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Tindall CA, Möhlis K, Rapöhn I, Dommel S, Riedl V, Schneekönig M, Höfling C, Roßner S, Stichel J, Beck-Sickinger AG, Weiner J, Heiker JT. LRP1 is the cell-surface endocytosis receptor for vaspin in adipocytes. FEBS J 2024; 291:2134-2154. [PMID: 37921063 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaspin is a serine protease inhibitor that protects against adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, two key drivers of adipocyte dysfunction and metabolic disorders in obesity. Inhibition of target proteases such as KLK7 has been shown to reduce adipose tissue inflammation in obesity, while vaspin binding to cell surface GRP78 has been linked to reduced obesity-induced ER stress and insulin resistance in the liver. However, the molecular mechanisms by which vaspin directly affects cellular processes in adipocytes remain unknown. Using fluorescently labeled vaspin, we found that vaspin is rapidly internalized by mouse and human adipocytes, but less efficiently by endothelial, kidney, liver, and neuronal cells. Internalization occurs by active, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which is dependent on vaspin binding to the LRP1 receptor, rather than GRP78 as previously thought. This was demonstrated by competition experiments and RNAi-mediated knock-down in adipocytes and by rescuing vaspin internalization in LRP1-deficient Pea13 cells after transfection with a functional LRP1 minireceptor. Vaspin internalization is further increased in mature adipocytes after insulin-stimulated translocation of LRP1. Although vaspin has nanomolar affinity for LRP1 clusters II-IV, binding to cell surface heparan sulfates is required for efficient LRP1-mediated internalization. Native, but not cleaved vaspin, and also vaspin polymers are efficiently endocytosed, and ultimately targeted for lysosomal degradation. Our study provides mechanistic insight into the uptake and degradation of vaspin in adipocytes, thereby broadening our understanding of its functional repertoire. We hypothesize the vaspin-LRP1 axis to be an important mediator of vaspin effects not only in adipose tissue but also in other LRP1-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Tindall
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin Möhlis
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inka Rapöhn
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dommel
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronika Riedl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Schneekönig
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Weiner
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Xu Y, Shen G, Wu J, Mao X, Jia L, Zhang Y, Xia Q, Lin Y. Vitellogenin receptor transports the 30K protein LP1 without cell-penetrating peptide, into the oocytes of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1117505. [PMID: 36776972 PMCID: PMC9908958 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1117505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitellogenin receptors (VgRs) transport vitellogenin (Vg) into oocytes, thereby promoting egg growth and embryonic development. VgRs recognize and transport multiple ligands in oviparous animals, but their role in insects is rarely reported. In this study, we investigated whether Bombyx mori VgR (BmVgR) binds and transports lipoprotein-1 (BmLP1) and lipoprotein-7 (BmLP7) of the 30 kDa lipoproteins (30 K proteins), which are essential for egg formation and embryonic development in B. mori. Protein sequence analysis showed BmLP7, similar to reported lipoprotein-3 (BmLP3), contains the cell-penetrating peptides and Cysteine position, while BmLP1 has not. Assays using Spodoptera frugiperda ovary cells (sf9) indicated the direct entry of BmLP7 into the cells, whereas BmLP1 failed to enter. However, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays indicated that BmVgR could bind BmLP1. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays further revealed that over-expressed BmVgR could transport BmLP1 into sf9 cells. Co-IP assays showed that SE11C (comprising LBD1+EGF1+OTC domains of BmVgR) or SE22C (comprising LBD2+EGF2+OTC domains of BmVgR) could bind BmLP1. Over-expressed SE11C or SE22C could also transport BmLP1 into sf9 cells. Western blotting revealed that the ability of SE11C to transport BmLP1 might be stronger than that of SE22C. In the vit mutant with BmVgR gene mutation (vit/vit), SDS-PAGE and western blotting showed the content of BmLP1 in the ovary, like BmVg, was lower than that in the normal silkworm. When transgenic with hsp70 promoter over-expressed BmVgR in the vit mutant, we found that the phenotype of the vit mutant was partly rescued after heat treatment. And contents of BmLP1 and BmVg in vit mutant over-expressed BmVgR were higher than in the vit mutant. We conclude that BmVgR and its two repeat domains could bind and transport BmLP1 into the oocytes of the silkworm, besides BmVg. These results will provide a reference for studying the molecular mechanism of VgR transporting ligands in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanwang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linbang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Ying Lin,
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3
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Sizova O, John LS, Ma Q, Molldrem JJ. Multi-faceted role of LRP1 in the immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166189. [PMID: 37020553 PMCID: PMC10069629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) represents the major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT). GVHD-prone patients rely on GVHD prophylaxis (e.g. methotrexate) and generalized anti-GVHD medical regimen (glucocorticoids). New anti-GVHD therapy strategies are being constantly explored, however there is an urgent need to improve current treatment, since GVHD-related mortality reaches 22% within 5 years in patients with chronic GVHD. This review is an attempt to describe a very well-known receptor in lipoprotein studies - the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) - in a new light, as a potential therapeutic target for GVHD prevention and treatment. Our preliminary studies demonstrated that LRP1 deletion in donor murine T cells results in significantly lower GVHD-related mortality in recipient mice with MHC (major histocompatibility complex) -mismatched HSCT. Given the importance of T cells in the development of GVHD, there is a significant gap in scientific literature regarding LRP1's role in T cell biology. Furthermore, there is limited research interest and publications on this classical receptor molecule in other immune cell types. Herein, we endeavor to summarize existing knowledge about LRP1's role in various immune cells to demonstrate the possibility of this receptor to serve as a novel target for anti-GVHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sizova
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa St. John
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- ECLIPSE, Therapeutic Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey J. Molldrem,
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4
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Church FC. Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:599-609. [PMID: 35800075 PMCID: PMC9202531 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary is about running an academic research laboratory group, including some reflections, memories, and tips on effectively managing such a group of scientists focused on one’s research. The author’s academic career has spanned from 1982 to 2022, including postdoctoral research associate through the rank of professor with tenure. Currently, the author is in the final year of 3 years of phased retirement. One must be willing to work hard at running a research laboratory. Also, stay focused on funding the laboratory tasks and publishing one’s work. Recruit the best people possible with advice from the collective laboratory group. Laboratory group members felt more like they were a part of a collective family than simply employees; however, what works best for the researcher is what matters. Several other points to discuss will include managing university roles, recruiting laboratory personnel, getting recognition, dealing with intellectual property rights, and publishing work. In closing, there are many more positives than negatives to leading a research laboratory group. Finally, one cannot replace the unforgettable memories and the legacy of a research laboratory group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Church
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Denis CV, Lenting PJ, Wahl D. TaSER: Combining forces to stop the clot. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:293-295. [PMID: 35060308 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile V Denis
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis (HITh), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-1176, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter J Lenting
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis (HITh), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-1176, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Denis Wahl
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Center for Rare Vascular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Nancy, France
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Wang Z, Martellucci S, Van Enoo A, Austin D, Gelber C, Campana WM. α1-Antitrypsin derived SP16 peptide demonstrates efficacy in rodent models of acute and neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22093. [PMID: 34888951 PMCID: PMC8669735 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101031rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SP16 is an innovative peptide derived from the carboxyl-terminus of α1-Antitrypsin (AAT), corresponding to residues 364-380, and contains recognition sequences for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1). LRP1 is an endocytic and cell-signaling receptor that regulates inflammation. Deletion of Lrp1 in Schwann cells increases neuropathic pain; however, the role of LRP1 activation in nociceptive and neuropathic pain regulation remains unknown. Herein, we show that SP16 is bioactive in sensory neurons in vitro. Neurite length and regenerative gene expression were increased by SP16. In PC12 cells, SP16 activated Akt and ERK1/2 cell-signaling in an LRP1-dependent manner. When formalin was injected into mouse hind paws, to model inflammatory pain, SP16 dose-dependently attenuated nociceptive pain behaviors in the early and late phases. In a second model of acute pain using capsaicin, SP16 significantly reduced paw licking in both male and female mice (p < .01) similarly to enzymatically inactive tissue plasminogen activator, a known LRP1 interactor. SP16 also prevented development of tactile allodynia after partial nerve ligation and this response was sustained for nine days (p < .01). Immunoblot analysis of the injured nerve revealed decreased CD11b (p < .01) and Toll-like receptor-4 (p < .005). In injured dorsal root ganglia SP16 reduced CD11b+ cells (p < .05) and GFAP (p < .005), indicating that inflammatory cell recruitment and satellite cell activation were inhibited. In conclusion, administration of SP16 blocked pain-related responses in three distinct pain models, suggesting efficacy against acute nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. SP16 also attenuated innate immunity in the PNS. These studies identify SP16 as a potentially effective treatment for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA, 92093-0629 USA
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA, 92093-0629 USA
| | - Alicia Van Enoo
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA, 92093-0629 USA;,Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Wendy M. Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA, 92093-0629 USA;,Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, USA;,San Diego Veterans Administration Health Care System, CA, 92161, USA
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7
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Higgins NR, Greenslade JE, Wu JJ, Miranda E, Galliciotti G, Monteiro MJ. Serpin neuropathology in the P497S UBQLN2 mouse model of ALS/FTD. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12948. [PMID: 33780087 PMCID: PMC8387369 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests X-linked dominant mutations in UBQLN2 cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) through both loss- and gain-of-function mechanisms. However, the mechanisms by which the mutations cause disease are still unclear. The goal of the study was to uncover the possible pathomechanism(s) by which UBQLN2 mutations cause ALS/FTD. An analysis of proteomic changes in neuronal tissue was used to identify proteins with altered accumulation in the P497S UBQLN2 transgenic mouse model of ALS/FTD. We then used immunocytochemistry and biochemical techniques to confirm protein changes in the mutant P497S mice. Additionally, we used cell lines inactivated of UBQLN2 expression to determine whether its loss underlies the alteration in the proteins seen in P497S mice. The proteome screen identified a dramatic alteration of serine protease inhibitor (serpin) proteins in the mutant P497S animals. Double immunofluorescent staining of brain and spinal cord tissues of the mutant and control mice revealed an age-dependent change in accumulation of Serpin A1, C1, and I1 in puncta whose staining colocalized with UBQLN2 puncta in the mutant P497S mice. Serpin A1 aggregation in P497S animals was confirmed by biochemical extraction and filter retardation assays. A similar phenomenon of serpin protein aggregation was found in HeLa and NSC34 motor neuron cells with inactivated UBQLN2 expression. We found aberrant aggregation of serpin proteins, particularly Serpin A1, in the brain and spinal cord of the P497S UBQLN2 mouse model of ALS/FTD. Similar aggregation of serpin proteins was found in UBQLN2 knockout cells suggesting that serpin aggregation in the mutant P497S animals may stem from loss of UBQLN2 function. Because serpin aggregation is known to cause disease through both loss- and gain-of-function mechanisms, we speculate that their accumulation in the P497S mouse model of ALS/FTD may contribute to disease pathogenesis through similar mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Higgins
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Jessie E. Greenslade
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Josephine J. Wu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Elena Miranda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies ‘Charles Darwin’Pasteur Institute – Cenci Bolognetti FoundationSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Giovanna Galliciotti
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Mervyn J. Monteiro
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
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8
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Chen J, Su Y, Pi S, Hu B, Mao L. The Dual Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682389. [PMID: 34124208 PMCID: PMC8192809 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic and signaling receptor belonging to the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene family and that is widely expressed in several tissues. LRP1 comprises a large extracellular domain (ECD; 515 kDa, α chain) and a small intracellular domain (ICD; 85 kDa, β chain). The deletion of LRP1 leads to embryonic lethality in mice, revealing a crucial but yet undefined role in embryogenesis and development. LRP1 has been postulated to participate in numerous diverse physiological and pathological processes ranging from plasma lipoprotein homeostasis, atherosclerosis, tumor evolution, and fibrinolysis to neuronal regeneration and survival. Many studies using cultured cells and in vivo animal models have revealed the important roles of LRP1 in vascular remodeling, foam cell biology, inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, its role in atherosclerosis remains controversial. LRP1 not only participates in the removal of atherogenic lipoproteins and proatherogenic ligands in the liver but also mediates the uptake of aggregated LDL to promote the formation of macrophage- and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived foam cells, which causes a prothrombotic transformation of the vascular wall. The dual and opposing roles of LRP1 may also represent an interesting target for atherosclerosis therapeutics. This review highlights the influence of LRP1 during atherosclerosis development, focusing on its dual role in vascular cells and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Müller P, Maus H, Hammerschmidt SJ, Knaff P, Mailänder V, Schirmeister T, Kersten C. Interfering with Host Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Entry as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:635-665. [PMID: 34042026 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to its fast international spread and substantial mortality, the coronavirus disease COVID-19 evolved to a global threat. Since currently, there is no causative drug against this viral infection available, science is striving for new drugs and approaches to treat the new disease. Studies have shown that the cell entry of coronaviruses into host cells takes place through the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to cell receptors. Priming of the S protein occurs via hydrolysis by different host proteases. The inhibition of these proteases could impair the processing of the S protein, thereby affecting the interaction with the host-cell receptors and preventing virus cell entry. Hence, inhibition of these proteases could be a promising strategy for treatment against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art of developing inhibitors against the entry proteases furin, the transmembrane serine protease type-II (TMPRSS2), trypsin, and cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Maus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Josef Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Knaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Kersten
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Arai AL, Migliorini M, Au DT, Hahn-Dantona E, Peeney D, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Muratoglu SC, Strickland DK. High-Affinity Binding of LDL Receptor-Related Protein 1 to Matrix Metalloprotease 1 Requires Protease:Inhibitor Complex Formation. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2922-2933. [PMID: 32702237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activation contributes to the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a multitude of pathologies. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a multifaceted endocytic and signaling receptor that is responsible for internalization and lysosomal degradation of diverse proteases, protease inhibitors, and lipoproteins along with numerous other proteins. In this study, we identified MMP-1 as a novel LRP1 ligand. Binding studies employing surface plasmon resonance revealed that both proMMP-1 and active MMP-1 bind to purified LRP1 with equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of 19 and 25 nM, respectively. We observed that human aortic smooth muscle cells readily internalize and degrade 125I-labeled proMMP-1 in an LRP1-mediated process. Our binding data also revealed that all tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) bind to LRP1 with KD values ranging from 23 to 33 nM. Interestingly, the MMP-1/TIMP-1 complex bound to LRP1 with an affinity (KD = 0.6 nM) that was 30-fold higher than that of either component alone, revealing that LRP1 prefers the protease:inhibitor complex as a ligand. Of note, modification of lysine residues on either proMMP-1 or TIMP-1 ablated the ability of the MMP-1/TIMP-1 complex to bind to LRP1. LRP1's preferential binding to enzyme:inhibitor complexes was further supported by the higher binding affinity for proMMP-9/TIMP-1 complexes than for either of these two components alone. LRP1 has four clusters of ligand-binding repeats, and MMP-1, TIMP-1, and MMP-1/TIMP-1 complexes bound to cluster III most avidly. Our results reveal an important role for LRP1 in controlling ECM homeostasis by regulating MMP-1 and MMP-9 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David Peeney
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - William G Stetler-Stevenson
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Kwiecien JM, Zhang L, Yaron JR, Schutz LN, Kwiecien-Delaney CJ, Awo EA, Burgin M, Dabrowski W, Lucas AR. Local Serpin Treatment via Chitosan-Collagen Hydrogel after Spinal Cord Injury Reduces Tissue Damage and Improves Neurologic Function. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1221. [PMID: 32340262 PMCID: PMC7230793 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in massive secondary damage characterized by a prolonged inflammation with phagocytic macrophage invasion and tissue destruction. In prior work, sustained subdural infusion of anti-inflammatory compounds reduced neurological deficits and reduced pro-inflammatory cell invasion at the site of injury leading to improved outcomes. We hypothesized that implantation of a hydrogel loaded with an immune modulating biologic drug, Serp-1, for sustained delivery after crush-induced SCI would have an effective anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect. Rats with dorsal column SCI crush injury, implanted with physical chitosan-collagen hydrogels (CCH) had severe granulomatous infiltration at the site of the dorsal column injury, which accumulated excess edema at 28 days post-surgery. More pronounced neuroprotective changes were observed with high dose (100 µg/50 µL) Serp-1 CCH implanted rats, but not with low dose (10 µg/50 µL) Serp-1 CCH. Rats treated with Serp-1 CCH implants also had improved motor function up to 20 days with recovery of neurological deficits attributed to inhibition of inflammation-associated tissue damage. In contrast, prolonged low dose Serp-1 infusion with chitosan did not improve recovery. Intralesional implantation of hydrogel for sustained delivery of the Serp-1 immune modulating biologic offers a neuroprotective treatment of acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Lauren N. Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Enkidia A. Awo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.Z.); (J.R.Y.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.)
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12
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Migliorini M, Li SH, Zhou A, Emal CD, Lawrence DA, Strickland DK. High-affinity binding of plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 complexes to LDL receptor-related protein 1 requires lysines 80, 88, and 207. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:212-222. [PMID: 31792055 PMCID: PMC6952620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that complexes of plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) with its target enzymes bind tightly to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), but the molecular details of this interaction are not well-defined. Furthermore, considerable controversy exists in the literature regarding the nature of the interaction of free PAI-1 with LRP1. In this study, we examined the binding of free PAI-1 and complexes of PAI-1 with low-molecular-weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator to LRP1. Our results confirmed that uPA:PAI-1 complexes bind LRP1 with ∼100-fold increased affinity over PAI-1 alone. Chemical modification of PAI-1 confirmed an essential requirement of lysine residues in PAI-1 for the interactions of both PAI-1 and uPA:PAI-1 complexes with LRP1. Results of surface plasmon resonance measurements supported a bivalent binding model in which multiple sites on PAI-1 and uPA:PAI-1 complexes interact with complementary sites on LRP1. An ionic-strength dependence of binding suggested the critical involvement of two charged residues for the interaction of PAI-1 with LRP1 and three charged residues for the interaction of uPA:PAI-1 complexes with LRP1. An enhanced affinity resulting from the interaction of three regions of the uPA:PAI-1 complex with LDLa repeats on LRP1 provided an explanation for the increased affinity of uPA:PAI-1 complexes for LRP1. Mutational analysis revealed an overlap between LRP1 binding and binding of a small-molecule inhibitor of PAI-1, CDE-096, confirming an important role for Lys-207 in the interaction of PAI-1 with LRP1 and of the orientations of Lys-207, -88, and -80 for the interaction of uPA:PAI-1 complexes with LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Migliorini
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Shih-Hon Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Anqi Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Cory D Emal
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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13
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Scott BM, Sheffield WP. Engineering the serpin α 1 -antitrypsin: A diversity of goals and techniques. Protein Sci 2019; 29:856-871. [PMID: 31774589 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
α1 -Antitrypsin (α1 -AT) serves as an archetypal example for the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) protein family and has been used as a scaffold for protein engineering for >35 years. Techniques used to engineer α1 -AT include targeted mutagenesis, protein fusions, phage display, glycoengineering, and consensus protein design. The goals of engineering have also been diverse, ranging from understanding serpin structure-function relationships, to the design of more potent or more specific proteinase inhibitors with potential therapeutic relevance. Here we summarize the history of these protein engineering efforts, describing the techniques applied to engineer α1 -AT, specific mutants of interest, and providing an appended catalog of the >200 α1 -AT mutants published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - William P Sheffield
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Au DT, Arai AL, Fondrie WE, Muratoglu SC, Strickland DK. Role of the LDL Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Regulating Protease Activity and Signaling Pathways in the Vasculature. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 19:1276-1288. [PMID: 29749311 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180511162048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysms represent a significant clinical problem as they largely go undetected until a rupture occurs. Currently, an understanding of mechanisms leading to aneurysm formation is limited. Numerous studies clearly indicate that vascular smooth muscle cells play a major role in the development and response of the vasculature to hemodynamic changes and defects in these responses can lead to aneurysm formation. The LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is major smooth muscle cell receptor that has the capacity to mediate the endocytosis of numerous ligands and to initiate and regulate signaling pathways. Genetic evidence in humans and mouse models reveal a critical role for LRP1 in maintaining the integrity of the vasculature. Understanding the mechanisms by which this is accomplished represents an important area of research, and likely involves LRP1's ability to regulate levels of proteases known to degrade the extracellular matrix as well as its ability to modulate signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianaly T Au
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
| | - Allison L Arai
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
| | - William E Fondrie
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
| | - Selen C Muratoglu
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Biopark I, R213, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, MD, United States
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15
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Bres EE, Faissner A. Low Density Receptor-Related Protein 1 Interactions With the Extracellular Matrix: More Than Meets the Eye. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:31. [PMID: 30931303 PMCID: PMC6428713 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a biological substrate composed of collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that ensures proper cell migration and adhesion and keeps the cell architecture intact. The regulation of the ECM composition is a vital process strictly controlled by, among others, proteases, growth factors and adhesion receptors. As it appears, ECM remodeling is also essential for proper neuronal and glial development and the establishment of adequate synaptic signaling. Hence, disturbances in ECM functioning are often present in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, mutations in ECM molecules are found in some forms of epilepsy and malfunctioning of ECM-related genes and pathways can be seen in, for example, cancer or ischemic injury. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1) is a member of the low density lipoprotein receptor family. Lrp1 is involved not only in ligand uptake, receptor mediated endocytosis and lipoprotein transport—functions shared by low density lipoprotein receptor family members—but also regulates cell surface protease activity, controls cellular entry and binding of toxins and viruses, protects against atherosclerosis and acts on many cell signaling pathways. Given the plethora of functions, it is not surprising that Lrp1 also impacts the ECM and is involved in its remodeling. This review focuses on the role of Lrp1 and some of its major ligands on ECM function. Specifically, interactions with two Lrp1 ligands, integrins and tissue plasminogen activator are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa E Bres
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Minsky BB, Abzalimov RR, Niu C, Zhao Y, Kirsch Z, Dubin PL, Savinov SN, Kaltashov IA. Mass Spectrometry Reveals a Multifaceted Role of Glycosaminoglycan Chains in Factor Xa Inactivation by Antithrombin. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4880-4890. [PMID: 29999301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Factor Xa (fXa) inhibition by antithrombin (AT) enabled by heparin or heparan sulfate is critical for controlling blood coagulation. AT activation by heparin has been investigated extensively, while interaction of heparin with trapped AT/fXa intermediates has received relatively little attention. We use native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to study the role of heparin chains of varying length [hexa-, octa-, deca-, and eicosasaccharides (dp6, dp8, dp10, and dp20, respectively)] in AT/fXa complex assembly. Despite being critical promoters of AT/Xa binding, shorter heparin chains are excluded from the final products (trapped intermediates). However, replacement of short heparin segments with dp20 gives rise to a prominent ionic signal of ternary complexes. These species are also observed when the trapped intermediate is initially prepared in the presence of a short oligoheparin (dp6), followed by addition of a longer heparin chain (dp20), indicating that binding of heparin to AT/fXa complexes takes place after the inhibition event. The importance of the heparin chain length for its ability to associate with the trapped intermediate suggests that the binding likely occurs in a bidentate fashion (where two distinct segments of oligoheparin make contacts with the protein components, while the part of the chain separating these two segments is extended into solution to minimize electrostatic repulsion). This model is corroborated by both molecular dynamics simulations with an explicit solvent and ion mobility measurements in the gas phase. The observed post-inhibition binding of heparin to the trapped AT/fXa intermediates hints at the likely role played by heparan sulfate in their catabolism.
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17
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Wujak L, Schnieder J, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. LRP1: A chameleon receptor of lung inflammation and repair. Matrix Biol 2017; 68-69:366-381. [PMID: 29262309 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lung displays a remarkable capability to regenerate following injury. Considerable effort has been made thus far to understand the cardinal processes underpinning inflammation and reconstruction of lung tissue. However, the factors determining the resolution or persistence of inflammation and efficient wound healing or aberrant remodeling remain largely unknown. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an endocytic/signaling cell surface receptor which controls cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the physiological and pathological inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling in several organs. In this review, we will discuss the impact of LRP1 on the consecutive steps of the inflammatory response and its role in the balanced tissue repair and aberrant remodeling in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schnieder
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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18
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Inhibitory serpins. New insights into their folding, polymerization, regulation and clearance. Biochem J 2017; 473:2273-93. [PMID: 27470592 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serpins are a widely distributed family of high molecular mass protein proteinase inhibitors that can inhibit both serine and cysteine proteinases by a remarkable mechanism-based kinetic trapping of an acyl or thioacyl enzyme intermediate that involves massive conformational transformation. The trapping is based on distortion of the proteinase in the complex, with energy derived from the unique metastability of the active serpin. Serpins are the favoured inhibitors for regulation of proteinases in complex proteolytic cascades, such as are involved in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and complement activation, by virtue of the ability to modulate their specificity and reactivity. Given their prominence as inhibitors, much work has been carried out to understand not only the mechanism of inhibition, but how it is fine-tuned, both spatially and temporally. The metastability of the active state raises the question of how serpins fold, whereas the misfolding of some serpin variants that leads to polymerization and pathologies of liver disease, emphysema and dementia makes it clinically important to understand how such polymerization might occur. Finally, since binding of serpins and their proteinase complexes, particularly plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), to the clearance and signalling receptor LRP1 (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1), may affect pathways linked to cell migration, angiogenesis, and tumour progression, it is important to understand the nature and specificity of binding. The current state of understanding of these areas is addressed here.
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19
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Wahlmüller FC, Yang H, Furtmüller M, Geiger M. Regulation of the Extracellular SERPINA5 (Protein C Inhibitor) Penetration Through Cellular Membranes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28639251 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is impermeable for proteins and peptides and that these molecules require special mechanisms for their transport from the extra- to the intracellular space. Recently there is increasing evidence that certain proteins/peptides can also directly cross the phospholipid membrane. SERPINA5 (protein C inhibitor) is a secreted protease inhibitor with broad protease reactivity and wide tissue distribution. It binds glycosaminoglycans and certain phospoholipids, which can modulate its inhibitory activity. SERPINA5 has been shown to be internalized by platelets, granulocytes, HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, and by Jurkat lymphoma cells. Once inside the cell it can translocate to the nucleus. There are several indications that SERPINA5 can directly cross the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. In this review we will describe what is known so far about the conditions, as well as the cellular and molecular requirements for SERPINA5 translocation through the cell membrane and for its penetration of pure phospholipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C Wahlmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanjiang Yang
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margareta Furtmüller
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Fazavana JG, Muczynski V, Proulle V, Wohner N, Christophe OD, Lenting PJ, Denis CV. LDL receptor-related protein 1 contributes to the clearance of the activated factor VII-antithrombin complex. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:2458-2470. [PMID: 27614059 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Factor VIIa is cleared principally as a complex with antithrombin. Enzyme/serpin complexes are preferred ligands for the scavenger-receptor LRP1. Factor VIIa/antithrombin but not factor VIIa alone is a ligand for LRP1. Macrophage-expressed LRP1 contributes to the clearance of factor VIIa/antithrombin. SUMMARY Background Recent findings point to activated factor VII (FVIIa) being cleared predominantly (± 65% of the injected protein) as part of a complex with the serpin antithrombin. FVIIa-antithrombin complexes are targeted to hepatocytes and liver macrophages. Both cells lines abundantly express LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a scavenger receptor mediating the clearance of protease-serpin complexes. Objectives To investigate whether FVIIa-antithrombin is a ligand for LRP1. Methods Binding of FVIIa and pre-formed FVIIa-antithrombin to purified LRP1 Fc-tagged cluster IV (rLRP1-cIV/Fc) and to human and murine macrophages was analyzed. FVIIa clearance was determined in macrophage LRP1 (macLRP1)-deficient mice. Results Solid-phase binding assays showed that FVIIa-antithrombin bound in a specific, dose-dependent and saturable manner to rLRP1-cIV/Fc. Competition experiments with human THP1 macrophages indicated that binding of FVIIa but not of FVIIa-antithrombin was reduced in the presence of annexin-V or anti-tissue factor antibodies, whereas binding of FVIIa-antithrombin but not FVIIa was inhibited by the LRP1-antagonist GST-RAP. Additional experiments revealed binding of both FVIIa and FVIIa-antithrombin to murine control macrophages. In contrast, no binding of FVIIa-antithrombin to macrophages derived from macLRP1-deficient mice could be detected. Clearance of FVIIa-antithrombin but not of active site-blocked FVIIa was delayed 1.5-fold (mean residence time of 3.3 ± 0.1 h versus 2.4 ± 0.2 h) in macLRP1-deficient mice. The circulatory presence of FVIIa was prolonged to a similar extent in macLRP1-deficient mice and in control mice. Conclusions Our data show that FVIIa-antithrombin but not FVIIa is a ligand for LRP1, and that LRP1 contributes to the clearance of FVIIa-antithrombin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fazavana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Universitaires Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - V Muczynski
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Universitaires Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - V Proulle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Universitaires Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Bicetre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - N Wohner
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Universitaires Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - O D Christophe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Universitaires Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - P J Lenting
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Universitaires Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - C V Denis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S 1176, Universitaires Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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21
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Zhou X, Liu Z, Shapiro L, Yang J, Burton GF. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mediates α1-antitrypsin internalization in CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:1027-35. [PMID: 26206901 PMCID: PMC4763795 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0515-209r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In α1-antitrypsin-deficient HIV patients, an accelerated decline of CD4(+) T cell numbers is observed, suggesting that α1-antitrypsin is a potential endogenous HIV inhibitor. In infected T lymphocytes, α1-antitrypsin potently blocks NF-κB activation and HIV-1 replication by directly interacting with IκBα in the cytosol, thereby altering its ubiquitination pattern. However, the mechanism of α1-antitrypsin entry into the cytosol, where IκBα locates, remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of α1-antitrypsin internalization in CD4(+) T cells. Thus, primary CD4(+) T cells were infected with HIV-1 and then incubated with α1-antitrypsin to detect its internalization. We found that CD4(+) T cells internalized α1-antitrypsin through a clathrin-dependent endocytosis process. Next, intracellular α1-antitrypsin exerted the inhibitory effect on NF-κB activation and HIV-1 replication. On primary CD4(+) T cells, α1-antitrypsin interacted with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 to initiate the internalization. Inside CD4(+) T lymphocytes, α1-antitrypsin was transported from the endosome to the lysosome and then released into the cytosol, where it is possible for α1-antitrypsin to directly interact with IκBα. These results together suggest that α1-antitrypsin internalization is a clathrin-dependent and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1-mediated endocytosis process. Internalized α1-antitrypsin is transported through the endosome-lysosome-cytosol routine to interact with cytosolic IκBα and block NF-κB activation and HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Zhou
- *Clinic Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Zhu Liu
- *Clinic Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Leland Shapiro
- *Clinic Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- *Clinic Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory F Burton
- *Clinic Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Westmark PR, Tanratana P, Sheehan JP. Selective disruption of heparin and antithrombin-mediated regulation of human factor IX. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1053-63. [PMID: 25851619 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction with antithrombin and heparin regulates distribution, activity, and clearance of factor IXa (FIXa). Hemophilia B prophylaxis targets plasma FIX levels > 1% but neglects extravascular FIX, which colocalizes with antithrombin-heparan sulfate. OBJECTIVE Combined mutagenesis of FIX was undertaken to selectively disrupt heparin- and antithrombin-mediated regulation of the protease. METHODS Human FIX alanine substitutions in the heparin (K126A and K132A) and antithrombin (R150A) exosites were characterized with regard to coagulant activity, plasma thrombin generation, antithrombin inhibition, and plasma half-life. RESULTS Single or combined (K126A/R150A or K132A/R150A) exosite mutations variably reduced coagulant activity relative to wild-type (WT) for FIX (27-91%) and FIXa (25-91%). Double mutation in the heparin exosite (K126A/K132A and K126A/K132A/R150A) markedly reduced coagulant activity (7-21%) and plasma TG. In contrast to coagulant activity, FIX K126A (1.8-fold), R150 (1.6-fold), and K132A/R150A (1.3-fold) supported increased tissue factor-initiated plasma TG, while FIX K132A and K126A/R150A were similar to WT. FIXa K126A/R150A and K132A/R150A (1.5-fold) demonstrated significantly increased FIXa-initiated TG, while FIXa K132A, R150A, and K126A (0.8-0.9-fold) were similar to WT. Dual mutations in the heparin exosite or combined mutations in both exosites synergistically reduced the inhibition rate for antithrombin-heparin. The half-life of FIXa WT in FIX-deficient plasma was remarkably lengthy (40.9 ±1.4 min) and further prolonged for FIXa R150A, K126A/R150A, and K132A/R150A (> 2 h). CONCLUSION Selective disruption of exosite-mediated regulation by heparin and antithrombin can be achieved with preserved or enhanced thrombin generation capacity. These proteins should demonstrate enhanced therapeutic efficacy for hemophilia B.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Westmark
- Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P Tanratana
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - J P Sheehan
- Department of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Strickland DK, Au DT, Cunfer P, Muratoglu SC. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1: role in the regulation of vascular integrity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:487-98. [PMID: 24504736 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic and signaling receptor that is widely expressed. In the liver, LRP1 plays an important role in regulating the plasma levels of blood coagulation factor VIII (fVIII) by mediating its uptake and subsequent degradation. fVIII is a key plasma protein that is deficient in hemophilia A and circulates in complex with von Willebrand factor. Because von Willebrand factor blocks binding of fVIII to LRP1, questions remain on the molecular mechanisms by which LRP1 removes fVIII from the circulation. LRP1 also regulates cell surface levels of tissue factor, a component of the extrinsic blood coagulation pathway. This occurs when tissue factor pathway inhibitor bridges the fVII/tissue factor complex to LRP1, resulting in rapid LRP1-mediated internalization and downregulation of coagulant activity. In the vasculature LRP1 also plays protective role from the development of aneurysms. Mice in which the lrp1 gene is selectively deleted in vascular smooth muscle cells develop a phenotype similar to the progression of aneurysm formation in human patient, revealing that these mice are ideal for investigating molecular mechanisms associated with aneurysm formation. Studies suggest that LRP1 protects against elastin fiber fragmentation by reducing excess protease activity in the vessel wall. These proteases include high-temperature requirement factor A1, matrix metalloproteinase 2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and membrane associated type 1-matrix metalloproteinase. In addition, LRP1 regulates matrix deposition, in part, by modulating levels of connective tissue growth factor. Defining pathways modulated by LRP1 that lead to aneurysm formation and defining its role in thrombosis may allow for more effective intervention in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley K Strickland
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease (D.K.S., D.T.A., P.C., S.C.M.), Departments of Surgery (D.K.S.), and Physiology (S.C.M.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Abstract
Thrombin is the central protease in the blood coagulation network. It has multiple substrates and cofactors, and it appears that four serpins are responsible for inhibiting the thrombin produced in haemostasis and thrombosis. Structural studies conducted over the last 10 years have resolved how thrombin recognises these serpins with the aid of cofactors. Although antithrombin (AT), protein C inhibitor (PCI), heparin cofactor II (HCII) and protease nexin-1 (PN1) all share a common fold and mechanism of protease inhibition, they have evolved radically different mechanisms for cofactor-assisted thrombin recognition. This is likely to be due to the varied environments in which thrombin is found. In this review, I discuss the unusual structural features of thrombin that are involved in substrate and cofactor recognition, the serpin mechanism of protease inhibition and the fate of thrombin in the complex, and how the four thrombin-specific serpins exploit the special features of thrombin to accelerate complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Huntington
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK.
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25
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Lin Y, Meng Y, Wang YX, Luo J, Katsuma S, Yang CW, Banno Y, Kusakabe T, Shimada T, Xia QY. Vitellogenin receptor mutation leads to the oogenesis mutant phenotype "scanty vitellin" of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13345-55. [PMID: 23515308 PMCID: PMC3650373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, the vitellogenin receptor (VgR) mediates the uptake of vitellogenin (Vg) from the hemolymph by developing oocytes. The oogenesis mutant scanty vitellin (vit) of Bombyx mori (Bm) lacks vitellin and 30-kDa proteins, but B. mori egg-specific protein and BmVg are normal. The vit eggs are white and smaller compared with the pale yellow eggs of the wild type and are embryonic lethal. This study found that a mutation in the B. mori VgR gene (BmVgR) is responsible for the vit phenotype. We cloned the cDNA sequences encoding WT and vit BmVgR. The functional domains of BmVgR are similar to those of other low-density lipoprotein receptors. When compared with the wild type, a 235-bp genomic sequence in vit BmVgR is substituted for a 7-bp sequence. This mutation has resulted in a 50-amino acid deletion in the third Class B region of the first epidermal growth factor (EGF1) domain. BmVgR is expressed specifically in oocytes, and the transcriptional level is changed dramatically and consistently with maturation of oocytes during the previtellogenic periods. Linkage analysis confirmed that BmVgR is mutated in the vit mutant. The coimmunoprecipitation assay confirmed that mutated BmVgR is able to bind BmVg but that BmVg cannot be dissociated under acidic conditions. The WT phenotype determined by RNA interference was similar to that of the vit phenotype for nutritional deficiency, such as BmVg and 30-kDa proteins. These results showed that BmVgR has an important role in transporting proteins for egg formation and embryonic development in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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26
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Intact or “active” corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and total CBG in plasma: Determination by parallel ELISAs using monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sagare AP, Deane R, Zlokovic BV. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1: a physiological Aβ homeostatic mechanism with multiple therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:94-105. [PMID: 22820095 PMCID: PMC3432694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is the main cell surface receptor involved in brain and systemic clearance of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) toxin amyloid-beta (Aβ). In plasma, a soluble form of LRP1 (sLRP1) is the major transport protein for peripheral Aβ. LRP1 in brain endothelium and mural cells mediates Aβ efflux from brain by providing a transport mechanism for Aβ across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). sLRP1 maintains a plasma 'sink' activity for Aβ through binding of peripheral Aβ which in turn inhibits re-entry of free plasma Aβ into the brain. LRP1 in the liver mediates systemic clearance of Aβ. In AD, LRP1 expression at the BBB is reduced and Aβ binding to circulating sLRP1 is compromised by oxidation. Cell surface LRP1 and circulating sLRP1 represent druggable targets which can be therapeutically modified to restore the physiological mechanisms of brain Aβ homeostasis. In this review, we discuss how increasing LRP1 expression at the BBB and liver with lifestyle changes, statins, plant-based active principles and/or gene therapy on one hand, and how replacing dysfunctional plasma sLRP1 on the other regulate Aβ clearance from brain ultimately controlling the onset and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Rashid Deane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
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Novel aspects of the apolipoprotein-E receptor family: regulation and functional role of their proteolytic processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-011-1186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ranganathan S, Cao C, Catania J, Migliorini M, Zhang L, Strickland DK. Molecular basis for the interaction of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) with integrin alphaMbeta2: identification of binding sites within alphaMbeta2 for LRP1. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30535-30541. [PMID: 21676865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.265413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic receptor that controls macrophage migration in part by interacting with β(2) integrin receptors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying LRP1 integrin recognition is poorly understood. Here, we report that LRP1 specifically recognizes α(M)β(2) but not its homologous receptor α(L)β(2). The interaction between these two cellular receptors in macrophages is significantly enhanced upon α(M)β(2) activation by LPS and is mediated by multiple regions in both LRP1 and α(M)β(2). Specifically, we find that both the heavy and light chains of LRP1 are involved in α(M)β(2) binding. Within the heavy chain, the binding is mediated primarily via the second and fourth ligand binding repeats. For α(M)β(2), we find that the α(M)-I domain represents a major LRP1 recognition site. Indeed, substitution of the I domain of the α(L)β(2) receptor with that of α(M) confers the α(L)β(2) receptor with the ability to interact with LRP1. Furthermore, we show that residues (160)EQLKKSKTL(170) within the α(M)-I domain represent a major LRP1 recognition site. Given that perturbation of this specific sequence leads to altered adhesive activity of α(M)β(2), our finding suggests that binding of LRP1 to α(M)β(2) could alter integrin function. Indeed, we further demonstrate that the soluble form of LRP1 (sLRP1) inhibits α(M)β(2)-mediated adhesion of cells to fibrinogen. These studies suggest that sLRP1 may attenuate inflammation by modulating integrin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripriya Ranganathan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Chunzhang Cao
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; the Departments of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jason Catania
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Molly Migliorini
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; the Departments of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; the Departments of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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In vivo clearance and metabolism of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) and its complexes with plasma protease inhibitors in the liver. Thromb Res 2011; 127:356-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Korkmaz B, Horwitz MS, Jenne DE, Gauthier F. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G as therapeutic targets in human diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:726-59. [PMID: 21079042 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the first cells recruited to inflammatory sites and form the earliest line of defense against invading microorganisms. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are three hematopoietic serine proteases stored in large quantities in neutrophil cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. They act in combination with reactive oxygen species to help degrade engulfed microorganisms inside phagolysosomes. These proteases are also externalized in an active form during neutrophil activation at inflammatory sites, thus contributing to the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. As multifunctional proteases, they also play a regulatory role in noninfectious inflammatory diseases. Mutations in the ELA2/ELANE gene, encoding neutrophil elastase, are the cause of human congenital neutropenia. Neutrophil membrane-bound proteinase 3 serves as an autoantigen in Wegener granulomatosis, a systemic autoimmune vasculitis. All three proteases are affected by mutations of the gene (CTSC) encoding dipeptidyl peptidase I, a protease required for activation of their proform before storage in cytoplasmic granules. Mutations of CTSC cause Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. Because of their roles in host defense and disease, elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are of interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the physicochemical functions of these proteases, toward a goal of better delineating their role in human diseases and identifying new therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of their bioavailability and activity. We also describe how nonhuman primate experimental models could assist with testing the efficacy of proposed therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U-618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, France.
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Strickland DK, Muratoglu SC, Antalis TM. Serpin-Enzyme Receptors LDL Receptor-Related Protein 1. Methods Enzymol 2011; 499:17-31. [PMID: 21683247 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386471-0.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early studies suggested the existence of an hepatic receptor that is involved in the clearance of serpin:enzyme complexes. Subsequent work has identified this receptor as the LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). LRP1 is a multifunctional receptor that serves to transport numerous molecules into the cell via endocytosis and also serves as a signaling receptor. LRP1 plays diverse roles in biology, including roles in lipoprotein metabolism, regulation of protease activity, activation of lysosomal enzymes, and cellular entry of bacterial toxins and viruses. Deletion of the Lrp1 gene leads to lethality in mice, revealing a critical, but as of yet undefined, role in development. Its identification as a receptor for serpin:enzyme complexes confirms a major role for LRP1 in regulating protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Olson ST, Gettins PGW. Regulation of proteases by protein inhibitors of the serpin superfamily. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 99:185-240. [PMID: 21238937 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385504-6.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The serpins comprise an ancient superfamily of proteins, found abundantly in eukaryotes and even in some bacteria and archea, that have evolved to regulate proteases of both serine and cysteine mechanistic classes. Unlike the thermodynamically determined lock-and-key type inhibitors, such as those of the Kunitz and Kazal families, serpins use conformational change and consequent kinetic trapping of an enzyme intermediate to effect inhibition. By combining interactions of both an exposed reactive center loop and exosites outside this loop with the active site and complementary exosites on the target protease, serpins can achieve remarkable specificity. Together with the frequent use of regulatory cofactors, this permits a sophisticated time- and location-dependent mode of protease regulation. An understanding of the structure and function of serpins has suggested that they may provide novel scaffolds for engineering protease inhibitors of desired specificity for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Olson
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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35
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Protease inhibitors and proteolytic signalling cascades in insects. Biochimie 2010; 92:1749-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Muszbek L, Bereczky Z, Kovács B, Komáromi I. Antithrombin deficiency and its laboratory diagnosis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48 Suppl 1:S67-78. [PMID: 21062218 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombin (AT) belongs to the serpin family and is a key regulator of the coagulation system. AT inhibits active clotting factors, particularly thrombin and factor Xa; its absence is incompatible with life. This review gives an overview of the protein and gene structure of AT, and attempts to explain how glucosaminoglycans, such as heparin and heparan sulfate accelerate the inhibitory reaction that is accompanied by drastic conformational change. Hypotheses on the regulation of blood coagulation by AT in physiological conditions are discussed. Epidemiology of inherited thrombophilia caused by AT deficiency and its molecular genetic background with genotype-phenotype correlations are summarized. The importance of the classification of AT deficiencies and the phenotypic differences of various subtypes are emphasized. The causes of acquired AT deficiency are also included in the review. Particular attention is devoted to the laboratory diagnosis of AT deficiency. The assay principles of functional first line laboratory tests and tests required for classification are discussed critically, and test results expected in various AT deficiency subtypes are summarized. The reader is provided with a clinically oriented algorithm for the correct diagnosis and classification of AT deficiency, which could be useful in the practice of routine diagnosis of thrombophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Muszbek
- Clinical Research Center, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary.
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37
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Tollefsen DM. Vascular dermatan sulfate and heparin cofactor II. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:351-72. [PMID: 20807652 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparin cofactor II (HCII) is a plasma protease inhibitor of the serpin family that inactivates thrombin by forming a covalent 1:1 complex. The rate of complex formation increases more than 1000-fold in the presence of dermatan sulfate (DS). Endothelial injury allows circulating HCII to enter the vessel wall, where it binds to DS and presumably becomes activated. Mice that lack HCII develop carotid artery thrombosis more rapidly than wild-type mice after oxidative damage to the endothelium. These mice also have increased arterial neointima formation following mechanical injury and develop more extensive atherosclerotic lesions when made hypercholesterolemic. Similarly, low plasma HCII levels appear to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis in human subjects. These observations suggest that a major function of the HCII-DS system is to regulate the physiologic response to arterial injury.
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Sohrab S, Petrusca DN, Lockett AD, Schweitzer KS, Rush NI, Gu Y, Kamocki K, Garrison J, Petrache I. Mechanism of alpha-1 antitrypsin endocytosis by lung endothelium. FASEB J 2009; 23:3149-58. [PMID: 19423638 PMCID: PMC2735364 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-129304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of lung alveoli is maintained by proper circulating levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT). Next to cigarette smoking, A1AT deficiency is a major risk factor for lung emphysema development. We recently reported that in addition to neutralizing neutrophil elastases in the extracellular compartment, A1AT is internalized by lung endothelial cells and inhibits apoptosis. We hypothesized that the intracellular uptake of A1AT by endothelial cells may be required for its protective function; therefore, we studied the mechanisms of A1AT internalization by primary rat lung microvascular endothelial cells and the effect of cigarette smoke on this process both in vitro and in vivo (in mice). Purified A1AT was taken up intracellularly by endothelial cells in a time-dependent, dose-dependent, and conformer-specific manner and was detected in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of nondiseased human lung sections. Despite a critical role for caveoli in endothelial cell endocytosis in general, specific inhibition of clathrin-mediated, but not caveoli-mediated, endocytosis profoundly decreased A1AT internalization and reversed the A1AT's antiapoptotic action. Further more, A1AT associated with clathrin heavy chains, but not with caveolin-1 in the plasma membrane fraction of endothelial cells. Interestingly, cigarette smoke exposure significantly inhibited A1AT uptake both in endothelial cells and in the mouse lung and altered the intracellular distribution of clathrin heavy chains. Our results suggest that clathrin-mediated endocytosis regulates A1AT intracellular function in the lung endothelium and may be an important determinant of the serpin's protection against developing cigarette smoke-induced emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Sohrab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Soukup SF, Culi J, Gubb D. Uptake of the necrotic serpin in Drosophila melanogaster via the lipophorin receptor-1. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000532. [PMID: 19557185 PMCID: PMC2694266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral response to fungal and Gram-positive infections is regulated by the serpin-family inhibitor, Necrotic. Following immune-challenge, a proteolytic cascade is activated which signals through the Toll receptor. Toll activation results in a range of antibiotic peptides being synthesised in the fat-body and exported to the haemolymph. As with mammalian serpins, Necrotic turnover in Drosophila is rapid. This serpin is synthesised in the fat-body, but its site of degradation has been unclear. By “freezing” endocytosis with a temperature sensitive Dynamin mutation, we demonstrate that Necrotic is removed from the haemolymph in two groups of giant cells: the garland and pericardial athrocytes. Necrotic uptake responds rapidly to infection, being visibly increased after 30 mins and peaking at 6–8 hours. Co-localisation of anti-Nec with anti-AP50, Rab5, and Rab7 antibodies establishes that the serpin is processed through multi-vesicular bodies and delivered to the lysosome, where it co-localises with the ubiquitin-binding protein, HRS. Nec does not co-localise with Rab11, indicating that the serpin is not re-exported from athrocytes. Instead, mutations which block late endosome/lysosome fusion (dor, hk, and car) cause accumulation of Necrotic-positive endosomes, even in the absence of infection. Knockdown of the 6 Drosophila orthologues of the mammalian LDL receptor family with dsRNA identifies LpR1 as an enhancer of the immune response. Uptake of Necrotic from the haemolymph is blocked by a chromosomal deletion of LpR1. In conclusion, we identify the cells and the receptor molecule responsible for the uptake and degradation of the Necrotic serpin in Drosophila melanogaster. The scavenging of serpin/proteinase complexes may be a critical step in the regulation of proteolytic cascades. Serpin inhibitors control a wide range of rapid physiological responses that are activated by proteolytic cascades, such as blood coagulation, inflammation, the complement pathway, and angiogenesis. They interact with their target proteinases by a “suicide inhibition” mechanism, which generates an inert, denatured, serpin/proteinase complex. In mammals, humoral serpins are secreted from the liver into the blood plasma. The denatured complex is later endocytosed back into the liver and degraded. In Drosophila, the Necrotic serpin is secreted from the fat-body into the haemolymph, where it controls the humoral immune response. We show here, however, that Necrotic is not endocytosed in the fat-body, but in the garland and pericardial athrocytes. These cells clear serpins from the haemolymph extremely rapidly. The Necrotic-binding receptor for this process is LpR1, a member of the LDLR family. The endocytosed serpin is targeted for lysosomal degradation, with none being recycled to the haemolymph. More importantly, we show that mutations in LpR1 cause a profound effect on the immune response. Thus, our results indicate that the scavenging of serpin/proteinase complexes might be a critical step in the regulation of proteolytic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquim Culi
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Gubb
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Tufail M, Takeda M. Insect vitellogenin/lipophorin receptors: molecular structures, role in oogenesis, and regulatory mechanisms. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:87-103. [PMID: 19071131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Insect vitellogenin and lipophorin receptors (VgRs/LpRs) belong to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene superfamily and play a critical role in oocyte development by mediating endocytosis of the major yolk protein precursors Vg and Lp, respectively. Precursor Vg and Lp are synthesized, in the majority of insects, extraovarially in the fat body and are internalized by competent oocytes through membrane-bound receptors (i.e., VgRs and LpRs, respectively). Structural analysis reveals that insect VgRs/LpRs and all other LDLR family receptors share a group of five structural domains: clusters of cysteine-rich repeats constituting the ligand-binding domain (LBD), epidermal growth factor (EGF)-precursor homology domain that mediates the acid-dependent dissociation of ligands, an O-linked sugar domain of unknown function, a transmembrane domain anchoring the receptor in the plasma membrane, and a cytoplasmic domain that mediates the clustering of the receptor into the coated pits. The sequence analysis indicates that insect VgRs harbor two LBDs with five repeats in the first and eight repeats in the second domain as compared to LpRs which have a single 8-repeat LBD. Moreover, the cytoplasmic domain of all insect VgRs contains a LI internalization signal instead of the NPXY motif found in LpRs and in the majority of other LDLR family receptors. The exception is that of Solenopsis invicta VgR, which also contains an NPXY motif in addition to LI signal. Cockroach VgRs still harbor another motif, NPTF, which is also believed to be a functional internalization signal. The expression studies clearly demonstrate that insect VgRs are ovary-bound receptors of the LDLR family as compared to LpRs, which are transcribed in a wide range of tissues including ovary, fat body, midgut, brain, testis, Malpighian tubules, and muscles. VgR/LpR mRNA and the protein were detected in the germarium, suggesting that the genes involved in receptor-endocytotic machinery are specifically expressed long before they are functionally required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tufail
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Lillis AP, Van Duyn LB, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Strickland DK. LDL receptor-related protein 1: unique tissue-specific functions revealed by selective gene knockout studies. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:887-918. [PMID: 18626063 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor-related protein (originally called LRP, but now referred to as LRP1) is a large endocytic receptor that is widely expressed in several tissues. LRP1 is a member of the LDL receptor family that plays diverse roles in various biological processes including lipoprotein metabolism, degradation of proteases, activation of lysosomal enzymes, and cellular entry of bacterial toxins and viruses. Deletion of the LRP1 gene leads to lethality in mice, revealing a critical, but as of yet, undefined role in development. Tissue-specific gene deletion studies reveal an important contribution of LRP1 in the vasculature, central nervous system, macrophages, and adipocytes. Three important properties of LRP1 dictate its diverse role in physiology: 1) its ability to recognize more than 30 distinct ligands, 2) its ability to bind a large number of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins via determinants located on its cytoplasmic domain in a phosphorylation-specific manner, and 3) its ability to associate with and modulate the activity of other transmembrane receptors such as integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Lillis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Randall DR, Colobong KE, Hemmelgarn H, Sinclair GB, Hetty E, Thomas A, Bodamer OA, Volkmar B, Fernhoff PM, Casey R, Chan AK, Mitchell G, Stockler S, Melancon S, Rupar T, Clarke LA. Heparin cofactor II-thrombin complex: a biomarker of MPS disease. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:456-461. [PMID: 18511319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by defects in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Each disorder is characterized by progressive multi-system disease with considerable clinical heterogeneity. The clinical heterogeneity of these disorders is thought to be related to the degree of the metabolic block in glycosaminoglycan degradation which in turn is related to the underlying mutation at the respective locus. There are currently no objective means other than longitudinal clinical observation, or the detection of a recurrent genetic mutation to accurately predict the clinical course for an individual patient, particularly when diagnosed early. In addition, there are no specific disease biomarkers that reflect the total body burden of disease. The lack of specific biomarkers has made monitoring treatment responses and predicting disease course difficult in these disorders. The recent introduction of enzyme replacement therapy for MPS I, II, and VI highlights the need for objective measures of disease burden and disease responsiveness. We show that serum levels of heparin cofactor II-thrombin complex is a reliable biomarker of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Untreated patients have serum levels that range from 3- to 112-fold above control values. In a series of patients with varying severity of mucopolysaccharidosis I, the serum complex concentration was reflective of disease severity. In addition, serum heparin cofactor II-thrombin levels showed responsiveness to various treatment regimens. We propose that serum levels of heparin cofactor II-thrombin complex may provide an important assessment and monitoring tool for patients with mucopolysaccharidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick R Randall
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Room C234, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H3N1
| | - Karen E Colobong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Room C234, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H3N1
| | - Harmony Hemmelgarn
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Room C234, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H3N1
| | - Graham B Sinclair
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Room C234, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H3N1
| | - Elly Hetty
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Room C234, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H3N1
| | - Anita Thomas
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Room C234, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H3N1
| | - Olaf A Bodamer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Volkmar
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical School Salzburg, Austria
| | - Paul M Fernhoff
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Robin Casey
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada
| | - Alicia K Chan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
| | - Grant Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que., Canada
| | - Silvia Stockler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Serge Melancon
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Tony Rupar
- Department of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, Ont., Canada
| | - Lorne A Clarke
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Room C234, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H3N1
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Gaultier A, Arandjelovic S, Li X, Janes J, Dragojlovic N, Zhou GP, Dolkas J, Myers RR, Gonias SL, Campana WM. A shed form of LDL receptor-related protein-1 regulates peripheral nerve injury and neuropathic pain in rodents. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:161-72. [PMID: 18060043 DOI: 10.1172/jci32371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) initiates a response controlled by multiple extracellular mediators, many of which contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. Schwann cells in an injured nerve demonstrate increased expression of LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), an endocytic receptor for diverse ligands and a cell survival factor. Here we report that a fragment of LRP1, in which a soluble or shed form of LRP1 with an intact alpha-chain (sLRP-alpha), was shed by Schwann cells in vitro and in the PNS after injury. Injection of purified sLRP-alpha into mouse sciatic nerves prior to chronic constriction injury (CCI) inhibited p38 MAPK activation (P-p38) and decreased expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta locally. sLRP-alpha also inhibited CCI-induced spontaneous neuropathic pain and decreased inflammatory cytokine expression in the spinal dorsal horn, where neuropathic pain processing occurs. In cultures of Schwann cells, astrocytes, and microglia, sLRP-alpha inhibited TNF-alpha-induced activation of p38 MAPK and ERK/MAPK. The activity of sLRP-alpha did not involve TNF-alpha binding, but rather glial cell preconditioning, so that the subsequent response to TNF-alpha was inhibited. Our results show that sLRP-alpha is biologically active and may attenuate neuropathic pain. In the PNS, the function of LRP1 may reflect the integrated activities of the membrane-anchored and shed forms of LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Gaultier
- Department of Pathology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093-0629, USA
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Proietta M, Pulignano I, Del Porto F, Tritapepe L, Di Giovanni C, Caronti B, Guglielmi R, Aliberti G. Antithrombin III metabolism in the pulmonary vessel endothelium. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 18:237-40. [PMID: 17413759 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e328040c127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 85 patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass for atherosclerotic coronary disease, we measured the antithrombin III activity levels and the thrombin-antithrombin III complex concentrations in blood from the pulmonary and the radial arteries, taken before the aorto-coronary bypass procedure, with the aim of investigating the role of the pulmonary endothelium in the metabolism of the inhibitor. Results showed significantly lower mean antithrombin III activity levels, expressed as a percentage of normal plasma, in blood from the radial artery with respect to levels from the pulmonary artery (0.78 +/- 0.12 versus 0.80 +/- 0.12, P<0.0001), while no significant difference was found in thrombin-antithrombin III complex concentrations. The results seem to show that the pulmonary endothelium contributes to the antithrombin III metabolism with a 0.023 breakdown rate, corresponding to about a 0.1 fraction of the reported 0.22-0.25 total body catabolic rate, as well as the pulmonary endothelial surface (50-70 m2) corresponding to about a 0.1 fraction of the peripheral vessels' endothelial surface (500-700 m2). The data support the hypothesis of a main endothelial catabolism of antithrombin III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Proietta
- Reparto di Medicina Interna della II Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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45
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Emeis JJ, Jirouskova M, Muchitsch EM, Shet AS, Smyth SS, Johnson GJ. A guide to murine coagulation factor structure, function, assays, and genetic alterations. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:670-9. [PMID: 17403201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Murine blood coagulation factors and function are quite similar to those of humans. Because of this similarity and the adaptability of mice to genetic manipulation, murine coagulation factors and inhibitors have been extensively studied. These studies have provided significant insights into human hemostasis. They have also provided useful experimental models for evaluation of the pathophysiology and treatment of thrombosis. This review contains recommendations for obtaining, processing and assaying mouse blood hemostatic components, and it summarizes the extensive literature on murine coagulation factor structure and function, assays and genetic alteration. It is intended to be a convenient reference source for investigators of hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Emeis
- Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, TNO--Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Heffernan JK, Ponce RA, Zuckerman LA, Volpone JP, Visich J, Giste EE, Jenkins N, Boster D, Pederson S, Knitter G, Palmer T, Wills M, Early RJ, Rogge MC. Preclinical safety of recombinant human thrombin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 47:48-58. [PMID: 16971028 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human thrombin (rhThrombin) is being developed as an alternative to thrombin products purified from pooled human or bovine plasma, which are currently marketed for topical hemostasis. Preclinical studies of rhThrombin were conducted prior to its evaluation as a topical adjunct to surgical hemostasis in clinical trials. No overt clinical pathology or signs were observed in cynomolgus monkeys following implantation of a gelatin sponge containing either rhThrombin or bovine thrombin to a surgical liver wound, and similar gross and microscopic wound healing characteristics were observed over an eight-week recovery period with either compound. Repeated subcutaneous injections of rhThrombin or bovine thrombin to cynomolgus monkeys produced no treatment-related effects. Whereas no monkeys demonstrated anti-rhThrombin antibody seroconversion, specific anti-bovine antibodies were detected in all tested monkeys exposed to bovine thrombin. Addition of rhThrombin or bovine thrombin to mouse fibroblast cells resulted in expected detachment and shape change. Topical application of rhThrombin to rabbits did not cause irritation to the eye, normal skin, or abraded skin. These studies showed that topical, subcutaneous, or implanted rhThrombin was minimally immunogenic, safe, and well tolerated in nonclinical models, and supported the clinical evaluation of rhThrombin in a variety of surgical settings.
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Abstract
Heparin cofactor II (HCII) has several biochemical properties that distinguish it from other serpins: (1) it specifically inhibits thrombin; (2) the mechanism of inhibition involves binding of an acidic domain in HCII to thrombin exosite I; and (3) the rate of inhibition increases dramatically in the presence of dermatan sulfate molecules having specific structures. Human studies suggest that high plasma HCII levels are protective against in-stent restenosis and atherosclerosis. Studies with HCII knockout mice directly support the hypothesis that HCII interacts with dermatan sulfate in the arterial wall after endothelial injury and thereby exerts an antithrombotic effect. In addition, HCII deficiency appears to promote neointima formation and atherogenesis in mice. These results suggest that HCII plays a unique and important role in vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Tollefsen
- Division of Hematology, Campus Box 8125, Washington University Medical School, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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48
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Raggatt LJ, Jefcoat SC, Choudhury I, Williams S, Tiku M, Partridge NC. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 influences ERK signalling in articular rabbit chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:680-9. [PMID: 16516501 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) is an extracellular MMP that cleaves type II collagen, the major protein component of cartilage, with high specificity and has been implicated in the pathology of osteoarthritis. The present study aimed to characterize the binding and internalization kinetics of MMP-13 in normal rabbit chondrocytes and whether MMP-13 affected cell signalling. METHODS Rabbit chondrocytes were used in [125I]-MMP-13 binding assays to investigate the MMP-13 binding kinetics and Western analysis allowed for the assessment of intracellular signalling cascades. RESULTS Rabbit chondrocytes were found to express the cartilage-specific genes aggrecan and type II collagen throughout their in vitro culture period. Appreciable specific cell-association of [125I]-MMP-13 was detected after 10 min of exposure to the ligand and equilibrium was obtained after 2 h. Binding of [125I]-MMP-13 to chondrocytes was specific and approached saturation at 75 nM. Internalization of MMP-13 was evident after 20 min, reached a maximum at 30 min and had returned to baseline by 90 min. Addition of receptor-associated protein (RAP) inhibited the internalization of MMP-13 indicating a likely role for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) in this process. Interestingly the presence of MMP-13 induced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) protein showing that there is initiation of a signalling process in response to MMP-13 being bound and internalized by rabbit chondrocytes. However, this activation does not involve the MMP-13 internalization receptor LRP1. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate and characterize the MMP-13 binding and internalization system in rabbit chondrocytes and indicate that MMP-13 may regulate the phenotype of the chondrocytes through this receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Raggatt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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49
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Strickland DK, Medved L. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)-mediated clearance of activated blood coagulation co-factors and proteases: clearance mechanism or regulation? J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1484-6. [PMID: 16839342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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50
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Law RHP, Zhang Q, McGowan S, Buckle AM, Silverman GA, Wong W, Rosado CJ, Langendorf CG, Pike RN, Bird PI, Whisstock JC. An overview of the serpin superfamily. Genome Biol 2006; 7:216. [PMID: 16737556 PMCID: PMC1779521 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-5-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serpins are a broadly distributed family of protease inhibitors that use a conformational change to inhibit target enzymes. They are central in controlling many important proteolytic cascades, including the mammalian coagulation pathways. Serpins are conformationally labile and many of the disease-linked mutations of serpins result in misfolding or in pathogenic, inactive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby HP Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gary A Silverman
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wilson Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Carlos J Rosado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Chris G Langendorf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre for Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rob N Pike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Philip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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