kenyan G12 strains were found to have a Wa-like genetic backbone: G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 (strains KDH633 and KDH684) and G12-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 (strain KDH651). Phylogenetic analysis showed that most genes of the three strains examined in this study were genetically related to globally circulating human G1, G9, and G12 strains. Of note is that the NSP4 genes of strains KDH633 and KDH684 appeared to be of porcine origin, suggesting the occurrence of reassortment between human and porcine strains. Furthermore, strains KDH633 and KDH684 were very closely related to each other in all the 11 gene segments, indicating derivation of the two strains from a common origin. On the other hand, strain KDH651 consistently formed distinct clusters of 10 of the 11 gene segments (VP1-2, VP4, VP6-7, and NSP1-5), indicating a distinct origin of strain KDH651 from that of strains KDH633 and KDH684. To our knowledge, this is the first report on whole genome-based characterization of G12 strains that have emerged in Kenya. Our observations will provide important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of emerging G12 rotaviruses in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Ernest Wandera Apondi
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Mohammad Shah
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Erick Odoyo
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - James Nyangao
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Mayuko Tomita
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Wakuda
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Maeno
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Haruko Shirato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nairobi 19993-00202, Kenya
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Fujii Y, Kaneko S, Nzou SM, Mwau M, Njenga SM, Tanigawa C, Kimotho J, Mwangi AW, Kiche I, Matsumoto S, Niki M, Osada-Oka M, Ichinose Y, Inoue M, Itoh M, Tachibana H, Ishii K, Tsuboi T, Yoshida LM, Mondal D, Haque R, Hamano S, Changoma M, Hoshi T, Kamo KI, Karama M, Miura M, Hirayama K. Serological surveillance development for tropical infectious diseases using simultaneous microsphere-based multiplex assays and finite mixture models. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3040. [PMID: 25078404 PMCID: PMC4117437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A strategy to combat infectious diseases, including neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), will depend on the development of reliable epidemiological surveillance methods. To establish a simple and practical seroprevalence detection system, we developed a microsphere-based multiplex immunoassay system and evaluated utility using samples obtained in Kenya. Methods We developed a microsphere-based immuno-assay system to simultaneously measure the individual levels of plasma antibody (IgG) against 8 antigens derived from 6 pathogens: Entamoeba histolytica (C-IgL), Leishmania donovani (KRP42), Toxoplasma gondii (SAG1), Wuchereria bancrofti (SXP1), HIV (gag, gp120 and gp41), and Vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin). The assay system was validated using appropriate control samples. The assay system was applied for 3411 blood samples collected from the general population randomly selected from two health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) cohorts in the coastal and western regions of Kenya. The immunoassay values distribution for each antigen was mathematically defined by a finite mixture model, and cut-off values were optimized. Findings Sensitivities and specificities for each antigen ranged between 71 and 100%. Seroprevalences for each pathogen from the Kwale and Mbita HDSS sites (respectively) were as follows: HIV, 3.0% and 20.1%; L. donovani, 12.6% and 17.3%; E. histolytica, 12.8% and 16.6%; and T. gondii, 30.9% and 28.2%. Seroprevalences of W. bancrofti and V. cholerae showed relatively high figures, especially among children. The results might be affected by immunological cross reactions between W. bancrofti-SXP1 and other parasitic infections; and cholera toxin and the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), respectively. Interpretation A microsphere-based multi-serological assay system can provide an opportunity to comprehensively grasp epidemiological features for NTDs. By adding pathogens and antigens of interest, optimized made-to-order high-quality programs can be established to utilize limited resources to effectively control NTDs in Africa. Monitoring the distribution of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is a key to controlling their spread in Africa. Currently, such surveillance is conducted independently for each NTD. To tackle this problem, we developed a microsphere-based system to permit simultaneous measurement of IgG antibody levels for antigens from six infectious diseases: Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondii, Wuchereria bancrofti, HIV, and Vibrio cholerae. Using this system, we conducted a serological survey using two health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) areas in coastal and western Kenya. We randomly selected 4,600 individuals according to sex and age group, of whom 3411 agreed to participate in the study. Mathematical analyses of the distributions of the participants' reactivity to each antigen and the reactivity of the sero-positive and -negative controls indicated that this system could be used to monitor infections, especially, those associated with HIV, filariasis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, and amebiasis. For the practical development and eventual implementation of actual programs in Africa, pathogens and antigens of interest can be added to optimize made-to-order monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Fujii
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Samson Muuo Nzou
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Busia, Kenya
| | - Matilu Mwau
- Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Busia, Kenya
| | - Sammy M. Njenga
- Eastern & Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chihiro Tanigawa
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - James Kimotho
- Production Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Wanjiru Mwangi
- Production Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ibrahim Kiche
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Thomas Odhiambo Campus, Mbita, International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Mbita, Kenya
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamiko Niki
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayuko Osada-Oka
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Research Station, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Manabu Inoue
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Itoh
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Lay Myint Yoshida
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mwatasa Changoma
- Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tomonori Hoshi
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kamo
- Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mohamed Karama
- Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Centre of Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Masashi Miura
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Nagi S, Chadeka EA, Sunahara T, Mutungi F, Justin YKD, Kaneko S, Ichinose Y, Matsumoto S, Njenga SM, Hashizume M, Shimada M, Hamano S. Risk factors and spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni infection among primary school children in Mbita District, Western Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2991. [PMID: 25058653 PMCID: PMC4109881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing risk of Schistosoma mansoni infection has been observed around Lake Victoria, western Kenya since the 1970s. Understanding local transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis is crucial in curtailing increased risk of infection. Methodology/Principal Findings We carried out a cross sectional study on a population of 310 children from eight primary schools. Overall, a total of 238 (76.8%) children were infected with S. mansoni, while seven (2.3%) had S. haematobium. The prevalence of hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were 6.1%, 5.2% and 2.3%, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum was the only malaria parasite detected (12.0%). High local population density within a 1 km radius around houses was identified as a major independent risk factor of S. mansoni infection. A spatial cluster of high infection risk was detected around the Mbita causeway following adjustment for population density and other potential risk factors. Conclusions/Significance Population density was shown to be a major factor fuelling schistosome infection while individual socio-economic factors appeared not to affect the infection risk. The high-risk cluster around the Mbita causeway may be explained by the construction of an artificial pathway that may cause increased numbers of S. mansoni host snails through obstruction of the waterway. This construction may have, therefore, a significant negative impact on the health of the local population, especially school-aged children who frequently come in contact with lake water. It is estimated that more than ten percent of the world's population is at risk of schistosome transmission, with over 90% of infections occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern particularly around Lake Victoria. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection among schoolchildren on the shores and adjacent islands of Lake Victoria in Mbita district, western Kenya. High local population density was identified as an important risk factor for S. mansoni infection. Socio-economic factors were not found to be significantly associated with infection risk. Our study suggests that environmental changes related to causeway construction and the dense human population around Mbita town may result in favourable ecological conditions for S. mansoni transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Nagi
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Evans A. Chadeka
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sunahara
- Department of Vector Biology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Faith Mutungi
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yombo K. Dan Justin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of EcoEpidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Nagasaki University Nairobi Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and International Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sammy M. Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shimada
- Department of EcoEpidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University Nairobi Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail: (MS); (SH)
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University Nairobi Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail: (MS); (SH)
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47
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Kubota K, Ichinose Y, Scagliotti G, Spigel D, Kim JH, Shinkai T, Takeda K, Kim SW, Hsia TC, Li RK, Tiangco BJ, Yau S, Lim WT, Yao B, Hei YJ, Park K. Phase III study (MONET1) of motesanib plus carboplatin/paclitaxel in patients with advanced nonsquamous nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Asian subgroup analysis. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:529-36. [PMID: 24419239 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This preplanned subset analysis of the phase III MONET1 study aimed to determine whether motesanib combined with carboplatin/paclitaxel (C/P) would result in improved overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy alone, in a subset of Asian patients with nonsquamous nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with nonsquamous NSCLC (stage IIIB/IV or recurrent) and no prior systemic therapy for advanced disease were randomized to IV carboplatin (AUC, 6 mg/ml min) and paclitaxel (200 mg/m2) for up to six 3-week cycles, plus either oral motesanib 125 mg q.d. or placebo. Primary end point was OS; secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety. RESULTS Two hundred twenty-seven Asian patients from MONET1 were included in this descriptive analysis. Median OS was 20.9 months in the motesanib plus C/P arm and 14.5 months in the placebo plus C/P arm (P=0.0223); median PFS was 7.0 and 5.3 months, respectively, (P=0.0004); and ORR was 62% and 27%, respectively, (P<0.0001). Grade≥3 adverse events were more common in the motesanib plus C/P arm versus placebo plus C/P (79% versus 61%). CONCLUSION In this preplanned subset analysis of Asian patients with nonsquamous NSCLC, motesanib plus C/P significantly improved OS, PFS, and ORR versus placebo plus C/P. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT00460317.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kubota
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo
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48
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Fukuda M, Suetsugu T, Ebi N, Nagata N, Takayama K, Tsuruta N, Ishida M, Tokunaga S, Sasaki J, Ichinose Y. Which Do Patients with NSCLC Harboring EGFR Mutation Prefer EGFR-TKI or Chemotherapy? a Vignettes Study (LOGIK0903). Ann Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt459.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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49
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Wada A, Wong PF, Hojo H, Hasegawa M, Ichinose A, Llanes R, Kubo Y, Senba M, Ichinose Y. Alarin but not its alternative-splicing form, GALP (Galanin-like peptide) has antimicrobial activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:223-7. [PMID: 23537644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alarin is an alternative-splicing form of GALP (galanin-like peptide). It shares only 5 conserved amino acids at the N-terminal region with GALP which is involved in a diverse range of normal brain functions. This study seeks to investigate whether alarin has additional functions due to its differences from GALP. Here, we have shown using a radial diffusion assay that alarin but not GALP inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli (strain ML-35). The conserved N-terminal region, however, remained essential for the antimicrobial activity of alarin as truncated peptides showed reduced killing effect. Moreover, alarin inhibited the growth of E. coli in a similar potency as human cathelicidin LL-37, a well-studied antimicrobial peptide. Electron microscopy further showed that alarin induced bacterial membrane blebbing but unlike LL-37, it did not cause hemolysis of erythrocytes. In addition, alarin is only active against the gram-negative bacteria, E. coli but not the gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, these data suggest that alarin has potentials as an antimicrobial and should be considered for the development in human therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Wada
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 8528523, Japan.
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50
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Inoue S, Wandera E, Miringu G, Bundi M, Narita C, Ashur S, Kwallah A, Galata A, Abubakar M, Suka S, Mohamed S, Karama M, Horio M, Shimada M, Ichinose Y. The NUITM-KEMRI P3 Laboratory in Kenya: Establishment, Features, Operation and Maintenance. Trop Med Health 2013; 41:27-37. [PMID: 23533023 PMCID: PMC3601200 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2013-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A biocontainment facility is a core component in any research setting due to the services it renders towards comprehensive biosafety observance. The NUITM-KEMRI P3 facility was set up in 2007 and has been actively in use since 2010 by researchers from this and other institutions. A number of hazardous agents have been handled in the laboratory among them MDR-TB and yellow fever viruses. The laboratory has the general physical and operational features of a P3 laboratory in addition to a number of unique features, among them the water-air filtration system, the eco-mode operation feature and automation of the pressure system that make the facility more efficient. It is equipped with biosafety and emergency response equipments alongside common laboratory equipments, maintained regularly using daily, monthly and yearly routines. Security and safety is strictly observed within the facility, enhanced by restricted entry, strict documentation and use of safety symbols. Training is also engrained within the operation of the laboratory and is undertaken and evaluated annually. Though the laboratory is in the process of obtaining accreditation, it is fully certified courtesy of the manufactures’ and constructed within specified standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inoue
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya (Virology group)
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