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Wu X, Zhang T, Mao M, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Xu P. A methodological exploration of distinguishing hair quality based on hair proteomics. Proteome Sci 2024; 22:5. [PMID: 38693542 PMCID: PMC11064416 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-024-00229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hair is an advantageous biological sample due to its recordable, collectable, and storable nature. Hair's primary components are keratin and keratin-associated proteins. Owing to its abundance of cystine, keratin possesses impressive mechanical strength and chemical stability, formed by creating disulfide bonds as crosslinks within the protein peptide chain. Furthermore, keratin is cross-linked with keratin-associated proteins to create a complex network structure that provides the hair with strength and rigidity. Protein extraction serves as the foundation for hair analysis research. Bleaching hair causes damage to the structure between keratin and keratin-associated proteins, resulting in texture issues and hair breakage. This article outlines various physical treatment methods and lysate analysis that enhance the efficiency of hair protein extraction. The PLEE method achieves a three-fold increase in hair protein extraction efficiency when using a lysis solution containing SDS and combining high temperatures with intense shaking, compared to previous methods found in literature. We utilized the PLEE method to extract hair from both normal and damaged groups. Normal samples identified 156-157 proteins, including 51 keratin and keratin-associated proteins. The damaged group consisted of 155-158 identified proteins, of which 48-50 were keratin and keratin-associated proteins. Bleaching did not cause any notable difference in the protein identification of hair. However, it did reduce coverage of keratin and keratin-associated proteins significantly. Our hair protein extraction method provides extensive coverage of the hair proteome. Our findings indicate that bleaching damage results in subpar hair quality due to reduced coverage of protein primary sequences in keratin and keratin-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mingsong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Zhenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
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2
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Kale R, Chaturvedi D, Dandekar P, Jain R. Analytical techniques for screening of cannabis and derivatives from human hair specimens. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1133-1149. [PMID: 38314866 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis and associated substances are some of the most frequently abused drugs across the globe, mainly due to their anxiolytic and euphorigenic properties. Nowadays, the analysis of hair samples has been given high importance in forensic and analytical sciences and in clinical studies because they are associated with a low risk of infection, do not require complicated storage conditions, and offer a broad window of non-invasive detection. Analysis of hair samples is very easy compared to the analysis of blood, urine, and saliva samples. This review places particular emphasis on methodologies of analyzing hair samples containing cannabis, with a special focus on the preparation of samples for analysis, which involves screening and extraction techniques, followed by confirmatory assays. Through this manuscript, we have presented an overview of the available literature on the screening of cannabis using mass spectroscopy techniques. We have presented a detailed overview of the advantages and disadvantages of this technique, to establish it as a suitable method for the analysis of cannabis from hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kale
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Deepa Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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3
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Yu X, Li S, Zhou H, Zhao F, Hu J, Wang J, Liu X, Li M, Zhao Z, Hao Z, Shi B, Hickford JGH. Spatiotemporal Expression and Haplotypes Identification of KRT84 Gene and Their Association with Wool Traits in Gansu Alpine Fine-Wool Sheep. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:248. [PMID: 38397237 PMCID: PMC10888427 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratin (K) is a major protein component of hair and is involved in hair growth and development. In this study, we analysed the expression, localization, and polymorphism of the K84 gene (KRT84) in Gansu Alpine Fine-wool sheep using immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and PARMS (penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system). Haplotypes of KRT84 were also constructed and their relationship with wool traits analysed. It was revealed that KRT84 was highly expressed in hair follicles, including the inner root sheath, outer root sheath, and hair medulla and at all six lamb ages investigated from 1 to 270 days of age. Three SNPs were detected in KRT84 exon 1, and they formed three haplotypes (named H1, H2, and H3) and six genotypes. Analyses revealed an association between haplotype combinations (diplotypes) and the mean fibre curvature, mean staple length, mean staple strength, mean fibre diameter, the coefficient of variation of fibre diameter, and comfort factor for these sheep. These results suggest that KRT84 is of importance in determining several key traits in Gansu Alpine Fine-wool sheep and that the gene could possibly be used as a genetic marker for wool trait selection in these sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Yu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Shaobin Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Huitong Zhou
- International Wool Research Institute, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Fangfang Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Jiang Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Jiqing Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Xiu Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Mingna Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
- International Wool Research Institute, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Zhidong Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Zhiyun Hao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Bingang Shi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Y.); (F.Z.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Jon G. H. Hickford
- International Wool Research Institute, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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4
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Hafner R, Wolfgramm N, Klein P, Urbassek HM. Adsorption of Diclofenac and PFBS on a Hair Keratin Dimer. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:45-55. [PMID: 38154791 PMCID: PMC10788924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution by man-made toxic and persistent organic compounds, found throughout the world in surface and groundwater, has various negative effects on aquatic life systems and even humans. Therefore, it is important to develop and improve water treatment technologies capable of removing such substances from wastewater and purifying drinking water. The two substances investigated are the widely used painkiller diclofenac and a member of the class of "forever chemicals", perfluorobutanesulfonate. Both are known to have serious negative effects on living organisms, especially under long-term exposure, and are detectable in human hair, suggesting adsorption to a part of the hair fiber complex. In this study, a human hair keratin dimer is investigated for its ability to absorb diclofenac and perfluorobutanesulfonate. Initial predictions for binding sites are obtained via molecular docking and subjected to molecular dynamics simulations for more than 1 μs. The binding affinities obtained by the linear interaction energy method are high enough to motivate further research on human hair keratins as a sustainable, low-cost, and easily allocatable filtration material.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hafner
- Physics
Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Fraunhofer
ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz
1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nils Wolfgramm
- Fraunhofer
ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz
1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Klein
- Fraunhofer
ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz
1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Herbert M. Urbassek
- Physics
Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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5
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Zhang Z, Wallace WE, Wang G, Burke MC, Liu Y, Sheetlin SL, Stein SE. Improved Sample Preparation Method for Protein and Peptide Identification from Human Hair. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:409-417. [PMID: 38009783 PMCID: PMC10829973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive direct extraction (DE) method developed in our group can efficiently extract proteins in 30 min from a 5 cm-long hair strand. Previously, we coupled DE to downstream analysis using gel electrophoresis followed by in-gel digestion, which can be time-consuming. In searching for a better alternative, we found that a combination of DE with a bead-based method (SP3) can lead to significant improvements in protein discovery in human hair. Since SP3 is designed for general applications, we optimized it to process hair proteins following DE and compared it to several other in-solution digestion methods. Of particular concern are genetically variant peptides (GVPs), which can be used for human identification in forensic analysis. Here, we demonstrated improved GVP discovery with the DE and SP3 workflow, which was 3 times faster than the previous in-gel digestion method and required significantly less instrument time depending on the number of gel slices processed. Additionally, it led to an increased number of identified proteins and GVPs. Among the tested in-solution digestion methods, DE combined with SP3 showed the highest sequence coverage, with higher abundances of the identified peptides. This provides a significantly enhanced means for identifying proteins and GVPs in human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 USA
| | - William E. Wallace
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Meghan C. Burke
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Sergey L. Sheetlin
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Stephen E. Stein
- Mass Spectrometry Data Center, Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 USA
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6
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Adav SS, Leung CY, Ng KW. Profiling of hair proteome revealed individual demographics. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2023; 66:102914. [PMID: 37482024 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Human hair is often found at crime scenes, persists for a long time, and is a valuable biological specimen in forensic investigations. Hair contains minimal intact nuclear DNA for the discrimination of individual identity. In such cases, proteomics evaluation of hair proteins could provide an attractive alternative for protein-based human identification. Therefore, this study adopted a proteomic approach to profile hair shafts from both males and females across different ethnic populations including Chinese, Indians, Malays, and Filipinos in their 20-80 s. First, hair proteins were extracted by different methods to adopt the most suitable protocol that produced the highest extraction efficiency based on most significant enrichment of keratins and keratin-associated proteins. Abundance of hair keratins including both types I and II, and keratin-associated proteins, estimated using label-free quantification, showed distinguishable profiles, and the possibilities of distinguishing individuals within each ethnic origin. Similarly, several protein candidates and their abundances could be used to distinguish sex and age of individuals. This study explored the possibility of utilizing hair proteomics phenotyping in forensic science to differentiate individuals across various ethnic groups, sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Adav
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ching Yung Leung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore.
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7
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Baltenneck F, Genty G, Samra EB, Richena M, Harland DP, Clerens S, Leccia E, Le Balch M, Doucet J, Michelet JF, Commo S. Age-associated thin hair displays molecular, structural and mechanical characteristic changes. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107908. [PMID: 36265530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Hair thinning occurs during normal chronological aging in women and in men leading to an increased level of thinner hair shafts alongside original thicker shafts. However, the characteristics of age-associated thin hairs remain largely unknown. Here we analyzed these characteristics by comparing at multiscale thin and thick hairs originated from Caucasian women older than 50 years. We observed that the cortex of thick hair contains many K35(+)/K38(-) keratinocytes that decrease in number with decreasing hair diameter. Accordingly, X-ray diffraction revealed differences supporting that thin and thick hairs are different with regards to the nature of the intermediate filaments making up their cortices. In addition, we observed a direct correlation between hair ellipticity and diameter with thin hairs having an unexpected round shape compared to the elliptic shape of thick hairs. We also observed fewer cuticle layers and a reduced frequency of a medullae in thin hairs. Regarding mechanical properties, thin hairs exhibited a surprising increased rigidity, a decrease of the viscosity and a decrease of the water diffusion coefficient. Hence, aged-associated thin hairs exhibit numerous modifications likely due to changes of hair differentiation program as evidenced by the modulations in the expression of hair keratins and keratin-associated proteins and by the X-ray diffraction specters. Hence, hair thinning with age does not consist simply of the production of a smaller hair. It is rather a more profound process likely relying on the implementation of an "aged hair program" that takes place within the hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaianne Genty
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stéphane Commo
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
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8
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An SY, Kim HS, Kim SY, Van SY, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Han SW, Kwon IK, Lee CK, Do SH, Hwang YS. Keratin-mediated hair growth and its underlying biological mechanism. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1270. [PMID: 36402892 PMCID: PMC9675858 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that intradermal injection of keratin promotes hair growth in mice, which results from extracellular interaction of keratin with hair forming cells. Extracellular application of keratin induces condensation of dermal papilla cells and the generation of a P-cadherin-expressing cell population (hair germ) from outer root sheath cells via keratin-mediated microenvironmental changes. Exogenous keratin-mediated hair growth is reflected by the finding that keratin exposure from transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2)-induced apoptotic outer root sheath cells appears to be critical for dermal papilla cell condensation and P-cadherin-expressing hair germ formation. Immunodepletion or downregulation of keratin released from or expressed in TGFβ2-induced apoptotic outer root sheath cells negatively influences dermal papilla cell condensation and hair germ formation. Our pilot study provides an evidence on initiating hair regeneration and insight into the biological function of keratin exposed from apoptotic epithelial cells in tissue regeneration and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yeong An
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Kim
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea ,grid.411311.70000 0004 0532 4733Present Address: Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju, 360-764 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Van
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jun Kim
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea ,grid.419901.4Present Address: Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064 USA
| | - Jae-Hyung Lee
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Song Wook Han
- KeraMedix Inc, # 204, Open Innovation Bld, Hongryeung Bio-Cluster, 117-3 Hoegi-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02455 Republic of Korea
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Lee
- Headquarters of New Drug Development Support, Chemon Inc. 15 F, Gyeonggi Bio Center, Cheongju, Gyeonggi-do 16229 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Do
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Shik Hwang
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
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Gong G, Fan Y, Li W, Yan X, Yan X, Zhang L, Wang N, Chen O, Zhang Y, Wang R, Liu Z, Jiang W, Li J, Wang Z, Lv Q, Su R. Identification of the Key Genes Associated with Different Hair Types in the Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111456. [PMID: 35681921 PMCID: PMC9179306 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Inner Mongolia cashmere goat is an excellent local breed in China. According to the characteristics of wool quilts, the Inner Mongolia cashmere goat can be divided into three types: a long-hair type (hair length of >22 cm), a short-hair type (hair length of ≤13 cm), and an intermediate type (hair length of >13 cm and ≤22 cm). It is found that hair length has a certain reference value for the indirect selection of other important economic traits of cashmere. In order to explore the molecular mechanisms and related regulatory genes of the different hair types, a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was carried out on the gene expression data and phenotypic data of 12-month-old Inner Mongolia cashmere goats with a long-hair type (LHG) and a short-hair type (SHG) to explore the coexpression modules related to different coat types and nine candidate genes, and detect the relative expression of key candidate genes. The results showed that the WGCNA divided these genes into 19 coexpression modules and found that there was a strong correlation between one module and different hair types. The expression trends of this module’s genes were different in the two hair types, with high expression in the LHG and low expression in the SHG. GO functions are mainly concentrated in cellular components, including intermediate filaments (GO:0005882), intermediate filament cytoskeletons (GO:0045111), and cytoskeletal parts (GO:0044430). The KEGG pathway is mainly enriched in arginine as well as proline metabolism (chx00330) and the MAPK signaling pathway (chx04010). The candidate genes of the different hair types, including the KRT39, KRT74, LOC100861184, LOC102177231, LOC102178767, LOC102179881, LOC106503203, LOC108638293, and LOC108638298 genes, were screened. Through qRT-PCR, it was found that there were significant differences in these candidate genes between the two hair types, and most of them had a significant positive correlation with hair length. It was preliminarily inferred that these candidate genes could regulate the different hair types of cashmere goats and provide molecular markers for hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Gong
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yixing Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Wenze Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaochun Yan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaomin Yan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ludan Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Na Wang
- Inner Mongolia Yiwei White Cashmere Goat Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010018, China; (N.W.); (O.C.)
| | - Oljibilig Chen
- Inner Mongolia Yiwei White Cashmere Goat Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010018, China; (N.W.); (O.C.)
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ruijun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhihong Liu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jinquan Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Qi Lv
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Rui Su
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.G.); (W.L.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.); (Z.L.); (W.J.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010018, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (R.S.)
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10
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Wu C, Qin C, Fu X, Huang X, Tian K. Integrated analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs by RNA-Seq in secondary hair follicle development and cycling (anagen, catagen and telogen) of Jiangnan cashmere goat (Capra hircus). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:167. [PMID: 35524260 PMCID: PMC9074311 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the world's finest natural fiber composites is derived from the secondary hair follicles (SHFs) of cashmere goats yield one of the world's best natural fibres. Their development and cycling are characterized by photoperiodism with diverse, well-orchestrated stimulatory and inhibitory signals. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) and mRNAs play important roles in hair follicle (HF) development. However, not many studies have explored their specific functions in cashmere development and cycling. This study detected mRNAs and lncRNAs with their candidate genes and related pathways in SHF development and cycling of cashmere goat. We utilized RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and bioinformatics analysis on lncRNA and mRNA expressions in goat hair follicles to discover candidate genes and metabolic pathways that could affect development and cycling (anagen, catagen, and telogen). RESULTS We identified 228 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and 256 DE lncRNA. For mRNAs, catagen and anagen had 16 upregulated and 35 downregulated DEGs, catagen and telogen had 18 upregulated and 9 downregulated DEGs and telogen and anagen had 52 upregulated and 98 downregulated DEGs. LncRNA witnessed 22 upregulated and 39 downregulated DEGs for catagen and anagen, 36 upregulated and 29 downregulated DEGs for catagen and telogen as well as 66 upregulated and 97 downregulated DEGs for telogen and anagen. Several key genes, including MSTRG.5451.2, MSTRG.45465.3, MSTRG.11609.2, CHST1, SH3BP4, CDKN1A, GAREM1, GSK-3β, DEFB103A KRTAP9-2, YAP1, S100A7A, FA2H, LOC102190037, LOC102179090, LOC102173866, KRT2, KRT39, FAM167A, FAT4 and EGFL6 were shown to be potentially important in hair follicle development and cycling. They were related to, WNT/β-catenin, mTORC1, ERK/MAPK, Hedgehog, TGFβ, NFkB/p38MAPK, caspase-1, and interleukin (IL)-1a signaling pathways. CONCLUSION This work adds to existing understanding of the regulation of HF development and cycling in cashmere goats via lncRNAs and mRNAs. It also serves as theoretical foundation for future SHF research in cashmere goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Wu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China.,Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool sheep & Cashmere-goat, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Chongkai Qin
- Xinjiang Aksu Prefecture Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Aksu, 843000, China
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool sheep & Cashmere-goat, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Xixia Huang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China.
| | - Kechuan Tian
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool sheep & Cashmere-goat, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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11
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Breakspear S, Ivanov DA, Noecker B, Popescu C, Rosenthal M. Cuticle - Designed by Nature for the Sake of the Hair. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:343-362. [PMID: 35478184 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cuticle of human hair has been examined, via a range of analytical methods, in order to reveal previously unknown information about its structure and to deepen understanding of its contribution to fibre properties. METHODS Cross sections of hair fibre have been examined with X-ray microdiffraction oriented perpendicular to the surface of the cross-sections. AFM investigations were carried out for further investigating and deciphering the structure of the cuticle. Moisture sorption analytics of cuticle separated from fibre, and mechanical tests of decuticled fibres against virgin fibres, were used for understanding the role of the cuticle in the economy of hair fibre. RESULTS Previously unknown swelling behaviour of the hair cuticle during moisture sorption has been revealed, as has an increased significance of the cuticle's role in moisture management at higher values of relative humidity. Through AFM investigation, the reaction of hair cuticles with chlorine water has further strengthened the idea that the Allwörden membrane does not exist, and is actually an artefact of the delamination of the A-layer and exocuticle from the underlying endocuticle. Using decuticled fibres for stress-strain tests, and by comparing the results with those of virgin fibres, the effect of the cuticle on the post-yield area of the hair fibre stress-strain diagram has also been demonstrated. Finally, X-ray microdiffraction and AFM investigations suggest that the cuticle possesses a small-scale ordered structure, based on possibly not fully crystalline and irregularly arranged α-helices oriented almost perpendicular to the growth axis of the fibre and enhancing the general description of cuticle as the protective layer of the fibre. CONCLUSION The role of the cuticle for the hair fibre is more complex than previously thought. The cuticle is demonstrated not only to possess a hidden rod-matrix structure, that supports its protective nature, but also to play specific roles in the fibre's response to moisture, and in fibre mechanical behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Breakspear
- KAO European Research Laboratories, KAO Germany GmbH, D-64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dimitri A Ivanov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation.,Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse-IS2M, CNRS UMR 7361, F-68057, Mulhouse, France.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Leninskie Gory 1/51, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Bernd Noecker
- KAO European Research Laboratories, KAO Germany GmbH, D-64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Crisan Popescu
- KAO European Research Laboratories, KAO Germany GmbH, D-64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Rosenthal
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
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12
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The susceptibility of disulfide bonds to modification in keratin fibres undergoing tensile stress. Biophys J 2022; 121:2168-2179. [PMID: 35477858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine residues perform a dual role in mammalian hairs. The majority help stabilise the overall assembly of keratins and their associated proteins, but a proportion of inter-molecular disulfide bonds are assumed to be associated with hair mechanical flexibility. Hair cortical microstructure is hierarchical, with a complex macro-molecular organisation resulting in arrays of intermediate filaments at a scale of micrometres. Intermolecular disulfide bonds occur within filaments and between them and the surrounding matrix. Wool fibres provide a good model for studying various contributions of differently situated disulfide bonds to fibre mechanics. Within this context it is not known if all intermolecular disulfide bonds contribute equally, and, if not, then do the disproportionally involved cysteine residues occur at common locations on proteins. In this study, fibres from Romney sheep were subjected to stretching or to breaking point under wet or dry conditions to detect, through labelling, disulfide bonds that were broken more often than randomly. We found that some cysteines were labelled more often than randomly and that these vary with fibre water content (water disrupts protein-protein hydrogen bonds). Many of the identified cysteine residues were located close to the terminal ends of keratins (head or tail domains) and keratin-associated proteins (KAPs). Some cysteines in the head and tail domains of type II keratin K85 were labelled in all experimental conditions. When inter-protein hydrogen bonds were disrupted under wet conditions, disulfide labelling occurred in the head domains of type II keratins, likely affecting keratin-KAP interactions, and tail domains of the type I keratins, likely affecting keratin-keratin interactions. In contrast, in dry fibres (containing more protein-protein hydrogen bonding) disulfide labelling was also observed in the central domains of affected keratins. This central "rod" region is associated with keratin-keratin interactions between anti-parallel heterodimers in the tetramer of the intermediate filament.
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13
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Silva OA, Pellá MG, Popat KC, Kipper MJ, Rubira AF, Martins AF, Follmann HD, Silva R. Rod-shaped keratin nanoparticles extracted from human hair by acid hydrolysis as photothermally triggered berberine delivery system. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Yamamoto M, Sakamoto Y, Honda Y, Koike K, Nakamura H, Matsumoto T, Ando S. De novo filament formation by human hair keratins K85 and K35 follows a filament development pattern distinct from cytokeratin filament networks. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1299-1312. [PMID: 33605551 PMCID: PMC8091587 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In human hair follicles, the hair‐forming cells express 16 hair keratin genes depending on the differentiation stages. K85 and K35 are the first hair keratins expressed in cortical cells at the early stage of the differentiation. Two types of mutations in the gene encoding K85 are associated with ectodermal dysplasia of hair and nail type. Here, we transfected cultured SW‐13 cells with human K85 and K35 genes and characterized filament formation. The K85–K35 pair formed short filaments in the cytoplasm, which gradually elongated and became thicker and entangled around the nucleus, indicating that K85–K35 promotes lateral association of short intermediate filaments (IFs) into bundles but cannot form IF networks in the cytoplasm. Of the K85 mutations related to ectodermal dysplasia of hair and nail type, a two‐nucleotide (C1448T1449) deletion (delCT) in the protein tail domain of K85 interfered with the K85–K35 filament formation and gave only aggregates, whereas a missense mutation (233A>G) that replaces Arg78 with His (R78H) in the head domain of K85 did not interfere with the filament formation. Transfection of cultured MCF‐7 cells with all the hair keratin gene combinations, K85–K35, K85(R78H)–K35 and K85(delCT)–K35, as well as the individual hair keratin genes, formed well‐developed cytoplasmic IF networks, probably by incorporating into the endogenous cytokeratin IF networks. Thus, the unique de novo assembly properties of the K85–K35 pair might play a key role in the early stage of hair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Honda
- Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Japan
| | - Kenzo Koike
- Hair Care Research Center, KAO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Shoji Ando
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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15
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Ji L, Wu D, Xie H, Yao B, Chen Y, Irwin DM, Huang D, Xu J, Tang NLS, Zhang Y. Ambient Temperature is A Strong Selective Factor Influencing Human Development and Immunity. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:489-500. [PMID: 32822870 PMCID: PMC8377383 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy, which is essential for the origin and evolution of all life forms on Earth, can be objectively recorded through attributes such as climatic ambient temperature (CAT), ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and sunlight duration (SD). These attributes have specific geographical variations and may cause different adaptation traits. However, the adaptation profile of each attribute and the selective role of solar energy as a whole during human evolution remain elusive. Here, we performed a genome-wide adaptation study with respect to CAT, UVR, and SD using the Human Genome Diversity Project-Centre Etude Polymorphism Humain (HGDP-CEPH) panel data. We singled out CAT as the most important driving force with the highest number of adaptive loci (6 SNPs at the genome-wide 1 × 10−7 level; 401 at the suggestive 1 × 10−5 level). Five of the six genome-wide significant adaptation SNPs were successfully replicated in an independent Chinese population (N = 1395). The corresponding 316 CAT adaptation genes were mostly involved in development and immunity. In addition, 265 (84%) genes were related to at least one genome-wide association study (GWAS)-mapped human trait, being significantly enriched in anthropometric loci such as those associated with body mass index (χ2; P < 0.005), immunity, metabolic syndrome, and cancer (χ2; P < 0.05). For these adaptive SNPs, balancing selection was evident in Euro-Asians, whereas obvious positive and/or purifying selection was observed in Africans. Taken together, our study indicates that CAT is the most important attribute of solar energy that has driven genetic adaptation in development and immunity among global human populations. It also supports the non-neutral hypothesis for the origin of disease-predisposition alleles in common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Haibing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Binbin Yao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - David M Irwin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, and Laboratory for Genetics of Disease Susceptibility, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Nelson L S Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, and Laboratory for Genetics of Disease Susceptibility, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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16
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Chu F, Mason KE, Anex DS, Jones AD, Hart BR. Proteomic Characterization of Damaged Single Hairs Recovered after an Explosion for Protein-Based Human Identification. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3088-3099. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Katelyn E. Mason
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Deon S. Anex
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Bradley R. Hart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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17
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Bryson WG, McCormack AC, Plowman JE, Grosvenor AJ, Murphy CJ, Nagase S, Itou T, Koike K. Improved two-dimensional electrophoretic mapping of Japanese human hair proteins; application to curved and straight Japanese human hairs; and protein identification by MALDI MS and MS/MS quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:346-358. [PMID: 32251525 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate improved protein extraction and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) separation methods with Japanese reference human hair (JRH); to determine whether fibre curvature is related to protein composition in curly and straight Japanese women's human hair (JHH) samples; and to identify proteins from JRH 2DE maps and expression differences between curly and straight JHH. METHODS Hair keratin and keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) were extracted intact with dithiothreitol or tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine from JRH or from curved or straight JHH. Extracted proteins were isoelectric-focused on first-dimensional pH gradient gel strips, then separated by molecular weight on laboratory-made, second-dimension, large format gels. The software compared protein abundance between duplicate 2DE gels of curved and straight JHH. Thirty-eight proteins from a JRH 2DE gel were enzyme-cleaved for MALDI-TOF-MS analysis to determine peptide composition, and where possible, de novo sequencing gave peptide sequence data. An in-house human hair protein database incorporating ninety-eight annotated protein sequences assisted MS analysis. RESULTS 2DE gels of tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine-extracted JRH improved keratin and KAP resolution and number compared to those of dithiothreitol-extracted JRH and published commercially made second-dimensional gels. Silver-stained 2DE gels of the straight or curved JHH sets were remarkably similar. Over-staining to reveal basic proteins caused poor resolution of the major acidic protein classes. Software comparisons of fifty-nine resolved proteins revealed two were significantly different in abundance between curved and straight hairs but in insufficient amounts for MS analysis. MS identified twelve proteins from a JRH CBBG-stained 2DE gel: six type II keratins, three type I keratins and three high sulphur proteins. A further eight were potential conformational isoforms and isoelectric variants of the identified proteins bringing the total to twenty identified or partially identified proteins. CONCLUSION Root-end human hair extraction with tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine improves protein resolution and visualizes more proteins on large format 2DE gels. The two minor protein differences between duplicate straight or curved JHH 2DE gels were unlikely to change fibre structure from straight to curved hair. MS results confirmed that multiple isoforms exist of various hair proteins. Low sequence coverage prevented distinction between members in rows of homologous protein spots of similar molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Bryson
- Formerly of Canesis Network Limited, 55 Westlake Drive, Halswell, Christchurch, 8025, New Zealand
| | - A C McCormack
- MYOB NZ Limited, PO Box 2864, 17 Sir William Pickering Drive, Christchurch, 8053, New Zealand
| | - J E Plowman
- Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - A J Grosvenor
- Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - C J Murphy
- Hutt Central, 3A Epuni St, Lower Hutt, 5011, New Zealand
| | - S Nagase
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - T Itou
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - K Koike
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
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18
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Brychtova V, Coates PJ, Hrabal V, Boldrup L, Fabian P, Vojtesek B, Sgaramella N, Nylander K. Keratin 36, a specific marker of tongue filiform papillae, is downregulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the mobile tongue. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 12:421-428. [PMID: 32257198 PMCID: PMC7087467 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human keratin 36 (K36) is a member of the hair keratin family and is a marker of hair cortex differentiation. The human KRT36 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 17 and belongs to the cluster of structurally unrelated acidic hair keratins. Recently, it has been reported that KRT36 mRNA is specifically expressed in normal tongue epithelium and downregulated in squamous cell carcinomas of the mobile tongue. Furthermore, KRT36 levels have been reported to be downregulated in clinically normal mobile tongue tissue that is adjacent to tumours, suggesting it could be a marker of pre-neoplastic changes. However, the exact role and the potential role of K36 in tongue tumour formation remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate expression of K36 in a series of squamous cell carcinomas of the mobile tongue, normal mobile tongue and a small panel of other human tissues (normal tissue from the appendix, cervix, hair, lip, mamilla, nail, oesophagus, skin, thymus and vagina) and selected cancer tissue (cervical cancer, melanoma and basal cell carcinoma). Affinity purified polyclonal antibodies against K36 were generated and used for immunohistochemical analysis. The results revealed that in the normal tongue, K36 was detected specifically in the filiform papillae of the dorsal surface of the tongue. Additionally, none of the tongue cancer tissue samples were K36-positive. Immunostaining also revealed that K36 was expressed in nail beds, Hassal's corpuscles in the thymus and the hair cortex. However, K36 was not expressed in the squamous epithelia of the skin, cervix and oesophagus, and the squamous cells of cervical carcinomas, basal cell carcinoma or melanoma. The present data indicated that K36 may be inactivated in tumours of the tongue. However, whether this is part of the tumoural process or if it is an effect of the tumour itself remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Brychtova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, CZ-656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, CZ-656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Hrabal
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, CZ-656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Boldrup
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, SE-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Pavel Fabian
- Department of Pathology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, CZ-656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, CZ-656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicola Sgaramella
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, SE-901 85 Umea, Sweden
| | - Karin Nylander
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, SE-901 85 Umea, Sweden
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19
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Zhang Z, Burke MC, Wallace WE, Liang Y, Sheetlin SL, Mirokhin YA, Tchekhovskoi DV, Stein SE. Sensitive Method for the Confident Identification of Genetically Variant Peptides in Human Hair Keratin. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:406-420. [PMID: 31670846 PMCID: PMC7064992 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated that genetically variant peptides derived from human hair shaft proteins can be used to differentiate individuals of different biogeographic origins. We report a method involving direct extraction of hair shaft proteins more sensitive than previously published methods regarding GVP detection. It involves one step for protein extraction and was found to provide reproducible results. A detailed proteomic analysis of this data is presented that led to the following four results: (i) A peptide spectral library was created and made available for download. It contains all identified peptides from this work, including GVPs that, when appropriately expanded with diverse hair-derived peptides, can provide a routine, reliable, and sensitive means of analyzing hair digests; (ii) an analysis of artifact peptides arising from side reactions is also made using a new method for finding unexpected modifications; (iii) detailed analysis of the gel-based method employed clearly shows the high degree of cross-linking or protein association involved in hair digestion, with major GVPs eluting over a wide range of high molecular weights while others apparently arise from distinct non-cross-linked proteins; and (v) finally, we show that some of the specific GVP identifications depend on the sample preparation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
| | - Meghan C Burke
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
| | - William E Wallace
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
| | - Yuxue Liang
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
| | - Sergey L Sheetlin
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
| | - Yuri A Mirokhin
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
| | - Dmitrii V Tchekhovskoi
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
| | - Stephen E Stein
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Mass Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
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20
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Comparative study of keratin extraction from human hair. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:382-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Diversity of Trichocyte Keratins and Keratin Associated Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1054:21-32. [PMID: 29797265 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8195-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Wool and hair fibres are primarily composed of proteins of which the keratins and keratin associated proteins (KAPs) are the major component. Considerable diversity is known to exist within these two groups of proteins. In the case of the keratins two major families are known, of which there are 11 members in the acidic Type I family and 7 members in the neutral-basic Type II family. The KAPs are even more diverse than the keratins, with 35 families being known to exist when the KAPs found in monotremes, marsupials and other mammalian species are taken into consideration. Human hair and wool are known to have 88 and 73 KAPs respectively, though this number rises for wool when polymorphism within KAP families is included.
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22
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Chu F, Mason KE, Anex DS, Jones AD, Hart BR. Hair Proteome Variation at Different Body Locations on Genetically Variant Peptide Detection for Protein-Based Human Identification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7641. [PMID: 31113963 PMCID: PMC6529471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hair contains minimal intact nuclear DNA for human identification in forensic and archaeological applications. In contrast, proteins offer a pathway to exploit hair evidence for human identification owing to their persistence, abundance, and derivation from DNA. Individualizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are often conserved as single amino acid polymorphisms in genetically variant peptides (GVPs). Detection of GVP markers in the hair proteome via high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry permits inference of SNPs with known statistical probabilities. To adopt this approach for forensic investigations, hair proteomic variation and its effects on GVP identification must first be characterized. This research aimed to assess variation in single-inch head, arm, and pubic hair, and discover body location-invariant GVP markers to distinguish individuals. Comparison of protein profiles revealed greater body location-specific variation in keratin-associated proteins and intracellular proteins, allowing body location differentiation. However, robust GVP markers derive primarily from keratins that do not exhibit body location-specific differential expression, supporting GVP identification independence from hair proteomic variation at the various body locations. Further, pairwise comparisons of GVP profiles with 8 SNPs demonstrated greatest interindividual variation and high intraindividual consistency, enabling similar differentiative potential of individuals using single hairs irrespective of body location origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chu
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Katelyn E Mason
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Deon S Anex
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bradley R Hart
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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23
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Brunner MAT, Rüfenacht S, Bauer A, Erpel S, Buchs N, Braga-Lagache S, Heller M, Leeb T, Jagannathan V, Wiener DJ, Welle MM. Bald thigh syndrome in sighthounds-Revisiting the cause of a well-known disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212645. [PMID: 30794648 PMCID: PMC6386255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bald thigh syndrome is a common hair loss disorder in sighthounds. Numerous possible causes, including environmental conditions, trauma, stress, endocrinopathies and genetic components have been proposed, but only endocrinopathies have been ruled out scientifically. The overall goal of our study was to identify the cause of bald thigh syndrome and the pathological changes associated with it. We approached this aim by comparing skin biopsies and hair shafts of affected and control dogs microscopically as well as by applying high-throughput technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. While the histology is rather unspecific in most cases, trichogram analysis and scanning electron microscopy revealed severe structural abnormalities in hair shafts of affected dogs. This finding is supported by the results of the transcriptomic and proteomic profiling where genes and proteins important for differentiation of the inner root sheath and the assembly of a proper hair shaft were downregulated. Transcriptome profiling revealed a downregulation of genes encoding 23 hair shaft keratins and 51 keratin associated proteins, as well as desmosomal cadherins and several actors of the BMP signaling pathway which is important for hair shaft differentiation. The lower expression of keratin 71 and desmocollin 2 on the mRNA level in skin biopsies corresponded with a decreased protein expression in the hair shafts of affected dogs. The genetic analysis revealed a missense variant in the IGFBP5 gene homozygous in all available Greyhounds and other sighthounds. Further research is required to clarify whether the IGFBP5 variant represents a predisposing genetic risk factor. We conclude from our results that structural defects in the hair shafts are the cause for this well-known disease and these defects are associated with a downregulation of genes and proteins essential for hair shaft formation. Our data add important knowledge to further understand the molecular mechanisms of HF morphogenesis and alopecia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A. T. Brunner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Anina Bauer
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Erpel
- Nano Imaging Lab, SNI, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natasha Buchs
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Braga-Lagache
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heller
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique J. Wiener
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States of America
| | - Monika M. Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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24
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Grosvenor AJ, Deb-Choudhury S, Middlewood PG, Thomas A, Lee E, Vernon JA, Woods JL, Taylor C, Bell FI, Clerens S. The physical and chemical disruption of human hair after bleaching - studies by transmission electron microscopy and redox proteomics. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:536-548. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Grosvenor
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - S. Deb-Choudhury
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - P. G. Middlewood
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - A. Thomas
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - E. Lee
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - J. A. Vernon
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - J. L. Woods
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - C. Taylor
- Unilever R&D; Port Sunlight Bebington U.K
| | - F. I. Bell
- Unilever R&D; Port Sunlight Bebington U.K
| | - S. Clerens
- Food & Bio-based Products; AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
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25
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Hu L, Fernandez DP, Cerling TE. Longitudinal and transverse variation of trace element concentrations in elephant and giraffe hair: implication for endogenous and exogenous contributions. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:644. [PMID: 30338407 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of trace elements in hair is highly heterogeneous at the microscale. The relatively mild spatial variation of endogenous signal incorporated during hair growth may be amplified by orders of magnitude due to later exogenous contaminations. Here, we studied the longitudinal and transverse distributions of trace elements in elephant and giraffe hair and discussed the possible endogenous and exogenous contributions. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses were performed on cross sections of hair to assess the surface contamination and transverse variation. We also removed the contaminated surface layer at various distances from hair root of single hair strands using physical abrasion and measured the concentrations by microwave digestion followed by ICP-MS. By comparing the concentrations of 11 trace elements between the intact and abraded hair segments as a function of distance from root and their laser ablation profiles, we rationalized the endogenous and exogenous contributions: Al and Ti concentrations are dominated by the exogenous contamination on the elephant hair surface, probably in the form of insoluble particles, but not in the giraffe hair; Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Mn are enhanced on the elephant hair surface by exogenous contaminations, but a comparable amount was found in the hair interior suggesting migration of these elements from the surface towards the core; Cu, Zn, Se, and Pb did not have surface accumulation and thus were dominated by the endogenous signal. Overall, giraffe hair had minimal surficial contamination, suggesting the origin of its trace elements is predominantly endogenous, except for Mn, which might get contaminated with airborne particles. We thus demonstrate that contamination of hair may be strongly related to behavioral traits and that the interpretation of trace elemental analyses in hair as a biomonitor or for provenance studies would be highly dependent on the species considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihai Hu
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 115 S 1460 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Diego P Fernandez
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 115 S 1460 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Thure E Cerling
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 115 S 1460 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- IsoForensics, Inc., 423 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
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26
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Akiba H, Ikeuchi E, Ganbat J, Fujikawa H, Arai-Kusano O, Iwanari H, Nakakido M, Hamakubo T, Shimomura Y, Tsumoto K. Structural behavior of keratin-associated protein 8.1 in human hair as revealed by a monoclonal antibody. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:207-214. [PMID: 30125694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Keratin-associated protein 8.1 (KAP8.1) is a hair protein whose structure, biochemical roles, and protein distribution patterns have not been well characterized. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody against human KAP8.1 to analyze the protein's roles and distribution in the human hair shaft. Using this antibody, we revealed that KAP8.1 was predominantly expressed in discrete regions of the keratinizing zone of the hair shaft cortex. The protein expression patterns paralleled the distribution of KAP8.1 mRNA and suggested that KAP8.1 plays a role associated with cells to control hair curvature. Cross-reactivity among species and epitope analysis indicated that the monoclonal antibody recognized a linear epitope shared among human, mouse, and sheep KAP8.1. The antibody failed to interact with sheep KAP8.1 in native conformation, suggesting that structural features of KAP8.1 vary among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Akiba
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emina Ikeuchi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Javkhlan Ganbat
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujikawa
- Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Osamu Arai-Kusano
- Laboratory of Quantum Biological Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwanari
- Laboratory of Quantum Biological Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Laboratory of Quantum Biological Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimomura
- Division of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Yu Z, Plowman JE, Maclean P, Wildermoth JE, Brauning R, McEwan JC, Maqbool NJ. Ovine keratome: identification, localisation and genomic organisation of keratin and keratin-associated proteins. Anim Genet 2018; 49:361-370. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Yu
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Private Bag 3123 Hamilton 3214 New Zealand
| | - J. E. Plowman
- AgResearch Ltd; Lincoln Research Centre; Private Bag 4749 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - P. Maclean
- AgResearch Ltd; Lincoln Research Centre; Private Bag 4749 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - J. E. Wildermoth
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Private Bag 3123 Hamilton 3214 New Zealand
| | - R. Brauning
- AgResearch Limited; Invermay Agricultural Centre; Private Bag 50034 Mosgiel 9053 New Zealand
| | - J. C. McEwan
- AgResearch Limited; Invermay Agricultural Centre; Private Bag 50034 Mosgiel 9053 New Zealand
| | - N. J. Maqbool
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Private Bag 3123 Hamilton 3214 New Zealand
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28
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Borowczyk K, Suliburska J, Jakubowski H. Demethylation of methionine and keratin damage in human hair. Amino Acids 2018; 50:537-546. [PMID: 29480334 PMCID: PMC5917003 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Growing human head hair contains a history of keratin and provides a unique model for studies of protein damage. Here, we examined mechanism of homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation and keratin damage in human hair. We found that the content of Hcy-keratin increased along the hair fiber, with levels 5-10-fold higher levels in older sections at the hair's tip than in younger sections at hair's base. The accumulation of Hcy led to a complete loss of keratin solubility in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The increase in Hcy-keratin was accompanied by a decrease in methionine-keratin. Levels of Hcy-keratin were correlated with hair copper and iron in older hair. These relationships were recapitulated in model experiments in vitro, in which Hcy generation from Met exhibited a similar dependence on copper or iron. Taken together, these findings suggest that Hcy-keratin accumulation is due to copper/iron-catalyzed demethylation of methionine residues and contributes to keratin damage in human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland.
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29
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Adav SS, Subbaiaih RS, Kerk SK, Lee AY, Lai HY, Ng KW, Sze SK, Schmidtchen A. Studies on the Proteome of Human Hair - Identification of Histones and Deamidated Keratins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1599. [PMID: 29371649 PMCID: PMC5785504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hair is laminar-fibrous tissue and an evolutionarily old keratinization product of follicle trichocytes. Studies on the hair proteome can give new insights into hair function and lead to the development of novel biomarkers for hair in health and disease. Human hair proteins were extracted by detergent and detergent-free techniques. We adopted a shotgun proteomics approach, which demonstrated a large extractability and variety of hair proteins after detergent extraction. We found an enrichment of keratin, keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), and intermediate filament proteins, which were part of protein networks associated with response to stress, innate immunity, epidermis development, and the hair cycle. Our analysis also revealed a significant deamidation of keratin type I and II, and KAPs. The hair shafts were found to contain several types of histones, which are well known to exert antimicrobial activity. Analysis of the hair proteome, particularly its composition, protein abundances, deamidated hair proteins, and modification sites, may offer a novel approach to explore potential biomarkers of hair health quality, hair diseases, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Adav
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Roopa S Subbaiaih
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Swat Kim Kerk
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Amelia Yilin Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Ying Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, (Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, (Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Lai HY, Wang S, Singh V, Nguyen LTH, Ng KW. Evaluating the antioxidant effects of human hair protein extracts. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:1081-1093. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1421345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Lai
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vaishali Singh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luong T. H. Nguyen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Abstract
Mammalian hair fibres can be structurally divided into three main components: a cuticle, cortex and sometimes a medulla. The cuticle consists of a thin layer of overlapping cells on the surface of the fibre, constituting around 10% of the total fibre weight. The cortex makes up the remaining 86-90% and is made up of axially aligned spindle-shaped cells of which three major types have been recognised in wool: ortho, meso and para. Cortical cells are packed full of macrofibril bundles, which are a composite of aligned intermediate filaments embedded in an amorphous matrix. The spacing and three-dimensional arrangement of the intermediate filaments vary with cell type. The medulla consists of a continuous or discontinuous column of horizontal spaces in the centre of the cortex that becomes more prevalent as the fibre diameter increases.
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32
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Abstract
The growth of hairs occurs during the anagen phase of the follicle cycle. Hair growth begins with basement membrane-bound stem cells (mother cells) around the dermal papilla neck which continuously bud off daughter cells which further divide as a transient amplifying population. Division ceases as cell line differentiation begins, which entails changes in cell junctions, cell shape and position, and cell-line specific cytoplasmic expression of keratin and trichohyalin. As the differentiating cells migrate up the bulb, nuclear function ceases in cortex, cuticle and inner root sheath (IRS) layers. Past the top of the bulb, cell shape/position changes cease, and there is a period of keratin and keratin-associated protein (KAP) synthesis in fibre cell lines, with increases, in particular of KAP species. A gradual keratinization process begins in the cortex at this point and then non-keratin cell components are increasingly broken down. Terminal cornification, or hardening, is associated with water loss and precipitation of keratin. In the upper follicle, the hair, now in its mature form, detaches from the IRS, which is then extracted of material and becomes fragmented to release the fibre. Finally, the sebaceous and sudoriferous (if present) glands coat the fibre in lipid-rich material and the fibre emerges from the skin. This chapter follows the origin of the hair growth in the lower bulb and traces the development of the various cell lines.
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33
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Deb-Choudhury S. Crosslinking Between Trichocyte Keratins and Keratin Associated Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1054:173-183. [PMID: 29797274 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8195-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichocyte keratins differ considerably from their epithelial cousins in having a higher number of cysteine residues, of which the greater proportion are located in the head and tail regions of these proteins. Coupled with this is the presence of a large number of keratin associated proteins in these fibres that are high in their cysteine content, the high sulfur proteins and ultra-high sulfur proteins. Thus it is the crosslinking that occurs between the cysteines in the keratins and KAPs that is an important determinant in the functionality of wool and hair fibres. Studies have shown the majority of the cysteine residues are involved in internal crosslinking in the KAPs leaving only a few specific cysteines to interact with the keratins, with most evidence pointing to interactions between these KAP cysteines and the keratin head groups.
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34
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Abstract
The evolution of keratins was closely linked to the evolution of epithelia and epithelial appendages such as hair. The characterization of keratins in model species and recent comparative genomics studies have led to a comprehensive scenario for the evolution of keratins including the following key events. The primordial keratin gene originated as a member of the ancient gene family encoding intermediate filament proteins. Gene duplication and changes in the exon-intron structure led to the origin of type I and type II keratins which evolved further by nucleotide sequence modifications that affected both the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins and the gene expression patterns. The diversification of keratins facilitated the emergence of new and epithelium type-specific properties of the cytoskeleton. In a common ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals, a rise in the number of cysteine residues facilitated extensive disulfide bond-mediated cross-linking of keratins in claws. Subsequently, these cysteine-rich keratins were co-opted for an additional function in epidermal follicular structures that evolved into hair, one of the key events in the evolution of mammals. Further diversification of keratins occurred during the evolution of the complex multi-layered organisation of hair follicles. Thus, together with the evolution of other structural proteins, epithelial patterning mechanisms, and development programmes, the evolution of keratins underlied the evolution of the mammalian integument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Ehrlich
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sulayman A, Tursun M, Sulaiman Y, Huang X, Tian K, Tian Y, Xu X, Fu X, Mamat A, Tulafu H. Association analysis of polymorphisms in six keratin genes with wool traits in sheep. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:775-783. [PMID: 29103286 PMCID: PMC5933973 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic effects of six keratin (KRT) genes on the wool traits of 418 Chinese Merino (Xinjiang type) (CMXT) individuals. Methods To explore the effects and association of six KRT genes on sheep wool traits, The polymerase chain reaction-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), DNA sequencing, and the gene pyramiding effect methods were used. Results We report 20 mutation sites (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) within the six KRT genes, in which twelve induced silent mutations; five induced missense mutations and resulted in Ile→Thr, Glu→Asp, Gly→Ala, Ala→Ser, Se→His; two were nonsense mutations and one was a same-sense mutation. Association analysis showed that two genotypes of the KRT31 gene were significantly associated with fiber diameter (p<0.05); three genotypes of the KRT36 gene were significantly associated with wool fineness score and fiber diameter (p<0.05), three genotypes of the KRT38 gene were significantly associated with the number of crimps (p< 0.05); and three genotypes of the KRT85 gene were significantly associated with wool crimps score, body size, and fiber diameter (p<0.05). Analysis of the gene pyramiding effect between the different genotypes of the gene loci KRT36, KRT38, and KRT85, each genotype in a gene locus was combined with all the genotypes of another two gene loci and formed the different three loci combinations, indicated a total of 26 types of possible combined genotypes in the analyzed population. Compared with the other combined genotypes, the combinations CC-GG-II, CC-HH-IJ, CC-HH-JJ, DD-HH-JJ, CC-GH-IJ, and CC-GH-JJ at gene loci KRT36, KRT38, and KRT85, respectively, had a greater effect on wool traits (p<0.05). Conclusion Our results indicate that the mutation loci of KRT31, KRT36, KRT38, and KRT85 genes, as well as the combinations at gene loci KRT36, KRT38, and KRT85 in CMXT have significant effects on wool traits, suggesting that these genes are important candidate genes for wool traits, which will contribute to sheep breeding and provide a molecular basis for improved wool quality in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ablat Sulayman
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Mahira Tursun
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Wen Quan, Boertala, Xinjiang 833400, China
| | - Yiming Sulaiman
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Xixia Huang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Kechuan Tian
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Yuezhen Tian
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Xinming Xu
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Amat Mamat
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.,Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
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36
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Jain A, Ravi V, Muhamed J, Chatterjee K, Sundaresan NR. A simplified protocol for culture of murine neonatal cardiomyocytes on nanoscale keratin coated surfaces. Int J Cardiol 2017; 232:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Ghosh LD, Ravi V, Sanpui P, Sundaresan NR, Chatterjee K. Keratin mediated attachment of stem cells to augment cardiomyogenic lineage commitment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 151:178-188. [PMID: 28012406 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a simple surface modification technique using keratin derived from human hair for efficient cardiomyogenic lineage commitment of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Keratin was extracted from discarded human hair containing both the acidic and basic components along with the heterodimers. The extracted keratin was adsorbed to conventional tissue culture polystyrene surfaces at different concentration. Keratin solution of 500μg/ml yielded a well coated layer of 12±1nm thickness with minimal agglomeration. The keratin coated surfaces promoted cell attachment and proliferation. Large increases in the mRNA expression of known cardiomyocyte genes such as cardiac actinin, cardiac troponin and β-myosin heavy chain were observed. Immunostaining revealed increased expression of sarcomeric α-actinin and tropomyosin whereas Western blots confirmed higher expression of tropomyosin and myocyte enhancer factor 2C in cells on the keratin coated surface than on the non-coated surface. Keratin promoted DNA demethylation of the Atp2a2 and Nkx2.5 genes thereby elucidating the importance of epigenetic changes as a possible molecular mechanism underlying the increased differentiation. A global gene expression analysis revealed a significant alteration in the expression of genes involved in pathways associated in cardiomyogenic commitment including cytokine and chemokine signaling, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, Wnt signaling, MAPK signaling, TGF-β signaling and FGF signaling pathways among others. Thus, adsorption of keratin offers a facile and affordable yet potent route for inducing cardiomyogenic lineage commitment of stem cells with important implications in developing xeno-free strategies in cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra Das Ghosh
- Department of Materials Engineering and Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Venkatraman Ravi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Pallab Sanpui
- Department of Materials Engineering and Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Nagalingam R Sundaresan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering and Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 India.
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38
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Zhao J, Liu N, Liu K, He J, Yu J, Bu R, Cheng M, De W, Liu J, Li H. Identification of genes and proteins associated with anagen wool growth. Anim Genet 2016; 48:67-79. [PMID: 27611105 DOI: 10.1111/age.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genes of major effect for wool growth would offer strategies for improving the quality and increasing the yield of fine wool. In this study, we employed the Agilent Sheep Gene Expression Microarray and proteomic technology to investigate the gene expression patterns of body side skin (more wool growing) in Aohan fine wool sheep (a Chinese indigenous breed) in comparison with groin skin (no wool growing) at the anagen stage of the wool follicle. A microarray study revealed that 4772 probes were differentially expressed, including 2071 upregulated and 2701 downregulated probes, in the comparisons of body side skin vs. groin skin (S/G). The microarray results were verified by means of quantitative PCR. A total of 1099 probes were assigned to unique genes/transcripts. The number of distinct genes/transcripts (annotated) was 926, of which 352 were upregulated and 574 were downregulated. In S/G, 13 genes were upregulated by more than 10 fold, whereas 60 genes were downregulated by more than 10 fold. Further analysis revealed that the majority of the genes possibly related to the wool growth could be assigned to categories including regulation of cell division, intermediate filament, cytoskeletal part and growth factor activity. Several potential gene families may participate in hair growth regulation, including fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factor-β, WNTs, insulin-like growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factors and so on. Proteomic analysis also revealed 196 differentially expressed protein points, of which 121 were identified as single protein points.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Qingdao Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao, 266100, China.,China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - N Liu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - K Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - J He
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - J Yu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - R Bu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - M Cheng
- Qingdao Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - W De
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - J Liu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - H Li
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,Qingdao Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao, 266100, China
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39
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Bornschlögl T, Bildstein L, Thibaut S, Santoprete R, Fiat F, Luengo GS, Doucet J, Bernard BA, Baghdadli N. Keratin network modifications lead to the mechanical stiffening of the hair follicle fiber. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5940-5. [PMID: 27162354 PMCID: PMC4889357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520302113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex mechanical properties of biomaterials such as hair, horn, skin, or bone are determined by the architecture of the underlying fibrous bionetworks. Although much is known about the influence of the cytoskeleton on the mechanics of isolated cells, this has been less studied in tridimensional tissues. We used the hair follicle as a model to link changes in the keratin network composition and architecture to the mechanical properties of the nascent hair. We show using atomic force microscopy that the soft keratinocyte matrix at the base of the follicle stiffens by a factor of ∼360, from 30 kPa to 11 MPa along the first millimeter of the follicle. The early mechanical stiffening is concomitant to an increase in diameter of the keratin macrofibrils, their continuous compaction, and increasingly parallel orientation. The related stiffening of the material follows a power law, typical of the mechanics of nonthermal bending-dominated fiber networks. In addition, we used X-ray diffraction to monitor changes in the (supra)molecular organization within the keratin fibers. At later keratinization stages, the inner mechanical properties of the macrofibrils dominate the stiffening due to the progressive setting up of the cystine network. Our findings corroborate existing models on the sequence of biological and structural events during hair keratinization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Françoise Fiat
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation, F93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | - Jean Doucet
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Paris-Sud University, F91400 Orsay, France
| | - Bruno A Bernard
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation, F93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Nawel Baghdadli
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation, F93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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40
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Fuentes-Duculan J, Gulati N, Bonifacio KM, Kunjravia N, Zheng X, Suárez-Fariñas M, Shemer A, Guttman-Yassky E, Krueger JG. Biomarkers of alopecia areata disease activity and response to corticosteroid treatment. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:282-6. [PMID: 26661294 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a common inflammatory disease targeting the anagen-stage hair follicle. Different cytokines have been implicated in the disease profile, but their pathogenic role is not yet fully determined. We studied biopsies of pretreatment lesional and non-lesional (NL) scalp and post-treatment (intra-lesional steroid injection) lesional scalp of 6 patchy patients with AA using immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed increases in CD3(+) , CD8(+) T cells, CD11c(+) dendritic cells and CD1a(+) Langerhans cells within and around hair follicles of pretreatment lesional scalp, which decreased upon treatment. qRT-PCR showed in pretreatment lesional scalp (compared to NL) significant increases (P < 0.05) in expression of inflammatory markers (IL-2, IL-2RA, JAK3, IL-15), Th1 (CXCL10 and CXCL9), Th2 (IL-13, CCL17 and CCL18), IL-12/IL-23p40 and IL-32. Among these, we observed significant downregulation with treatment in IL-12/IL-23p40, CCL18 and IL-32. We also observed significant downregulation of several hair keratins in lesional scalp, with significant upregulation of KRT35, KRT75 and KRT86 in post-treatment lesional scalp. This study shows concurrent activation of Th1 and Th2 immune axes as well as IL-23 and IL-32 cytokine pathways in lesional AA scalp and defined a series of response biomarkers to corticosteroid injection. Clinical trials with selective antagonists coupled with cytokine-pathway biomarkers will be necessary to further dissect pathogenic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Gulati
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen M Bonifacio
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norma Kunjravia
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiuzhong Zheng
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Dermatology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomics Science, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avner Shemer
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Hashomer Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Dermatology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomics Science, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, USA.,Department of the Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Alibardi L. Ultrastructural localization of hair keratins, high sulfur keratin-associated proteins and sulfhydryl oxidase in the human hair. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:248-261. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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MICKINNON AJ, HARLAND PD, WOODS LJ. Relating Self-assembly to Spatio-temporal Keratin Expression in the Wool Follicle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4188/jte.62.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L Joy WOODS
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University
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43
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van Steensel M, Vreeburg M, Urbina MT, López P, Morice-Picard F, van Geel M. Novel KRT83 and KRT86 mutations associated with monilethrix. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:222-4. [PMID: 25557232 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monilethrix is an autosomal dominant hair disorder caused by mutations in the hard keratins KRT81, KRT83 and KRT86. The affected hairs are fragile and break easily, leading to scarring alopecia. Follicular hyperkeratosis in the neck and on extensor sides of extremities is a frequently associated finding. The disorder is rare, but probably underreported because its manifestations may be mild. Mutations in KRT81 and KRT86 are the most common. Here, we report new cases from Venezuela, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. The Venezuelan kindred is special for having patients with digenic novel nucleotide changes, a KRT86 mutation associated with monilethrix and a KRT81 variant of unknown clinical significance. In the French and Dutch patients, we found novel KRT86 and KRT83 mutations. Our findings expand the mutational spectrum associated with monilethrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice van Steensel
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
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Abstract
Gel and gel-free proteomic techniques have been used for the first time to directly study the proteins present in whole wool follicles and dissected portions of follicles that correlated with morphological changes in the developing fibre as determined by transmission electron microscopy. Individual wool follicles were dissected into four portions designated as the bulb, elongation, keratogenous and keratinisation portions. Gel-free proteomic analysis of dissected portions from 30 follicles showed that the first keratins to appear were K31, K35 and K85, in the bulb portion. The first epithelial KAP, trichohyalin, was detected in the bulb portion and the first cortical KAP, KAP11.1 was found in the elongation portion. Other major trichocyte keratins and cortical KAPs began to appear further up the follicle in the keratogenous and keratinisation zones. These results were consistent with what has been observed from gene expression studies and correlated well with the morphological changes observed in the follicle. Other proteins detected by this approach included the keratin anchor protein desmoplakin, as well as vimentin and epithelial keratins, histones, ribosomal proteins and collagens. Two-dimensional electrophoretic (2DE) analysis of dissected portions of 50 follicles revealed substantial changes in the position, number and intensity of the spots of the trichocyte keratins as they progressed through the follicle zones, suggesting that they are subject to modification as a result of the keratinisation process. Also present in the 2DE maps were a number of epithelial keratins, presumably from the inner and outer root sheaths, and the dermal components.
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45
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Transcription Factor CTIP2 Maintains Hair Follicle Stem Cell Pool and Contributes to Altered Expression of LHX2 and NFATC1. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2593-2602. [PMID: 26176759 PMCID: PMC4640969 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor CTIP2 (COUP-TF-interacting protein 2), also known as BCL11B, is expressed in hair follicles of embryonic and adult skin. Ctip2-null mice exhibit reduced hair follicle density during embryonic development. In contrast, conditional inactivation of Ctip2 in epidermis (Ctip2ep−/− mice) leads to a shorter telogen and premature entry into anagen during the second phase of hair cycling without a detectable change in the number of hair follicles. Keratinocytes of the bulge stem cells niche of Ctip2ep−/− mice proliferate more and undergo reduced apoptosis than the corresponding cells of wild-type mice. However, premature activation of follicular stem cells in mice lacking CTIP2 leads to the exhaustion of this stem cell compartment in comparison to Ctip2L2/L2 mice, which retained quiescent follicle stem cells. CTIP2 modulates expression of genes encoding EGFR and NOTCH1 during formation of hair follicles, and those encoding NFATC1 and LHX2 during normal hair cycling in adult skin. The expression of most of these genes is disrupted in mice lacking CTIP2 and these alterations may underlie the phenotype of Ctip2-null and Ctip2ep−/− mice. CTIP2 appears to serve as a transcriptional organizer that integrates input from multiple signaling cues during hair follicle morphogenesis and hair cycling.
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46
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Modulating Mesenchymal Stem Cell Behavior Using Human Hair Keratin-Coated Surfaces. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:752424. [PMID: 26124842 PMCID: PMC4466490 DOI: 10.1155/2015/752424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have shown great potential for therapeutic purposes. However, the low frequencies of hMSCs in the body and difficulties in expanding their numbers in vitro have limited their clinical use. In order to develop an alternative strategy for the expansion of hMSCs in vitro, we coated tissue culture polystyrene with keratins extracted from human hair and studied the behavior of cells from 2 donors on these surfaces. The coating resulted in a homogeneous distribution of nanosized keratin globules possessing significant hydrophilicity. Results from cell attachment assays demonstrated that keratin-coated surfaces were able to moderate donor-to-donor variability when compared with noncoated tissue culture polystyrene. STRO-1 expression was either sustained or enhanced on hMSCs cultured on keratin-coated surfaces. This translated into significant increases in the colony-forming efficiencies of both hMSC populations, when the cells were serially passaged. Human hair keratins are abundant and might constitute a feasible replacement for other biomaterials that are of animal origin. In addition, our results suggest that hair keratins may be effective in moderating the microenvironment sufficiently to enrich hMSCs with high colony-forming efficiency ex vivo, for clinical applications.
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47
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Antunes E, Cruz CF, Azoia NG, Cavaco-Paulo A. The effects of solvent composition on the affinity of a peptide towards hair keratin: experimental and molecular dynamics data. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations with a developed hair protofibril model demonstrated the ability to improve peptide uptake by hair shafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egipto Antunes
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
| | - Célia F. Cruz
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Azoia
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
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48
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Purification of Porcine Hair Keratin Subunits and Their Immobilization for Use as Cell Culture Substrates. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1894-900. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Influence of feed restriction on the wool proteome: A combined iTRAQ and fiber structural study. J Proteomics 2014; 103:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Honda Y, Koike K, Kubo Y, Masuko S, Arakawa Y, Ando S. In vitro assembly properties of human type I and II hair keratins. Cell Struct Funct 2014; 39:31-43. [PMID: 24430440 DOI: 10.1247/csf.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple type I and II hair keratins are expressed in hair-forming cells but the role of each protein in hair fiber formation remains obscure. In this study, recombinant proteins of human type I hair keratins (K35, K36 and K38) and type II hair keratins (K81 and K85) were prepared using bacterial expression systems. The heterotypic subunit interactions between the type I and II hair keratins were characterized using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Gel electrophoresis showed that the heterotypic complex-forming urea concentrations differ depending on the combination of keratins. K35-K85 and K36-K81 formed relatively stable heterotypic complexes. SPR revealed that soluble K35 bound to immobilized K85 with a higher affinity than to immobilized K81. The in vitro intermediate filament (IF) assembly of the hair keratins was explored by negative-staining electron microscopy. While K35-K81, K36-K81 and K35-K36-K81 formed IFs, K35-K85 afforded tight bundles of short IFs and large paracrystalline assemblies, and K36-K85 formed IF tangles. K85 promotes lateral association rather than elongation of short IFs. The in vitro assembly properties of hair keratins depended on the combination of type I and II hair keratins. Our data suggest the functional significance of K35-K85 and K36-K81 with distinct assembly properties in the formation of macrofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Honda
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
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