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Geng L, Li M, Xie S, Wang H, He X, Sun N, Zhang G, Ye L. HvBGlu3, a GH1 β-glucosidase enzyme gene, negatively influences β-glucan content in barley grains. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:14. [PMID: 38165440 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE HvBGlu3, a β-glucosidase enzyme gene, negatively influences β-glucan content in barley grains by mediating starch and sucrose metabolism in developing grains. Barley grains are rich in β-glucan, an important factor affecting end-use quality. Previously, we identified several stable marker-trait associations (MTAs) and novel candidate genes associated with β-glucan content in barley grains using GWAS (Genome Wide Association Study) analysis. The gene HORVU3Hr1G096910, encoding β-glucosidase 3, named HvBGlu3, is found to be associated with β-glucan content in barley grains. In this study, conserved domain analysis suggested that HvBGlu3 belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1). Gene knockout assay revealed that HvBGlu3 negatively influenced β-glucan content in barley grains. Transcriptome analysis of developing grains of hvbglu3 mutant and the wild type indicated that the knockout of the gene led to the increased expression level of genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. Glucose metabolism analysis showed that the contents of many sugars in developing grains were significantly changed in hvbglu3 mutants. In conclusion, HvBGlu3 modulates β-glucan content in barley grains by mediating starch and sucrose metabolism in developing grains. The obtained results may be useful for breeders to breed elite barley cultivars for food use by screening barley lines with loss of function of HvBGlu3 in barley breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Geng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shanggeng Xie
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000, China.
- New Rural Development Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Hrmova M, Zimmer J, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Enzymes in 3D: Synthesis, remodelling, and hydrolysis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:33-50. [PMID: 37594400 PMCID: PMC10762513 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in structural biology have provided valuable new insights into enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism. More specifically, the molecular mechanism of synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, which are widespread in cell walls of commercially important cereals and grasses, has been the topic of debate and intense research activity for decades. However, an inability to purify these integral membrane enzymes or apply transgenic approaches without interpretative problems associated with pleiotropic effects has presented barriers to attempts to define their synthetic mechanisms. Following the demonstration that some members of the CslF sub-family of GT2 family enzymes mediate (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, the expression of the corresponding genes in a heterologous system that is free of background complications has now been achieved. Biochemical analyses of the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesized in vitro, combined with 3-dimensional (3D) cryogenic-electron microscopy and AlphaFold protein structure predictions, have demonstrated how a single CslF6 enzyme, without exogenous primers, can incorporate both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages into the nascent polysaccharide chain. Similarly, 3D structures of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan endo- and exohydrolases have allowed the mechanisms of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan modification and degradation to be defined. X-ray crystallography and multi-scale modeling of a broad specificity GH3 β-glucan exohydrolase recently revealed a previously unknown and remarkable molecular mechanism with reactant trajectories through which a polysaccharide exohydrolase can act with a processive action pattern. The availability of high-quality protein 3D structural predictions should prove invaluable for defining structures, dynamics, and functions of other enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism in the immediate future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hrmova
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Vincent Bulone
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Alba Nova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Lisov A, Belova O, Lisova Z, Nagel A, Shadrin A, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya Z, Nagornykh M, Zakharova M, Leontievsky A. Two β-glucanases from bacterium Cellulomonas flavigena: expression in Pichia pastoris, properties, biotechnological potential. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1313-1321. [PMID: 37093814 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2201934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
In the genome of Cellulomonas flavigena, two genes that potentially encode endoglucanases - Cfla_2912 and Cfla_2913 were identified. We cloned the genes and created Pichia pastoris-based recombinant producers of two proteins that were expressed from the AOX1 promoter. Each of the endoglucanase molecules contains a GH6 catalytic domain, CBM2 carbohydrate-binding module, and TAT signal peptide. The fermentation of the producers was carried out in a 10 L fermenter; Cfla_2912 and Cfla_2913 were purified using affinity chromatography. The yield comprised 10.3 mg/ml (430 U/ml) for Cfla_2913 and 9 mg/ml (370 U/ml) for Cfla_2912. Cfla_2912 and Cfla_2913 were found to have a high activity against barley β-glucan and lichenan, a weak activity against carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), phosphoric-acid treated cellulose, and no activity against laminarin, xylan, soluble starch, microcrystalline cellulose, cellobiose, and cellotriose. Thus, the proteins exhibited β-glucanase activity. Both proteins had a neutral pH optimum of about 7.0 and were more stable at neutral and slightly alkaline pH ranging from 7.0 to 9.0. Cfla_2912 and Cfla_2913 showed a moderate thermal stability. The products of barley β-glucan hydrolysis by Cfla_2912 and Cfla_2913 were trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide, and cellobiose. Cfla_2912 and Cfla_2913 efficiently hydrolyzed cereal polysaccharides, which indicate that they may have biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lisov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana Belova
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoya Lisova
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Nagel
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Shadrin
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zhanna Andreeva-Kovalevskaya
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Nagornykh
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Zakharova
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Leontievsky
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Choknud S, Prawisut A, Gorantla JN, Cairns JRK. Expression, purification, characterization and glycoside production potential of rice β-d-glucan glucohydrolase I (OsExoI). Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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5
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The evolutionary advantage of an aromatic clamp in plant family 3 glycoside exo-hydrolases. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5577. [PMID: 36151080 PMCID: PMC9508125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the barley β-D-glucan glucohydrolase, a glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) enzyme, the Trp286/Trp434 clamp ensures β-D-glucosides binding, which is fundamental for substrate hydrolysis during plant growth and development. We employ mutagenesis, high-resolution X-ray crystallography, and multi-scale molecular modelling methods to examine the binding and conformational behaviour of isomeric β-D-glucosides during substrate-product assisted processive catalysis that operates in GH3 hydrolases. Enzyme kinetics reveals that the W434H mutant retains broad specificity, while W434A behaves as a strict (1,3)-β-D-glucosidase. Investigations of reactant movements on the nanoscale reveal that processivity is sensitive to mutation-specific alterations of the tryptophan clamp. While wild-type and W434H utilise a lateral cavity for glucose displacement and sliding of (1,3)-linked hydrolytic products through the catalytic site without dissociation, consistent with their high hydrolytic rates, W434A does not adopt processive catalysis. Phylogenomic analyses of GH3 hydrolases disclose the evolutionary advantage of the tryptophan clamp that confers broad specificity, high catalytic efficiency, and processivity.
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6
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Nazipova A, Gorshkov O, Eneyskaya E, Petrova N, Kulminskaya A, Gorshkova T, Kozlova L. Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:802424. [PMID: 35222452 PMCID: PMC8866823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. Such rearrangements are provided, besides the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components, by enzymes that modify polysaccharides in muro. To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. Later, genes for xyloglucan hydrolases are upregulated. Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. Genes encoding several glycoside hydrolases that are able to degrade mixed-linkage glucan are downregulated specifically at the active elongation. It indicates the significance of mixed-linkage glucans for the cell elongation process. The possibility that many glycoside hydrolases act as transglycosylases in muro is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsu Nazipova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Eneyskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Natalia Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna Kulminskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
- Kurchatov Genome Center - PNPI, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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7
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Luo J, Huang S, Wang M, Zhang R, Zhao D, Yang Y, Wang F, Wang Z, Tang R, Wang L, Xiao H, Yang B, Li C. Characterization of the Transcriptome and Proteome of Brassica napus Reveals the Close Relation between DW871 Dwarfing Phenotype and Stalk Tissue. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:413. [PMID: 35161394 PMCID: PMC8838640 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed is a significant oil-bearing cash crop. As a hybrid crop, Brassica napus L. produces a high yield, but it also has drawbacks such as a tall stalk, easy lodging, and is not suitable for mechanized production. To address these concerns, we created the DW871 rapeseed dwarf variety, which has a high yield, high oil content, and is suitable for mechanized production. To fully comprehend the dwarfing mechanism of DW871 and provide a theoretical foundation for future applications of the variety, we used transcriptome and proteome sequencing to identify genes and proteins associated with the dwarfing phenotype, using homologous high-stalk material HW871 as a control. By RNA-seq and iTRAQ, we discovered 8665 DEGs and 50 DAPs. Comprehensive transcription and translation level analysis revealed 25 correlations, 23 of which have the same expression trend, involving monolignin synthesis, pectin-lignin assembly, lignification, glucose modification, cell wall composition and architecture, cell morphology, vascular bundle development, and stalk tissue composition and architecture. As a result of these results, we can formulate a hypothesis about the DW871 dwarfing phenotype: plant hormone signal transduction, such as IAA and BRs, is linked to the formation of dwarf phenotypes, and metabolic pathways related to lignin synthesis, such as phenylpropane biosynthesis, also play a role. Our works will contribute to a better understanding of the genes and proteins involved in the rapeseed dwarf phenotype, and we will propose new insights into the dwarfing mechanism of Brassica napus L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Huaxi University City, Gui’an New District, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China;
| | - Sha Huang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China;
| | - Min Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Huaxi University City, Gui’an New District, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Ruimao Zhang
- Guizhou Rapeseed Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 111 Duyun Road, Guanshanhu District, Guiyang 520115, China;
| | - Degang Zhao
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China;
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation Center for Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, 2708 Huaxi Avenue South Section, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuanyu Yang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China;
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation Center for Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, 2708 Huaxi Avenue South Section, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China;
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation Center for Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, 2708 Huaxi Avenue South Section, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Wang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China;
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation Center for Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, 2708 Huaxi Avenue South Section, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
| | - Lulu Wang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
| | - Huagui Xiao
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bin Yang
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
| | - Chao Li
- Guizhou Oil Crops Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China; (J.L.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (F.W.); (Z.W.); (R.T.); (L.W.); (H.X.); (B.Y.)
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 502 Xinzhong Road, Jinxin Community, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China;
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Matsuyama K, Kondo T, Igarashi K, Sakamoto T, Ishimaru M. Substrate-recognition mechanism of tomato β-galactosidase 4 using X-ray crystallography and docking simulation. PLANTA 2020; 252:72. [PMID: 33011862 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
TBG4 recognize multiple linkage types substrates due to having a spatially wide subsite + 1. This feature allows the degradation of AGI, AGII, and AGP leading to the fruit ripening. β-galactosidase (EC 3. 2. 1. 23) catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactan and release of D-galactose. Tomato has at least 17 β-galactosidases (TBGs), of which, TBG 4 is responsible for fruit ripening. TBG4 hydrolyzes not only β-1,4-bound galactans, but also β-1,3- and β-1,6-galactans. In this study, we compared each enzyme-substrate complex using X-ray crystallography, ensemble refinement, and docking simulation to understand the broad substrate-specificity of TBG4. In subsite - 1, most interactions were conserved across each linkage type of galactobioses; however, some differences were seen in subsite + 1, owing to the huge volume of catalytic pocket. In addition to this, docking simulation indicated TBG4 to possibly have more positive subsites to recognize and hydrolyze longer galactans. Taken together, our results indicated that during tomato fruit ripening, TBG4 plays an important role by degrading arabinogalactan I (AGI), arabinogalactan II (AGII), and the carbohydrate moiety of arabinogalactan protein (AGP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsuyama
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Megumi Ishimaru
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan.
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Prawisut A, Choknud S, Ketudat Cairns JR. Expression of rice β-exoglucanase II (OsExoII) in Escherichia coli, purification, and characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105708. [PMID: 32738438 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes involved in β-glucan breakdown in plants include endoglucanases, exoglucanases and β-glucosidases. Glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) exoglucanases from barley and maize and a few plant GH3 β-glucosidases have been characterized, but none from rice. A few of these enzymes have been expressed in recombinant yeast and plant systems, but bacterial expression of plant GH3 enzymes has not been successful. We expressed the rice GH3 exoglucanase OsExo2 in Escherichia coli as a thioredoxin fusion protein, while other active plant GH3 enzymes could not be produced in this system. The protein was purified over 2000-fold in three chromatographic steps. The enzyme hydrolyzed β-1,3- and β-1,4-linked oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, consistent with a role in cell wall remodeling. Of the oligosaccharides tested, it had highest catalytic efficiency toward laminaritriose, (apparent kcat/Km = 37.7 mM-1s-1). Among polysaccharides, OsExoII hydrolyzed barley mixed β-glucan and laminarin with similar efficiencies (apparent kcat/Km = 3.7 and 3.4 mL mg-1 s-1, respectively), but achieved its highest apparent kcat with lichenan (2.9 s-1). OsExoII was found to be stimulated by ethylene glycol, which increased the apparent kcat and decreased the Km and was transglycosylated. These results imply that E. coli expression may be successful for certain plant GH3 enzymes and OsExoII may be a useful enzyme for application to glycoside production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akkarawit Prawisut
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Sunaree Choknud
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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10
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Nutho B, Pengthaisong S, Tankrathok A, Lee VS, Ketudat Cairns JR, Rungrotmongkol T, Hannongbua S. Structural Basis of Specific Glucoimidazole and Mannoimidazole Binding by Os3BGlu7. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060907. [PMID: 32549280 PMCID: PMC7356692 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Glucosidases and β-mannosidases hydrolyze substrates that differ only in the epimer of the nonreducing terminal sugar moiety, but most such enzymes show a strong preference for one activity or the other. Rice Os3BGlu7 and Os7BGlu26 β-glycosidases show a less strong preference, but Os3BGlu7 and Os7BGlu26 prefer glucosides and mannosides, respectively. Previous studies of crystal structures with glucoimidazole (GIm) and mannoimidazole (MIm) complexes and metadynamic simulations suggested that Os7BGlu26 hydrolyzes mannosides via the B2,5 transition state (TS) conformation preferred for mannosides and glucosides via their preferred 4H3/4E TS conformation. However, MIm is weakly bound by both enzymes. In the present study, we found that MIm was not bound in the active site of crystallized Os3BGlu7, but GIm was tightly bound in the -1 subsite in a 4H3/4E conformation via hydrogen bonds with the surrounding residues. One-microsecond molecular dynamics simulations showed that GIm was stably bound in the Os3BGlu7 active site and the glycone-binding site with little distortion. In contrast, MIm initialized in the B2,5 conformation rapidly relaxed to a E3/4H3 conformation and moved out into a position in the entrance of the active site, where it bound more stably despite making fewer interactions. The lack of MIm binding in the glycone site in protein crystals and simulations implies that the energy required to distort MIm to the B2,5 conformation for optimal active site residue interactions is sufficient to offset the energy of those interactions in Os3BGlu7. This balance between distortion and binding energy may also provide a rationale for glucosidase versus mannosidase specificity in plant β-glycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodee Nutho
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Salila Pengthaisong
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.P.); (A.T.)
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Anupong Tankrathok
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.P.); (A.T.)
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.P.); (A.T.)
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Correspondence: (J.R.K.C.); (T.R.); (S.H.); Tel.: +66-4422-4304 (J.R.K.C.); +66-2218-5426 (T.R.); +66-2218-7602 (S.H.)
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (J.R.K.C.); (T.R.); (S.H.); Tel.: +66-4422-4304 (J.R.K.C.); +66-2218-5426 (T.R.); +66-2218-7602 (S.H.)
| | - Supot Hannongbua
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (J.R.K.C.); (T.R.); (S.H.); Tel.: +66-4422-4304 (J.R.K.C.); +66-2218-5426 (T.R.); +66-2218-7602 (S.H.)
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11
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Chukhchin DG, Bolotova K, Sinelnikov I, Churilov D, Novozhilov E. Exosomes in the phloem and xylem of woody plants. PLANTA 2019; 251:12. [PMID: 31776666 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes in the secondary phloem and secondary xylem of angiosperms and gymnosperms have physiological roles in the storage and transport of endoglucanases. Knowledge of plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) is limited by their presence in the apoplastic fluid of seeds and leaves. The contents of plant EVs and their biological functions are unclear. The aim of the present study was to expand our knowledge of EVs in woody plants. Sample splits were prepared from branch and stem samples from angiosperms and gymnosperms after cryomechanical destruction with liquid nitrogen. The study methods included scanning electron (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), endoglucanase activity measurement. EVs visualized on the internal layers of the cell walls proved to be exosomes according to their diameter (65-145 nm). SEM revealed cup-shaped structures characteristic of exosomes in a dry state. Plant exosomes in the form of globules in the native state were visualized for the first time by AFM. Exosomes were present both in the active and dormant cambium. Erosion zones were observed at the sites of exosome localization. The activity of endo-1,4-β-glucanase was detected in Picea xylem, while the RNA level was very low, suggesting that endo-1,4-β-glucanases were preserved in the exosomes. There are grounds to assert that endo-1,4-β-glucanases delivered by exosomes participated in pit cavity formation in the S1 layer of xylary fibres. A possible mechanism of endo-1,4-β-glucanase action in the biosynthesis of the secondary wall is proposed. These results demonstrate that the physiological role of the exosomes in the phloem and xylem is the storage and transport of endo-1,4-β-glucanases participating in cell wall remodeling in woody plants. Present study expands our knowledge about plant exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry G Chukhchin
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Ksenia Bolotova
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal State Institution "Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Leninsky Prospect, 33, Build. 2, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Churilov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Novozhilov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
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12
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Rodríguez-Mendoza J, Santiago-Hernández A, Alvarez-Zúñiga MT, Gutiérrez-Antón M, Aguilar-Osorio G, Hidalgo-Lara ME. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel thermophilic exo-β-1,3-glucanase from the thermophile biomass-degrading fungus Thielavia terrestris Co3Bag1. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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13
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Rubianes D, Valdivia ER, Revilla G, Zarra I, Sampedro J. Xyloglucan exoglycosidases in the monocot model Brachypodium distachyon and the conservation of xyloglucan disassembly in angiosperms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:495-509. [PMID: 31028613 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon has a full set of exoglycosidases active on xyloglucan, including α-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, soluble and membrane-bound β-glucosidases and two α-fucosidases. However, unlike in Arabidopsis, both fucosidases are likely cytosolic. Xyloglucan is present in primary walls of all angiosperms. While in most groups it regulates cell wall extension, in Poaceae its role is still unclear. Five exoglycosidases participate in xyloglucan hydrolysis in Arabidopsis: α-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, α-fucosidase, soluble β-glucosidase and GPI-anchored β-glucosidase. Mutants in the corresponding genes show alterations in xyloglucan composition. In this work putative orthologs in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon were tested for their ability to complement Arabidopsis mutants. Xylosidase and galactosidase mutants were complemented, respectively, by BdXYL1 (Bd2g02070) and BdBGAL1 (Bd2g56607). BdBGAL1, unlike other xyloglucan β-galactosidases, is able to remove both galactoses from XLLG oligosaccharides. In addition, soluble β-glucosidase BdBGLC1 (Bd1g08550) complemented a glucosidase mutant. Closely related BdBGLC2 (Bd2g51280), which has a putative GPI-anchor sequence, was found associated with the plasma membrane and only a truncated version without GPI-anchor complemented the mutant, proving that Brachypodium also has soluble and membrane-bound xyloglucan glucosidases. Both BdXFUC1 (Bd3g25226) and BdXFUC2 (Bd1g28366) can hydrolyze fucose from xyloglucan oligosaccharides but were unable to complement a fucosidase mutant. Fluorescent protein fusions of BdXFUC1 localized to the cytosol and both proteins lack a signal peptide. Signal peptides appear to have evolved only in some eudicot lineages of this family, like the one leading to Arabidopsis. These results could be explained if cytosolic xyloglucan α-fucosidases are the ancestral state in angiosperms, with fucosylated oligosaccharides transported across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rubianes
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elene R Valdivia
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gloria Revilla
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ignacio Zarra
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Sampedro
- Dpto. Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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14
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Discovery of processive catalysis by an exo-hydrolase with a pocket-shaped active site. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2222. [PMID: 31110237 PMCID: PMC6527550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrates associate and products dissociate from enzyme catalytic sites rapidly, which hampers investigations of their trajectories. The high-resolution structure of the native Hordeum exo-hydrolase HvExoI isolated from seedlings reveals that non-covalently trapped glucose forms a stable enzyme-product complex. Here, we report that the alkyl β-d-glucoside and methyl 6-thio-β-gentiobioside substrate analogues perfused in crystalline HvExoI bind across the catalytic site after they displace glucose, while methyl 2-thio-β-sophoroside attaches nearby. Structural analyses and multi-scale molecular modelling of nanoscale reactant movements in HvExoI reveal that upon productive binding of incoming substrates, the glucose product modifies its binding patterns and evokes the formation of a transient lateral cavity, which serves as a conduit for glucose departure to allow for the next catalytic round. This path enables substrate-product assisted processive catalysis through multiple hydrolytic events without HvExoI losing contact with oligo- or polymeric substrates. We anticipate that such enzyme plasticity could be prevalent among exo-hydrolases. Enzyme substrates and products often diffuse too rapidly to assess the catalytic implications of these movements. Here, the authors characterise the structural basis of product and substrate diffusion for an exo-hydrolase and discover a substrate-product assisted processive catalytic mechanism.
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15
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Gtgen3A, a novel plant GH3 β-glucosidase, modulates gentio-oligosaccharide metabolism in Gentiana. Biochem J 2018; 475:1309-1322. [PMID: 29581147 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gentiobiose, a β-1,6-linked glycosyl-disaccharide, accumulates abundantly in Gentianaceae and is involved in aspects of plant development, such as fruits ripening and release of bud dormancy. However, the mechanisms regulating the amount of gentio-oligosaccharide accumulation in plants remain obscure. The present study aimed to identify an enzyme that modulates gentio-oligosaccharide amount in gentian (Gentiana triflora). A protein responsible for gentiobiose hydrolysis, GtGen3A, was identified by partial purification and its peptide sequence analysis. The enzyme had a molecular mass of ∼67 kDa without a secretory signal peptide sequence. Sequence analysis revealed that GtGen3A could be a β-glucosidase member belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3). GtGen3A showed a homology to GH3 β-glucan exohydrolases, ExoI of Hordeum vulgare, and ExgI from Zea mays, which preferentially hydrolyzed β-1,3- and β-1,4-linked oligosaccharides. The purified recombinant GtGen3A (rGtGen3A) produced in Escherichia coli showed optimal reaction at pH 6.5 and 20°C. The rGtGen3A liberated glucose from β-1,2-, β-1,3-, β-1,4-, and β-1,6-linked oligosaccharides, and showed the highest activity toward gentiotriose among the substrates tested. Kinetic analysis also revealed that rGtGen3A preferentially hydrolyzed gentiotriose. Virus-induced gene silencing of Gtgen3A in gentian plantlets resulted in predominant accumulation of gentiotriose rather than gentiobiose. Furthermore, the expression level of Gtgen3A was almost similar to the amount of gentiobiose in field-grown gentians. These findings suggest that the main function of GtGen3A is the hydrolysis of gentiotriose to gentiobiose, and that GtGen3A plays a role in modulating gentiobiose amounts in gentian.
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16
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Betts NS, Wilkinson LG, Khor SF, Shirley NJ, Lok F, Skadhauge B, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Collins HM. Morphology, Carbohydrate Distribution, Gene Expression, and Enzymatic Activities Related to Cell Wall Hydrolysis in Four Barley Varieties during Simulated Malting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1872. [PMID: 29163597 PMCID: PMC5670874 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many biological processes, such as cell wall hydrolysis and the mobilisation of nutrient reserves from the starchy endosperm, require stringent regulation to successfully malt barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain in an industrial context. Much of the accumulated knowledge defining these events has been collected from individual, unrelated experiments, and data have often been extrapolated from Petri dish germination, rather than malting, experiments. Here, we present comprehensive morphological, biochemical, and transcript data from a simulated malt batch of the three elite malting cultivars Admiral, Navigator, and Flagship, and the feed cultivar Keel. Activities of lytic enzymes implicated in cell wall and starch depolymerisation in germinated grain have been measured, and transcript data for published cell wall hydrolytic genes have been provided. It was notable that Flagship and Keel exhibited generally similar patterns of enzyme and transcript expression, but exhibited a few key differences that may partially explain Flagship's superior malting qualities. Admiral and Navigator also showed matching expression patterns for these genes and enzymes, but the patterns differed from those of Flagship and Keel, despite Admiral and Navigator having Keel as a common ancestor. Overall (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase activity differed between cultivars, with lower enzyme levels and concomitantly higher amounts of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in the feed variety, Keel, at the end of malting. Transcript levels of the gene encoding (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase isoenzyme EI were almost three times higher than those encoding isoenzyme EII, suggesting a previously unrecognised importance for isoenzyme EI during malting. Careful morphological examination showed that scutellum epithelial cells in mature dry grain are elongated but expand no further as malting progresses, in contrast to equivalent cells in other cereals, perhaps demonstrating a morphological change in this critical organ over generations of breeding selection. Fluorescent immuno-histochemical labelling revealed the presence of pectin in the nucellus and, for the first time, significant amounts of callose throughout the starchy endosperm of mature grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S. Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Laura G. Wilkinson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Shi F. Khor
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Finn Lok
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Helen M. Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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17
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Suthangkornkul R, Sriworanun P, Nakai H, Okuyama M, Svasti J, Kimura A, Senapin S, Arthan D. A Solanum torvum GH3 β-glucosidase expressed in Pichia pastoris catalyzes the hydrolysis of furostanol glycoside. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 127:4-11. [PMID: 27055587 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant β-glucosidases are usually members of the glucosyl hydrolase 1 (GH1) or 3 (GH3) families. Previously, a β-glucosidase (torvosidase) was purified from Solanum torvum leaves that specifically catalyzed hydrolysis of two furostanol 26-O-β-glucosides, torvosides A and H. Furostanol glycoside 26-O-β-glucosides have been reported as natural substrates of some plant GH1 enzymes. However, torvosidase was classified as a GH3 β-glucosidase, but could not hydrolyze β-oligoglucosides, the natural substrates of GH3 enzymes. Here, the full-length cDNA encoding S. torvum β-glucosidase (SBgl3) was isolated by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method. The 1887bp ORF encoded 629 amino acids and showed high homology to other plant GH3 β-glucosidases. Internal peptide sequences of purified native Sbgl3 determined by LC-MS/MS matched the deduced amino acid sequence of the Sbgl3 cDNA, suggesting that it encoded the natural enzyme. Recombinant SBgl3 with a polyhistidine tag (SBgl3His) was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. The purified SBgl3His showed the same substrate specificity as natural SBgl3, hydrolyzing torvoside A with much higher catalytic efficiency than other substrates. It also had similar biochemical properties and kinetic parameters to the natural enzyme, with slight differences, possibly attributable to post-translational glycosylation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that SBgl3 was highly expressed in leaves and germinated seeds, suggesting a role in leaf and seedling development. To our knowledge, a recombinant GH3 β-glucosidase that hydrolyzes furostanol 26-O-β-glucosides, has not been previously reported in contrast to substrates of GH1 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungarun Suthangkornkul
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpisut Sriworanun
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okuyama
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Atsuo Kimura
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Dumrongkiet Arthan
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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18
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Ketudat Cairns JR, Mahong B, Baiya S, Jeon JS. β-Glucosidases: Multitasking, moonlighting or simply misunderstood? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:246-59. [PMID: 26706075 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases have a wide range of functions in plants, including roles in recycling of cell-wall oligosaccharides, defense, phytohormone signaling, secondary metabolism, and scent release, among others. It is not always clear which one is responsible for a specific function, as plants contain a large set of β-glucosidases. However, progress has been made in recent years in elucidating these functions. To help understand what is known and what remains ambiguous, we review the general approaches to investigating plant β-glucosidase functions. We consider information that has been gained regarding glycoside hydrolase family 1 enzyme functions utilizing these approaches in the past decade. In several cases, one enzyme has been assigned different biological functions by different research groups. We suggest that, at least in some cases, the ambiguity of an enzyme's function may come from having multiple functions that may help coordinate the response to injury or other stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Supaporn Baiya
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
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19
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Mateos SE, Cervantes CAM, Zenteno E, Slomianny MC, Alpuche J, Hernández-Cruz P, Martínez-Cruz R, del Socorro Pina Canseco M, Pérez-Campos E, Rubio MS, Mayoral LPC, Martínez-Cruz M. Purification and Partial Characterization of β-Glucosidase in Chayote (Sechium edule). Molecules 2015; 20:19372-92. [PMID: 26512637 PMCID: PMC6332095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is a prominent member of the GH1 family of glycoside hydrolases. The properties of this β-glucosidase appear to include resistance to temperature, urea, and iodoacetamide, and it is activated by 2-ME, similar to other members. β-Glucosidase from chayote (Sechium edule) was purified by ionic-interchange chromatography and molecular exclusion chromatography. Peptides detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS were compared with other β-glucosidases using the BLAST program. This enzyme is a 116 kDa protein composed of two sub-units of 58 kDa and shows homology with Cucumis sativus β-glucosidase (NCBI reference sequence XP_004154617.1), in which seven peptides were found with relative masses ranging from 874.3643 to 1587.8297. The stability of β-glucosidase depends on an initial concentration of 0.2 mg/mL of protein at pH 5.0 which decreases by 33% in a period of 30 h, and then stabilizes and is active for the next 5 days (pH 4.0 gives similar results). One hundred μg/mL β-D-glucose inhibited β-glucosidase activity by more than 50%. The enzyme had a Km of 4.88 mM with p-NPG and a Kcat of 10,000 min(-1). The optimal conditions for the enzyme require a pH of 4.0 and a temperature of 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgar Zenteno
- Facultad de Medicina de la, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal 04510, Mexico.
| | - Marie-Christine Slomianny
- Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS/USTL 8576, Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq 59655, France.
| | - Juan Alpuche
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Pedro Hernández-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Ruth Martínez-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Maria del Socorro Pina Canseco
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Campos
- Unidad de Bioquímica e Inmunología, Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68030, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Sánchez Rubio
- Unidad de Bioquímica e Inmunología, Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68030, Mexico.
| | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Centro de Investigación Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68050, Mexico.
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Physiological, Ultrastructural and Proteomic Responses in the Leaf of Maize Seedlings to Polyethylene Glycol-Stimulated Severe Water Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21606-25. [PMID: 26370980 PMCID: PMC4613270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After maize seedlings grown in full-strength Hoagland solution for 20 days were exposed to 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stimulated water deficiency for two days, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weights, and pigment contents significantly decreased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) content greatly increased. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed that chloroplasts of mesophyll cells in PEG-treated maize seedlings were swollen, with a disintegrating envelope and disrupted grana thylakoid lamellae. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) method, we were able to identify 22 protein spots with significantly altered abundance in the leaves of treated seedlings in response to water deficiency, 16 of which were successfully identified. These protein species were functionally classified into signal transduction, stress defense, carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, and unknown categories. The change in the abundance of the identified protein species may be closely related to the phenotypic and physiological changes due to PEG-stimulated water deficiency. Most of the identified protein species were putatively located in chloroplasts, indicating that chloroplasts may be prone to damage by PEG stimulated-water deficiency in maize seedlings. Our results help clarify the molecular mechanisms of the responses of higher plants to severe water deficiency.
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Kuge T, Nagoya H, Tryfona T, Kurokawa T, Yoshimi Y, Dohmae N, Tsubaki K, Dupree P, Tsumuraya Y, Kotake T. Action of an endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase on cellobiosyl unit structure in barley β-1,3:1,4-glucan. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1810-7. [PMID: 26027730 PMCID: PMC4673573 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1046365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
β-1,3:1,4-Glucan is a major cell wall component accumulating in endosperm and young tissues in grasses. The mixed linkage glucan is a linear polysaccharide mainly consisting of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl units linked through single β-1,3-glucosidic linkages, but it also contains minor structures such as cellobiosyl units. In this study, we examined the action of an endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase from Trichoderma sp. on a minor structure in barley β-1,3:1,4-glucan. To find the minor structure on which the endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase acts, we prepared oligosaccharides from barley β-1,3:1,4-glucan by endo-β-1,4-glucanase digestion followed by purification by gel permeation and paper chromatography. The endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase appeared to hydrolyze an oligosaccharide with degree of polymerization 5, designated C5-b. Based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (ToF)/ToF-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis, C5-b was identified as β-Glc-1,3-β-Glc-1,4-β-Glc-1,3-β-Glc-1,4-Glc including a cellobiosyl unit. The results indicate that a type of endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase acts on the cellobiosyl units of barley β-1,3:1,4-glucan in an endo-manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kuge
- a Life Science Materials Laboratory, Research and Development Division , ADEKA Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagoya
- b Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , Saitama , Japan
| | - Theodora Tryfona
- c Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Tsunemi Kurokawa
- b Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , Saitama , Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- b Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , Saitama , Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- b Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , Saitama , Japan.,d Global Research Cluster , RIKEN , Saitama , Japan
| | - Kazufumi Tsubaki
- a Life Science Materials Laboratory, Research and Development Division , ADEKA Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Paul Dupree
- c Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- b Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , Saitama , Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- b Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , Saitama , Japan.,e Institute for Environmental Science and Technology , Saitama University , Saitama , Japan
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Franková L, Fry SC. A general method for assaying homo- and hetero-transglycanase activities that act on plant cell-wall polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:411-428. [PMID: 25641334 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transglycanases (endotransglycosylases) cleave a polysaccharide (donor-substrate) in mid-chain, and then transfer a portion onto another poly- or oligosaccharide (acceptor-substrate). Such enzymes contribute to plant cell-wall assembly and/or re-structuring. We sought a general method for revealing novel homo- and hetero-transglycanases, applicable to diverse polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, separating transglycanase-generated (3)H-polysaccharides from unreacted (3)H-oligosaccharides--the former immobilized (on filter-paper, silica-gel or glass-fiber), the latter eluted. On filter-paper, certain polysaccharides [e.g. (1→3, 1→4)-β-D-glucans] remained satisfactorily adsorbed when water-washed; others (e.g. pectins) were partially lost. Many oligosaccharides (e.g. arabinan-, galactan-, xyloglucan-based) were successfully eluted in appropriate solvents, but others (e.g. [(3)H]xylohexaitol, [(3)H]mannohexaitol [(3)H]cellohexaitol) remained immobile. On silica-gel, all (3)H-oligosaccharides left an immobile 'ghost' spot (contaminating any (3)H-polysaccharides), which was diminished but not prevented by additives e.g. sucrose or Triton X-100. The best stratum was glass-fiber (GF), onto which the reaction-mixture was dried then washed in 75% ethanol. Washing led to minimal loss or lateral migration of (3)H-polysaccharides if conducted by slow percolation of acidified ethanol. The effectiveness of GF-blotting was well demonstrated for Chara vulgaris trans-β-mannanase. In conclusion, our novel GF-blotting technique efficiently frees transglycanase-generated (3)H-polysaccharides from unreacted (3)H-oligosaccharides, enabling high-throughput screening of multiple postulated transglycanase activities utilising chemically diverse donor- and acceptor-substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Schnitzenbaumer B, Arendt EK. Brewing with up to 40% unmalted oats (Avena sativa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): a review. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schnitzenbaumer
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; National University of Ireland, University College Cork; College Road Cork Ireland
| | - Elke K. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; National University of Ireland, University College Cork; College Road Cork Ireland
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Chandrasekar B, Colby T, Emran Khan Emon A, Jiang J, Hong TN, Villamor JG, Harzen A, Overkleeft HS, van der Hoorn RAL. Broad-range glycosidase activity profiling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2787-800. [PMID: 25056938 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o114.041616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce hundreds of glycosidases. Despite their importance in cell wall (re)modeling, protein and lipid modification, and metabolite conversion, very little is known of this large class of glycolytic enzymes, partly because of their post-translational regulation and their elusive substrates. Here, we applied activity-based glycosidase profiling using cell-permeable small molecular probes that react covalently with the active site nucleophile of retaining glycosidases in an activity-dependent manner. Using mass spectrometry we detected the active state of dozens of myrosinases, glucosidases, xylosidases, and galactosidases representing seven different retaining glycosidase families. The method is simple and applicable for different organs and different plant species, in living cells and in subproteomes. We display the active state of previously uncharacterized glycosidases, one of which was encoded by a previously declared pseudogene. Interestingly, glycosidase activity profiling also revealed the active state of a diverse range of putative xylosidases, galactosidases, glucanases, and heparanase in the cell wall of Nicotiana benthamiana. Our data illustrate that this powerful approach displays a new and important layer of functional proteomic information on the active state of glycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- From the ‡Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom; §Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Colby
- ‖Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Netherlands Center for Proteomics, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Asif Emran Khan Emon
- §Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- ‖Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Netherlands Center for Proteomics, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tram Ngoc Hong
- From the ‡Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom; §Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joji Grace Villamor
- §Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- ‖Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Netherlands Center for Proteomics, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- ‖Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Netherlands Center for Proteomics, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- From the ‡Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom; From the ‡Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
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Rouyi C, Baiya S, Lee SK, Mahong B, Jeon JS, Ketudat-Cairns JR, Ketudat-Cairns M. Recombinant Expression and Characterization of the Cytoplasmic Rice β-Glucosidase Os1BGlu4. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96712. [PMID: 24802508 PMCID: PMC4011751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Os1BGlu4 β-glucosidase is the only glycoside hydrolase family 1 member in rice that is predicted to be localized in the cytoplasm. To characterize the biochemical function of rice Os1BGlu4, the Os1bglu4 cDNA was cloned and used to express a thioredoxin fusion protein in Escherichia coli. After removal of the tag, the purified recombinant Os1BGlu4 (rOs1BGlu4) exhibited an optimum pH of 6.5, which is consistent with Os1BGlu4's cytoplasmic localization. Fluorescence microscopy of maize protoplasts and tobacco leaf cells expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged Os1BGlu4 confirmed the cytoplasmic localization. Purified rOs1BGlu4 can hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-β-d-glucoside (pNPGlc) efficiently (kcat/Km = 17.9 mM−1·s−1), and hydrolyzes pNP-β-d-fucopyranoside with about 50% the efficiency of the pNPGlc. Among natural substrates tested, rOs1BGlu4 efficiently hydrolyzed β-(1,3)-linked oligosaccharides of degree of polymerization (DP) 2–3, and β-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharide of DP 3–4, and hydrolysis of salicin, esculin and p-coumaryl alcohol was also detected. Analysis of the hydrolysis of pNP-β-cellobioside showed that the initial hydrolysis was between the two glucose molecules, and suggested rOs1BGlu4 transglucosylates this substrate. At 10 mM pNPGlc concentration, rOs1BGlu4 can transfer the glucosyl group of pNPGlc to ethanol and pNPGlc. This transglycosylation activity suggests the potential use of Os1BGlu4 for pNP-oligosaccharide and alkyl glycosides synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Rouyi
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Guizhou Institute of Upland Food Crops, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Supaporn Baiya
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - James R. Ketudat-Cairns
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Mariena Ketudat-Cairns
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Kumagai Y, Satoh T, Inoue A, Ojima T. A laminaribiose-hydrolyzing enzyme, AkLab, from the common sea hare Aplysia kurodai and its transglycosylation activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 167:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tankrathok A, Iglesias-Fernández J, Luang S, Robinson RC, Kimura A, Rovira C, Hrmova M, Ketudat Cairns JR. Structural analysis and insights into the glycon specificity of the rice GH1 Os7BGlu26 β-D-mannosidase. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2124-35. [DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rice Os7BGlu26 is a GH1 family glycoside hydrolase with a threefold higherkcat/Kmvalue for 4-nitrophenyl β-D-mannoside (4NPMan) compared with 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucoside (4NPGlc). To investigate its selectivity for β-D-mannoside and β-D-glucoside substrates, the structures of apo Os7BGlu26 at a resolution of 2.20 Å and of Os7BGlu26 with mannose at a resolution of 2.45 Å were elucidated from isomorphous crystals in space groupP212121. The (β/α)8-barrel structure is similar to other GH1 family structures, but with a narrower active-site cleft. The Os7BGlu26 structure with D-mannose corresponds to a product complex, with β-D-mannose in the1S5skew-boat conformation. Docking of the1S3,1S5,2SOand3S1pyranose-ring conformations of 4NPMan and 4NPGlc substrates into the active site of Os7BGlu26 indicated that the lowest energies were in the1S5and1S3skew-boat conformations. Comparison of these docked conformers with other rice GH1 structures revealed differences in the residues interacting with the catalytic acid/base between enzymes with and without β-D-mannosidase activity. The mutation of Tyr134 to Trp in Os7BGlu26 resulted in similarkcat/Kmvalues for 4NPMan and 4NPGlc, while mutation of Tyr134 to Phe resulted in a 37-fold higherkcat/Kmfor 4NPMan than 4NPGlc. Mutation of Cys182 to Thr decreased both the activity and the selectivity for β-D-mannoside. It was concluded that interactions with the catalytic acid/base play a significant role in glycon selection.
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Franková L, Fry SC. Biochemistry and physiological roles of enzymes that 'cut and paste' plant cell-wall polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3519-50. [PMID: 23956409 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell-wall matrix is equipped with more than 20 glycosylhydrolase activities, including both glycosidases and glycanases (exo- and endo-hydrolases, respectively), which between them are in principle capable of hydrolysing most of the major glycosidic bonds in wall polysaccharides. Some of these enzymes also participate in the 'cutting and pasting' (transglycosylation) of sugar residues-enzyme activities known as transglycosidases and transglycanases. Their action and biological functions differ from those of the UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (polysaccharide synthases) that catalyse irreversible glycosyl transfer. Based on the nature of the substrates, two types of reaction can be distinguished: homo-transglycosylation (occurring between chemically similar polymers) and hetero-transglycosylation (between chemically different polymers). This review focuses on plant cell-wall-localized glycosylhydrolases and the transglycosylase activities exhibited by some of these enzymes and considers the physiological need for wall polysaccharide modification in vivo. It describes the mechanism of transglycosylase action and the classification and phylogenetic variation of the enzymes. It discusses the modulation of their expression in plants at the transcriptional and translational levels, and methods for their detection. It also critically evaluates the evidence that the enzyme proteins under consideration exhibit their predicted activity in vitro and their predicted action in vivo. Finally, this review suggests that wall-localized glycosylhydrolases with transglycosidase and transglycanase abilities are widespread in plants and play important roles in the mechanism and control of plant cell expansion, differentiation, maturation, and wall repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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Identification of the acid/base catalyst of a glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger ASKU28. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013. [PMID: 23201198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The commercially important glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) beta-glucosidases from Aspergillus niger are anomeric-configuration-retaining enzymes that operate through the canonical double-displacement glycosidase mechanism. Whereas the catalytic nucleophile is readily identified across all GH3 members by sequence alignments, the acid/base catalyst in this family is phylogenetically variable and less readily divined. METHODS In this report, we employed three-dimensional structure homology modeling and detailed kinetic analysis of site-directed mutants to identify the catalytic acid/base of a GH3 beta-glucosidase from A. niger ASKU28. RESULTS In comparison to the wild-type enzyme and other mutants, the E490A variant exhibited greatly reduced k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values toward the natural substrate cellobiose (67,000- and 61,000-fold, respectively). Correspondingly smaller kinetic effects were observed for artificial chromogenic substrates p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside and 2,4-dinitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside, the aglycone leaving groups of which are less dependent on acid catalysis, although changes in the rate-determining catalytic step were revealed for both. pH-rate profile analyses also implicated E490 as the general acid/base catalyst. Addition of azide as an exogenous nucleophile partially rescued the activity of the E490A variant with the aryl beta-glucosides and yielded beta-glucosyl azide as a product. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These results strongly support the assignment of E490 as the acid/base catalyst in a beta-glucosidase from A. niger ASKU28, and provide crucial experimental support for the bioinformatic identification of the homologous residue in a range of related GH3 subfamily members.
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Structural insights into cellulolytic and chitinolytic enzymes revealing crucial residues of insect β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52225. [PMID: 23300622 PMCID: PMC3531433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical similarity of cellulose and chitin supports the idea that their corresponding hydrolytic enzymes would bind β-1,4-linked glucose residues in a similar manner. A structural and mutational analysis was performed for the plant cellulolytic enzyme BGlu1 from Oryza sativa and the insect chitinolytic enzyme OfHex1 from Ostrinia furnacalis. Although BGlu1 shows little amino-acid sequence or topological similarity with OfHex1, three residues (Trp490, Glu328, Val327 in OfHex1, and Trp358, Tyr131 and Ile179 in BGlu1) were identified as being conserved in the +1 sugar binding site. OfHex1 Glu328 together with Trp490 was confirmed to be necessary for substrate binding. The mutant E328A exhibited a 8-fold increment in Km for (GlcNAc)2 and a 42-fold increment in Ki for TMG-chitotriomycin. A crystal structure of E328A in complex with TMG-chitotriomycin was resolved at 2.5 Å, revealing the obvious conformational changes of the catalytic residues (Glu368 and Asp367) and the absence of the hydrogen bond between E328A and the C3-OH of the +1 sugar. V327G exhibited the same activity as the wild-type, but acquired the ability to efficiently hydrolyse β-1,2-linked GlcNAc in contrast to the wild-type. Thus, Glu328 and Val327 were identified as important for substrate-binding and as glycosidic-bond determinants. A structure-based sequence alignment confirmed the spatial conservation of these three residues in most plant cellulolytic, insect and bacterial chitinolytic enzymes.
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Yeoh KA, Othman A, Meon S, Abdullah F, Ho CL. Sequence analysis and gene expression of putative exo- and endo-glucanases from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) during fungal infection. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1565-1570. [PMID: 22854183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucanases are enzymes that hydrolyze a variety β-d-glucosidic linkages. Plant β-1,3-glucanases are able to degrade fungal cell walls; and promote the release of cell-wall derived fungal elicitors. In this study, three full-length cDNA sequences encoding oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) glucanases were analyzed. Sequence analyses of the cDNA sequences suggested that EgGlc1-1 is a putative β-d-glucan exohydolase belonging to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 3 while EgGlc5-1 and EgGlc5-2 are putative glucan endo-1,3-β-glucosidases belonging to GH family 17. The transcript abundance of these genes in the roots and leaves of oil palm seedlings treated with Ganoderma boninense and Trichoderma harzianum was profiled to investigate the involvement of these glucanases in oil palm during fungal infection. The gene expression of EgGlc1-1 in the root of oil palm seedlings was increased by T. harzianum but suppressed by G. boninense; while the gene expression of both EgGlc5-1 and EgGlc5-2 in the roots of oil palm seedlings was suppressed by G. boninense or/and T. harzianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keat-Ai Yeoh
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Radva D, Knutsen SH, Kosáry J, Ballance S. Application of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection to compare the kinetic properties of β-glucosidase on oligosaccharides from lichenase digested barley β-glucan. Carbohydr Res 2012; 358:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Walker C, Dickie K, Biawa JP, Ueda T, Muller RE. Prediction of Extract Potential in New Barley Varieties by Measuring Cell-wall Breakdown. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2001.tb00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kanauchi M, Bamforth CW. The Relevance of Different Enzymes for the Hydrolysis of β-glucans in Malting and Mashing. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2008.tb00332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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R. Ketudat Cairns J, Pengthaisong S, Luang S, Sansenya S, Tankrathok A, Svasti J. Protein-carbohydrate Interactions Leading to Hydrolysis and Transglycosylation in Plant Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 Enzymes. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2012. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2011_022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Nakatani Y, Cutfield SM, Cowieson NP, Cutfield JF. Structure and activity of exo-1,3/1,4-β-glucanase from marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. BB1 showing a novel C-terminal domain. FEBS J 2011; 279:464-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Xu C, Huang B. Differential proteomic responses to water stress induced by PEG in two creeping bentgrass cultivars differing in stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:1477-1485. [PMID: 20674080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein metabolism and expression play important role in plant adaptation to water stress. The objectives of this study were to examine proteomic responses to water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) leaves and to identify proteins associated with stress tolerance. Plants of two cultivars ('Penncross' and 'Penn-A4') differing in water stress tolerance were grown in sand irrigated daily with water (control) or PEG solution (osmotic potential of -0.66MPa) to induce water stress, for 28d in growth chambers. Shoot extension rate, relative water content and cell membrane stability were measured to compare drought tolerance between the two cultivars. All parameters maintained at a significantly higher level in 'Penn-A4' than in 'Penncross' under PEG treatment. After 28d of water stress, proteins were extracted from leaves and separated by difference gel electrophoresis. Among 56 stress-responsive protein spots, 46 were identified using mass spectrometry. Some proteins involved in primary nitrogen and carbon metabolism were down-regulated by PEG-induced water stress in both cultivars. The abundance of antioxidant enzyme proteins (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase) increased under water stress, particularly ascorbate peroxidase in 'Penn-A4'. The abundance levels of actins, UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase and glucan exohydrolase were greater in 'Penn-A4' than in 'Penncross' under PEG treatment. Our results suggest that proteins involved in membrane synthesis, cell wall loosening, cell turgor maintenance, and antioxidant defense may play roles in perennial grass adaptation to PEG-induced water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenping Xu
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
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Ketudat Cairns JR, Esen A. β-Glucosidases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3389-405. [PMID: 20490603 PMCID: PMC11115901 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases (3.2.1.21) are found in all domains of living organisms, where they play essential roles in the removal of nonreducing terminal glucosyl residues from saccharides and glycosides. β-Glucosidases function in glycolipid and exogenous glycoside metabolism in animals, defense, cell wall lignification, cell wall β-glucan turnover, phytohormone activation, and release of aromatic compounds in plants, and biomass conversion in microorganisms. These functions lead to many agricultural and industrial applications. β-Glucosidases have been classified into glycoside hydrolase (GH) families GH1, GH3, GH5, GH9, and GH30, based on their amino acid sequences, while other β-glucosidases remain to be classified. The GH1, GH5, and GH30 β-glucosidases fall in GH Clan A, which consists of proteins with (β/α)(8)-barrel structures. In contrast, the active site of GH3 enzymes comprises two domains, while GH9 enzymes have (α/α)(6) barrel structures. The mechanism by which GH1 enzymes recognize and hydrolyze substrates with different specificities remains an area of intense study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Ketudat Cairns
- Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
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The structural basis of oligosaccharide binding by rice BGlu1 beta-glucosidase. J Struct Biol 2010; 173:169-79. [PMID: 20884352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rice BGlu1 β-glucosidase is an oligosaccharide exoglucosidase that binds to six β-(1→4)-linked glucosyl residues in its active site cleft. Here, we demonstrate that a BGlu1 E176Q active site mutant can be effectively rescued by small nucleophiles, such as acetate, azide and ascorbate, for hydrolysis of aryl glycosides in a pH-independent manner above pH5, consistent with the role of E176 as the catalytic acid-base. Cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, cellohexaose and laminaribiose are not hydrolyzed by the mutant and instead exhibit competitive inhibition. The structures of the BGlu1 E176Q, its complexes with cellotetraose, cellopentaose and laminaribiose, and its covalent intermediate with 2-deoxy-2-fluoroglucoside were determined at 1.65, 1.95, 1.80, 2.80, and 1.90Å resolution, respectively. The Q176Nε was found to hydrogen bond to the glycosidic oxygen of the scissile bond, thereby explaining its high activity. The enzyme interacts with cellooligosaccharides through direct hydrogen bonds to the nonreducing terminal glucosyl residue. However, interaction with the other glucosyl residues is predominantly mediated through water molecules, with the exception of a direct hydrogen bond from N245 to glucosyl residue 3, consistent with the apparent high binding energy at this residue. Hydrophobic interactions with the aromatic sidechain of W358 appear to orient glucosyl residues 2 and 3, while Y341 orients glucosyl residues 4 and 5. In contrast, laminaribiose has its second glucosyl residue positioned to allow direct hydrogen bonding between its O2 and Q176 Oε and O1 and N245. These are the first GH1 glycoside hydrolase family structures to show oligosaccharide binding in the hydrolytic configuration.
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Kuntothom T, Raab M, Tvaroška I, Fort S, Pengthaisong S, Cañada J, Calle L, Jiménez-Barbero J, Ketudat Cairns JR, Hrmova M. Binding of β-d-Glucosides and β-d-Mannosides by Rice and Barley β-d-Glycosidases with Distinct Substrate Specificities. Biochemistry 2010; 49:8779-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bi101112c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teerachai Kuntothom
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Michal Raab
- Department of Structure and Function of Saccharides, Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Tvaroška
- Department of Structure and Function of Saccharides, Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sebastien Fort
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolecules Vegetales, Grenoble, France
| | - Salila Pengthaisong
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Javier Cañada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Calle
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Maria Hrmova
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
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Han Y, Chen H. Biochemical characterization of a maize stover beta-exoglucanase and its use in lignocellulose conversion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6111-6117. [PMID: 20304632 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant is one of the important resources for glycosyl hydrolase production. A beta-exoglucanase with molecular weight of 63.1 kDa was purified from fresh maize stover and subjected to enzymatic characterization. The optimal temperature and pH of the beta-exoglucanase was 40 degrees C and 6.0, respectively. The beta-exoglucanase was active against p-nitrophenyl-cellobiose (p-NPC), laminarin, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, Avicel, filter paper, and cotton cellulose. The analysis of hydrolytic mode suggested that the beta-exoglucanase removed cellobiose from the ends of beta-glucan. Kinetic parameters of the beta-exoglucanase for laminarin and p-NPC were determined. The effects of metal ions and chemical reagents on the beta-exoglucanase activity were also studied. The biochemical characterization of the beta-exoglucanase makes it an appealing cellulase additive in converting lignocelluloses to ethanol through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The synergism of the beta-exoglucanase or crude cell wall proteins of fresh maize stover with Trichoderma reesei cellulase was observed in ethanol production from lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Takeda H, Sugahara T, Kotake T, Nakagawa N, Sakurai N. Sugar treatment inhibits IAA-induced expression of endo-1,3:1,4-beta-glucanase EI transcripts in barley coleoptile segments. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 139:413-420. [PMID: 20412461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of 1,3:1,4-beta-glucan by glucanases is believed to be critical for auxin-induced elongation in Gramineae coleoptile. In the present study, we reinvestigated the relationship between auxin-induced elongation and gene expression of glucanases upon treatment of coleoptile segments with sugars. Gene expression of exo-beta-1,3:1,4-glucanase ExoII was not affected by treatment with IAA and/or sucrose. In contrast, levels of endo-beta-1,3:1,4-glucanase EI transcripts increased in response to IAA treatment, which was negated by the addition of glucose or sucrose, although the addition of sucrose or glucose did not suppress IAA-induced elongation. Sugar composition analysis of the hemicellulosic fraction revealed that the addition of glucose suppressed the IAA-induced reduction of beta-glucan. In the coleoptile segments that were starved by pre-incubation in water, the IAA-induced accumulation of EI mRNA was accelerated, as compared with the non-starved segments, which suggests that the level of carbon source in the cytoplasm regulates EI expression. Moreover, in the basal region of coleoptiles, where IAA treatment does not induce elongation growth, high levels of EI transcripts were observed in the presence and absence of IAA treatment. These results strongly demonstrated that the expressions of exo- and endo-beta-glucanase genes are not directly involved in the IAA-induced loosening of cell walls associated with elongation and also suggests that cell walls may degrade 1,3:1,4-beta-glucan to provide glucose as an energy source for cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Luang S, Ketudat Cairns JR, Streltsov VA, Hrmova M. Crystallisation of wild-type and variant forms of a recombinant plant enzyme β-D-glucan glucohydrolase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and preliminary X-ray analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2759-69. [PMID: 20717535 PMCID: PMC2920565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11072759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild-type and variant crystals of a recombinant enzyme beta-d-glucan glucohydrolase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were obtained by macroseeding and cross-seeding with microcrystals obtained from native plant protein. Crystals grew to dimensions of up to 500 x 250 x 375 mum at 277 K in the hanging-drops by vapour-diffusion. Further, the conditions are described that yielded the wild-type crystals with dimensions of 80 x 40 x 60 mum by self-nucleation vapour-diffusion in sitting-drops at 281 K. The wild-type and recombinant crystals prepared by seeding techniques achived full size within 5-14 days, while the wild-type crystals grown by self-nucleation appeared after 30 days and reached their maximum size after another two months. Both the wild-type and recombinant variant crystals, the latter altered in the key catalytic and substrate-binding residues Glu220, Trp434 and Arg158/Glu161 belonged to the P4(3)2(1)2 tetragonal space group, i.e., the space group of the native microcrystals was retained in the newly grown recombinant crystals. The crystals diffracted beyond 1.57-1.95 A and the cell dimensions were between a = b = 99.2-100.8 A and c = 183.2-183.6 A. With one molecule in the asymmetric unit, the calculated Matthews coefficients were between 3.4-3.5 A(3).Da(-1) and the solvent contents varied between 63.4% and 64.5%. The macroseeding and cross-seeding techniques are advantageous, where a limited amount of variant proteins precludes screening of crystallisation conditions, or where variant proteins could not be crystallized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Luang
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; E-Mail: (S.L.); (J.R.K.C.)
| | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; E-Mail: (S.L.); (J.R.K.C.)
| | - Victor A. Streltsov
- Molecular and Health Technologies, CSIRO-Commonwealth Scientific Research Organization, Victoria 3052, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Maria Hrmova
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Xu C, Sibicky T, Huang B. Protein profile analysis of salt-responsive proteins in leaves and roots in two cultivars of creeping bentgrass differing in salinity tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:595-615. [PMID: 20361191 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of stress-responsive proteins is critical for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance. The objectives of this study were to establish a proteomic map for a perennial grass species, creeping bentgrass (A. stolonifera L.), and to identify differentially expressed, salt-responsive proteins in two cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. Plants of two cultivars ('Penncross' and 'Penn-A4') were irrigated daily with water (control) or NaCl solution to induce salinity stress in a growth chamber. Salinity stress was obtained by adding NaCl solution of 2, 4, 6, and 8 dS m(-1) in the soil daily for 2-day intervals at each concentration, and then by watering soil with 10 dS m(-1) solution daily for 28 days. For proteomic map, using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), approximately 420 and 300 protein spots were detected in leaves and roots, respectively. A total of 148 leaf protein spots and 40 root protein spots were excised from the 2-DE gels and subjected to mass spectrometry analysis. In total, 106 leaf protein spots and 24 root protein spots were successfully identified. Leaves had more salt-responsive proteins than roots in both cultivars. The superior salt tolerance in 'Penn-A4', indicated by shoot extension rate, relative water content, and cell membrane stability during the 28-day salinity stress could be mainly associated with its higher level of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in roots and UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase, methionine synthase, and glucan exohydrolase in leaves, as well as increased accumulation of catalase and glutathione S-transferase in leaves. Our results suggest that salinity tolerance in creeping bentgrass could be in part controlled by an alteration of ion transport through vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in roots, maintenance of the functionality and integrity of thylakoid membranes, sustained polyamine biosynthesis, and by the activation of cell wall loosening proteins and antioxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenping Xu
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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45
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Luang S, Hrmova M, Ketudat Cairns JR. High-level expression of barley beta-D-glucan exohydrolase HvExoI from a codon-optimized cDNA in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 73:90-8. [PMID: 20406687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The native beta-d-glucan exohydrolase isoenzyme ExoI from barley seedlings, designated HvExoI, was the first GH3 glycoside hydrolase, for which a crystal structure was determined. A precise understanding of relationships between structure and function in this enzyme has been gained by structural and enzymatic studies. To allow testing of hypotheses gained from these studies, an efficient system for expression of HvExoI in Pichia pastoris was developed using a codon-optimized cDNA. Protein expression at a temperature of 20 degrees C yielded a recombinant enzyme, designated rHvExoI, which had molecular masses of 70-110 kDa due to heavy glycosylation at Asn221, Asn498 and Asn600, the three sites of N-glycosylation in native HvExoI. Most of the N-linked carbohydrate could be removed from rHvExoI, resulting in N-deglycosylated rHvExoI with a substantially decreased molecular mass of 67 kDa. rHvExoI was able to hydrolyse barley (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan, laminarin and lichenans. The catalytic efficiency value k(cat)/K(M) of rHvExoI with barley (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan was similar to that reported for native HvExoI. Further, laminaribiose, cellobiose and gentiobiose were formed through transglycosylation reactions with 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside and barley (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan. Overall, the biochemical properties of rHvExoI were similar to those reported for native HvExoI, although differences were seen in thermostabilities and hydrolytic rates of certain beta-linked glucosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Luang
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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46
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Mohapatra PK, Patro L, Raval MK, Ramaswamy NK, Biswal UC, Biswal B. Senescence-induced loss in photosynthesis enhances cell wall beta-glucosidase activity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 138:346-55. [PMID: 20028477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A link between senescence-induced decline in photosynthesis and activity of beta-glucosidase is examined in the leaves of Arabidopsis. The enzyme is purified and characterized. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 58 kDa. It shows maximum activity at pH 5.5 and at temperature of 50 degrees C. Photosynthetic measurements and activity of the enzyme are conducted at different developmental stages including senescence of leaves. Senescence causes a significant loss in total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, rate of evaporation and in the ability of the leaves for carbon dioxide fixation. The process also brings about a decline in oxygen evolution, quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) and quantum efficiency of PS II photochemistry of thylakoid membrane. The loss in photosynthesis is accompanied by a significant increase in the activity of the cell wall-bound beta-glucosidase that breaks down polysaccharides to soluble sugars. The loss in photosynthesis as a signal for the enhancement in the activity of the enzyme is confirmed from the observation that incubation of excised mature leaves in continuous dark or in light with a photosynthesis inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU) that leads to sugar starvation enhances the activity of the enzyme. The work suggests that in the background of photosynthetic decline, the polysaccharides bound to cell wall that remains intact even during late phase of senescence may be the last target of senescing leaves for a possible source of sugar for remobilization and completion of the energy-dependent senescence program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Kishor Mohapatra
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar 768019, Orissa, India
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Sansenya S, Ketudat Cairns JR, Opassiri R. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Os4BGlu12 beta-glucosidase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:320-3. [PMID: 20208171 PMCID: PMC2833047 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911000103x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Os4BGlu12, a glycoside hydrolase family 1 beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), was expressed as a fusion protein with an N-terminal thioredoxin/His(6) tag in Escherichia coli strain Origami B (DE3) and purified with subsequent removal of the N-terminal tag. Native Os4BGlu12 and its complex with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranoside (DNP2FG) were crystallized using 19% polyethylene glycol (3350 or 2000, respectively) in 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 0.16 M NaCl at 288 K. Diffraction data sets for the apo and inhibitor-bound forms were collected to 2.50 and 2.45 A resolution, respectively. The space group and the unit-cell parameters of the crystal indicated the presence of two molecules per asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 50%. The structure of Os4BGlu12 was successfully solved in space group P4(3)2(1)2 by molecular replacement using the white clover cyanogenic beta-glucosidase structure (PDB code 1cbg) as a search model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompong Sansenya
- Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rodjana Opassiri
- Schools of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Functional diversity of four glycoside hydrolase family 3 enzymes from the rumen bacterium Prevotella bryantii B14. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:2335-45. [PMID: 20190048 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01654-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevotella bryantii B(1)4 is a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes and contributes to the degradation of hemicellulose in the rumen. The genome of P. bryantii harbors four genes predicted to encode glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 3 (GH3) enzymes. To evaluate whether these genes encode enzymes with redundant biological functions, each gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant proteins revealed that the enzymes exhibit different substrate specificities. One gene encoded a cellodextrinase (CdxA), and three genes encoded beta-xylosidase enzymes (Xyl3A, Xyl3B, and Xyl3C) with different specificities for either para-nitrophenyl (pNP)-linked substrates or substituted xylooligosaccharides. To identify the amino acid residues that contribute to catalysis and substrate specificity within this family of enzymes, the roles of conserved residues (R177, K214, H215, M251, and D286) in Xyl3B were probed by site-directed mutagenesis. Each mutation led to a severely decreased catalytic efficiency without a change in the overall structure of the mutant enzymes. Through amino acid sequence alignments, an amino acid residue (E115) that, when mutated to aspartic acid, resulted in a 14-fold decrease in the k(cat)/K(m) for pNP-beta-d-xylopyranoside (pNPX) with a concurrent 1.1-fold increase in the k(cat)/K(m) for pNP-beta-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG) was identified. Amino acid residue E115 may therefore contribute to the discrimination between beta-xylosides and beta-glucosides. Our results demonstrate that each of the four GH3 enzymes has evolved to perform a specific role in lignopolysaccharide hydrolysis and provide insight into the role of active-site residues in catalysis and substrate specificity for GH3 enzymes.
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49
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Isolation and characterization of two types of β-1,3-glucanases from the common sea hare Aplysia kurodai. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 155:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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