1
|
Cooper JM, Lathuiliere A, Su EJ, Song Y, Torrente D, Jo Y, Weinrich N, Sales JD, Migliorini M, Sisson TH, Lawrence DA, Hyman BT, Strickland DK. SORL1 is a receptor for tau that promotes tau seeding. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107313. [PMID: 38657864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) is an intracellular sorting receptor genetically implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that impacts amyloid precursor protein trafficking. The objective of these studies was to test the hypothesis that SORL1 binds tau, modulates its cellular trafficking and impacts the aggregation of cytoplasmic tau induced by pathological forms of tau. Using surface plasmon resonance measurements, we observed high-affinity binding of tau to SORL1 and the vacuolar protein sorting 10 domain of SORL1. Interestingly, unlike LDL receptor-related protein 1, SORL1 binds tau at both pH 7.4 and pH 5.5, revealing its ability to bind tau at endosomal pH. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed that exogenously added tau colocalized with SORL1 in H4 neuroglioma cells, while overexpression of SORL1 in LDL receptor-related protein 1-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells resulted in a marked increase in the internalization of tau, indicating that SORL1 can bind and mediate the internalization of monomeric forms of tau. We further demonstrated that SORL1 mediates tau seeding when tau RD P301S FRET biosensor cells expressing SORL1 were incubated with high molecular weight forms of tau isolated from the brains of patients with AD. Seeding in H4 neuroglioma cells is significantly reduced when SORL1 is knocked down with siRNA. Finally, we demonstrate that the N1358S mutant of SORL1 significantly increases tau seeding when compared to WT SORL1, identifying for the first time a potential mechanism that connects this specific SORL1 mutation to Alzheimer's disease. Together, these studies identify SORL1 as a receptor that contributes to trafficking and seeding of pathogenic tau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Cooper
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aurelien Lathuiliere
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Memory Center, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enming J Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuyu Song
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Torrente
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Youhwa Jo
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas Weinrich
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Diaz Sales
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Migliorini
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mishra S, Jayadev S, Young JE. Differential effects of SORL1 deficiency on the endo-lysosomal network in human neurons and microglia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220389. [PMID: 38368935 PMCID: PMC10874699 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosomal gene SORL1 is a strong Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene that harbours loss-of-function variants causative for developing AD. The SORL1 protein SORL1/SORLA is an endosomal receptor that interacts with the multi-protein sorting complex retromer to traffic various cargo through the endo-lysosomal network (ELN). Impairments in endo-lysosomal trafficking are an early cellular symptom in AD and a novel therapeutic target. However, the cell types of the central nervous system are diverse and use the ELN differently. If this pathway is to be effectively therapeutically targeted, understanding how key molecules in the ELN function in various cell types and how manipulating them affects cell-type specific responses relative to AD is essential. Here, we discuss an example where deficiency of SORL1 expression in a human model leads to stress on early endosomes and recycling endosomes in neurons, but preferentially leads to stress on lysosomes in microglia. The differences observed in these organelles could relate to the unique roles of these cells in the brain as neurons are professional secretory cells and microglia are professional phagocytic cells. Experiments to untangle these differences are fundamental to advancing the understanding of cell biology in AD and elucidating important pathways for therapeutic development. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell models are a valuable platform for such experiments. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Deparment of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fazeli E, Child DD, Bucks SA, Stovarsky M, Edwards G, Rose SE, Yu CE, Latimer C, Kitago Y, Bird T, Jayadev S, Andersen OM, Young JE. A familial missense variant in the Alzheimer's disease gene SORL1 impairs its maturation and endosomal sorting. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:20. [PMID: 38244079 PMCID: PMC10799806 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The SORL1 gene has recently emerged as a strong Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk gene. Over 500 different variants have been identified in the gene and the contribution of individual variants to AD development and progression is still largely unknown. Here, we describe a family consisting of 2 parents and 5 offspring. Both parents were affected with dementia and one had confirmed AD pathology with an age of onset > 75 years. All offspring were affected with AD with ages at onset ranging from 53 years to 74 years. DNA was available from the parent with confirmed AD and 5 offspring. We identified a coding variant, p.(Arg953Cys), in SORL1 in 5 of 6 individuals affected by AD. Notably, variant carriers had severe AD pathology, and the SORL1 variant segregated with TDP-43 pathology (LATE-NC). We further characterized this variant and show that this Arginine substitution occurs at a critical position in the YWTD-domain of the SORL1 translation product, SORL1. Functional studies further show that the p.R953C variant leads to retention of the SORL1 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads to decreased maturation and shedding of the receptor and prevents its normal endosomal trafficking. Together, our analysis suggests that p.R953C is a pathogenic variant of SORL1 and sheds light on mechanisms of how missense SORL1 variants may lead to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel D Child
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stephanie A Bucks
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miki Stovarsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gabrielle Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yu Kitago
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhuiyan NZ, Hasan MK, Mahmud Z, Hossain MS, Rahman A. Prevention of Alzheimer's disease through diet: An exploratory review. Metabol Open 2023; 20:100257. [PMID: 37781687 PMCID: PMC10539673 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2023.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This exploratory review article describes about the genetic factors behind Alzheimer's disease (AD), their association with foods, and their relationships with cognitive impairment. It explores the dietary patterns and economic challenges in AD prevention. Methods Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for articles that examined the relationships between Diets, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Socioeconomic conditions in preventative Alzheimer's disease studies. Graphs and Network analysis data were taken from Scopus under the MeSH search method, including words, Alzheimer's, APoE4, Tau protein, APP, Amyloid precursor protein, Beta-Amyloid, Aβ, Mediterranean Diet, MD, DASH diet, MIND diet, SES, Socioeconomic, Developed country, Underdeveloped country, Preventions. The network analysis was done through VOS viewer. Results Mediterranean diet (MD) accurately lowers AD (Alzheimer's Disease) risk to 53% and 35% for people who follow it moderately. MIND scores had a statistically significant reduction in AD rate compared to those in the lowest tertial (53% and 35% reduction, respectively). Subjects with the highest adherence to the MD and DASH had a 54% and 39% lower risk of developing AD, respectively, compared to those in the lowest tertial. Omega-6, PUFA, found in nuts and fish, can play most roles in the clearance of Aβ. Vitamin D inhibits induced fibrillar Aβ apoptosis. However, the high cost of these diet components rise doubt about the effectiveness of AD prevention through healthy diets. Conclusion The finding of this study revealed an association between diet and the effects of the chemical components of foods on AD biomarkers. More research is required to see if nutrition is a risk or a protective factor for Alzheimer's disease to encourage research to be translated into therapeutic practice and to clarify nutritional advice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Zahan Bhuiyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National University Bangladesh, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National University Bangladesh, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Zimam Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sabbir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National University Bangladesh, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fazeli E, Child DD, Bucks SA, Stovarsky M, Edwards G, Rose SE, Yu CE, Latimer C, Kitago Y, Bird T, Jayadev S, Andersen OM, Young JE. A familial missense variant in the Alzheimer's Disease gene SORL1 impairs its maturation and endosomal sorting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.01.547348. [PMID: 37461597 PMCID: PMC10349966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.547348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The SORL1 gene has recently emerged as a strong Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk gene. Over 500 different variants have been identified in the gene and the contribution of individual variants to AD development and progression is still largely unknown. Here, we describe a family consisting of 2 parents and 5 offspring. Both parents were affected with dementia and one had confirmed AD pathology with an age of onset >75 years. All offspring were affected with AD with ages at onset ranging from 53yrs-74yrs. DNA was available from the parent with confirmed AD and 5 offspring. We identified a coding variant, p.(Arg953Cys), in SORL1 in 5 of 6 individuals affected by AD. Notably, variant carriers had severe AD pathology, and the SORL1 variant segregated with TDP-43 pathology (LATE-NC). We further characterized this variant and show that this Arginine substitution occurs at a critical position in the YWTD-domain of the SORL1 translation product, SORL1. Functional studies further show that the p.R953C variant leads to retention of the SORL1 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads to decreased maturation and shedding of the receptor and prevents its normal endosomal trafficking. Together, our analysis suggests that p.R953C is a pathogenic variant of SORL1 and sheds light on mechanisms of how missense SORL1 variants may lead to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Daniel D. Child
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Stephanie A. Bucks
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Miki Stovarsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Gabrielle Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Shannon E. Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Yu Kitago
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Thomas Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Olav M. Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Klein M, Failla AV, Hermey G. Internally tagged Vps10p-domain receptors reveal uptake of the neurotrophin BDNF. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105216. [PMID: 37660918 PMCID: PMC10540051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vps10p-domain (Vps10p-D) receptor family consists of Sortilin, SorLA, SorCS1, SorCS2, and SorCS3. They mediate internalization and intracellular sorting of specific cargo in various cell types, but underlying molecular determinants are incompletely understood. Deciphering the dynamic intracellular itineraries of Vps10p-D receptors is crucial for understanding their role in physiological and cytopathological processes. However, studying their spatial and temporal dynamics by live imaging has been challenging so far, as terminal tagging with fluorophores presumably impedes several of their protein interactions and thus functions. Here, we addressed the lack of appropriate tools and developed functional versions of all family members internally tagged in their ectodomains. We predict folding of the newly designed receptors by bioinformatics and show their exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. We examined their subcellular localization in immortalized cells and primary cultured neurons by immunocytochemistry and live imaging. This was, as far as known, identical to that of wt counterparts. We observed homodimerization of fluorophore-tagged SorCS2 by coimmunoprecipitation and fluorescence lifetime imaging, suggesting functional leucine-rich domains. Through ligand uptake experiments, live imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging, we show for the first time that all Vps10p-D receptors interact with the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mediate its uptake, indicating functionality of the Vps10p-Ds. In summary, we developed versions of all Vps10p-D receptors, with internal fluorophore tags that preserve several functions of the cytoplasmic and extracellular domains. These newly developed fluorophore-tagged receptors are likely to serve as powerful functional tools for accurate live studies of the individual cellular functions of Vps10p-D receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Klein
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Guido Hermey
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Monti G, Vincke C, Lunding M, Jensen AMG, Madsen P, Muyldermans S, Kjolby M, Andersen OM. Epitope mapping of nanobodies binding the Alzheimer's disease receptor SORLA. J Biotechnol 2023; 375:17-27. [PMID: 37634829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Reduced levels of the Sortilin-related receptor with A-type repeats (SORLA) in different brain regions as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid have been associated with Alzheimer's disease. Methods and reagents to develop reliable detection assays to quantify SORLA and its specific isoforms are therefore much needed. Nanobodies (Nbs) are unique biomolecules derived from the blood of camelids that display advantageous physicochemical and antigen affinity properties, making them attractive tools with great relevance to both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Here, we purified and characterized eight Nbs that were isolated from the blood of an alpaca immunized with the recombinant extracellular domain of SORLA. The selected Nbs showed high affinity to SORLA in the low nanomolar range as observed by surface plasmon resonance. For mapping of the Nbs' epitopes within the antigen, we transiently transfected HEK293 cells with a panel of SORLA deletion constructs, and developed a protocol of immunostaining by applying fluorescent dye conjugated Nbs. With this method, we showed that the selected Nbs specifically recognize a part of SORLA containing Fibronectin-type III domains, representing promising tools not only for disease clarifying research, but also for translational medicine as candidates for clinical diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Monti
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie Lunding
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette G Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peder Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Salasova A, Monti G, Andersen OM, Nykjaer A. Finding memo: versatile interactions of the VPS10p-Domain receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:74. [PMID: 36397124 PMCID: PMC9673319 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of VPS10p-Domain (D) receptors comprises five members named SorLA, Sortilin, SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3. While their physiological roles remain incompletely resolved, they have been recognized for their signaling engagements and trafficking abilities, navigating a number of molecules between endosome, Golgi compartments, and the cell surface. Strikingly, recent studies connected all the VPS10p-D receptors to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. In addition, they have been also associated with diseases comorbid with AD such as diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder. This systematic review elaborates on genetic, functional, and mechanistic insights into how dysfunction in VPS10p-D receptors may contribute to AD etiology, AD onset diversity, and AD comorbidities. Starting with their functions in controlling cellular trafficking of amyloid precursor protein and the metabolism of the amyloid beta peptide, we present and exemplify how these receptors, despite being structurally similar, regulate various and distinct cellular events involved in AD. This includes a plethora of signaling crosstalks that impact on neuronal survival, neuronal wiring, neuronal polarity, and synaptic plasticity. Signaling activities of the VPS10p-D receptors are especially linked, but not limited to, the regulation of neuronal fitness and apoptosis via their physical interaction with pro- and mature neurotrophins and their receptors. By compiling the functional versatility of VPS10p-D receptors and their interactions with AD-related pathways, we aim to further propel the AD research towards VPS10p-D receptor family, knowledge that may lead to new diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies for AD patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Binkle L, Klein M, Borgmeyer U, Kuhl D, Hermey G. The adaptor protein PICK1 targets the sorting receptor SorLA. Mol Brain 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 35183222 PMCID: PMC8858569 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SorLA is a member of the Vps10p-domain (Vps10p-D) receptor family of type-I transmembrane proteins conveying neuronal endosomal sorting. The extracellular/luminal moiety of SorLA has a unique mosaic domain composition and interacts with a large number of different and partially unrelated ligands, including the amyloid precursor protein as well as amyloid-β. Several studies support a strong association of SorLA with sporadic and familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although SorLA seems to be an important factor in AD, the large number of different ligands suggests a role as a neuronal multifunctional receptor with additional intracellular sorting capacities. Therefore, understanding the determinants of SorLA’s subcellular targeting might be pertinent for understanding neuronal endosomal sorting mechanisms in general. A number of cytosolic adaptor proteins have already been demonstrated to determine intracellular trafficking of SorLA. Most of these adaptors and several ligands of the extracellular/luminal moiety are shared with the Vps10p-D receptor Sortilin. Although SorLA and Sortilin show both a predominant intracellular and endosomal localization, they are targeted to different endosomal compartments. Thus, independent adaptor proteins may convey their differential endosomal targeting. Here, we hypothesized that Sortilin and SorLA interact with the cytosolic adaptors PSD95 and PICK1 which have been shown to bind the Vps10p-D receptor SorCS3. We observed only an interaction for SorLA and PICK1 in mammalian-two-hybrid, pull-down and cellular recruitment experiments. We demonstrate by mutational analysis that the C-terminal minimal PDZ domain binding motif VIA of SorLA mediates the interaction. Moreover, we show co-localization of SorLA and PICK1 at vesicular structures in primary neurons. Although the physiological role of the interaction between PICK1 and SorLA remains unsolved, our study suggests that PICK1 partakes in regulating SorLA’s intracellular itinerary.
Collapse
|
10
|
Szabo MP, Mishra S, Knupp A, Young JE. The role of Alzheimer's disease risk genes in endolysosomal pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 162:105576. [PMID: 34871734 PMCID: PMC9071255 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample pathological and biological evidence for endo-lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and emerging genetic studies repeatedly implicate endo-lysosomal genes as associated with increased AD risk. The endo-lysosomal network (ELN) is essential for all cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), yet each unique cell type utilizes cellular trafficking differently (see Fig. 1). Challenges ahead involve defining the role of AD associated genes in the functionality of the endo-lysosomal network (ELN) and understanding how this impacts the cellular dysfunction that occurs in AD. This is critical to the development of new therapeutics that will impact, and potentially reverse, early disease phenotypes. Here we review some early evidence of ELN dysfunction in AD pathogenesis and discuss the role of selected AD-associated risk genes in this pathway. In particular, we review genes that have been replicated in multiple genome-wide association studies(Andrews et al., 2020; Jansen et al., 2019; Kunkle et al., 2019; Lambert et al., 2013; Marioni et al., 2018) and reviewed in(Andrews et al., 2020) that have defined roles in the endo-lysosomal network. These genes include SORL1, an AD risk gene harboring both rare and common variants associated with AD risk and a role in trafficking cargo, including APP, through the ELN; BIN1, a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis whose expression correlates with Tau pathology; CD2AP, an AD risk gene with roles in endosome morphology and recycling; PICALM, a clathrin-binding protein that mediates trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes; and Ephrin Receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases with AD associations and interactions with other AD risk genes. Finally, we will discuss how human cellular models can elucidate cell-type specific differences in ELN dysfunction in AD and aid in therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcell P Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abramenko IV, Bilous NI, Chumak AA, Diagil IS, Martina ZV. THE EXPRESSION OF THE MAIN AND ALTERNATIVE TRANSCRIPT (SORL1 Delta2) OF THE SORL1 GENE IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS AFFECTED BY THE CHORNOBYL ACCIDENT. PROBLEMY RADIATSIINOI MEDYTSYNY TA RADIOBIOLOHII 2021; 26:273-283. [PMID: 34965554 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2021-26-273-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to study clinical-hematological data and expression of the main and alternative transcripts of SORL1 genein chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients affected by the Chornobyl catastrophe. METHODS Analysis was performed in the main group of 34 CLL patients irradiated due to the Chornobyl NPP acci-dent (30 clean-up workers, and 4 evacuees) and in the control group of 27 non-irradiated CLL patients. Groups ofpatients were comparable by age, sex, stage of disease, mutational status of IGHV genes. Expression of the main andalternative transcripts of SORL1 gene was evaluated by Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TheIGHV gene mutational status, TP53 and SF3B1 mutations were studied by PCR followed by direct sequencing. Data wereanalyzed with the SPSS software package, version 20.0. RESULTS Relative expression level of the main transcript of SORL1 gene was low (mean 1.71 ± 0.55, median 0.57),did not correlate with the IGHV gene mutational status, TP53 and SF3B1 mutations, stage of disease. The expressionof B transcript was not detected, F transcript was expressed at a very low level in 9 patients. The average relativeexpression level of SORL1-Δ2 transcript was 14.1 ± 6.04 (median 3.48; range 0.01-90.51). The expression of SORL1-Δ2transcript above the median was more frequent among patients on C stage (p = 0.001), and in patients with unmu-tated IGHV genes was associated with an extremely negative course of CLL (median of overall survival 9 months vs61 months at low expression). Relative expression levels of the main and alternative transcripts of SORL1 gene inpatients of the main and the control groups did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary data suggest that increased expression of SORL1-Δ2 transcript in CLL patients withunmutated IGHV genes can be considered as a negative prognostic marker.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/physiopathology
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Occupational Exposure/adverse effects
- Radiation Exposure/adverse effects
- Radioactive Hazard Release
- Transcription, Genetic
- Ukraine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I V Abramenko
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - N I Bilous
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - A A Chumak
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - I S Diagil
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Z V Martina
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Príncipe C, Dionísio de Sousa IJ, Prazeres H, Soares P, Lima RT. LRP1B: A Giant Lost in Cancer Translation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:836. [PMID: 34577535 PMCID: PMC8469001 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B (LRP1B) is a giant member of the LDLR protein family, which includes several structurally homologous cell surface receptors with a wide range of biological functions from cargo transport to cell signaling. LRP1B is among the most altered genes in human cancer overall. Found frequently inactivated by several genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, it has mostly been regarded as a putative tumor suppressor. Still, limitations in LRP1B studies exist, in particular associated with its huge size. Therefore, LRP1B expression and function in cancer remains to be fully unveiled. This review addresses the current understanding of LRP1B and the studies that shed a light on the LRP1B structure and ligands. It goes further in presenting increasing knowledge brought by technical and methodological advances that allow to better manipulate LRP1B expression in cells and to more thoroughly explore its expression and mutation status. New evidence is pushing towards the increased relevance of LRP1B in cancer as a potential target or translational prognosis and response to therapy biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Príncipe
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (H.P.); (P.S.)
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel J. Dionísio de Sousa
- Department of Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Prazeres
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (H.P.); (P.S.)
- IPO-Coimbra, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (H.P.); (P.S.)
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel T. Lima
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (H.P.); (P.S.)
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qiu G, Zhu FQ, Xu C. Identification of two pathogenic mutations in SORL1 in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 89:243-248. [PMID: 34119275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene has been the subject of many studies focusing on frequent polymorphisms, which is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). By whole-exome sequencing (WES), we identified two pathogenic missense mutations c.579C > G (p.F193L) and c.1397A > G (p.N466S) in SORL1. The two mutations were located in the same protein domain, and the two unrelated probands both had an onset of memory problems at less than 65 years of age, but their clinical manifestations and cranial imaging are different. The protein structure and function affected by these mutations were predicted using bioinformatics analysis, which suggested they were pathogenic. 3D protein structural analysis revealed that these amino acid substitutions might result in instability of protein structure and adverse intramolecular interactions. These findings suggest that both F193L and N466S should be thought as potential causative mutations in early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) patients. Further functional studies are warranted to evaluate their roles in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Qiu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Fei-Qi Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Monti G, Kjolby M, Jensen AMG, Allen M, Reiche J, Møller PL, Comaposada-Baró R, Zolkowski BE, Vieira C, Jørgensen MM, Holm IE, Valdmanis PN, Wellner N, Vægter CB, Lincoln SJ, Nykjær A, Ertekin-Taner N, Young JE, Nyegaard M, Andersen OM. Expression of an alternatively spliced variant of SORL1 in neuronal dendrites is decreased in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:43. [PMID: 33726851 PMCID: PMC7962264 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SORL1 is strongly associated with both sporadic and familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but a lack of information about alternatively spliced transcripts currently limits our understanding of the role of SORL1 in AD. Here, we describe a SORL1 transcript (SORL1-38b) characterized by inclusion of a novel exon (E38b) that encodes a truncated protein. We identified E38b-containing transcripts in several brain regions, with the highest expression in the cerebellum and showed that SORL1-38b is largely located in neuronal dendrites, which is in contrast to the somatic distribution of transcripts encoding the full-length SORLA protein (SORL1-fl). SORL1-38b transcript levels were significantly reduced in AD cerebellum in three independent cohorts of postmortem brains, whereas no changes were observed for SORL1-fl. A trend of lower 38b transcript level in cerebellum was found for individuals carrying the risk variant at rs2282649 (known as SNP24), although not reaching statistical significance. These findings suggest synaptic functions for SORL1-38b in the brain, uncovering novel aspects of SORL1 that can be further explored in AD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Monti
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette G Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Juliane Reiche
- Department of Biochemistry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter L Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Raquel Comaposada-Baró
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bartlomiej E Zolkowski
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cármen Vieira
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Margarita Melnikova Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Ida E Holm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Paul N Valdmanis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Niels Wellner
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vægter
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sarah J Lincoln
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Anders Nykjær
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Proteins in Memory - PROMEMO, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Center for Proteins in Memory - PROMEMO, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghaemimanesh F, Mehravar M, Milani S, Poursani EM, Saliminejad K. The multifaceted role of sortilin/neurotensin receptor 3 in human cancer development. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6271-6281. [PMID: 33634506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin (also known as neurotensin receptor 3) is a multitasking protein implicated in numerous pathophysiological processes, including cancer development, cardiovascular impairment, Alzheimer-type dementia, and depression. Although the definitive role of sortilin in human solid and hematological malignancies has been evidenced, few articles reviewed the task. The aim of the current review is to unravel the mechanisms by which sortilin controls oncogenicity and cancer progression; and also to summarize and discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on this topic. Questions on how sortilin is involving in the impairment of cell junctions, in exosomes composition and release, as well as in the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor trafficking are also responded. In addition, we provide a special focus on the regulatory role of sortilin in signal transduction by either neurotrophins or neurotensin in normal and malignant cells. The relevance of sortilin with normal and cancer stem cells is also discussed. The last section provides a general overview of sortilin applications as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in the context of cancer detection. Finally, we comment on the future research aspects in which the field of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy might be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghaemimanesh
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Mehravar
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saeideh Milani
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh M Poursani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kioomars Saliminejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Han W, Qiao Y, Zhang H, Geng C, Zhu X, Liao D, Guo Y, Yang M, Chen D, Jiang P. Circulating sortilin levels are associated with inflammation in patients with moyamoya disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:103-109. [PMID: 32940806 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of moyamoya disease (MMD). Sortilin is a critical regulator of proinflammatory cytokine secretion in several cell types. The present study investigated the association between circulating sortilin and proinflammatory cytokine levels and the occurrence of MMD. METHODS Forty-two MMD cases and 76 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in this study between January 2018 and June 2019 at the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University. The demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated, and the circulating serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of sortilin, sortilin-related receptor with A-type repeats (SorLA), and proinflammatory cytokines including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Linear regression and correlation analyses were used to estimate the associations between sortilin, SorLA, and proinflammatory cytokine levels. RESULTS MMD patients had higher serum levels of sortilin (P = 0.012), CRP (P = 0.013), IL-6 (P = 0.004), and IFN-γ (P = 0.033) than healthy controls. In MMD patients, serum sortilin was positively correlated with serum proinflammatory cytokines (CRP: r = 0.459, P = 0.0022; IL-6: r = 0.445, P = 0.0032; and IFN-γ: r = 0.448, P = 0.0029) and CSF sortilin (r = 0.440, P = 0.0035); the latter was positively correlated with CSF levels of CRP (r = 0.542, P = 0.0002), IL-6 (r = 0.440, P = 0.0036), and IFN-γ (r = 0.443, P = 0.0033). CONCLUSIONS Elevated sortilin level is associated MMD onset and may be a clinically useful biomarker along with proinflammatory cytokine levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, 6, Jiankang Road, Jining, 272011, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, 6, Jiankang Road, Jining, 272011, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, 6, Jiankang Road, Jining, 272011, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- Department of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Dehua Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yujin Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, 6, Jiankang Road, Jining, 272011, China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, 6, Jiankang Road, Jining, 272011, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, 6, Jiankang Road, Jining, 272011, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, 6, Jiankang Road, Jining, 272011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
VPS10P Domain Receptors: Sorting Out Brain Health and Disease. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:870-885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
18
|
Barthelson K, Pederson SM, Newman M, Lardelli M. Brain transcriptome analysis reveals subtle effects on mitochondrial function and iron homeostasis of mutations in the SORL1 gene implicated in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2020; 13:142. [PMID: 33076949 PMCID: PMC7570131 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we must understand its molecular basis. The great majority of AD cases arise sporadically with a late onset after 65 years of age (LOAD). However, rare familial cases of AD can occur due to dominant mutations in a small number of genes that cause an early onset prior to 65 years of age (EOfAD). As EOfAD and LOAD share similar pathologies and disease progression, analysis of EOfAD genetic models may give insight into both subtypes of AD. Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) is genetically associated with both EOfAD and LOAD and provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationships between both forms of AD. Currently, the role of SORL1 mutations in AD pathogenesis is unclear. To understand the molecular consequences of SORL1 mutation, we performed targeted mutagenesis of the orthologous gene in zebrafish. We generated an EOfAD-like mutation, V1482Afs, and a putatively null mutation, to investigate whether EOfAD-like mutations in sorl1 display haploinsufficiency by acting through loss-of-function mechanisms. We performed mRNA-sequencing on whole brains, comparing wild type fish with their siblings heterozygous for EOfAD-like or putatively loss-of-function mutations in sorl1, or transheterozygous for these mutations. Differential gene expression analysis identified a small number of differentially expressed genes due to the sorl1 genotypes. We also performed enrichment analysis on all detectable genes to obtain a more complete view on changes to gene expression by performing three methods of gene set enrichment analysis, then calculated an overall significance value using the harmonic mean p-value. This identified subtle effects on expression of genes involved in energy production, mRNA translation and mTORC1 signalling in both the EOfAD-like and null mutant brains, implying that these effects are due to sorl1 haploinsufficiency. Surprisingly, we also observed changes to expression of genes occurring only in the EOfAD-mutation carrier brains, suggesting gain-of-function effects. Transheterozygosity for the EOfAD-like and null mutations (i.e. lacking wild type sorl1), caused apparent effects on iron homeostasis and other transcriptome changes distinct from the single-mutation heterozygous fish. Our results provide insight into the possible early brain molecular effects of an EOfAD mutation in human SORL1. Differential effects of heterozygosity and complete loss of normal SORL1 expression are revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Stephen Martin Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
GDNF synthesis, signaling, and retrograde transport in motor neurons. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:47-56. [PMID: 32897420 PMCID: PMC7529617 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a 134 amino acid protein belonging in the GDNF family ligands (GFLs). GDNF was originally isolated from rat glial cell lines and identified as a neurotrophic factor with the ability to promote dopamine uptake within midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Since its discovery, the potential neuroprotective effects of GDNF have been researched extensively, and the effect of GDNF on motor neurons will be discussed herein. Similar to other members of the TGF-β superfamily, GDNF is first synthesized as a precursor protein (pro-GDNF). After a series of protein cleavage and processing, the 211 amino acid pro-GDNF is finally converted into the active and mature form of GDNF. GDNF has the ability to trigger receptor tyrosine kinase RET phosphorylation, whose downstream effects have been found to promote neuronal health and survival. The binding of GDNF to its receptors triggers several intracellular signaling pathways which play roles in promoting the development, survival, and maintenance of neuron-neuron and neuron-target tissue interactions. The synthesis and regulation of GDNF have been shown to be altered in many diseases, aging, exercise, and addiction. The neuroprotective effects of GDNF may be used to develop treatments and therapies to ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the general roles of GDNF and its production, delivery, secretion, and neuroprotective effects on motor neurons within the mammalian neuromuscular system.
Collapse
|
20
|
Stanciu GD, Ababei DC, Bild V, Bild W, Paduraru L, Gutu MM, Tamba BI. Renal Contributions in the Pathophysiology and Neuropathological Substrates Shared by Chronic Kidney Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080563. [PMID: 32824404 PMCID: PMC7464898 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease and Alzheimer’s disease are chronic conditions highly prevalent in elderly communities and societies, and a diagnosis of them is devastating and life changing. Demanding therapies and changes, such as non-compliance, cognitive impairment, and non-cognitive anomalies, may lead to supplementary symptoms and subsequent worsening of well-being and quality of life, impacting the socio-economic status of both patient and family. In recent decades, additional hypotheses have attempted to clarify the connection between these two diseases, multifactorial in their nature, but even so, the mechanisms behind this link are still elusive. In this paper, we sought to highlight the current understanding of the mechanisms for cognitive decline in patients with these concurrent pathologies and provide insight into the relationship between markers related to these disease entities and whether the potential biomarkers for renal function may be used for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Exploring detailed knowledge of etiologies, heterogeneity of risk factors, and neuropathological processes associated with these conditions opens opportunities for the development of new therapies and biomarkers to delay or slow their progression and validation of whether the setting of chronic kidney disease could be a potential determinant for cognitive damage in Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
| | - Daniela Carmen Ababei
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (D.C.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Veronica Bild
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Walther Bild
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Luminita Paduraru
- Department Mother & Child Care, Division Neonatology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.C.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Mihai Marius Gutu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Tamba
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Soluble SORLA Enhances Neurite Outgrowth and Regeneration through Activation of the EGF Receptor/ERK Signaling Axis. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5908-5921. [PMID: 32601248 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0723-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SORLA is a transmembrane trafficking protein associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. Although SORLA is abundantly expressed in neurons, physiological roles for SORLA remain unclear. Here, we show that cultured transgenic neurons overexpressing SORLA feature longer neurites, and accelerated neurite regeneration with wounding. Enhanced release of a soluble form of SORLA (sSORLA) is observed in transgenic mouse neurons overexpressing human SORLA, while purified sSORLA promotes neurite extension and regeneration. Phosphoproteomic analyses demonstrate enrichment of phosphoproteins related to the epidermal growth factor (EGFR)/ERK pathway in SORLA transgenic mouse hippocampus from both genders. sSORLA coprecipitates with EGFR in vitro, and sSORLA treatment increases EGFR Y1173 phosphorylation, which is involved in ERK activation in cultured neurons. Furthermore, sSORLA triggers ERK activation, whereas pharmacological EGFR or ERK inhibition reverses sSORLA-dependent enhancement of neurite outgrowth. In search for downstream ERK effectors activated by sSORLA, we identified upregulation of Fos expression in hippocampus from male mice overexpressing SORLA by RNAseq analysis. We also found that Fos is upregulated and translocates to the nucleus in an ERK-dependent manner in neurons treated with sSORLA. Together, these results demonstrate that sSORLA is an EGFR-interacting protein that activates EGFR/ERK/Fos signaling to enhance neurite outgrowth and regeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT SORLA is a transmembrane trafficking protein previously known to reduce the levels of amyloid-β, which is critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, SORLA mutations are a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly, the SORLA ectodomain is cleaved into a soluble form, sSORLA, which has been shown to regulate cytoskeletal signaling pathways and cell motility in cells outside the nervous system. We show here that sSORLA binds and activates the EGF receptor to induce downstream signaling through the ERK serine/threonine kinase and the Fos transcription factor, thereby enhancing neurite outgrowth. These findings reveal a novel role for sSORLA in promoting neurite regeneration through the EGF receptor/ERK/Fos pathway, thereby demonstrating a potential neuroprotective mechanism involving SORLA.
Collapse
|
22
|
Choi YB, Lee MJ, Park JT, Han SH, Kang SW, Yoo TH, Kim HJ. Prognostic value of soluble ST2 and soluble LR11 on mortality and cardiovascular events in peritoneal dialysis patients. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:228. [PMID: 32539731 PMCID: PMC7296670 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the soluble form of suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) and soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor relative with 11 ligand-binding repeats (sLR11) have emerged as novel cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with cardiovascular disease, their prognostic value has not been fully investigated in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods We included 74 prevalent PD patients from a prospective cohort and measured serum sST2 and sLR11 concentrations by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association of these biomarkers and all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) was evaluated. Results During a follow-up of 38.5 months, all-cause deaths and MACCEs were observed in 13 (17.6%) patients and 23 (31.3%) patients. Multivariable Cox analyses demonstrated that greater sST2 was independently associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality (≥75.8 ng/mL; hazard ratio [HR] = 5.551; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.360–22.660) and MACCEs (≥72.5 ng/mL; HR = 4.609; 95% CI = 1.608–13.208). Furthermore, sST2 showed additive predictive value for mortality to the base model including traditional risk factors (net reclassification index = 0.598, P = 0.04). sLR11 was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality or MACCE. Conclusions sST2, but not sLR11, indicated a significant prognostic value for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in PD patients. Further research is needed to validate emerging biomarkers in these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bum Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Mi Jung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barthelson K, Newman M, Lardelli M. Sorting Out the Role of the Sortilin-Related Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:123-140. [PMID: 32587946 PMCID: PMC7306921 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) encodes a large, multi-domain containing, membrane-bound receptor involved in endosomal sorting of proteins between the trans-Golgi network, endosomes and the plasma membrane. It is genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. SORL1 is a unique gene in AD, as it appears to show strong associations with the common, late-onset, sporadic form of AD and the rare, early-onset familial form of AD. Here, we review the genetics of SORL1 in AD and discuss potential roles it could play in AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Perdigão C, Barata MA, Araújo MN, Mirfakhar FS, Castanheira J, Guimas Almeida C. Intracellular Trafficking Mechanisms of Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:72. [PMID: 32362813 PMCID: PMC7180223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss. Although AD neuropathological hallmarks are extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles, the best correlate of disease progression is synapse loss. What causes synapse loss has been the focus of several researchers in the AD field. Synapses become dysfunctional before plaques and tangles form. Studies based on early-onset familial AD (eFAD) models have supported that synaptic transmission is depressed by β-amyloid (Aβ) triggered mechanisms. Since eFAD is rare, affecting only 1% of patients, research has shifted to the study of the most common late-onset AD (LOAD). Intracellular trafficking has emerged as one of the pathways of LOAD genes. Few studies have assessed the impact of trafficking LOAD genes on synapse dysfunction. Since endocytic traffic is essential for synaptic function, we reviewed Aβ-dependent and independent mechanisms of the earliest synaptic dysfunction in AD. We have focused on the role of intraneuronal and secreted Aβ oligomers, highlighting the dysfunction of endocytic trafficking as an Aβ-dependent mechanism of synapse dysfunction in AD. Here, we reviewed the LOAD trafficking genes APOE4, ABCA7, BIN1, CD2AP, PICALM, EPH1A, and SORL1, for which there is a synaptic link. We conclude that in eFAD and LOAD, the earliest synaptic dysfunctions are characterized by disruptions of the presynaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis and of postsynaptic glutamate receptor endocytosis. While in eFAD synapse dysfunction seems to be triggered by Aβ, in LOAD, there might be a direct synaptic disruption by LOAD trafficking genes. To identify promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers of the earliest synaptic dysfunction in AD, it will be necessary to join efforts in further dissecting the mechanisms used by Aβ and by LOAD genes to disrupt synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Perdigão
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana A Barata
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida N Araújo
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Farzaneh S Mirfakhar
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Castanheira
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Han W, Wei Z, Zhang H, Geng C, Dang R, Yang M, Zhang J, Wang C, Jiang P. The Association Between Sortilin and Inflammation in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:71-79. [PMID: 32104044 PMCID: PMC7020934 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s240421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammation is a key contributor to coronary heart disease (CHD). Sortilin is a sorting receptor and has been identified as a critical regulator of inflammatory response. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the link between circulating sortilin levels, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and the occurrence of CHD. Patients and Methods Our study included 227 CHD patients and 101 matched healthy individuals. Circulating serum levels of sortilin and proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, were assessed by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). Linear regression and correlation analyses were used to estimate the associations between sortilin and proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the sortilin and SORL1 genes were genotyped. Results Elevated levels of sortilin (P=0.027) and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (P=0.013), IL-6 (P=0.000) and TNF-α (P=0.010) were observed in CHD patients compared to those in healthy controls. Furthermore, sortilin levels were significantly positively correlated with IL-1β (r=0.252, P=0.0001), IL-6 (r=0.250, P=0.0001) and TNF-α (r=0.180, P=0.0064) levels. Notably, sortilin polymorphisms were revealed to be associated with the occurrence of CHD and varying sortilin levels. Subjects with the rs599839 AA risk genotype for CHD had significantly higher sortilin levels than those with the GG and GA genotypes (P=0.000); the same tendency was also observed in the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (P=0.003) and TNF-α (P=0.000). Similarly, GG carriers of rs464218 with increased sortilin levels were found to be at increased risk for CHD (P=0.014). The levels of IL-1β (P=0.025) and IL-6 (P=0.015) were also increased in these patients. Conclusion Our findings reveal that high sortilin levels may interact with inflammatory response to contribute to the occurrence of CHD. Considering that our clinical evidence suggests for the first time that sortilin involves in inflammatory response in CHD, the mechanistic role of sortilin in the progression of CHD deserves detailed investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Wei
- Department of Medical Administration, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruili Dang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Imperatore JA, Then ML, McDougal KB, Mihailescu MR. Characterization of a G-Quadruplex Structure in Pre-miRNA-1229 and in Its Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Variant rs2291418: Implications for miRNA-1229 Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030767. [PMID: 31991575 PMCID: PMC7037302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease, is associated with various forms of cognitive and functional impairment that worsen with disease progression. AD is typically characterized as a protein misfolding disease, in which abnormal plaques form due to accumulation of tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) proteins. An assortment of proteins is responsible for the processing and trafficking of Aβ, including sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1). Recently, a genome-wide association study of microRNA-related variants found that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2291418 within premature microRNA-1229 (pre-miRNA-1229) is significantly associated with AD. Moreover, the levels of the mature miRNA-1229-3p, which has been shown to regulate the SORL1 translation, are increased in the rs2291418 pre-miRNA-1229 variant. In this study we used various biophysical techniques to show that pre-miRNA-1229 forms a G-quadruplex secondary structure that coexists in equilibrium with the canonical hairpin structure, potentially controlling the production of the mature miR-1229-3p, and furthermore, that the AD-associated SNP rs2291418 pre-miR-1229 changes the equilibrium between these structures. Thus, the G-quadruplex structure we identified within pre-miRNA-1229 could potentially act as a novel therapeutic target in AD.
Collapse
|
27
|
Gu XH, Li H, Zhang L, He T, Chai X, Wei H, Gao DS. Differential expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor splice variants in the mouse brain. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:270-276. [PMID: 31552899 PMCID: PMC6905338 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays a critical role in neuronal survival and function. GDNF has two major splice variants in the brain, α-pro-GDNF and β-pro-GDNF, and both isoforms have strong neuroprotective effects on dopamine neurons. However, the expression of the GDNF splice variants in dopaminergic neurons in the brain remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the mRNA and protein expression of α- and β-pro-GDNF in the mouse brain by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, using splice variant-specific primers, and western blot analysis. At the mRNA level, β-pro-GDNF expression was significantly greater than that of α-pro-GDNF in the mouse brain. In contrast, at the protein level, α-pro-GDNF expression was markedly greater than that of β-pro-GDNF. To clarify the mechanism underlying this inverse relationship in mRNA and protein expression levels of the GDNF splice variants, we analyzed the expression of sorting protein-related receptor with A-type repeats (SorLA) by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. At the mRNA level, SorLA was positively associated with β-pro-GDNF expression, but not with α-pro-GDNF expression. This suggests that the differential expression of α- and β-pro-GDNF in the mouse brain is related to SorLA expression. As a sorting protein, SorLA could contribute to the inverse relationship among the mRNA and protein levels of the GDNF isoforms. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Xuzhou Medical University, China on July 14, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-He Gu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Chai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - He Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dian-Shuai Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pietilä M, Sahgal P, Peuhu E, Jäntti NZ, Paatero I, Närvä E, Al-Akhrass H, Lilja J, Georgiadou M, Andersen OM, Padzik A, Sihto H, Joensuu H, Blomqvist M, Saarinen I, Boström PJ, Taimen P, Ivaska J. SORLA regulates endosomal trafficking and oncogenic fitness of HER2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2340. [PMID: 31138794 PMCID: PMC6538630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an oncogene targeted by several kinase inhibitors and therapeutic antibodies. While the endosomal trafficking of many other receptor tyrosine kinases is known to regulate their oncogenic signalling, the prevailing view on HER2 is that this receptor is predominantly retained on the cell surface. Here, we find that sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORLA; SORL1) co-precipitates with HER2 in cancer cells and regulates HER2 subcellular distribution by promoting recycling of the endosomal receptor back to the plasma membrane. SORLA protein levels in cancer cell lines and bladder cancers correlates with HER2 levels. Depletion of SORLA triggers HER2 targeting to late endosomal/lysosomal compartments and impairs HER2-driven signalling and in vivo tumour growth. SORLA silencing also disrupts normal lysosome function and sensitizes anti-HER2 therapy sensitive and resistant cancer cells to lysosome-targeting cationic amphiphilic drugs. These findings reveal potentially important SORLA-dependent endosomal trafficking-linked vulnerabilities in HER2-driven cancers. The EGF receptor HER2 is an oncogene protein thought to reside at the plasma membrane, but its endosomal trafficking is currently unclear. Here, the authors report that HER2 is endocytosed and that sortillin-related receptor 1 (SORLA) promotes endosomal HER2 recycling and HER2 oncogenic signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Pietilä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pranshu Sahgal
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Niklas Z Jäntti
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Elisa Närvä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Hussein Al-Akhrass
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lilja
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Georgiadou
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience Nordic-EMBL Partnership (DANDRITE), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Artur Padzik
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Sihto
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matias Blomqvist
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Irena Saarinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J Boström
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bajaj L, Lotfi P, Pal R, di Ronza A, Sharma J, Sardiello M. Lysosome biogenesis in health and disease. J Neurochem 2019; 148:573-589. [PMID: 30092616 PMCID: PMC6368902 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the pathways that regulate lysosome biogenesis and that are implicated in numerous degenerative storage diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders and late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Lysosomal proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and trafficked to the endolysosomal system through the secretory route. Several receptors have been characterized that execute post-Golgi trafficking of lysosomal proteins. Some of them recognize their cargo proteins based on specific amino acid signatures, others based on a particular glycan modification that is exclusively found on lysosomal proteins. Nearly all receptors serving lysosome biogenesis are under the transcriptional control of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of the lysosomal system. TFEB coordinates the expression of lysosomal hydrolases, lysosomal membrane proteins, and autophagy proteins in response to pathways sensing lysosomal stress and the nutritional conditions of the cell among other stimuli. TFEB is primed for activation in lysosomal storage disorders but surprisingly its function is impaired in some late-onset neurodegenerative storage diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, because of specific detrimental interactions that limit TFEB expression or activation. Thus, disrupted TFEB function presumably plays a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Multiple studies in animal models of degenerative storage diseases have shown that exogenous expression of TFEB and pharmacological activation of endogenous TFEB attenuate disease phenotypes. These results highlight TFEB-mediated enhancement of lysosomal biogenesis and function as a candidate strategy to counteract the progression of these diseases. This article is part of the Special Issue "Lysosomal Storage Disorders".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshya Bajaj
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Parisa Lotfi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Rituraj Pal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Alberto di Ronza
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jaiprakash Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
HSPA12A targets the cytoplasmic domain and affects the trafficking of the Amyloid Precursor Protein receptor SorLA. Sci Rep 2019; 9:611. [PMID: 30679749 PMCID: PMC6345817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SorLA and Sortilin are multifunctional receptors involved in endocytosis and intracellular sorting of different and unrelated ligands. SorLA has recently attracted much attention as a novel strong risk gene for Alzheimer’s disease, and much effort is currently being put into understanding the underlying molecular mechanism. Trafficking of SorLA and Sortilin are mediated by interacting with AP-1, AP-2, GGA 1-3 and the retromer complex. Although these cytosolic adaptor proteins all bind to both SorLA and Sortilin, a large fraction of intracellular Sortilin and SorLA are located in different subcellular vesicles. This indicates that unknown specialised adaptor proteins targeting SorLA for trafficking are yet to be discovered. We have identified HSPA12A as a new adaptor protein that, among Vps10p-D receptors, selectively binds to SorLA in an ADP/ATP dependent manner. This is the first described substrate of HSPA12A, and we demonstrate that the binding, which affects both endocytic speed and subcellular localisation of SorLA, is mediated by specific acidic residues in the cytosolic domain of SorLA. The identification of the relatively unknown HSPA12A as a SorLA specific interaction partner could lead to novel insight into the molecular mechanism of SorLA, and re-emphasises the role of heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Blondeau N, Béraud-Dufour S, Lebrun P, Hivelin C, Coppola T. Sortilin in Glucose Homeostasis: From Accessory Protein to Key Player? Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1561. [PMID: 30697159 PMCID: PMC6340931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological properties and physiological roles of the type I receptor sortilin, also called neurotensin receptor-3, are various and complex. Sortilin is involved in important biological functions from neurotensin and pro-Nerve Growth Factor signaling in the central nervous system to regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in the periphery. The peripheral functions of sortilin being less extensively addressed, the focus of the current review is to discuss recent works describing sortilin-induced molecular mechanisms regulating blood glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling. Thus, an overview of several roles ascribed to sortilin in diabetes and other metabolic diseases are presented. Investigations on crucial cellular pathways involved in the protective effect of sortilin receptor on beta cells, including recent discoveries about regulation of cell fate, are also detailed. In addition, we provide a special focus on insulin secretion regulation involving complexes between sortilin and neurotensin receptors. The last section comments on the future research areas which should be developed to address the function of new effectors of the sortilin system in the endocrine apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blondeau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Sophie Béraud-Dufour
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Patricia Lebrun
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Céline Hivelin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Thierry Coppola
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Talbot H, Saada S, Naves T, Gallet PF, Fauchais AL, Jauberteau MO. Regulatory Roles of Sortilin and SorLA in Immune-Related Processes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1507. [PMID: 30666202 PMCID: PMC6330335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin, also known as Neurotensin Receptor-3, and the sorting-related receptor with type-A repeats (SorLA) are both members of the Vps10p domain receptor family. Initially identified in CNS cells, they are expressed in various other cell types where they exert multiple functions. Although mostly studied for its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease, SorLA has recently been shown to be implicated in immune response by regulating IL-6-mediated signaling, as well as driving monocyte migration. Sortilin has been shown to act as a receptor, as a co-receptor and as an intra- and extracellular trafficking regulator. In the last two decades, deregulation of sortilin has been demonstrated to be involved in many human pathophysiologies, including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases), type 2 diabetes and obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Several studies highlighted different functions of sortilin in the immune system, notably in microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation, phagosome fusion and pathogen clearance. In this review, we will analyze the multiple roles of sortilin and SorLA in the human immune system and how their deregulation may be involved in disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Talbot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sofiane Saada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Thomas Naves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Fauchais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Immunology, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Harada M, Jiang M, Terai K, Ebinuma H, Hiruta N, Schneider WJ, Sugo N, Nagao T, Bujo H. Levels of circulating soluble LR11, a regulator of smooth muscle cell migration, are highly associated with atherosclerotic plaques in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 490:69-76. [PMID: 30550937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The levels of plasma sLR11, released from intimal SMCs, are positively associated with intima-media thickness (IMT) in asymptomatic subjects. We have evaluated the yet unknown pathological significance of sLR11 for plaque conditions in patients with carotid artery stenosis. METHODS The presence of LR11 in carotid plaques was investigated using autopsy specimens. A clinical ultrasonography study for elucidating relationships between sLR11 and plaque condition was performed in 46 patients. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed high levels of LR11 in SMCs within thickened intima and at the media-intima border of atherosclerotic carotid plaques. The levels of sLR11 in patients were clearly elevated compared to healthy controls. Univariate analysis of sLR11 revealed significant positive correlation with plaque score and a tendency to correlate with the stenotic fraction. Univariate and multiple regression analyses of plaque scores showed that sLR11, maximum IMT, and HDL-cholesterol independently determined plaque score. Finally, univariate analysis of initial sLR11 levels for changes in imaging markers after one-year follow-up showed that initial sLR11 levels significantly correlated with stenotic fraction progression. CONCLUSIONS The levels of sLR11, abundantly expressed in carotid atherosclerotic plaques, are highly associated with increased plaque score. sLR11 levels may be predictive of plaque conditions in patients with advanced carotid atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Harada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Meizi Jiang
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura 285-8741, Japan
| | - Kensuke Terai
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura 285-8741, Japan; Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ebinuma
- Sekisui Medical Co Ltd, Tsukuba Research Institute, Ryugasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hiruta
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura 285-8741, Japan; Department of Surgical Pathology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nobuo Sugo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Omori, Japan
| | - Takeki Nagao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Hideaki Bujo
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura 285-8741, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yano K, Hirayama S, Misawa N, Furuta A, Ueno T, Motoi Y, Seino U, Ebinuma H, Ikeuchi T, Schneider WJ, Bujo H, Miida T. Soluble LR11 competes with amyloid β in binding to cerebrospinal fluid-high-density lipoprotein. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 489:29-34. [PMID: 30448281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LR11 is a member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family with high expression in neurons. Some cell surface LR11 is cleaved and secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as soluble LR11 (sLR11). Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly apolipoprotein E4 carriers, have high CSF-sLR11 and low CSF-amyloid β (Aβ) concentrations. Therefore, we assessed whether sLR11 is bound to CSF-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and whether sLR11 competes with Aβ in binding to apoE in CSF-HDL. METHODS We measured CSF-sLR11 concentrations (50 controls and 16 patients with AD) using enzyme immunoassay. sLR11 and apoE distribution in the CSF was evaluated using non-denaturing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (N-2DGE). ApoE bound to sLR11 or Aβ was identified using co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS CSF-sLR11 concentrations were higher in patients with AD than controls (adjusted for sLR11 using phospholipid). N-2DGE analysis showed that sLR11 and Aβ comigrated with a large apoE-containing CSF-HDL. Moreover, fewer apoE was bound to Aβ when a higher amount of apoE was bound to sLR11 in patients with AD who presented with ε4/4. CONCLUSION sLR11 binds to CSF-HDL and competes with Aβ in binding to apoE in CSF-HDL, indicating that sLR11 affects Aβ clearance via CSF-HDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Yano
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Naomi Misawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ayaka Furuta
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ueno
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Utako Seino
- Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital, Asahimachi-Tohri 1-754, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ebinuma
- Sekisui Medical Tsukuba Research Institute, Yoshiwara 3262-12, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 301-1155, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Asahimachi-Tohri 1-757, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Hideaki Bujo
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Shimoshizu 564-1, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Moustafa AA, Hassan M, Hewedi DH, Hewedi I, Garami JK, Al Ashwal H, Zaki N, Seo SY, Cutsuridis V, Angulo SL, Natesh JY, Herzallah MM, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Salama M, Mohamed W, El Haj M, Hornberger M. Genetic underpinnings in Alzheimer's disease - a review. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:21-38. [PMID: 28949931 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the genetic etiologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we review genetic links to protein signaling pathways as novel pharmacological targets to treat AD. Moreover, we also discuss the clumps of AD-m ediated genes according to their single nucleotide polymorphism mutations. Rigorous data mining approaches justified the significant role of genes in AD prevalence. Pedigree analysis and twin studies suggest that genetic components are part of the etiology, rather than only being risk factors for AD. The first autosomal dominant mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene was described in 1991. Later, AD was also associated with mutated early-onset (presenilin 1/2, PSEN1/2 and APP) and late-onset (apolipoprotein E, ApoE) genes. Genome-wide association and linkage analysis studies with identified multiple genomic areas have implications for the treatment of AD. We conclude this review with future directions and clinical implications of genetic research in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Doaa H Hewedi
- Psychogeriatric Research Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Hewedi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Julia K Garami
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Hany Al Ashwal
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Vassilis Cutsuridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sergio L Angulo
- Departments of Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Joman Y Natesh
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Mohammad M Herzallah
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Genetics, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mohamed Salama
- School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed
- International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Selangor 53100, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitive Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michael Hornberger
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Biochemical and cognitive effects of docosahexaenoic acid differ in a developmental and SorLA dependent manner. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:90-100. [PMID: 29660442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid intake on cognition are under debate as some studies show beneficial effects while others show no effects of omega-3 supplementation. These inconsistencies may be a result of inter-individual response variations, potentially caused by gene and diet interactions. SorLA is a multifunctional receptor involved in ligand trafficking including lipoprotein lipase and amyloid precursor protein. Decreased SorLA levels have been correlated to Alzheimer's disease, and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is known to increase SorLA expression in neuronal cell lines and mouse models. We therefore addressed potential correlations between Sorl1 and dietary omega-3 in SorLA deficient mice (Sorl1-/-) and controls exposed to diets supplemented with or deprived of omega-3 during their entire development and lifespan (lifelong) or solely from the time of weaning (post weaning). Observed diet-induced effects were only evident when exposed to lifelong omega-3 supplementation or deprivation as opposed to post weaning exposure only. Lifelong exposure to omega-3 supplementation resulted in impaired spatial learning in Sorl1-/- mice. The vitamin C antioxidant capacity in the brains of Sorl1-/- mice was reduced, but reduced glutathione and vitamin E levels were increased, leaving the overall antioxidant capacity of the brain inconclusive. No gross morphological differences of hippocampal neurons were found to account for the altered behavior. We found a significant adverse effect in cognitive performance by combining SorLA deficiency with lifelong exposure to omega-3. Our results stress the need for investigations of the underlying molecular mechanisms to clarify the precise circumstances under which omega-3 supplementation may be beneficial.
Collapse
|
37
|
Blechingberg J, Poulsen ASA, Kjølby M, Monti G, Allen M, Ivarsen AK, Lincoln SJ, Thotakura G, Vægter CB, Ertekin-Taner N, Nykjær A, Andersen OM. An alternative transcript of the Alzheimer's disease risk gene SORL1 encodes a truncated receptor. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 71:266.e11-266.e24. [PMID: 30078640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SORL1 encodes a 250-kDa protein named sorLA, a functional sorting receptor for the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Several single nucleotide polymorphisms of the gene SORL1, encoding sorLA, are genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the existing literature, SORL1 is insufficiently described at the transcriptional level, and there is very limited amount of functional data defining different transcripts. We have characterized a SORL1 transcript containing a novel exon 30B. The transcript is expressed in most brain regions with highest expression in the temporal lobe and hippocampus. Exon 30B is spliced to exon 31, leading to a mature transcript that encodes an 829 amino acid sorLA receptor. This receptor variant lacks the binding site for APP and is unlikely to function in APP sorting. This transcript is expressed in equal amounts in the cerebellum from AD and non-AD individuals. Our data describe a transcript that encodes a truncated sorLA receptor, suggesting novel neuronal functions for sorLA and that alternative transcription provides a mechanism for SORL1 activity regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Blechingberg
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Kjølby
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Giulia Monti
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, FL, USA
| | - Anne Kathrine Ivarsen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Christian B Vægter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Nykjær
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Aarhus, Denmark; The Danish Research Foundation Center PROMEMO, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Apostolova LG, Risacher SL, Duran T, Stage EC, Goukasian N, West JD, Do TM, Grotts J, Wilhalme H, Nho K, Phillips M, Elashoff D, Saykin AJ. Associations of the Top 20 Alzheimer Disease Risk Variants With Brain Amyloidosis. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75:328-341. [PMID: 29340569 PMCID: PMC5885860 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Importance Late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) is highly heritable. Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 20 AD risk genes. The precise mechanism through which many of these genes are associated with AD remains unknown. Objective To investigate the association of the top 20 AD risk variants with brain amyloidosis. Design, Setting, and Participants This study analyzed the genetic and florbetapir F 18 data from 322 cognitively normal control individuals, 496 individuals with mild cognitive impairment, and 159 individuals with AD dementia who had genome-wide association studies and 18F-florbetapir positron emission tomographic data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), a prospective, observational, multisite tertiary center clinical and biomarker study. This ongoing study began in 2005. Main Outcomes and Measures The study tested the association of AD risk allele carrier status (exposure) with florbetapir mean standard uptake value ratio (outcome) using stepwise multivariable linear regression while controlling for age, sex, and apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype. The study also reports on an exploratory 3-dimensional stepwise regression model using an unbiased voxelwise approach in Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 with cluster and significance thresholds at 50 voxels and uncorrected P < .01. Results This study included 977 participants (mean [SD] age, 74 [7.5] years; 535 [54.8%] male and 442 [45.2%] female) from the ADNI-1, ADNI-2, and ADNI-Grand Opportunity. The adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily A member 7 (ABCA7) gene had the strongest association with amyloid deposition (χ2 = 8.38, false discovery rate-corrected P < .001), after apolioprotein E ε4. Significant associations were found between ABCA7 in the asymptomatic and early symptomatic disease stages, suggesting an association with rapid amyloid accumulation. The fermitin family homolog 2 (FERMT2) gene had a stage-dependent association with brain amyloidosis (FERMT2 × diagnosis χ2 = 3.53, false discovery rate-corrected P = .05), which was most pronounced in the mild cognitive impairment stage. Conclusions and Relevance This study found an association of several AD risk variants with brain amyloidosis. The data also suggest that AD genes might differentially regulate AD pathologic findings across the disease stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liana G. Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Tugce Duran
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Eddie C. Stage
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Naira Goukasian
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - John D. West
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Triet M. Do
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Grotts
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Holly Wilhalme
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Meredith Phillips
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Trafficking in Alzheimer's Disease: Modulation of APP Transport and Processing by the Transmembrane Proteins LRP1, SorLA, SorCS1c, Sortilin, and Calsyntenin. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5809-5829. [PMID: 29079999 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), one key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is extensively processed by different proteases. This leads to the generation of diverging fragments including the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, which accumulates in brains of AD patients. Subcellular trafficking of APP is an important aspect for its proteolytic conversion, since the various secretases which cleave APP are located in different cellular compartments. As a consequence, altered subcellular targeting of APP is thought to directly affect the degree to which Aβ is generated. The mechanisms underlying intracellular APP transport are critical to understand AD pathogenesis and can serve as a target for future pharmacological interventions. In the recent years, a number of APP interacting proteins were identified which are implicated in sorting of APP, thereby influencing APP processing at different angles of the secretory or endocytic pathway. This review provides an update on the proteolytic processing of APP and the interplay of the transmembrane proteins low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, sortilin-receptor with A-type repeats, SorCS1c, sortilin, and calsyntenin. We discuss the specific interactions with APP, the capacity to modulate the intracellular itinerary and the proteolytic conversion of APP, a possible involvement in the clearance of Aβ, and the implications of these transmembrane proteins in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
40
|
Januliene D, Manavalan A, Ovesen PL, Pedersen KM, Thirup S, Nykjær A, Moeller A. Hidden Twins: SorCS Neuroreceptors Form Stable Dimers. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2907-2917. [PMID: 28827148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3 belong to the Vps10p-domain family of multiligand receptors. Genetic and functional studies have linked SorCS receptors to psychiatric disorders, Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes, demonstrating critical roles in neuronal functionality and metabolic control. Surprisingly, their structural composition has so far not been studied. Here we have characterized SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3 using biochemical methods and electron microscopy. We found that their purified extracellular domains co-exist in stable dimeric and monomeric populations. This was supported by co-immunoprecipitation experiments, where membrane-bound dimers were successfully pulled down from cell lysate. While dimers were virtually unbreakable, dimerization of the monomeric population was promoted through enzymatic deglycosylation. We conclude that post-translational modifications, specifically the degree and pattern of glycosylation, regulate the oligomeric state of the protein. Hence, cells may dictate ligand specificity by controlling the ratio between monomers and dimers and, therefore, regulate the multiple functions of SorCS receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dovile Januliene
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; DANDRITE, iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Lund Ovesen
- DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karen-Marie Pedersen
- DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Thirup
- MIND Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjær
- Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Arne Moeller
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; DANDRITE, iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
SorLA in Interleukin-6 Signaling and Turnover. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00641-16. [PMID: 28265003 PMCID: PMC5440653 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00641-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine with important functions in various physiologic processes. Mice lacking IL-6 exhibit multiple phenotypic abnormalities, such as an inadequate immune and acute-phase response, and elevated levels of circulating IL-6 have been found to accompany several pathological conditions. IL-6 binds the nonsignaling IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), which is expressed as a transmembrane, as well as a secreted circulating protein, before it engages homodimeric gp130 for signaling. Complex formation between IL-6 and the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor gives rise to classic cis signaling, whereas complex formation between IL-6 and the soluble IL-6R results in trans signaling. Here, we report that the endocytic receptor SorLA targets IL-6 and IL-6R. We present evidence that SorLA mediates efficient cellular uptake of both IL-6 and the circulating IL-6R in astrocytes. We further show that SorLA interacts with the membrane-bound IL-6R at the cell surface and thereby downregulates IL-6 cis signaling. Finally, we find that the SorLA ectodomain, released from the cell membrane upon enzymatic cleavage of full-length SorLA, may act as an IL-6 carrier protein that stabilizes IL-6 and its capacity for trans signaling.
Collapse
|
42
|
Pohlkamp T, Wasser CR, Herz J. Functional Roles of the Interaction of APP and Lipoprotein Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:54. [PMID: 28298885 PMCID: PMC5331069 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological fates of the key initiator of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and a family of lipoprotein receptors, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related proteins (LRPs) and their molecular roles in the neurodegenerative disease process are inseparably interwoven. Not only does APP bind tightly to the extracellular domains (ECDs) of several members of the LRP group, their intracellular portions are also connected through scaffolds like the one established by FE65 proteins and through interactions with adaptor proteins such as X11/Mint and Dab1. Moreover, the ECDs of APP and LRPs share common ligands, most notably Reelin, a regulator of neuronal migration during embryonic development and modulator of synaptic transmission in the adult brain, and Agrin, another signaling protein which is essential for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and which likely also has critical, though at this time less well defined, roles for the regulation of central synapses. Furthermore, the major independent risk factors for AD, Apolipoprotein (Apo) E and ApoJ/Clusterin, are lipoprotein ligands for LRPs. Receptors and ligands mutually influence their intracellular trafficking and thereby the functions and abilities of neurons and the blood-brain-barrier to turn over and remove the pathological product of APP, the amyloid-β peptide. This article will review and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are shared by APP and LRPs and discuss their relative contributions to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Christiansen GB, Andersen KH, Riis S, Nykjaer A, Bolcho U, Jensen MS, Holm MM. The sorting receptor SorCS3 is a stronger regulator of glutamate receptor functions compared to GABAergic mechanisms in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:235-248. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Riis
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Ulrik Bolcho
- DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Mai Marie Holm
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Larsen JV, Petersen CM. SorLA and CLC:CLF-1-dependent Downregulation of CNTFRα as Demonstrated by Western Blotting, Inhibition of Lysosomal Enzymes, and Immunocytochemistry. J Vis Exp 2017:55019. [PMID: 28117780 PMCID: PMC5408589 DOI: 10.3791/55019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterodimeric cytokine Cardiotrophin-like Cytokine:Cytokine-like Factor-1 (CLC:CLF-1) targets the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CNTFRα to form a trimeric complex that subsequently recruits glycoprotein 130/Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor-β (gp130/LIFRβ) for signaling. Both CLC and CNTFRα are necessary for signaling but so far CLF-1 has only been known as a putative facilitator of CLC secretion. However, it has recently been shown that CLF-1 contains three binding sites: one for CLC; one for CNTFRα (that may promote assembly of the trimeric complex); and one for the endocytic receptor sorLA. The latter site provides high affinity binding of CLF-1, CLC:CLF-1, as well as the trimeric (CLC:CLF-1:CNTFRα) complex to sorLA, and in sorLA-expressing cells the soluble ligands CLF-1 and CLC:CLF-1 are rapidly taken up and internalized. In cells co-expressing CNTFRα and sorLA, CNTFRα first binds CLC:CLF-1 to form a membrane-associated trimeric complex, but it also connects to sorLA via the free sorLA-binding site in CLF-1. As a result, CNTFRα, which has no capacity for endocytosis on its own, is tugged along and internalized by the sorLA-mediated endocytosis of CLC:CLF-1. The present protocol describes the experimental procedures used to demonstrate i) the sorLA-mediated and CLC:CLF-1-dependent downregulation of surface-membrane CNTFRα expression; ii) sorLA-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal targeting of CNTFRα; and iii) the lowered cellular response to CLC:CLF-1-stimulation upon sorLA-mediated downregulation of CNTFRα.
Collapse
|
45
|
Schmidt V, Subkhangulova A, Willnow TE. Sorting receptor SORLA: cellular mechanisms and implications for disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1475-1483. [PMID: 27832290 PMCID: PMC5357279 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sorting-related receptor with A-type repeats (SORLA) is an intracellular sorting receptor that directs cargo proteins, such as kinases, phosphatases, and signaling receptors, to their correct location within the cell. The activity of SORLA assures proper function of cells and tissues, and receptor dysfunction is the underlying cause of common human malignancies, including Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, and obesity. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern sorting of SORLA and its cargo in multiple cell types, and why genetic defects in this receptor results in devastating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schmidt
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aygul Subkhangulova
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Andersen OM, Rudolph IM, Willnow TE. Risk factor SORL1: from genetic association to functional validation in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:653-665. [PMID: 27638701 PMCID: PMC5073117 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents one of the most dramatic threats to healthy aging and devising effective treatments for this devastating condition remains a major challenge in biomedical research. Much has been learned about the molecular concepts that govern proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein to amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), and how accelerated accumulation of neurotoxic Aβ peptides underlies neuronal cell death in rare familial but also common sporadic forms of this disease. Out of a plethora of proposed modulators of amyloidogenic processing, one protein emerged as a key factor in AD pathology, a neuronal sorting receptor termed SORLA. Independent approaches using human genetics, clinical pathology, or exploratory studies in animal models all converge on this receptor that is now considered a central player in AD-related processes by many. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence implicating SORLA-mediated protein sorting in neurodegenerative processes, and how receptor gene variants in the human population impair functional receptor expression in sporadic but possibly also in autosomal-dominant forms of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE-Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ina-Maria Rudolph
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Campbell C, Beug S, Nickerson PEB, Peng J, Mazerolle C, Bassett EA, Ringuette R, Jama FA, Morales C, Christ A, Wallace VA. Sortilin regulates sorting and secretion of Sonic hedgehog. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3832-3844. [PMID: 27632999 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted morphogen that is an essential regulator of patterning and growth. The Shh full-length protein undergoes autocleavage in the endoplasmic reticulum to generate the biologically active N-terminal fragment (ShhN), which is destined for secretion. We identified sortilin (Sort1), a member of the VPS10P-domain receptor family, as a new Shh trafficking receptor. We demonstrate that Sort-Shh interact by performing coimmunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays in transfected cells and that they colocalize at the Golgi. Sort1 overexpression causes re-distribution of ShhN and, to a lesser extent, of full-length Shh to the Golgi and reduces Shh secretion. We show loss of Sort1 can partially rescue Hedgehog-associated patterning defects in a mouse model that is deficient in Shh processing, and we show that Sort1 levels negatively regulate anterograde Shh transport in axons in vitro and Hedgehog-dependent axon-glial interactions in vivo Taken together, we conclude that Shh and Sort1 can interact at the level of the Golgi and that Sort1 directs Shh away from the pathways that promote its secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Campbell
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Shawn Beug
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Philip E B Nickerson
- Vision Science Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto ON M5T 2S8
| | - Jimmy Peng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Ave Docteur Penfield Room W4/8, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1 Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
| | - Chantal Mazerolle
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Erin A Bassett
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Randy Ringuette
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Fadumo A Jama
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Carlos Morales
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C7
| | - Annabel Christ
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valerie A Wallace
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5 Vision Science Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto ON M5T 2S8
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are typically defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. lncRNAs can regulate gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels. Recent studies have shown that lncRNAs are involved in many neurological diseases such as epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, and genetic disorders. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease, which accounts for >80% of dementia in elderly subjects. In this review, we will highlight recent studies investigating the role of lncRNAs in Alzheimer's disease and focus on some specific lncRNAs that may underlie Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and therefore could be potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Schmidt V, Schulz N, Yan X, Schürmann A, Kempa S, Kern M, Blüher M, Poy MN, Olivecrona G, Willnow TE. SORLA facilitates insulin receptor signaling in adipocytes and exacerbates obesity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2706-20. [PMID: 27322061 DOI: 10.1172/jci84708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, genetic variation of sortilin-related receptor, L(DLR class) A repeats containing (SORL1), which encodes the intracellular sorting receptor SORLA, is a major genetic risk factor for familial and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease. Recent GWAS analysis has also associated SORL1 with obesity in humans and in mouse models, suggesting that this receptor may play a role in regulating metabolism. Here, using mouse models with genetic loss or tissue-specific overexpression of SORLA as well as data from obese human subjects, we observed a gene-dosage effect that links SORLA expression to obesity and glucose tolerance. Overexpression of human SORLA in murine adipose tissue blocked hydrolysis of triacylglycerides and caused excessive adiposity. In contrast, Sorl1 gene inactivation in mice accelerated breakdown of triacylglycerides in adipocytes and protected animals from diet-induced obesity. We then identified the underlying molecular mechanism whereby SORLA promotes insulin-induced suppression of lipolysis in adipocytes. Specifically, we determined that SORLA acts as a sorting factor for the insulin receptor (IR) that redirects internalized receptor molecules from endosomes to the plasma membrane, thereby enhancing IR surface expression and strengthening insulin signal reception in target cells. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism for the association of SORL1 with human obesity and confirm a genetic link between neurodegeneration and metabolism that converges on the receptor SORLA.
Collapse
|
50
|
Klinger SC, Højland A, Jain S, Kjolby M, Madsen P, Svendsen AD, Olivecrona G, Bonifacino JS, Nielsen MS. Polarized trafficking of the sorting receptor SorLA in neurons and MDCK cells. FEBS J 2016; 283:2476-93. [PMID: 27192064 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The sorting receptor SorLA is highly expressed in neurons and is also found in other polarized cells. The receptor has been reported to participate in the trafficking of several ligands, some of which are linked to human diseases, including the amyloid precursor protein, TrkB, and Lipoprotein Lipase (LpL). Despite this, only the trafficking in nonpolarized cells has been described so far. Due to the many differences between polarized and nonpolarized cells, we examined the localization and trafficking of SorLA in epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and rat hippocampal neurons. We show that SorLA is mainly found in sorting endosomes and on the basolateral surface of MDCK cells and in the somatodendritic domain of neurons. This polarized distribution of SorLA respectively depends on an acidic cluster and an extended version of this cluster and involves the cellular adaptor complex AP-1. Furthermore, we show that SorLA can mediate transcytosis across a tight cell layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine C Klinger
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne Højland
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Shweta Jain
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The Danish Diabetes Academy, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Peder Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anna Dorst Svendsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|