1
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Sang M, Feng P, Chi LP, Zhang W. The biosynthetic logic and enzymatic machinery of approved fungi-derived pharmaceuticals and agricultural biopesticides. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:565-603. [PMID: 37990930 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2023The kingdom Fungi has become a remarkably valuable source of structurally complex natural products (NPs) with diverse bioactivities. Since the revolutionary discovery and application of the antibiotic penicillin from Penicillium, a number of fungi-derived NPs have been developed and approved into pharmaceuticals and pesticide agents using traditional "activity-guided" approaches. Although emerging genome mining algorithms and surrogate expression hosts have brought revolutionary approaches to NP discovery, the time and costs involved in developing these into new drugs can still be prohibitively high. Therefore, it is essential to maximize the utility of existing drugs by rational design and systematic production of new chemical structures based on these drugs by synthetic biology. To this purpose, there have been great advances in characterizing the diversified biosynthetic gene clusters associated with the well-known drugs and in understanding the biosynthesis logic mechanisms and enzymatic transformation processes involved in their production. We describe advances made in the heterogeneous reconstruction of complex NP scaffolds using fungal polyketide synthases (PKSs), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), PKS/NRPS hybrids, terpenoids, and indole alkaloids and also discuss mechanistic insights into metabolic engineering, pathway reprogramming, and cell factory development. Moreover, we suggest pathways for expanding access to the fungal chemical repertoire by biosynthesis of representative family members via common platform intermediates and through the rational manipulation of natural biosynthetic machineries for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moli Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Peiyuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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2
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Tan Y, Chen L, Ding G. Naturally Occurring Asterric Acid Analogs: Chemistry and Biology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4518-4537. [PMID: 38386916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Asterric acid and its analogs belong to diphenyl ethers (DPEs) with multiple substitutions on A/B aromatic rings. This member of DPEs originates from the polyketide pathway and displays a wide range of biological effects. Though the structures of asterric acid analogs are not complex, there were only more than 50 asterric acid analogs found in nature from 1960 to 2023. In this review, the structures, bioactivities, and biosynthesis of asterric acid analogs are summarized. More importantly, the empirical rule about the shielding effect of B-ring on H-6 is suggested, and this provides a convenient and useful way to analyze the NMR spectral data of asterric acid analogs, based on which the chemical shift values of the A-ring in some asterric acid analogs are revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Basis and New Drug Development of Natural and Nuclear Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Research, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Basis and New Drug Development of Natural and Nuclear Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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3
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Shaaban M, Abdel-Razek AS, Previtali V, Clausen MH, Gotfredsen CH, Laatsch H, Ding L. Sulochrins and alkaloids from a fennel endophyte Aspergillus sp. FVL2. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:1310-1320. [PMID: 34865573 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2005054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The fungal endophyte Aspergillus sp. strain FVL2, isolated from the traditional medicinal fennel plant, Foeniculum vulgare, was investigated for secondary metabolites. Fermentation on rice medium followed by chromatographic separation delivered three new natural products, 7-demethyl-neosulochrin (1), fumigaclavine I (3) and N-benzoyl-tryptophan (6) together with further 14 known metabolites, 1-O-methyl-sulochrin-4'-sulfate, questin, laccaic acid, isorhodoptilometrin, fumigaclavine A, fumigaclavine C, fumitremorgin C, fumigaquinazoline C, tryptoquivaline J, trypacidin, 3'-O-demethyl-sulochrin, 1-O-methyl-sulochrin, protocatechuic acid, and vermelone. The chemical structures of the new metabolites were determined by NMR spectroscopy and ESI HR mass spectrometry. For fumigaclavine I, we observed the partial deuterium transfer from the solvent to the enol form with a remarkable high stereo selectivity. The discovery of the new seco-anthraquinone 7-demethyl-neosulochrin (1) revealed a second type of ring cleavage by a questin oxygenase. The discovery of diverse secondary metabolites broadens the chemical space of Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaaban
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Razek
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Viola Previtali
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads Hartvig Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Hartmut Laatsch
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Mund NK, Čellárová E. Recent advances in the identification of biosynthetic genes and gene clusters of the polyketide-derived pathways for anthraquinone biosynthesis and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108104. [PMID: 36716800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural anthraquinones are represented by a large group of compounds. Some of them are widespread across the kingdoms, especially in bacteria, fungi and plants, while the others are restricted to certain groups of organisms. Despite the significant pharmacological potential of several anthraquinones (hypericin, skyrin and emodin), their biosynthetic pathways and candidate genes coding for key enzymes have not been experimentally validated. Understanding the genetic and epigenetic regulation of the anthraquinone biosynthetic gene clusters in fungal endophytes would help not only understand their pathways in plants, which ensure their commercial availability, but also favor them as promising systems for prospective biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar Mund
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Genetics, Mánesova 23, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Genetics, Mánesova 23, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
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5
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de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Simpson TJ. The 'emodin family' of fungal natural products-amalgamating a century of research with recent genomics-based advances. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:174-201. [PMID: 36222427 PMCID: PMC9890505 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022A very large group of biosynthetically linked fungal secondary metabolites are formed via the key intermediate emodin and its corresponding anthrone. The group includes anthraquinones such as chrysophanol and cladofulvin, the grisandienes geodin and trypacidin, the diphenyl ether pestheic acid, benzophenones such as monodictyphenone and various xanthones including the prenylated shamixanthones, the agnestins and dimeric xanthones such as the ergochromes, cryptosporioptides and neosartorin. Such compounds exhibit a wide range of bioactivities and as such have been utilised in traditional medicine for centuries, as well as garnering more recent interest from the pharmaceutical sector. Additional interest comes from industries such as textiles and cosmetics due to their use as natural colourants. A variety of biosynthetic routes and mechanisms have been proposed for this family of compounds, being altered and updated as new biosynthetic methods develop and new results emerge. After nearly 100 years of such research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about the biosynthesis of this important family, amalgamating the early chemical and biosynthetic studies with the more recent genetics-based advances and comparative bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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6
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Fukaya M, Ozaki T, Minami A, Oikawa H. Biosynthetic machineries of anthraquinones and bisanthraquinones in Talaromyces islandicus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:435-443. [PMID: 35108363 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Talaromyces islandicus is a unique fungus that produces more than 20 numbers of anthraquinones (AQs) and their dimeric natural products, bisanthraquinones (BQs). These compounds share a 9,10-anthracenedione core derived from emodin. The biosynthetic pathway of emodin has been firmly established, while that of other AQs and BQs is still unclear. In this study, we identified the biosynthetic gene clusters for chrysophanol and skyrin. The function of key modification enzymes was examined by performing biotransformation experiments and in vitro enzymatic reactions with emodin and its derivatives, allowing us to propose a mechanism for the modification reactions. The present study provides insight into the biosynthesis of AQs and BQs in T. islandicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Fukaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taro Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Minami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Agrawal K, Shankar J, Kumar R, Verma P. Insight into multicopper oxidase laccase from Myrothecium verrucaria ITCC-8447: a case study using in silico and experimental analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:1048-1060. [PMID: 32877269 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1812334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation activity of multicopper-oxidases overlaps with different substrates of laccases and bilirubin oxidases, thus in the present study an integrated approach of bioinformatics using homology modeling, docking, and experimental validation was used to confirm the type of multicopper-oxidase in Myrothecium verrucaria ITCC-8447. The result of peptide sequence of M. verrucaria ITCC-8447 enabled to predict the 3 D-structure of multicopper-oxidase. It was overlapped with the structure of laccase and root mean square deviation (RMSD) was 1.53 Å for 533 and, 171 residues. The low binding energy with azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (-5.64) as compared to bilirubin (-4.39) suggested that M. verrucaria ITCC-8447 have laccase-like activity. The experimental analysis confirmed high activity with laccase specific substrates, phenol (18.3 U/L), ampyrone (172.4 U/L) and, ampyrone phenol coupling (50 U/L) as compared to bilirubin oxidase substrate bilirubin (16.6 U/L). In addition, lowest binding energy with ABTS (-5.64), syringaldazine SYZ (-4.83), guaiacol GCL (-4.42), and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol DMP (-4.41) confirmed the presence of laccase. Further, complete remediation of two hazardous model pollutants i.e., phenol and resorcinol (1.5 mM) after 12 h of incubation and low binding energy of -4.32 and, -4.85 respectively confirmed its removal by laccase. The results confirmed the presence of laccase in M. verrucaria ITCC-8447 and its effective bioremediation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Agrawal
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Jata Shankar
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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8
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Lin FL, Lauterbach L, Zou J, Wang YH, Lv JM, Chen GD, Hu D, Gao H, Yao XS, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic Characterization of the Fusicoccane-type Diterpene Synthase for Myrothec-15(17)-en-7-ol. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Long Lin
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Lukas Lauterbach
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Jian Zou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Heng Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Dong Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, Bonn 53121, Germany
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9
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Fraley AE, Caddell Haatveit K, Ye Y, Kelly SP, Newmister SA, Yu F, Williams RM, Smith JL, Houk KN, Sherman DH. Molecular Basis for Spirocycle Formation in the Paraherquamide Biosynthetic Pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2244-2252. [PMID: 31904957 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paraherquamides are potent anthelmintic natural products with complex heptacyclic scaffolds. One key feature of these molecules is the spiro-oxindole moiety that lends a strained three-dimensional architecture to these structures. The flavin monooxygenase PhqK was found to catalyze spirocycle formation through two parallel pathways in the biosynthesis of paraherquamides A and G. Two new paraherquamides (K and L) were isolated from a ΔphqK strain of Penicillium simplicissimum, and subsequent enzymatic reactions with these compounds generated two additional metabolites, paraherquamides M and N. Crystal structures of PhqK in complex with various substrates provided a foundation for mechanistic analyses and computational studies. While it is evident that PhqK can react with various substrates, reaction kinetics and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the dioxepin-containing paraherquamide L is the favored substrate. Through this effort, we have elucidated a key step in the biosynthesis of the paraherquamides and provided a rationale for the selective spirocyclization of these powerful anthelmintic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kersti Caddell Haatveit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | | | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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10
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Romsdahl J, Wang CCC. Recent advances in the genome mining of Aspergillus secondary metabolites (covering 2012-2018). MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:840-866. [PMID: 31303983 PMCID: PMC6590338 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00054b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SMs) produced by filamentous fungi possess diverse bioactivities that make them excellent drug candidates. Whole genome sequencing has revealed that fungi have the capacity to produce a far greater number of SMs than have been isolated, since many of the genes involved in SM biosynthesis are either silent or expressed at very low levels in standard laboratory conditions. There has been significant effort to activate SM biosynthetic genes and link them to their downstream products, as the SMs produced by these "cryptic" pathways offer a promising source for new drug discovery. Further, an understanding of the genes involved in SM biosynthesis facilitates product yield optimization of first-generation molecules and genetic engineering of second-generation analogs. This review covers advances made in genome mining SMs produced by Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus terreus in the past six years (2012-2018). Genetic identification and molecular characterization of SM biosynthetic gene clusters, along with proposed biosynthetic pathways, will be discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Romsdahl
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Avenue , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA . ; Tel: (323) 442 1670
| | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy , University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Avenue , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA . ; Tel: (323) 442 1670
- Department of Chemistry , Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences , University of Southern California , 3551 Trousdale Pkwy , Los Angeles , CA 90089 , USA
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11
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Meng S, Tang GL, Pan HX. Enzymatic Formation of Oxygen-Containing Heterocycles in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2002-2022. [PMID: 30039582 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-containing heterocycles are widely encountered in natural products that display diverse pharmacological properties and have potential benefits to human health. The formation of O-heterocycles catalyzed by different types of enzymes in the biosynthesis of natural products not only contributes to the structural diversity of these compounds, but also enriches our understanding of nature's ability to construct complex molecules. This minireview focuses on the various modes of enzymatic O-heterocyclization identified in natural product biosynthesis and summarizes the possible mechanisms involved in ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hai-Xue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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12
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Yan XT, An Z, Tang D, Peng GR, Cao CY, Xu YZ, Li CH, Liu PL, Jiang ZM, Gao JM. Hyperelatosides A-E, biphenyl ether glycosides from Hypericum elatoides, with neurotrophic activity. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26646-26655. [PMID: 35541040 PMCID: PMC9083129 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05322g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new biphenyl ether glycosides, hyperelatosides A-E (1-5), one new benzoate glycoside, hyperelatoside F (6), along with nine known phenolic compounds (7-15), were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum elatoides. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS, as well as chemical derivatization. This is the first report of the identification of biphenyl ether glycosides as plant metabolites and their possible biosynthetic pathway is proposed. Except for 3, the new phenolic metabolites exhibited significant neurotrophic activities to enhance nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. In addition, the anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant activities of compounds 1-15 were preliminarily evaluated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Tao Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Zhen An
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Dan Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guang-Rui Peng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Chen-Yu Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Yuan-Zhen Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Chun-Huan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Pei-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Zai-Min Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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13
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Kawaguchi M, Ohshiro T, Toyoda M, Ohte S, Inokoshi J, Fujii I, Tomoda H. Discovery of a Fungal Multicopper Oxidase That Catalyzes the Regioselective Coupling of a Tricyclic Naphthopyranone To Produce Atropisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Taichi Ohshiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Masayuki Toyoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohte
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Junji Inokoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Isao Fujii
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Iwate Medical University; 2-1-1 Nishitokuta Yahaba Iwate 028-3694 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
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14
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Kawaguchi M, Ohshiro T, Toyoda M, Ohte S, Inokoshi J, Fujii I, Tomoda H. Discovery of a Fungal Multicopper Oxidase That Catalyzes the Regioselective Coupling of a Tricyclic Naphthopyranone To Produce Atropisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5115-5119. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Taichi Ohshiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Masayuki Toyoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohte
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Junji Inokoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Isao Fujii
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Iwate Medical University; 2-1-1 Nishitokuta Yahaba Iwate 028-3694 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
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15
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Schor R, Cox R. Classic fungal natural products in the genomic age: the molecular legacy of Harold Raistrick. Nat Prod Rep 2018. [PMID: 29537034 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1893 to 2017Harold Raistrick was involved in the discovery of many of the most important classes of fungal metabolites during the 20th century. This review focusses on how these discoveries led to developments in isotopic labelling, biomimetic chemistry and the discovery, analysis and exploitation of biosynthetic gene clusters for major classes of fungal metabolites including: alternariol; geodin and metabolites of the emodin pathway; maleidrides; citrinin and the azaphilones; dehydrocurvularin; mycophenolic acid; and the tropolones. Key recent advances in the molecular understanding of these important pathways, including the discovery of biosynthetic gene clusters, the investigation of the molecular and chemical aspects of key biosynthetic steps, and the reengineering of key components of the pathways are reviewed and compared. Finally, discussion of key relationships between metabolites and pathways and the most important recent advances and opportunities for future research directions are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Schor
- Institut für Organische Chemie, BMWZ, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany.
| | - Russell Cox
- Institut für Organische Chemie, BMWZ, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
Oxidative cyclizations are important transformations that occur widely during natural product biosynthesis. The transformations from acyclic precursors to cyclized products can afford morphed scaffolds, structural rigidity, and biological activities. Some of the most dramatic structural alterations in natural product biosynthesis occur through oxidative cyclization. In this Review, we examine the different strategies used by nature to create new intra(inter)molecular bonds via redox chemistry. This Review will cover both oxidation- and reduction-enabled cyclization mechanisms, with an emphasis on the former. Radical cyclizations catalyzed by P450, nonheme iron, α-KG-dependent oxygenases, and radical SAM enzymes are discussed to illustrate the use of molecular oxygen and S-adenosylmethionine to forge new bonds at unactivated sites via one-electron manifolds. Nonradical cyclizations catalyzed by flavin-dependent monooxygenases and NAD(P)H-dependent reductases are covered to show the use of two-electron manifolds in initiating cyclization reactions. The oxidative installations of epoxides and halogens into acyclic scaffolds to drive subsequent cyclizations are separately discussed as examples of "disappearing" reactive handles. Last, oxidative rearrangement of rings systems, including contractions and expansions, will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Cheng Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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17
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Zhang S, Ban A, Ebara N, Mizutani O, Tanaka M, Shintani T, Gomi K. Self-excising Cre/mutant lox marker recycling system for multiple gene integrations and consecutive gene deletions in Aspergillus oryzae. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:403-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Tan C, Liu Z, Chen S, Huang X, Cui H, Long Y, Lu Y, She Z. Antioxidative Polyketones from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Ascomycota sp. SK2YWS-L. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36609. [PMID: 27811993 PMCID: PMC5095669 DOI: 10.1038/srep36609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Three novel 2,3-diaryl indone derivatives, ascomindones A−C (1−3), and two new isobenzofuran derivatives, ascomfurans A (4) and B (5), together with four know compounds (6−9) were isolated from the culture of a mangrove-derived fungus Ascomycota sp. SK2YWS-L. Their structures were elucidated on the interpretation of spectroscopic data. 1 and 4 were further constructed by analysis of X-ray diffraction. Antioxidant properties based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and the ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) of the new compounds were assayed. All of them exhibited significant effects, of which 1 showed more potent activity than ascorbic acid in scavenging DPPH radical with IC50 value of 18.1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbin Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Senhua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xishan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, 348 West Outer Ring Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences and Biomedical Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
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19
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Yin Y, Cai M, Zhou X, Li Z, Zhang Y. Polyketides in Aspergillus terreus: biosynthesis pathway discovery and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7787-98. [PMID: 27455860 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of biosynthesis gene clusters, production improving methods, and bioactivity mechanisms is very important for the development of filamentous fungi metabolites. Metabolic engineering and heterologous expression methods can be applied to improve desired metabolite production, when their biosynthesis pathways have been revealed. And, stable supplement is a necessary basis of bioactivity mechanism discovery and following clinical trial. Aspergillus terreus is an outstanding producer of many bioactive agents, and a large part of them are polyketides. In this review, we took polyketides from A. terreus as examples, focusing on 13 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in A. terreus NIH 2624 genome. The biosynthesis pathways of nine PKS genes have been reported, and their downstream metabolites are lovastatin, terreic acid, terrein, geodin, terretonin, citreoviridin, and asperfuranone, respectively. Among them, lovastatin is a well-known hypolipidemic agent. Terreic acid, terrein, citreoviridin, and asperfuranone show good bioactivities, especially anticancer activities. On the other hand, geodin and terretonin are mycotoxins. So, biosynthesis gene cluster information is important for the production or elimination of them. We also predicted three possible gene clusters that contain four PKS genes by homologous gene alignment with other Aspergillus strains. We think that this is an effective way to mine secondary metabolic gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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20
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21
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Throckmorton K, Wiemann P, Keller NP. Evolution of Chemical Diversity in a Group of Non-Reduced Polyketide Gene Clusters: Using Phylogenetics to Inform the Search for Novel Fungal Natural Products. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3572-607. [PMID: 26378577 PMCID: PMC4591646 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal polyketides are a diverse class of natural products, or secondary metabolites (SMs), with a wide range of bioactivities often associated with toxicity. Here, we focus on a group of non-reducing polyketide synthases (NR-PKSs) in the fungal phylum Ascomycota that lack a thioesterase domain for product release, group V. Although widespread in ascomycete taxa, this group of NR-PKSs is notably absent in the mycotoxigenic genus Fusarium and, surprisingly, found in genera not known for their secondary metabolite production (e.g., the mycorrhizal genus Oidiodendron, the powdery mildew genus Blumeria, and the causative agent of white-nose syndrome in bats, Pseudogymnoascus destructans). This group of NR-PKSs, in association with the other enzymes encoded by their gene clusters, produces a variety of different chemical classes including naphthacenediones, anthraquinones, benzophenones, grisandienes, and diphenyl ethers. We discuss the modification of and transitions between these chemical classes, the requisite enzymes, and the evolution of the SM gene clusters that encode them. Integrating this information, we predict the likely products of related but uncharacterized SM clusters, and we speculate upon the utility of these classes of SMs as virulence factors or chemical defenses to various plant, animal, and insect pathogens, as well as mutualistic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Throckmorton
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706-1580, USA.
| | - Philipp Wiemann
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1521, USA.
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1521, USA.
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22
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Tagami K, Minami A, Fujii R, Liu C, Tanaka M, Gomi K, Dairi T, Oikawa H. Rapid Reconstitution of Biosynthetic Machinery for Fungal Metabolites inAspergillus oryzae: Total Biosynthesis of Aflatrem. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2076-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Total Biosynthesis of Diterpene Aphidicolin, a Specific Inhibitor of DNA Polymerase α: Heterologous Expression of Four Biosynthetic Genes inAspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1813-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Boruta T, Bizukojc M. Culture-based and sequence-based insights into biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542. J Biotechnol 2014; 175:53-62. [PMID: 24534845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 was cultivated in various culture media in order to activate its genome-encoded biosynthetic pathways and explore the secondary metabolic repertoire. In addition to mevinolinic acid (lovastatin) and its precursor monacolin L, a number of other secondary metabolites were found in the analyzed cultures, namely terreic acid, citrinin, (+)-geodin, terrein, and dehydrocurvularin. In contrast to previously described gene clusters responsible for production of lovastatin, monacolin L, (+)-geodin and dehydrocurvularin, the gene clusters of A. terreus associated with the formation of terreic acid, citrinin and terrein still await identification. Putative gene clusters potentially related to citrinin and terreic acid biosynthesis were suggested in the publicly available genome of A. terreus NIH 2624. The functions of putative genes in the previously identified cluster of (+)-geodin biosynthesis were predicted by confronting the annotation results with the proposed biosynthetic pathway and published biochemical studies on the underlying enzymes. Since there were no available data regarding genetic aspects of terrein biosynthesis, the candidate gene cluster potentially responsible for the production of terrein was not suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Bizukojc
- Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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25
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Xu X, Liu L, Zhang F, Wang W, Li J, Guo L, Che Y, Liu G. Identification of the First Diphenyl Ether Gene Cluster for Pestheic Acid Biosynthesis in Plant EndophytePestalotiopsis fici. Chembiochem 2013; 15:284-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Cacho RA, Chooi YH, Zhou H, Tang Y. Complexity generation in fungal polyketide biosynthesis: a spirocycle-forming P450 in the concise pathway to the antifungal drug griseofulvin. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2322-30. [PMID: 23978092 PMCID: PMC3821396 DOI: 10.1021/cb400541z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Griseofulvin (1) is a spirocyclic fungal natural product used in treatment of fungal dermatophytes. Formation of the spirocycle, or the grisan scaffold, from a benzophenone precursor is critical for the activity of 1. In this study, we have systematically characterized each of the biosynthetic enzymes related to the biogenesis of 1, including the characterization of a new polyketide synthase GsfA that synthesizes the benzophenone precursor and a cytochrome P450 GsfF that performs oxidative coupling between the orcinol and the phloroglucinol rings to yield the grisan structure. Notably, the finding of GsfF is in sharp contrast to the copper-dependent dihydrogeodin oxidase that performs a similar reaction in the geodin biosynthetic pathway. The biosynthetic knowledge enabled the in vitro total biosynthesis of 1 from malonyl-CoA using all purified enzyme components. This work therefore completely maps out the previously unresolved enzymology of the biosynthesis of a therapeutically relevant natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A. Cacho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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27
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Nielsen MT, Nielsen JB, Anyaogu DC, Holm DK, Nielsen KF, Larsen TO, Mortensen UH. Heterologous reconstitution of the intact geodin gene cluster in Aspergillus nidulans through a simple and versatile PCR based approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72871. [PMID: 24009710 PMCID: PMC3751827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal natural products are a rich resource for bioactive molecules. To fully exploit this potential it is necessary to link genes to metabolites. Genetic information for numerous putative biosynthetic pathways has become available in recent years through genome sequencing. However, the lack of solid methodology for genetic manipulation of most species severely hampers pathway characterization. Here we present a simple PCR based approach for heterologous reconstitution of intact gene clusters. Specifically, the putative gene cluster responsible for geodin production from Aspergillus terreus was transferred in a two step procedure to an expression platform in A. nidulans. The individual cluster fragments were generated by PCR and assembled via efficient USER fusion prior to transformation and integration via re-iterative gene targeting. A total of 13 open reading frames contained in 25 kb of DNA were successfully transferred between the two species enabling geodin synthesis in A. nidulans. Subsequently, functions of three genes in the cluster were validated by genetic and chemical analyses. Specifically, ATEG_08451 (gedC) encodes a polyketide synthase, ATEG_08453 (gedR) encodes a transcription factor responsible for activation of the geodin gene cluster and ATEG_08460 (gedL) encodes a halogenase that catalyzes conversion of sulochrin to dihydrogeodin. We expect that our approach for transferring intact biosynthetic pathways to a fungus with a well developed genetic toolbox will be instrumental in characterizing the many exciting pathways for secondary metabolite production that are currently being uncovered by the fungal genome sequencing projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Thrane Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Dianna Chinyere Anyaogu
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TOL); (UHM)
| | - Dorte Koefoed Holm
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TOL); (UHM)
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TOL); (UHM)
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28
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Analysis of the multicopper oxidase gene regulatory network of Aeromonas hydrophila. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2012; 6:51-9. [PMID: 24294339 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-012-9096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multicopper oxidase (MCO) is an enzyme which involves in reducing the oxygen in a four electron reduction to water with concomitant one electron oxidation of reducing the substrate. We have generated the 3-D structure of MCO by homology modeling and validated on the basis of free energy while 90.4 % amino acid residues present in allowed regions of Ramachandran plot. The screening of potential hazardous aromatic compounds for MCO was performed using molecular docking. We obtained Sulfonaphthal, Thymolphthalein, Bromocresol green and Phloretin derivatives of phenol and aromatic hydrocarbon were efficient substrates for MCO. The phylogeny of MCO reveals that other bacteria restrain the homologous gene of MCO may play an important role in biodegradation of aromatic compounds. We have demonstrated the gene regulatory network of MCO with other cellular proteins which play a key role in gene regulation. These findings provide a new insight for oxidization of phenolic and aromatic compounds using biodegradation process for controlling environmental pollution.
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29
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Klejnstrup ML, Frandsen RJN, Holm DK, Nielsen MT, Mortensen UH, Larsen TO, Nielsen JB. Genetics of Polyketide Metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. Metabolites 2012; 2:100-33. [PMID: 24957370 PMCID: PMC3901194 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are small molecules that show large structural diversity and a broad range of bioactivities. Some metabolites are attractive as drugs or pigments while others act as harmful mycotoxins. Filamentous fungi have the capacity to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites including polyketides. The majority of genes required for production of these metabolites are mostly organized in gene clusters, which often are silent or barely expressed under laboratory conditions, making discovery and analysis difficult. Fortunately, the genome sequences of several filamentous fungi are publicly available, greatly facilitating the establishment of links between genes and metabolites. This review covers the attempts being made to trigger the activation of polyketide metabolism in the fungal model organism Aspergillus nidulans. Moreover, it will provide an overview of the pathways where ten polyketide synthase genes have been coupled to polyketide products. Therefore, the proposed biosynthesis of the following metabolites will be presented; naphthopyrone, sterigmatocystin, aspyridones, emericellamides, asperthecin, asperfuranone, monodictyphenone/emodin, orsellinic acid, and the austinols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Klejnstrup
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads B221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus J N Frandsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads B223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Dorte K Holm
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads B223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Morten T Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads B223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Uffe H Mortensen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads B223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads B221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jakob B Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads B223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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30
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Zhao B, Bellamine A, Lei L, Waterman MR. The role of Ile87 of CYP158A2 in oxidative coupling reaction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 518:127-32. [PMID: 22203090 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both CYP158A1 and CYP158A2 are able to catalyze an oxidative C-C coupling reaction producing biflaviolin or triflaviolin in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). The substrate-bound crystal structures of CYP158A2 and CYP158A1 reveal that the side chain of Ile87 in CYP158A2 points to the active site contacting the distal flaviolin molecule, however, the bulkier side chain of Lys90 in CYP158A1 (corresponding to Ile87 in CYP158A2) is toward the distal surface of the protein. These results suggest that these residues could be important in determining product regiospecificity. In order to explore the role of the two residues in catalysis, the reciprocal mutants, Ile87Lys and Lys90Ile, of CYP158A2 and CYP158A1, respectively, were generated and characterized. The mutant Ile87Lys enzyme forms two isomers of biflaviolin instead of three isomers of biflaviolin in wild-type CYP158A2. CYP158A1 containing the substitution of lysine with isoleucine has the same catalytic activity compared with the wild-type CYP158A1. The crystal structure of Ile87Lys showed that the BC loop in the mutant is in a very different orientation compared with the BC loop in both CYP158A1/A2 structures. These results shed light on the mechanism of the oxidative coupling reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.
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31
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Chooi YH, Cacho R, Tang Y. Identification of the viridicatumtoxin and griseofulvin gene clusters from Penicillium aethiopicum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:483-94. [PMID: 20534346 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium aethiopicum produces two structurally interesting and biologically active polyketides: the tetracycline-like viridicatumtoxin 1 and the classic antifungal agent griseofulvin 2. Here, we report the concurrent discovery of the two corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters (vrt and gsf) by 454 shotgun sequencing. Gene deletions confirmed that two nonreducing PKSs (NRPKSs), vrtA and gsfA, are required for the biosynthesis of 1 and 2, respectively. Both PKSs share similar domain architectures and lack a C-terminal thioesterase domain. We identified gsfI as the chlorinase involved in the biosynthesis of 2, because deletion of gsfI resulted in the accumulation of decholorogriseofulvin 3. Comparative analysis with the P. chrysogenum genome revealed that both clusters are embedded within conserved syntenic regions of P. aethiopicum chromosomes. Discovery of the vrt and gsf clusters provided the basis for genetic and biochemical studies of the pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit-Heng Chooi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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32
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Zhou H, Li Y, Tang Y. Cyclization of aromatic polyketides from bacteria and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:839-68. [PMID: 20358042 DOI: 10.1039/b911518h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kusumoto KI, Matsushita-Morita M, Furukawa I, Suzuki S, Yamagata Y, Koide Y, Ishida H, Takeuchi M, Kashiwagi Y. Efficient production and partial characterization of aspartyl aminopeptidase fromAspergillus oryzae. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1711-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Li Y, Sun B, Liu S, Jiang L, Liu X, Zhang H, Che Y. Bioactive asterric acid derivatives from the Antarctic ascomycete fungus Geomyces sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1643-1646. [PMID: 18720971 DOI: 10.1021/np8003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Five new asterric acid derivatives, ethyl asterrate (3), n-butyl asterrate (4), and geomycins A-C (6-8), have been isolated from cultures of an isolate of the Antarctic ascomycete fungus Geomyces sp. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configuration of 8 was determined by application of the CD excitation chirality method. Compound 7 displayed antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, whereas 8 showed antimicrobial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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Hüttel W, Müller M. Regio- and Stereoselective Intermolecular Oxidative Phenol Coupling in Kotanin Biosynthesis byAspergillus Niger. Chembiochem 2007; 8:521-9. [PMID: 17315249 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular, regio- and stereoselective phenol coupling for the biosynthesis of the bicoumarin kotanin in Aspergillus niger has been investigated. Feeding experiments with singly and doubly (13)C-labeled monomeric precursors clearly proved that it is not the coumarin siderin but its hydroxy derivative, demethylsiderin, that undergoes phenol coupling. However, siderin is demethylated regioselectively to demethylsiderin and it is the latter that is coupled to the corresponding dehydrodimer, orlandin. The product is subsequently O-methylated in a stepwise fashion to demethylkotanin and kotanin. Crude extracts were analysed by HPLC with chemically synthesized bicoumarins as reference compounds. This and a stereochemical analysis of the isolated bicoumarins revealed that A. niger produces exclusively the (P)-atropisomers of the three 8,8'-bicoumarins, kotanin, demethylkotanin, and orlandin. The absence of other monomeric or dimeric coumarins strongly suggests an intermolecular, regio- and stereoselective mode for the phenol-coupling step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hüttel
- Institut für Biotechnologie 2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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36
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Hoegger PJ, Kilaru S, James TY, Thacker JR, Kües U. Phylogenetic comparison and classification of laccase and related multicopper oxidase protein sequences. FEBS J 2006; 273:2308-26. [PMID: 16650005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis of more than 350 multicopper oxidases (MCOs) from fungi, insects, plants, and bacteria provided the basis for a refined classification of this enzyme family into laccases sensu stricto (basidiomycetous and ascomycetous), insect laccases, fungal pigment MCOs, fungal ferroxidases, ascorbate oxidases, plant laccase-like MCOs, and bilirubin oxidases. Within the largest group of enzymes, formed by the 125 basidiomycetous laccases, the gene phylogeny does not strictly follow the species phylogeny. The enzymes seem to group at least partially according to the lifestyle of the corresponding species. Analyses of the completely sequenced fungal genomes showed that the composition of MCOs in the different species can be very variable. Some species seem to encode only ferroxidases, whereas others have proteins which are distributed over up to four different functional clusters in the phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik J Hoegger
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, Institute of Forest Botany, Göttingen, Germany.
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37
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Liu R, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Liu H, Fang Y, Gu Q. A New Diphenyl Ether from Marine-derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. B-F-2. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2006; 59:362-5. [PMID: 16915822 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2006.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new diphenyl ether dimethyl 2,3'-dimethylosoate (1) together with three known compounds monomethylsulochrin (2), emodin (3), and questin (4) were isolated through bioassay-guided fractionations from the culture of a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. B-F-2. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxicities of compounds 1 and 2 against K562 cell line were preliminarily evaluated by the MTT method and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Qingdao
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Ehrlich KC, Montalbano B, Boué SM, Bhatnagar D. An aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster gene encodes a novel oxidase required for conversion of versicolorin a to sterigmatocystin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 71:8963-5. [PMID: 16332900 PMCID: PMC1317430 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.12.8963-8965.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster gene aflY (hypA) gave Aspergillus parasiticus transformants that accumulated versicolorin A. This gene is predicted to encode the Baeyer-Villiger oxidase necessary for formation of the xanthone ring of the aflatoxin precursor demethylsterigmatocystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Ehrlich
- SRRC/ARS/USDA, 1100 R. E. Lee Blvd., P.O. Box 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179, USA.
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Abstract
Elimination of undesirable co-metabolites from industrial fermentations is often required due to the toxicities associated with the contaminants and/or due to difficulties in removing the contaminants during downstream processing. Sulochrin is a co-metabolite produced during the Aspergillus terreus lovastatin fermentation. Examination of the sulochrin biosynthetic pathway identifies the emodin anthrone polyketide synthase (PKS) at the origin. Thus, genetically disrupting the emodin anthrone PKS gene was expected to result in the elimination of sulochrin biosynthesis. To perform the disruption by homologous recombination, a fragment of the emodin anthrone PKS gene first needed to be isolated. Analysis of several reported fungal PKS amino acid sequences has identified three subfamilies of related sequences (called the Patulin subfamily, the Pigment subfamily, and the Reduction subfamily). PCR primers specific for the Pigment subfamily (of which the emodin anthrone PKS is expected to belong) were used to isolate a fragment of a novel PKS gene from A. terreus. Targeted gene disruption identifies the novel gene fragment as that from the emodin anthrone PKS. Consequently, the gene disruption event eliminated the production of metabolites from the sulochrin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Couch
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
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Shim WB, Dunkle LD. CZK3, a MAP kinase kinase kinase homolog in Cercospora zeae-maydis, regulates cercosporin biosynthesis, fungal development, and pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:760-768. [PMID: 12971599 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.9.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis causes gray leaf spot of maize and produces cercosporin, a photosensitizing perylenequinone with toxic activity against a broad spectrum of organisms. However, little is known about the biosynthetic pathway or factors that regulate cercosporin production. Analysis of a cDNA subtraction library comprised of genes that are up-regulated during cercosporin synthesis revealed a sequence highly similar to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in other fungi. Sequencing and conceptual translation of the full-length genomic sequence indicated that the gene, which we designated CZK3, contains a 4,119-bp open reading frame devoid of introns and encodes a 1,373-amino acid sequence that is highly similar to Wis4, a MAP kinase kinase kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Targeted disruption of CZK3 suppressed expression of genes predicted to participate in cercosporin biosynthesis and abolished cercosporin production. The disrupted mutants grew faster on agar media than the wild type but were deficient in conidiation and elicited only small chlorotic spots on inoculated maize leaves compared with rectangular necrotic lesions incited by the wild type. Complementation of disruptants with the CZK3 open reading frame and flanking sequences restored wild-type levels of conidiation, growth rate, and virulence as well as the ability to produce cercosporin. The results suggest that cercosporin is a virulence factor in C. zeae-maydis during maize pathogenesis, but the pleiotropic effects of CZK3 disruption precluded definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Bo Shim
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
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41
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Conesa A, Jeenes D, Archer DB, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Punt PJ. Calnexin overexpression increases manganese peroxidase production in Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:846-51. [PMID: 11823227 PMCID: PMC126695 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.2.846-851.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme-containing peroxidases from white rot basidiomycetes, in contrast to most proteins of fungal origin, are poorly produced in industrial filamentous fungal strains. Factors limiting peroxidase production are believed to operate at the posttranslational level. In particular, insufficient availability of the prosthetic group which is required for peroxidase biosynthesis has been proposed to be an important bottleneck. In this work, we analyzed the role of two components of the secretion pathway, the chaperones calnexin and binding protein (BiP), in the production of a fungal peroxidase. Expression of the Phanerochaete chrysosporium manganese peroxidase (MnP) in Aspergillus niger resulted in an increase in the expression level of the clxA and bipA genes. In a heme-supplemented medium, where MnP was shown to be overproduced to higher levels, induction of clxA and bipA was also higher. Overexpression of these two chaperones in an MnP-producing strain was analyzed for its effect on MnP production. Whereas bipA overexpression seriously reduced MnP production, overexpression of calnexin resulted in a four- to fivefold increase in the extracellular MnP levels. However, when additional heme was provided in the culture medium, calnexin overexpression had no synergistic effect on MnP production. The possible function of these two chaperones in MnP maturation and production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Conesa
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, TNO Food and Nutrition Research Institute, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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42
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Synthetic studies on Sch 202596, an antagonist of the galanin receptor subtype GalR1: an efficient synthesis of (±)-geodin, the spirocoumaranone part of Sch 202596. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)01250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kim C, Lorenz WW, Hoopes JT, Dean JF. Oxidation of phenolate siderophores by the multicopper oxidase encoded by the Escherichia coli yacK gene. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:4866-75. [PMID: 11466290 PMCID: PMC99541 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.16.4866-4875.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2001] [Accepted: 05/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene (yacK) encoding a putative multicopper oxidase (MCO) was cloned from Escherichia coli, and the expressed enzyme was demonstrated to exhibit phenoloxidase and ferroxidase activities. The purified protein contained six copper atoms per polypeptide chain and displayed optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra consistent with the presence of type 1, type 2, and type 3 copper centers. The strong optical A(610) (E(610) = 10,890 M(-1) cm(-1)) and copper stoichiometry were taken as evidence that, similar to ceruloplasmin, the enzyme likely contains multiple type 1 copper centers. The addition of copper led to immediate and reversible changes in the optical and EPR spectra of the protein, as well as decreased thermal stability of the enzyme. Copper addition also stimulated both the phenoloxidase and ferroxidase activities of the enzyme, but the other metals tested had no effect. In the presence of added copper, the enzyme displayed significant activity against two of the phenolate siderophores utilized by E. coli for iron uptake, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and enterobactin, as well as 3-hydroxyanthranilate, an iron siderophore utilized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oxidation of enterobactin produced a colored precipitate suggestive of the polymerization reactions that characterize microbial melanization processes. As oxidation should render the phenolate siderophores incapable of binding iron, yacK MCO activity could influence levels of free iron in the periplasm in response to copper concentration. This mechanism may explain, in part, how yacK MCO moderates the sensitivity of E. coli to copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kim
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2152, USA
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44
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Nezbedová L, Hesse M, Drandarov K, Werner C. New reagent for oxidative phenol coupling. The transformation of the monocyclic spermine base (S)-dihydroxyverbacine to the bicyclic alkaloid (S,S,S)-aphelandrine by cell free extract of barley seedlings. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds and Nucleic Acid Bases. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Studies toward the total synthesis of Sch 202596, an antagonist of the galanin receptor subtype GalR1: synthesis of geodin, the spirocoumaranone subunit of Sch 202596. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)02005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Sakuradani E, Kobayashi M, Shimizu S. Delta6-fatty acid desaturase from an arachidonic acid-producing Mortierella fungus. Gene cloning and its heterologous expression in a fungus, Aspergillus. Gene 1999; 238:445-53. [PMID: 10570972 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A DNA fragment was cloned from the fungal strain, Mortierella alpina 1S-4 (which is used industrially to produce arachidonic acid), after PCR amplification with oligonucleotide primers designed based on the sequence information for delta6-desaturase genes (from borage and Caenorhabditis elegans), which are involved in the desaturation of linoleic acid (delta9, delta12-18:2) to gamma-linolenic acid (delta6, delta9, delta12-18:3). This fragment was used as a probe to isolate a cDNA clone with an open reading frame encoding 457 amino acids from a M. calpina 1S-4 library. The predicted amino-acid sequence showed similarity to those of the above delta6-desaturases, and contained a cytochrome b5-like domain at the N-terminus, being different from the yeast delta9-desaturase which has the corresponding domain at the C-terminus. The full-length cDNA clone was expressed under the control of the amyB promoter in a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, resulting in the accumulation of gamma-linolenic acid (which was not detected in the control Aspergillus) to the level of 25.2% of the total fatty acids. These findings revealed that the recombinant product has delta6-desaturase activity. The Mortierella delta6-desaturase is the first to be reported in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sakuradani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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48
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Sakuradani E, Kobayashi M, Ashikari T, Shimizu S. Identification of Delta12-fatty acid desaturase from arachidonic acid-producing mortierella fungus by heterologous expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the fungus Aspergillus oryzae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 261:812-20. [PMID: 10215899 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on the sequence information for the omega3-desaturase genes (from Brassica napus and Caenorhabditis elegans), which are involved in the desaturation of linoleic acid (Delta9, Delta12-18 : 2) to alpha-linolenic acid (Delta9, Delta12, Delta15-18 : 3), a cDNA was cloned from the filamentous fungal strain, Mortierella alpina 1S-4, which is used industrially to produce arachidonic acid. Homology analysis with protein databases revealed that the amino acid sequence showed 43.7% identity as the highest match with the microsomal omega6-desaturase (from Glycine max, soybean), whereas it exhibited 38.9% identity with the microsomal omega3-desaturase (from soybean). The evolutionary implications of these enzymes will be discussed. The cloned cDNA was confirmed to encode a Delta12-desaturase, which was involved in the desaturation of oleic acid (Delta9-18 : 1) to linoleic acid, by its expression in both the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of yeast and fungus transformants demonstrated that linoleic acid (which was not contained in the control strain of S. cerevisiae) was accumulated in the yeast transformant and that the fungal transformant contained a large amount of linoleic acid (71.9%). Genomic Southern blot analysis of the transformants with the Mortierella Delta12-desaturase gene as a probe confirmed integration of this gene into the genome of A. oryzae. The M. alpina 1S-4 Delta12-desaturase is the first example of a cloned nonplant Delta12-desaturase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sakuradani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
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49
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Sakuradani E, Kobayashi M, Shimizu S. Delta 9-fatty acid desaturase from arachidonic acid-producing fungus. Unique gene sequence and its heterologous expression in a fungus, Aspergillus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 260:208-16. [PMID: 10091601 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on the sequence information for delta 9-desaturase genes (from rat, mouse and yeast), which are involved in the desaturation of palmitic acid and stearic acid to palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, respectively, the corresponding cDNA and genomic gene were cloned from the fungal strain, Mortierella alpina 1S-4, which industrially produces arachidonic acid. There was a cytochrome b5-like domain linked to the carboxyl terminus of this Mortierella desaturase, as also seen in the yeast delta 9-desaturase. The Mortierella delta 9-desaturase genomic gene had only one intron, in which a novel phenomenon was observed: there was a GC-end at the 5'-terminus instead of a GT-end that is, in general, found in introns of eukaryotic genes. The full-length cDNA clone was expressed under the control of an amyB promoter in a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, resulting in drastic changes in the fatty acid composition in the transformant cells; the contents of palmitoleic acid (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1) increased significantly, with accompanying decreases in palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0). These changes were controlled by the addition of maltose as a carbon source to the medium. Also, the expression of the gene caused a significant change in the lipid composition in the Aspergillus transformant. Genomic Southern blot analysis of the transformant with the Mortierella delta 9-desaturase gene as a probe confirmed the integration of this gene into the genome of A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sakuradani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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Huang K, Huang QL, Scott AI. Overexpression, single-step purification, and site-directed mutagenetic analysis of casbene synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 352:144-52. [PMID: 9521827 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Casbene synthase is a diterpene cyclase isolated from castor bean (Ricinus communis L), which catalyzes the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to form the phytoalexin casbene. We here report the overexpression of casbene synthase in Escherichia coli in soluble form using a thioredoxin fusion system. The amplified DNA by PCR carried on pCS7 was inserted into the expression vector pET32b(+) to form pCAS.2. The resulting transformants of pCAS. 2/BL21(DE3) produced a thioredoxin casbene synthase fusion protein (20-30% of total soluble protein) when induced with isopropyl beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside at 20 degrees C. Recombinant casbene synthase was purified to homogeneity in a single step with a His-binding metal-affinity column. Casbene synthase has a conserved aspartate-rich region [amino acids 355-359 (DDTID)], one cysteine, and three histidines with several prenyl transferases and terpene cyclases. Seven mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The importance of Asp 355 and Asp 356 for catalysis was established by an increase in Km as well as a reduction in kcat in the corresponding glutamate mutants. These results indicate that the first and the second aspartate are involved in catalysis, while the third aspartate and the conserved cysteine and histidine residues selected for mutagenesis appear not to be involved in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Huang
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, USA
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