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Manivannan P, Reddy V, Mukherjee S, Clark KN, Malathi K. RNase L Induces Expression of A Novel Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase, DRAK1, to Promote Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3535. [PMID: 31330998 PMCID: PMC6679093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of virus-infected cells is an effective antiviral mechanism in addition to interferon induction to establish antiviral state to restrict virus spread. The interferon-inducible 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase/RNase L pathway results in activation of RNase L in response to double stranded RNA and cleaves diverse RNA substrates to amplify interferon induction and promote apoptosis. Here we show that RNase L induces expression of Death-associated protein kinase-Related Apoptosis-inducing protein Kinase 1 (DRAK1), a member of the death-associated protein kinase family and interferon-signaling pathway is required for induction. Overexpression of DRAK1 triggers apoptosis in the absence of RNase L activation by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), translocation of BCL2 Associated X (Bax) to the mitochondria accompanied by cytochrome C release and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential promoting cleavage of caspase 3 and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP). Inhibitors of JNK and caspase 3 promote survival of DRAK1 overexpressing cells demonstrating an important role of JNK signaling pathway in DRAK1-mediated apoptosis. DRAK1 mutant proteins that lack kinase activity or nuclear localization fail to induce apoptosis highlighting the importance of cellular localization and kinase function in promoting cell death. Our studies identify DRAK1 as a mediator of RNase L-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Manivannan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Vidita Reddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sushovita Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kirsten Neytania Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Malathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Liu SH, Lu TH, Su CC, Lay IS, Lin HY, Fang KM, Ho TJ, Chen KL, Su YC, Chiang WC, Chen YW. Lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) and its active constituents prevent inflammatory responses in macrophages via JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 42:869-89. [PMID: 25004880 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a serious health issue worldwide that induces many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), sepsis, acute pancreatitis and lung injury. Thus, there is a great deal of interest in new methods of limiting inflammation. In this study, we investigated the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, an aquatic perennial plant cultivated in eastern Asia and India, in anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2, as well as the mRNA expression and level of IL-6 and TNF-α, while NNE significantly reduced these effects of LPS. LPS also induced phospho-JNK protein expression. The JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 decreased the proteins expression of phospho-JNK, iNOS, COX-2, and the mRNAs expression and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Further, NNE reduced the protein expression of phospho-JNK. LPS was also found to promote the translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus and to decrease the expression of cytosolic IκB. NNE and SP600125 treatment recovered the LPS-induced expression of NF-κB and IκB. While phospho-ERK and phospho-p38 induced by LPS, could not be reversed by NNE. To further investigate the major components of NNE in anti-inflammatory effects, we determined the quercetin and catechin in inflammatory signals. Results showed that quercetin and catechin significantly decreased the proteins expression of iNOS, COX-2 and phospho-JNK. Besides, the mRNAs and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α also decreased by quercetin and catechin treatment in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. These results showed that NNE and its major components quercetin and catechin exhibit anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the JNK- and NF-κB-regulated pathways and could therefore be an useful anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Hernansanz-Agustín P, Izquierdo-Álvarez A, García-Ortiz A, Ibiza S, Serrador JM, Martínez-Ruiz A. Nitrosothiols in the immune system: signaling and protection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:288-308. [PMID: 22746191 PMCID: PMC3518543 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In the immune system, nitric oxide (NO) has been mainly associated with antibacterial defenses exerted through oxidative, nitrosative, and nitrative stress and signal transduction through cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms. However, S-nitrosylation is emerging as a post-translational modification (PTM) involved in NO-mediated cell signaling. RECENT ADVANCES Precise roles for S-nitrosylation in signaling pathways have been described both for innate and adaptive immunity. Denitrosylation may protect macrophages from their own S-nitrosylation, while maintaining nitrosative stress compartmentalized in the phagosomes. Nitrosothiols have also been shown to be beneficial in experimental models of autoimmune diseases, mainly through their role in modulating T-cell differentiation and function. CRITICAL ISSUES Relationship between S-nitrosylation, other thiol redox PTMs, and other NO-signaling pathways has not been always taken into account, particularly in the context of immune responses. Methods for assaying S-nitrosylation in individual proteins and proteomic approaches to study the S-nitrosoproteome are constantly being improved, which helps to move this field forward. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Integrated studies of signaling pathways in the immune system should consider whether S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation processes are among the PTMs influencing the activity of key signaling and adaptor proteins. Studies in pathophysiological scenarios will also be of interest to put these mechanisms into broader contexts. Interventions modulating nitrosothiol levels in autoimmune disease could be investigated with a view to developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hernansanz-Agustín
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Buono R, Vantaggiato C, Pisa V, Azzoni E, Bassi MT, Brunelli S, Sciorati C, Clementi E. Nitric oxide sustains long-term skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating fate of satellite cells via signaling pathways requiring Vangl2 and cyclic GMP. Stem Cells 2012; 30:197-209. [PMID: 22084027 PMCID: PMC3378700 DOI: 10.1002/stem.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are myogenic precursors that proliferate, activate, and differentiate on muscle injury to sustain the regenerative capacity of adult skeletal muscle; in this process, they self-renew through the return to quiescence of the cycling progeny. This mechanism, while efficient in physiological conditions does not prevent exhaustion of satellite cells in pathologies such as muscular dystrophy where numerous rounds of damage occur. Here, we describe a key role of nitric oxide, an important signaling molecule in adult skeletal muscle, on satellite cells maintenance, studied ex vivo on isolated myofibers and in vivo using the α-sarcoglycan null mouse model of dystrophy and a cardiotoxin-induced model of repetitive damage. Nitric oxide stimulated satellite cells proliferation in a pathway dependent on cGMP generation. Furthermore, it increased the number of Pax7+/Myf5− cells in a cGMP-independent pathway requiring enhanced expression of Vangl2, a member of the planar cell polarity pathway involved in the Wnt noncanonical pathway. The enhanced self-renewal ability of satellite cells induced by nitric oxide is sufficient to delay the reduction of the satellite cell pool during repetitive acute and chronic damages, favoring muscle regeneration; in the α-sarcoglycan null dystrophic mouse, it also slowed disease progression persistently. These results identify nitric oxide as a key messenger in satellite cells maintenance, expand the significance of the Vangl2-dependent Wnt noncanonical pathway in myogenesis, and indicate novel strategies to optimize nitric oxide-based therapies for muscular dystrophy. Stem Cells 2012; 30:197–209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Buono
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Hristova M, Spiess PC, Kasahara DI, Randall MJ, Deng B, van der Vliet A. The tobacco smoke component, acrolein, suppresses innate macrophage responses by direct alkylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:23-33. [PMID: 21778411 PMCID: PMC3262655 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0134oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory innate immune system is often compromised by tobacco smoke exposure, and previous studies have indicated that acrolein, a reactive electrophile in tobacco smoke, may contribute to the immunosuppressive effects of smoking. Exposure of mice to acrolein at concentrations similar to those in cigarette smoke (5 ppm, 4 h) significantly suppressed alveolar macrophage responses to bacterial LPS, indicated by reduced induction of nitric oxide synthase 2, TNF-α, and IL-12p40. Mechanistic studies with bone marrow-derived macrophages or MH-S macrophages demonstrated that acrolein (1-30 μM) attenuated these LPS-mediated innate responses in association with depletion of cellular glutathione, although glutathione depletion itself was not fully responsible for these immunosuppressive effects. Inhibitory actions of acrolein were most prominent after acute exposure (<2 h), indicating the involvement of direct and reversible interactions of acrolein with critical signaling pathways. Among the key signaling pathways involved in innate macrophage responses, acrolein marginally affected LPS-mediated activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and significantly suppressed phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and activation of c-Jun. Using biotin hydrazide labeling, NF-κB RelA and p50, as well as JNK2, a critical mediator of innate macrophage responses, were revealed as direct targets for alkylation by acrolein. Mass spectrometry analysis of acrolein-modified recombinant JNK2 indicated adduction to Cys(41) and Cys(177), putative important sites involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK) binding and JNK2 phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that direct alkylation of JNK2 by electrophiles, such as acrolein, may be a prominent and hitherto unrecognized mechanism in their immunosuppressive effects, and may be a major factor in smoking-induced effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Deng
- Department of Biology and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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6
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Wang IC, Chen YJ, Hughes DE, Ackerson T, Major ML, Kalinichenko VV, Costa RH, Raychaudhuri P, Tyner AL, Lau LF. FoxM1 regulates transcription of JNK1 to promote the G1/S transition and tumor cell invasiveness. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20770-8. [PMID: 18524773 PMCID: PMC2475715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709892200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) protein is a proliferation-specific transcription factor that plays a key role in controlling both the G(1)/S and G(2)/M transitions through the cell cycle and is essential for the development of various cancers. We show here that FoxM1 directly activates the transcription of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1) gene in U2OS osteosarcoma cells. Expression of JNK1, which regulates the expression of genes important for the G(1)/S transition, rescues the G(1)/S but not the G(2)/M cell cycle block in FoxM1-deficient cells. Knockdown of either FoxM1 or JNK1 inhibits tumor cell migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. However, expression of JNK1 in FoxM1-depleted cells does not rescue these defects, indicating that JNK1 is a necessary but insufficient downstream mediator of FoxM1 in these processes. Consistent with this interpretation, FoxM1 regulates the expression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, which play a role in tumor cell invasion, through JNK1-independent and -dependent mechanisms in U2OS cells, respectively. Taken together, these findings identify JNK1 as a critical transcriptional target of FoxM1 that contributes to FoxM1-regulated cell cycle progression, tumor cell migration, invasiveness, and anchorage-independent growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ching Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
| | - Douglas E. Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
| | - Timothy Ackerson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
| | - Michael L. Major
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
| | - Vladimir V. Kalinichenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
| | - Robert H. Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
| | - Pradip Raychaudhuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
| | - Angela L. Tyner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
| | - Lester F. Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois 60607 and the Division of Pulmonary
Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
45229-3039
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Mollen KP, McCloskey CA, Tanaka H, Prince JM, Levy RM, Zuckerbraun BS, Billiar TR. Hypoxia activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase via Rac1-dependent reactive oxygen species production in hepatocytes. Shock 2007; 28:270-7. [PMID: 17545941 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3180485acd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The earliest events after the induction of hemorrhagic shock (HS) are complex and poorly understood. We have recently demonstrated that decreased tissue perfusion and hypoxia during HS lead to an increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in vivo. The purpose of these investigations was to test the hypothesis that hypoxia activates JNK via Rac1-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. Mice subjected to HS and resuscitated with Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution (REPS) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC), two scavengers of ROS, demonstrated decreased levels of phosphorylated JNK. Exposure of primary mouse hepatocytes in culture to 1% oxygen led to increased production of ROS and phosphorylation of JNK. The duration of hypoxia correlated with the level of generation of ROS and JNK activation. The phosphorylation of JNK was attenuated in the presence of ROS scavengers or the nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate [NDA(P)H] oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). In addition, hypoxia increased activation of Rac1. Inhibition of Rac1 activation by adenoviral gene transfer of dominant-negative Rac1 (AdRac1) attenuated both ROS formation and JNK activation. Together, these data suggest that ROS generation during hypoxia in the liver directly leads to JNK activation in a Rac1-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Mollen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Raines K, Cao GL, Lee E, Rosen G, Shapiro P. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase-induced S-nitrosylation of H-Ras inhibits calcium ionophore-mediated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase activity. Biochem J 2006; 397:329-36. [PMID: 16569214 PMCID: PMC1513287 DOI: 10.1042/bj20052002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) is a constitutively expressed enzyme responsible for the production of NO* from L-arginine and O2. NO* acts as both an intra- and an inter-cellular messenger that mediates a variety of signalling pathways. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that nNOS production of NO* blocks Ca2+-ionophore-induced activation of ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) of the mitogen-activated protein kinases through a mechanism involving Ras G-proteins and Raf-1 kinase. Herein we describe a mechanism by which NO* blocks Ca2+-mediated ERK1/2 activity through direct modification of H-Ras. Ca2+-mediated ERK1/2 activation in NO*-producing cells could be restored by exogenous expression of constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1. In contrast, exogenous expression of constitutively active mutants of Raf-1 and H-Ras only partially restored ERK1/2 activity, by 50% and 10% respectively. On the basis of these findings, we focused on NO*-mediated mechanisms of H-Ras inhibition. Assays for GTP loading and H-Ras interactions with the Ras-binding domain on Raf-1 demonstrated a decrease in H-Ras activity in the presence of NO*. We demonstrate that S-nitrosylation of H-Ras occurs in nNOS-expressing cells activated with Ca2+ ionophore. Mutation of a putative nitrosylation site at Cys118 inhibited S-nitrosylation and restored ERK1/2 activity by constitutively active H-Ras even in the presence of NO*. These findings indicate that intracellular generation of NO* by nNOS leads to S-nitrosylation of H-Ras, which interferes with Raf-1 activation and propagation of signalling through ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly W. Raines
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
| | - Guan-Liang Cao
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
- †Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
- ‡Center for EPR Imaging for In Vivo Physiology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
| | - Eun Kyoung Lee
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
| | - Gerald M. Rosen
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
- †Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
- ‡Center for EPR Imaging for In Vivo Physiology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
| | - Paul Shapiro
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Stitt MS, Wasserloos KJ, Tang X, Liu X, Pitt BR, St Croix CM. Nitric oxide-induced nuclear translocation of the metal responsive transcription factor, MTF-1 is mediated by zinc release from metallothionein. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 44:149-55. [PMID: 16423564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that the major Zn-binding protein, metallothionein (MT) is a critical target for nitric oxide (NO) with resultant increases in labile Zn. We now show that NO donors also affected the activity of the metal responsive transcription factor MTF-1 that translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus in response to physiologically relevant increases in intracellular Zn and transactivates MT gene expression. Exposing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLEC) to ZnCl(2) or the NO donor, S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 200 microM), caused nuclear translocation of a reporter molecule consisting of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused to MTF-1 (pEGFP-MTF-1). In separate experiments, NO donors induced increases in MT protein levels (Western blot). In contrast, NO did not cause nuclear translocation of EGFP-MTF-1 in MLEC from MT knockouts, demonstrating a central role for MT in mediating this response. These data suggest that S-nitrosation of Zn-thiolate clusters in MT and subsequent alterations in Zn homeostasis are participants in intracellular NO signaling pathways affecting gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Stitt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 100 Technology Drive, Cellomics Building, Room 335, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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10
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Shen YH, Zhang L, Gan Y, Wang X, Wang J, LeMaire SA, Coselli JS, Wang XL. Up-regulation of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) mediates p38 MAPK stress signal-induced inhibition of insulin signaling. A cross-talk between stress signaling and insulin signaling in resistin-treated human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:7727-36. [PMID: 16418168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The key feature of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, is systemic insulin resistance, which is associated with dysregulated endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). Stress signaling induced by inflammation can inhibit insulin signaling. However, molecular mechanisms for the cross-talk between stress signaling and insulin resistance are only partially understood. Resistin, an adipokine/cytokine, is involved in inflammatory processes that could lead to insulin resistance status and vascular diseases. In the current study, we observed that resistin inhibited insulin signaling and eNOS activation in endothelial cells. Up-regulation of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) expression by resistin may mediate the inhibitory effects. Activated stress signaling p38 MAPK, but not JNK, is involved in PTEN up-regulation. We further found that p38 target transcriptional factor activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) bound to ATF sites in the PTEN promoter. The phosphorylation/activation of ATF-2 and its binding to PTEN promoter were increased by resistin treatment. In summary, up-regulation of PTEN is involved in the inhibitory effects of resistin on insulin signaling and eNOS activation in endothelial cells. Resistin induces PTEN expression by activating stress signaling p38 pathway, which may activate target transcription factor ATF-2, which in turn induces PTEN expression. Our findings suggest that resistin-mediated inhibition of insulin signaling and eNOS activation may contribute to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying H Shen
- Section of Adult Cardiac Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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11
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Hirayama T, Dai S, Abbas S, Yamanaka Y, Abu-Amer Y. Inhibition of inflammatory bone erosion by constitutively active STAT-6 through blockade of JNK and NF-kappaB activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:2719-29. [PMID: 16142755 DOI: 10.1002/art.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NF-kappaB and JNK signaling pathways play key roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. Both factors are also activated in response to osteoclastogenic factors, such as RANKL and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Inflammatory arthritis and bone erosion subside in the presence of antiinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4). We have previously shown that IL-4 inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro through inhibition of NF-kappaB and JNK activation in a STAT-6-dependent manner. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of constitutively active STAT-6 to arrest the activation of NF-kappaB and JNK and to subsequently ameliorate the bone erosion associated with inflammatory arthritis in mice. METHODS Inflammatory arthritis was induced in wild-type and STAT-6-null mice by intraperitoneal injection of arthritis-eliciting serum derived from K/BxN mice. Bone erosion was assessed in the joints by histologic and immunostaining techniques. Cell-permeable Tat-STAT-6 fusion proteins were administered intraperitoneally. Cells were isolated from bone marrow and from joints for the JNK assay, the DNA-binding assays (electrophoretic mobility shift assays), and for in vitro osteoclastogenesis. RESULTS Activation of NF-kappaB and JNK in vivo was increased in extracts of cells retrieved from the joints of arthritic mice. Cell-permeable, constitutively active STAT-6 (i.e., STAT-6-VT) was effective in blocking NF-kappaB and JNK activation in RANKL-treated osteoclast progenitors. More importantly, STAT-6-VT protein significantly inhibited the in vivo activation of NF-kappaB and JNK, attenuated osteoclast recruitment in the inflamed joints, and decreased bone destruction. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the administration of STAT-6-VT presents a novel approach to the alleviation of bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhisa Hirayama
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Pelaia G, Cuda G, Vatrella A, Gallelli L, Caraglia M, Marra M, Abbruzzese A, Caputi M, Maselli R, Costanzo FS, Marsico SA. Mitogen-activated protein kinases and asthma. J Cell Physiol 2005; 202:642-53. [PMID: 15316926 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are evolutionary conserved enzymes which play a key role in signal transduction mediated by cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters and various types of environmental stresses. In the airways, these extracellular stimuli elicit complex inflammatory and structural changes leading to the typical features of asthma including T cell activation, eosinophil and mast cell infiltration, as well as bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling. Because MAPKs represent an important point of convergence for several different signalling pathways, they affect multiple aspects of normal airway function and also significantly contribute to asthma pathophysiology. Therefore, this review focuses on the crucial involvement of MAPKs in asthma pathogenesis, thus also discussing their emerging role as molecular targets for anti-asthma drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Italy.
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Tao L, Gao E, Bryan NS, Qu Y, Liu HR, Hu A, Christopher TA, Lopez BL, Yodoi J, Koch WJ, Feelisch M, Ma XL. Cardioprotective effects of thioredoxin in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: role of S-nitrosation [corrected]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11471-6. [PMID: 15277664 PMCID: PMC509224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402941101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, and both thioredoxin (Trx) and nitric oxide have been shown to exert antiapoptotic effects in vitro. Recent evidence suggests that this particular action of Trx requires S-nitrosation at Cys-69. The present study sought to investigate whether or not exogenously applied Trx reduces MI/R injury in vivo and to which extent this effect depends on S-nitrosation. Adult mice were subjected to 30 min of MI and treated with either vehicle or human Trx (hTrx, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) 10 min before reperfusion. Native hTrx was incorporated into myocardial tissue as shown by immunostaining, and reduced MI/R injury as evidenced by decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activity, and infarct size. When hTrx was partially S-nitrosated by preincubation with S-nitrosoglutathione, its cardioprotective effect was markedly enhanced. Treatment with hTrx significantly reduced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and this effect was also potentiated by S-nitrosation. To further address the role of S-nitrosation for the overall antiapoptotic effect to Trx, the action of Escherichia coli Trx (eTrx) was investigated in the same model. Whereas eTrx inhibited MI/R-induced apoptosis to a degree similar to hTrx, S-nitrosation of this protein, which lacks Cys-69, failed to further enhance its antiapoptotic action. Collectively, our results demonstrate that systemically applied Trx is taken up by the myocardium to exert potent cardioprotective effects in vivo, offering interesting therapeutic avenues. In the case of hTrx, these effects are further potentiated by S-nitrosation, but this posttranslational modification is not essential for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M Löwenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Alexander M, Daniel T, Chaudry IH, Schwacha MG. MAP kinases differentially regulate the expression of macrophage hyperactivity after thermal injury. J Cell Physiol 2004; 201:35-44. [PMID: 15281087 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thermal injury increases the capacity of macrophages (Mphi) to produce various inflammatory mediators, (i.e., Mphi hyperactivity), which is believed to be involved in the development of subsequent immunosuppression, sepsis, and multiple organ failure. The signal transduction pathways involved in the expression of Mphi hyperactivity post-burn, however, remain to be clearly elucidated. To study this C57BL/6 female mice were subjected to a 25% TBSA burn and splenic Mphis were isolated 7 days later. LPS-stimulated inflammatory mediator production and MAPK expression (P38 ERK 1/2 and JNK) were determined. Burn injury increased LPS-induced P38 MAPK, suppressed JNK activation and ERK 1/2 activation was unaltered. These changes in MAPK activation were paralleled by the increased production of PGE(2), TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10. Differential sensitivity to the inhibition of the MAPK pathways was observed with regard to the mediator evaluated and the presence or absence of burn injury. In general cytokine production in the burn group was in part resistant to the inhibition of a single MAPK pathway as compared with shams. Thus, burn injury increases cross-talk between the MAPKs pathways, suggesting that alterations MAPK activation and signal transduction contribute to the development Mphi hyperactivity post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Alexander
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Masuda K, Shima H, Katagiri C, Kikuchi K. Activation of ERK induces phosphorylation of MAPK phosphatase-7, a JNK specific phosphatase, at Ser-446. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:32448-56. [PMID: 12794087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m213254200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that MKP-7 suppresses MAPK activation in COS-7 cells in the order of selectivity, JNK >> p38 > ERK, but interacts with ERK as well as JNK and p38. In this study we found that, when expressed in COS-7 cells with HA-ERK2, the mobility of FLAG-MKP-7 was decreased on SDS-PAGE gels depending on several stimuli, including phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, fetal bovine serum, epidermal growth factor, H2O2, and ionomycin. By using U0126, a MEK inhibitor, and introducing several point mutations, we demonstrated that this upward mobility shift is because of phosphorylation and identified Ser-446 of MKP-7 as the phosphorylation site targeted by ERK activation. To determine how MKP-7 interacts with MAPKs, we identified three domains in MKP-7 required for interaction with MAPKs, namely, putative MAP kinase docking domains (D-domain) I and II and a long COOH-terminal stretch unique to MKP-7. The D-domain I is required for interaction with ERK and p38, whereas the D-domain II is required for interaction with JNK and p38, which is likely to be important for MKP-7 to suppress JNK and p38 activations. The COOH-terminal stretch of MKP-7 was shown to determine JNK preference for MKP-7 by masking MKP-7 activity toward p38 and is a domain bound by ERK. These data strongly suggested that Ser-446 of MKP-7 is phosphorylated by ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Masuda
- Division of Biochemical Oncology and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Haddad JJ. Pharmaco-redox regulation of cytokine-related pathways: from receptor signaling to pharmacogenomics. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:907-26. [PMID: 12361802 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a multi-diverse family of polypeptide regulators; they are relatively low molecular weight (< 30 kDa), pharmacologically active proteins that are secreted by one cell for the purpose of altering either its own functions (autocrine effect) or those of adjacent cells (paracrine effect). Cytokines are small, nonenzymatic glycoproteins whose actions are both diverse and overlapping (specificity/redundancy) and may affect diverse and overlapping target cell populations. In many instances, individual cytokines have multiple biological activities. Different cytokines can also have the same activity, which provides for functional redundancy (network) within the inflammatory and immune systems. As biological cofactors that are released by specific cells, cytokines have specific effects on cell-cell interaction, communication, and behavior of other cells. As a result, it is infrequent that loss or neutralization of one cytokine will markedly interfere with either of these systems. The biological effect of one cytokine is often modified or augmented by another. Because an interdigitating, redundant network of cytokines is involved in the production of most biological effects, both under physiologic and pathologic conditions, it usually requires more than a single defect in the network to alter drastically the outcome of the process. This fact, therefore, may have crucial significance in the development of therapeutic strategies for biopharmacologic intervention in cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Labs, Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, Dept of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
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Haendeler J, Hoffmann J, Tischler V, Berk BC, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Redox regulatory and anti-apoptotic functions of thioredoxin depend on S-nitrosylation at cysteine 69. Nat Cell Biol 2002; 4:743-9. [PMID: 12244325 DOI: 10.1038/ncb851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2002] [Revised: 06/24/2002] [Accepted: 07/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin 1 (Trx) is a known redox regulator that is implicated in the redox control of cell growth and apoptosis inhibition. Here we show that Trx is essential for maintaining the content of S-nitrosylated molecules in endothelial cells. Trx itself is S-nitrosylated at cysteine 69 under basal conditions, and this S-nitrosylation is required for scavenging reactive oxygen species and for preserving the redox regulatory activity of Trx. S-nitrosylation of Trx also contributes to the anti-apoptotic function of Trx. Thus, Trx can exert its complete redox regulatory and anti-apoptotic functions in endothelial cells only when cysteine 69 is S-nitrosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Haendeler
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Hoffmann J, Haendeler J, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. TNFalpha and oxLDL reduce protein S-nitrosylation in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:41383-7. [PMID: 11524431 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107566200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the regulation of the functional integrity of the endothelium. The intracellular reaction of NO with reactive cysteine groups leads to the formation of S-nitrosothiols. To investigate the regulation of S-nitrosothiols in endothelial cells, we first analyzed the composition of the S-nitrosylated molecules in endothelial cells. Gel filtration revealed that more than 95% of the detected S-nitrosothiols had a molecular mass of more than 5000 Da. Moreover, inhibition of de novo synthesis of glutathione using N-butyl-sulfoximine did not diminish the overall cellular S-NO content suggesting that S-nitrosylated glutathione quantitatively plays only a minor role in endothelial cells. Having demonstrated that most of the S-nitrosothiols are proteins, we determined the regulation of the S-nitrosylation by pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic factors, such as TNFalpha and mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). TNFalpha and oxLDL induced denitrosylation of various proteins as assessed by Saville-Griess assay, by immunostaining with an anti-S-nitrosocysteine antibody, and by a Western blot approach. Furthermore, the caspase-3 p17 subunit, which has previously been shown to be S-nitrosylated and thereby inhibited, was denitrosylated by TNFalpha treatment suggesting that S-nitrosylation and denitrosylation are important regulatory mechanisms in endothelial cells contributing to the integrity of the endothelial cell monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hoffmann
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
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