1
|
Madonna R, Barachini S, Ghelardoni S, Lu L, Shen WF, De Caterina R. Vasostatins: new molecular targets for atherosclerosis, post-ischaemic angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:132-139. [PMID: 38242632 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The chromogranin-secretogranin secretory proteins-granins-are acidic proteins localized in granules of endocrine cells and neurons. The chromogranin family includes chromogranins A (CgA) and B, as well as secretogranin II (once called chromogranin C). Members of this family undergo catalytic proteolysis to produce active peptides. The CgA-derived peptides vasostatin-1 and vasostatin-2, in particular, appear to protect against atherosclerosis, suppressing the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, as well as exerting vasodilatory effects by enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability. Vasostatin-1 also suppresses vasoconstriction and abnormal angiogenesis. Vasostatin-1 and vasostatin-2 may be novel therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, also protecting the myocardium against ischaemic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Madonna
- Department of Surgical, Medical, and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa and Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Barachini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Cell Therapy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Ghelardoni
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Road II, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Road II, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Department of Surgical, Medical, and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa and Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
D'Accolti M, Bellotti D, Dzień E, Leonetti C, Leveraro S, Albanese V, Marzola E, Guerrini R, Caselli E, Rowińska-Żyrek M, Remelli M. Impact of C- and N-terminal protection on the stability, metal chelation and antimicrobial properties of calcitermin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18228. [PMID: 37880318 PMCID: PMC10600247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The main limitation to the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as regular drugs, against antibiotic and antifungal resistance, mainly relates to their rapid degradation by proteolytic enzymes. The introduction of suitable structural changes in the peptide chain can make the peptide less susceptible to the action of proteases, thus overcoming this problem. To improve the plasma stability of calcitermin, a metal-chelating AMP present in the human respiratory tract and investigated in the present study, C- and/or N- terminal modifications have been introduced in the native sequence. Evaluation of peptide stability has been performed to determine the half-life times in human plasma of both native calcitermin and its derivatives. However, the protection of the peptide termini can also affect its metal coordination behaviour. Thus, the characterization of Zn2+ and Cu2+ complexes has been performed by means of several techniques, including potentiometry, high-resolution mass spectrometry, UV-Vis, circular dichroism and EPR. On the basis of the obtained results, it was possible to compare the biological activity of the studied systems, taking into account both the metal-binding ability and the peptide stability to search for a link among them. A significant result of this study is that the N-terminal protection increases the calcitermin half-life over seven times and the formation of metal complexes confers resistance towards degradation almost doubling its half-life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D'Accolti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Denise Bellotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Emilia Dzień
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Carlotta Leonetti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Leveraro
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Marzola
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Remelli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iyer DR, Venkatraman J, Tanguy E, Vitale N, Mahapatra NR. Chromogranin A and its derived peptides: potential regulators of cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:271. [PMID: 37642733 PMCID: PMC11072126 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA), a member of the granin family of proteins, has been an attractive therapeutic target and candidate biomarker for several cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory disorders. The prominence of CHGA stems from the pleiotropic roles of several bioactive peptides (e.g., catestatin, pancreastatin, vasostatins) generated by its proteolytic cleavage and by their wide anatomical distribution. These peptides are emerging as novel modulators of cardiometabolic diseases that are often linked to high blood cholesterol levels. However, their impact on cholesterol homeostasis is poorly understood. The dynamic nature of cholesterol and its multitudinous roles in almost every aspect of normal body function makes it an integral component of metabolic physiology. A tightly regulated coordination of cholesterol homeostasis is imperative for proper functioning of cellular and metabolic processes. The deregulation of cholesterol levels can result in several pathophysiological states. Although studies till date suggest regulatory roles for CHGA and its derived peptides on cholesterol levels, the mechanisms by which this is achieved still remain unclear. This review aims to aggregate and consolidate the available evidence linking CHGA with cholesterol homeostasis in health and disease. In addition, we also look at common molecular regulatory factors (viz., transcription factors and microRNAs) which could govern the expression of CHGA and genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis under basal and pathological conditions. In order to gain further insights into the pathways mediating cholesterol regulation by CHGA/its derived peptides, a few prospective signaling pathways are explored, which could act as primers for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya R Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Janani Venkatraman
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Emeline Tanguy
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 and Université de Strasbourg, 5 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 and Université de Strasbourg, 5 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nitish R Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Specific Focus on Antifungal Peptides against Azole Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010042. [PMID: 36675863 PMCID: PMC9864941 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal infections is increasing worldwide, especially that of aspergillosis, which previously only affected people with immunosuppression. Aspergillus fumigatus can cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and endangers public health due to resistance to azole-type antimycotics such as fluconazole. Antifungal peptides are viable alternatives that combat infection by forming pores in membranes through electrostatic interactions with the phospholipids as well as cell death to peptides that inhibit protein synthesis and inhibit cell replication. Engineering antifungal peptides with nanotechnology can enhance the efficacy of these therapeutics at lower doses and reduce immune responses. This manuscript explains how antifungal peptides combat antifungal-resistant aspergillosis and also how rational peptide design with nanotechnology and artificial intelligence can engineer peptides to be a feasible antifungal alternative.
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent Advances in Multifunctional Antimicrobial Peptides as Immunomodulatory and Anticancer Therapy: Chromogranin A-Derived Peptides and Dermaseptins as Endogenous versus Exogenous Actors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102014. [PMID: 36297449 PMCID: PMC9608009 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by all living organisms exhibiting antimicrobial activities and representing the first line of innate defense against pathogens. In this context, AMPs are suggested as an alternative to classical antibiotics. However, several researchers reported their involvement in different processes defining them as Multifunctional AMPs (MF-AMPs). Interestingly, these agents act as the endogenous responses of the human organism against several dangerous stimuli. Still, they are identified in other organisms and evaluated for their anticancer therapy. Chromogranin A (CgA) is a glyco-phosphoprotein discovered for the first time in the adrenal medulla but also produced in several cells. CgA can generate different derived AMPs influencing numerous physiological processes. Dermaseptins (DRSs) are a family of α-helical-shaped polycationic peptides isolated from the skin secretions of several leaf frogs from the Phyllomedusidae family. Several DRSs were identified as AMPs and, until now, more than 65 DRSs have been classified. Recently, these exogenous molecules were characterized for their anticancer activity. In this review, we summarize the role of these two classes of MF-AMPs as an example of endogenous molecules for CgA-derived peptides, able to modulate inflammation but also as exogenous molecules for DRSs, exerting anticancer activities.
Collapse
|
6
|
Scavello F, Kharouf N, Lavalle P, Haikel Y, Schneider F, Metz-Boutigue MH. The antimicrobial peptides secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla link the neuroendocrine and immune systems: From basic to clinical studies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977175. [PMID: 36090980 PMCID: PMC9452953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance to antibiotic treatments highlights the need for the development of new antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been studied to be used in clinical settings for the treatment of infections. Endogenous AMPs represent the first line defense of the innate immune system against pathogens; they also positively interfere with infection-associated inflammation. Interestingly, AMPs influence numerous biological processes, such as the regulation of the microbiota, wound healing, the induction of adaptive immunity, the regulation of inflammation, and finally express anti-cancer and cytotoxic properties. Numerous peptides identified in chromaffin secretory granules from the adrenal medulla possess antimicrobial activity: they are released by chromaffin cells during stress situations by exocytosis via the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. The objective of the present review is to develop complete informations including (i) the biological characteristics of the AMPs produced after the natural processing of chromogranins A and B, proenkephalin-A and free ubiquitin, (ii) the design of innovative materials and (iii) the involvement of these AMPs in human diseases. Some peptides are elective biomarkers for critical care medicine, may play an important role in the protection of infections (alone, or in combination with others or antibiotics), in the prevention of nosocomial infections, in the regulation of intestinal mucosal dynamics and of inflammation. They could play an important role for medical implant functionalization, such as catheters, tracheal tubes or oral surgical devices, in order to prevent infections after implantation and to promote the healing of tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Scavello
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Scavello,
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francis Schneider
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hautepierre Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, Federation of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
González-Dávila P, Schwalbe M, Danewalia A, Dalile B, Verbeke K, Mahata SK, El Aidy S. Catestatin selects for colonization of antimicrobial-resistant gut bacterial communities. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1873-1882. [PMID: 35440728 PMCID: PMC9296511 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is in continuous interaction with the innermost layer of the gut, namely the epithelium. One of the various functions of the gut epithelium, is to keep the microbes at bay to avoid overstimulation of the underlying mucosa immune cells. To do so, the gut epithelia secrete a variety of antimicrobial peptides, such as chromogranin A (CgA) peptide catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372). As a defense mechanism, gut microbes have evolved antimicrobial resistance mechanisms to counteract the killing effect of the secreted peptides. To this end, we treated wild-type mice and CST knockout (CST-KO) mice (where only the 63 nucleotides encoding CST have been deleted) with CST for 15 consecutive days. CST treatment was associated with a shift in the diversity and composition of the microbiota in the CST-KO mice. This effect was less prominent in WT mice. Levels of the microbiota-produced short-chain fatty acids, in particular, butyrate and acetate were significantly increased in CST-treated CST-KO mice but not the WT group. Both CST-treated CST-KO and WT mice showed a significant increase in microbiota-harboring phosphoethanolamine transferase-encoding genes, which facilitate their antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we show that CST was degraded by Escherichia coli via an omptin-protease and that the abundance of this gene was significantly higher in metagenomic datasets collected from patients with Crohn's disease but not with ulcerative colitis. Overall, this study illustrates how the endogenous antimicrobial peptide, CST, shapes the microbiota composition in the gut and primes further research to uncover the role of bacterial resistance to CST in disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela González-Dávila
- Host-Microbe Metabolic Interactions, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Schwalbe
- Host-Microbe Metabolic Interactions, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arpit Danewalia
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Boushra Dalile
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of chronic diseases and metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of chronic diseases and metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Host-Microbe Metabolic Interactions, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
De Lorenzo R, Sciorati C, Ramirez GA, Colombo B, Lorè NI, Capobianco A, Tresoldi C, Cirillo DM, Ciceri F, Corti A, Rovere-Querini P, Manfredi AA. Chromogranin A plasma levels predict mortality in COVID-19. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267235. [PMID: 35468164 PMCID: PMC9037919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chromogranin A (CgA) and its fragment vasostatin I (VS-I) are secreted in the blood by endocrine/neuroendocrine cells and regulate stress responses. Their involvement in Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) has not been investigated. Methods CgA and VS-I plasma concentrations were measured at hospital admission from March to May 2020 in 190 patients. 40 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers served as controls. CgA and VS-I levels relationship with demographics, comorbidities and disease severity was assessed through Mann Whitney U test or Spearman correlation test. Cox regression analysis and Kaplan Meier survival curves were performed to investigate the impact of the CgA and VS-I levels on in-hospital mortality. Results Median CgA and VS-I levels were higher in patients than in healthy controls (CgA: 0.558 nM [interquartile range, IQR 0.358–1.046] vs 0.368 nM [IQR 0.288–0.490] respectively, p = 0.0017; VS-I: 0.357 nM [IQR 0.196–0.465] vs 0.144 nM [0.144–0.156] respectively, p<0.0001). Concentration of CgA, but not of VS-I, significantly increased in patients who died (n = 47) than in survivors (n = 143) (median 0.948 nM [IQR 0.514–1.754] vs 0.507 nM [IQR 0.343–0.785], p = 0.00026). Levels of CgA were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio 1.28 [95% confidence interval 1.077–1.522], p = 0.005) when adjusted for age, number of comorbidities, respiratory insufficiency degree, C-reactive protein levels and time from symptom onset to sampling. Kaplan Meier curves revealed a significantly increased mortality rate in patients with CgA levels above 0.558 nM (median value, log rank test, p = 0.001). Conclusion Plasma CgA levels increase in COVID-19 patients and represent an early independent predictor of mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca De Lorenzo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Sciorati
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giuseppe A. Ramirez
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Colombo
- Tumor Biology & Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola I. Lorè
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Capobianco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Tresoldi
- Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplant, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela M. Cirillo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplant, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Tumor Biology & Vascular Targeting Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A. Manfredi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang F, Zeng Y, Liu X, Cao J, Kang S, Zhou W, Chen X, Liu J, Zhang D. Chromogranin A-derived peptide CGA47-66 protects against septic brain injury by reducing blood-brain barrier damage through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 605:162-170. [PMID: 35339012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
CGA47-66 (Chromofungin, CHR), is a peptide derived from the N-terminus of chromogranin A (CgA), has been proven to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain injury. However, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. We found that CGA47-66 exerted a protective effect on cognitive impairment by inhibiting the destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the LPS-induced sepsis mice model. In addition, the hCMEC/D3 cell line was used to establish an in vitro BBB model. Under LPS stimulation, CGA47-66 could significantly alleviate the hyperpermeability of the BBB, the destruction of tight junction proteins, and the rearrangement of F-actin. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we used LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, which partially reduced the protective effect of CGA47-66 on the integrity of BBB. Indicating that the PI3K/AKT pathway plays a vital role in the brain-protective function of CGA47-66, which might be a potential therapeutic target for septic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- FengLin Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Intensive Care Unit, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Xian Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - JiaJun Cao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - ShengNan Kang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - WuShuang Zhou
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - XiaoYing Chen
- Department of Surgical Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - JingLun Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li R, Qiao M, Li S, Wei A, Ren S, Tao M, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Huang L, Shen Y. Antifungal Peptide CGA-N9 Protects Against Systemic Candidiasis in Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
Li X, Fan Y, Lin Q, Luo J, Huang Y, Bao Y, Xu L. Expression of chromogranin A-derived antifungal peptide CGA-N12 in Pichia pastoris. Bioengineered 2020; 11:318-327. [PMID: 32163000 PMCID: PMC7161563 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1736237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human chromogranin A-derived peptide CGA-N12, which is composed of 12 amino acid residues with the sequence ALQGAKERAHQQ, showed strong antifungal activity and the least hemolytic activity in previous studies. However, synthetic peptides are relatively expensive to produce. Recombinant expression of peptides in the host cells, such as bacteria or yeast, can fastly provide cost-efficient products of peptides. Here, we developed an innovative system to produce CGA-N12 peptides in the yeast Pichia pastoris GS115 using genetic engineering technology. In order to directly secret short CGA-N12 peptides into the culture media from GS115 cells and enhance its expression effect, the structure of the CGA-N12 coding sequence was designed to mimic that of native α-factor gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Four long primer pairs with sticky end were used to synthesize CGA-N12 expression sequence which contains four copies of CGA-N12 flanked by a Lys-Arg pair and two Glu-Ala repeating units. Endogenous proteases Kex2 and Ste13 in Golgi apparatus recognize and excise Lys-Arg and Glu-Ala pair to release short CGA-N12 peptides from the tandem repeat sequences, respectively. The CGA-N12 peptides were successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris with a yield of up to 30 mg/L of yeast culture as determined using HPLC. Our study indicated that the strategy employed in this work may be a good way to express small-molecule peptides directly in the Pichia pastoris system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianxiong Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yide Huang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuwang Bao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Liyu Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Central Laboratory, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mercer DK, O'Neil DA. Innate Inspiration: Antifungal Peptides and Other Immunotherapeutics From the Host Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2177. [PMID: 33072081 PMCID: PMC7533533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe antifungal therapeutic candidates in preclinical and clinical development derived from, or directly influenced by, the immune system, with a specific focus on antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Although the focus of this review is AMP with direct antimicrobial effects on fungi, we will also discuss compounds with direct antifungal activity, including monoclonal antibodies (mAb), as well as immunomodulatory molecules that can enhance the immune response to fungal infection, including immunomodulatory AMP, vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, interferon and colony stimulating factors as well as immune cell therapies. The focus of this manuscript will be a non-exhaustive review of antifungal compounds in preclinical and clinical development that are based on the principles of immunology and the authors acknowledge the incredible amount of in vitro and in vivo work that has been conducted to develop such therapeutic candidates.
Collapse
|
13
|
Antimicrobial peptide CGA-N12 decreases the Candida tropicalis mitochondrial membrane potential via mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:223802. [PMID: 32368781 PMCID: PMC7225414 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid sequence from 65th to 76th residue of the N-terminus of Chromogranin A (CGA-N12) is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP). Our previous studies showed that CGA-N12 reduces Candida tropicalis mitochondrial membrane potential. Here, we explored the mechanism that CGA-N12 collapsed the mitochondrial membrane potential by investigations of its action on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) complex of C. tropicalis. The results showed that CGA-N12 induced cytochrome c (Cyt c) leakage, mitochondria swelling and led to polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weight 1000 Da penetrate mitochondria. mPTP opening inhibitors bongkrekic acid (BA) could contract the mitochondrial swelling induced by CGA-N12, but cyclosporin A (CsA) could not. Therefore, we speculated that CGA-N12 could induce C. tropicolis mPTP opening by preventing the matrix-facing (m) conformation of adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT), thereby increasing the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane and resulted in the mitochondrial potential dissipation.
Collapse
|
14
|
The antifungal peptide CGA-N12 inhibits cell wall synthesis of Candida tropicalis by interacting with KRE9. Biochem J 2020; 477:747-762. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CGA-N12, an antifungal peptide derived from chromogranin A, has specific antagonistic activity against Candida spp., especially against Candida tropicalis, by inducing cell apoptosis. However, the effect of CGA-N12 on the Candida cell wall is unknown. The Candida protein KRE9, which possesses β-1,6-glucanase activity, was screened by affinity chromatography after binding to CGA-N12. In this study, the effect of CGA-N12 on KRE9 and the interaction between CGA-N12 and KRE9 was studied to clarify the effect of CGA-N12 on C. tropicalis cell wall synthesis. The effect of CGA-N12 on recombinant KRE9 β-1,6-glucanase activity was investigated by analyzing the consumption of glucose. The results showed that CGA-N12 inhibited the activity of KRE9. After C. tropicalis was treated with CGA-N12, the structure of the C. tropicalis cell wall was damaged. The interaction between CGA-N12 and KRE9 was analyzed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The results showed that their interaction process was involved an endothermic reaction, and the interaction force was mainly hydrophobic with a few electrostatic forces. The results of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay showed that the distance between CGA-N12 and KRE9 was 7 ∼ 10 nm during their interaction. Therefore, we concluded that the target of CGA-N12 in the C. tropicalis cell membrane is KRE9, and that CGA-N12 weakly binds to KRE9 within a 7 ∼ 10 nm distance and inhibits KRE9 activity.
Collapse
|
15
|
Schneider F, Dureau AF, Hellé S, Betscha C, Senger B, Cremel G, Boulmedais F, Strub JM, Corti A, Meyer N, Guillot M, Schaaf P, Metz-Boutigue MH. A Pilot Study on Continuous Infusion of 4% Albumin in Critically Ill Patients: Impact on Nosocomial Infection via a Reduction Mechanism for Oxidized Substrates. Crit Care Explor 2019; 1:e0044. [PMID: 32166286 PMCID: PMC7063941 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Care-related infections affect up to 11% of ICU patients. Running therapeutic albumin is sometimes associated to less infection: whether a specific method of its infusion is of any interest to modulate innate defense is unknown. Our objectives were: 1) to test whether the method for albumin infusion is important to prevent care-related infections and 2) to analyze in vitro the antioxidative role of albumin on host defense proteins during shock (using vasostatin-I as an example). Design In a prospective, randomized, open-label trial, shock patients were allocated to receive either continuously 4% albumin or intermittently 20% albumin, as long as they were infused with norepinephrine. A translational study including in vivo and in vitro analyses of albumin-vasostatin-I interactions is reported. Setting A tertiary ICU caring for 1,000 patients per year. Patients Fifty shock patients with serum albumin less than 20 g/L. Interventions In vivo colonization and nosocomial infections were recorded and time-dependent changes in serum albumin, chromogranin A, and vasostatin-I concentrations as well. In vitro, we studied biochemical albumin-vasostatin-I relationship using biochemical methods. Measurements and Main Results Over 18 days, we recorded a decrease in colonization (four vs 12 episodes; p = 0.035) and nosocomial infection frequency (two vs 13 episodes; p = 0.002) in patients infused continuously 4% albumin versus controls. In vitro, albumin interacts with the disulfide loop vasostatin-I (residues 17-40) and continuous 4% albumin infusion restores its oxidative status required for antimicrobial activity. Conclusions Continuous 4% albumin is effective in reducing care-related infections in shock patients by increasing the availability of antimicrobial vasostatin-I. This might guide future care of shock patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Schneider
- Inserm UMR 1121, Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, département 11, Strasbourg, France.,Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Florence Dureau
- Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Hellé
- Inserm UMR 1121, Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, département 11, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Civil, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cosette Betscha
- Inserm UMR 1121, Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, département 11, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Senger
- Inserm UMR 1121, Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, département 11, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gérard Cremel
- Inserm UMR 1109 MN3T, Immuno-Rhumatologie-Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Pôle API, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Strub
- CNRS-UMR7178, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- Laboratoire de Bio-statistiques et Informatique Médicale, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Max Guillot
- Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Inserm UMR 1121, Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, département 11, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS-UPR22, Institut Charles Sadron, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue
- Inserm UMR 1121, Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, département 11, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Intricacies of the Molecular Machinery of Catecholamine Biosynthesis and Secretion by Chromaffin Cells of the Normal Adrenal Medulla and in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081121. [PMID: 31390824 PMCID: PMC6721535 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal medulla is composed predominantly of chromaffin cells producing and secreting the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Catecholamine biosynthesis and secretion is a complex and tightly controlled physiologic process. The pathways involved have been extensively studied, and various elements of the underlying molecular machinery have been identified. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the route from stimulus to secretion of catecholamines by the normal adrenal chromaffin cell compared to chromaffin tumor cells in pheochromocytomas. Pheochromocytomas are adrenomedullary tumors that are characterized by uncontrolled synthesis and secretion of catecholamines. This uncontrolled secretion can be partly explained by perturbations of the molecular catecholamine secretory machinery in pheochromocytoma cells. Chromaffin cell tumors also include sympathetic paragangliomas originating in sympathetic ganglia. Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are usually locally confined tumors, but about 15% do metastasize to distant locations. Histopathological examination currently poorly predicts future biologic behavior, thus long term postoperative follow-up is required. Therefore, there is an unmet need for prognostic biomarkers. Clearer understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in the secretory characteristics of pheochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas may offer one approach for the discovery of novel prognostic biomarkers for improved therapeutic targeting and monitoring of treatment or disease progression.
Collapse
|
17
|
In Trauma Patients, the Occurrence of Early-Onset Nosocomial Infections is Associated With Increased Plasma Concentrations of Chromogranin A. Shock 2019; 49:522-528. [PMID: 29049134 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In previously healthy persons suffering from acute illnesses, nosocomial infections (NIs) are frequent. Their prevalence suggests the existence of as yet unknown conditions that may promote care-related infection. This study assessed whether the measurement of plasma chromogranin A, a stress-related protein involved in innate defense, is related to NI risk, and whether any chromogranin A-derived fragment included in vasostatin-I displays immunosuppressive activities related to AP-1 or NF-kappa B downregulation. At the clinical level, trauma patients and healthy controls were recruited to be eligible. Clinical histories were recorded, and standard biological tests (including plasma chromogranin A) were performed. For 9 randomly chosen patients and 16 controls, the time-dependent concentrations of chromogranin A (CGA) were assessed twice a day over 66 h. The data show that trauma patients present a higher value of CGA concentration during 66 h in comparison with healthy controls. In addition, patients maintaining this significant increase in CGA readily develop NIs. We therefore studied the effects of chromogranin A-derived peptides on monocytes, focusing on transcription factors that play a central role in inflammation. In vitro assay demonstrated that a chromogranin A-derived fragment (CGA47-70) displays a significant inhibition of NF-kappa B and AP-1 transcriptional activities in these cells. In conclusion, the occurrence of NI in trauma patients is associated with significantly increased plasma CGA concentrations. Downregulation of the two transcription factors by CGA47-70 might induce early acquired immune defect after a serious medical stress.
Collapse
|
18
|
CGA-N9, an antimicrobial peptide derived from chromogranin A: direct cell penetration of and endocytosis by Candida tropicalis. Biochem J 2019; 476:483-497. [PMID: 30610128 PMCID: PMC6362824 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CGA-N9 is a peptide derived from the N-terminus of human chromogranin A comprising amino acids 47–55. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays showed that CGA-N9 had antimicrobial activity and exhibited time-dependent inhibition activity against Candida tropicalis, with high safety in human red blood cells (HRBCs) and mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3). According to the results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, CGA-N9 accumulated in cells without destroying the integrity of the cell membrane; the peptide was initially localized to the cell membrane and subsequently internalized into the cytosol. An investigation of the cellular internalization mechanism revealed that most CGA-N9 molecules entered the yeast cells, even at 4°C and in the presence of sodium azide (NaN3), both of which block all energy-dependent transport mechanisms. In addition, peptide internalization was affected by the endocytic inhibitors 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride (EIPA), cytochalasin D (CyD) and heparin; chlorpromazine (CPZ) also had some effect on CGA-N9 internalization. Similar results were obtained in the MIC assays, whereby the anticandidal activity of CGA-N9 was blocked to different degrees in the presence of EIPA, CyD, heparin or CPZ. Therefore, most CGA-N9 passes through the C. tropicalis cell membrane via direct cell penetration, whereas the remainder enters through macropinocytosis and sulfate proteoglycan-mediated endocytosis, with a slight contribution from clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ferrari L, Seregni E, Lucignani G, Bajetta E, Martinetti A, Aliberti G, Pallotti F, Procopio G, Torre SD, Luksch R, Bombardieri E. Accuracy and Clinical Correlates of Two Different Methods for Chromogranin A Assay in Neuroendocrine Tumors. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080401900407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of chromogranin A (CgA) plays a major role in the management of neuroendocrine tumors (NET); however, reliable assaying of CgA is made difficult by the rapid hydrolysis following its release into the bloodstream. This study was aimed at the assessment of two assays for CgA in NET patients. CgA was measured in 93 patients by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). The specificity and sensitivity of CgA were evaluated in relation to tumor histology. The clinical accuracy of the two assays was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Regression analysis demonstrated different immunoreactivity for CgA of the antibodies used in the two kits (r=0.61). The two assays had different accuracy also in classifying patients according to their clinical condition (91% vs 64% specificity and 79% vs 79% sensitivity for the ELISA and IRMA assay, respectively) and tumor histology (81% vs 85% sensitivity for the ELISA and IRMA assays, respectively, in carcinoids; 92% vs 67% sensitivity for the ELISA and IRMA assays, respectively, in pancreatic islet cell tumors). The different clinical accuracy of the two assays was confirmed by the ROC analysis (AUC=0.90 vs AUC=0.87 for the ELISA and IRMA assays, respectively). In conclusion, because of the poor standardization of the commercially available measurement tools the clinical accuracy of CgA measurement depends on the assay used. This makes it difficult to compare CgA values measured with different kits and affects the clinical accuracy of the different assays for CgA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ferrari
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan
| | - E. Seregni
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan
| | - G. Lucignani
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, University of Milan and Unit of Molecular Imaging, Division of Radiation Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, Milan - Italy
| | - E. Bajetta
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan
| | - A. Martinetti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan
| | - G. Aliberti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan
| | - F. Pallotti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan
| | - G. Procopio
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, University of Milan and Unit of Molecular Imaging, Division of Radiation Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, Milan - Italy
| | - S. Della Torre
- Medical Oncology Unit 2, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan
| | - R. Luksch
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan
| | - E. Bombardieri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chromogranins: from discovery to current times. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:143-154. [PMID: 28875377 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery in 1953 of the chromaffin granules as co-storage of catecholamines and ATP was soon followed by identification of a range of uniquely acidic proteins making up the isotonic vesicular storage complex within elements of the diffuse sympathoadrenal system. In the mid-1960s, the enzymatically inactive, major core protein, chromogranin A was shown to be exocytotically discharged from the stimulated adrenal gland in parallel with the co-stored catecholamines and ATP. A prohormone concept was introduced when one of the main storage proteins collectively named granins was identified as the insulin release inhibitory polypeptide pancreastatin. A wide range of granin-derived biologically active peptides have subsequently been identified. Both chromogranin A and chromogranin B give rise to antimicrobial peptides of relevance for combat of pathogens. While two of the chromogranin A-derived peptides, vasostatin-I and pancreastatin, are involved in modulation of calcium and glucose homeostasis, respectively, vasostatin-I and catestatin are important modulators of endothelial permeability, angiogenesis, myocardial contractility, and innate immunity. A physiological role is now evident for the full-length chromogranin A and vasostatin-I as circulating stabilizers of endothelial integrity and in protection against myocardial injury. The high circulating levels of chromogranin A and its fragments in patients suffering from various inflammatory diseases have emerged as challenges for future research and clinical applications.
Collapse
|
21
|
Troger J, Theurl M, Kirchmair R, Pasqua T, Tota B, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Nowosielski Y, Mätzler R, Troger J, Gayen JR, Trudeau V, Corti A, Helle KB. Granin-derived peptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 154:37-61. [PMID: 28442394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The granin family comprises altogether 7 different proteins originating from the diffuse neuroendocrine system and elements of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The family is dominated by three uniquely acidic members, namely chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII). Since the late 1980s it has become evident that these proteins are proteolytically processed, intragranularly and/or extracellularly into a range of biologically active peptides; a number of them with regulatory properties of physiological and/or pathophysiological significance. The aim of this comprehensive overview is to provide an up-to-date insight into the distribution and properties of the well established granin-derived peptides and their putative roles in homeostatic regulations. Hence, focus is directed to peptides derived from the three main granins, e.g. to the chromogranin A derived vasostatins, betagranins, pancreastatin and catestatins, the chromogranin B-derived secretolytin and the secretogranin II-derived secretoneurin (SN). In addition, the distribution and properties of the chromogranin A-derived peptides prochromacin, chromofungin, WE14, parastatin, GE-25 and serpinins, the CgB-peptide PE-11 and the SgII-peptides EM66 and manserin will also be commented on. Finally, the opposing effects of the CgA-derived vasostatin-I and catestatin and the SgII-derived peptide SN on the integrity of the vasculature, myocardial contractility, angiogenesis in wound healing, inflammatory conditions and tumors will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Markus Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Kirchmair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Tota
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Yvonne Nowosielski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphaela Mätzler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jasmin Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Vance Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo Corti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li R, Zhang L, Zhang H, Yi Y, Wang L, Chen L, Zhang L. Protective effect of a novel antifungal peptide derived from human chromogranin a on the immunity of mice infected with Candida krusei. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2429-2434. [PMID: 28565859 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections threat the life of immunocompromised patients. Chromogranin A N-46 (CGA-N46), corresponding to the 31st to 76th amino acids of the N-terminus of human chromogranin A, is an antifungal peptide. In order to elucidate the antifungal effects of CGA-N46 in vivo, we studied its effects on cell-mediated immunity in Candida krusei-infected mice. The results showed that the treatment with CGA-N46 increased the average body weight and decreased the mortality of the immunocompromised mice model infected with Candida krusei. The spleen and thymus indices of treated mice has markedly increased compared with that of the control group (P<0.05), and the immune cell levels in peripheral blood also increased significantly (P<0.05). The immuno-modulatory effect of CGA-N46 (60 mg/kg/day) was found to be comparable to that of terbinafine. Additionally, CGA-N46 could alleviate or eliminate histopathological symptoms in the liver, spleen, kidney, and lung tissues. In conclusion, the present study suggests that CGA-N46 may offer a new strategy for antifungal therapeutic option. This study is an essential step in elucidating the effect of CGA-N46 in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanjie Yi
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Le Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Lan Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bastos P, Trindade F, da Costa J, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Human Antimicrobial Peptides in Bodily Fluids: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Postantibiotic Era. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:101-146. [PMID: 28094448 PMCID: PMC7168463 DOI: 10.1002/med.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an integral part of the innate immune defense mechanism of many organisms. Due to the alarming increase of resistance to antimicrobial therapeutics, a growing interest in alternative antimicrobial agents has led to the exploitation of AMPs, both synthetic and isolated from natural sources. Thus, many peptide-based drugs have been the focus of increasing attention by many researchers not only in identifying novel AMPs, but in defining mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide activity as well. Herein, we review the available strategies for the identification of AMPs in human body fluids and their mechanism(s) of action. In addition, an overview of the distribution of AMPs across different human body fluids is provided, as well as its relation with microorganisms and infectious conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Bastos
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João da Costa
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li RF, Lu ZF, Sun YN, Chen SH, Yi YJ, Zhang HR, Yang SY, Yu GH, Huang L, Li CN. Molecular Design, Structural Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Derivatives of Peptide CGA-N46. Interdiscip Sci 2016; 8:319-26. [PMID: 27165480 PMCID: PMC4982898 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-016-0163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CGA)-N46, a derived peptide of human chromogranin A, has antifungal activity. To further research the active domain of CGA-N46, a series of derivatives were designed by successively deleting amino acid from both terminus of CGA-N46, and the amino acid sequence of each derivative was analyzed by bioinformatic software. Based on the predicted physicochemical properties of the peptides, including half-life time in mammalian reticulocytes (in vitro), yeast (in vivo) and E. coli (in vivo), instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY), the secondary structure, net charge, the distribution of hydrophobic residues and hydrophilic residues, the final derivatives CGA-N15, CGA-N16, CGA-N12 and CGA-N8 were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The results of bioinformatic analysis showed that CGA-N46 and its derivatives were α-helix, neutral or weak positive charge, hydrophilic, and CGA-N12 and CGA-N8 were more stable than the other derivatives. The results of circular dichroism confirmed that CGA-N46 and its derived peptides displayed α-helical structure in an aqueous solution and 30 mM sodium dodecylsulfate, but α-helical contents decreased in hydrophobic lipid vesicles. CGA-N15, CGA-N16, CGA-N12 and CGA-N8 had higher antifungal activities than their mother peptide CGA-N46. Among of the derived peptides, CGA-N12 showed the least hemolytic activity. In conclusion, we have successfully identified the active domain of CGA-N46 with strong antifungal activity and weak hemolytic activity, which provides the possibility to develop a new class of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ya-Nan Sun
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shi-Hua Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yan-Jie Yi
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hui-Ru Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuo-Ye Yang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guang-Hai Yu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Liang Huang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chao-Nan Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Postma TM, Liskamp RMJ. Highly potent antimicrobial peptide derivatives of bovine cateslytin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17944d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of bovine cateslytin was optimized in a series of sequential modifications leading to synlytin, a highly potent non-haemolytic antimicrobial peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Postma
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li RF, Lu YL, Lu YB, Zhang HR, Huang L, Yin Y, Zhang L, Liu S, Lu Z, Sun Y. Antiproliferative effect and characterization of a novel antifungal peptide derived from human Chromogranin A. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2289-2294. [PMID: 26668630 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CGA-N46 is a novel antifungal peptide derived from the N-terminus of human Chromogranin A, corresponding to the 31st to 76th amino acids. Further research on its activities and characteristics may be helpful for the application of CGA-N46 in medical or other situations. In the present study, the antifungal spectrum and physicochemical characteristics of CGA-N46 were investigated using an antifungal assay, its antiproliferative effects on cancer and normal cells were assessed using MTT assay and its combinatorial effect with other antibiotics was analyzed using checkerboard analysis. The results showed that CGA-N46 exhibited antifungal activity against the tested Candidas (C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. albicans) at a concentration of <0.8 mM, but had no effect on the growth of filamentous fungi or other types of fungi (Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes), even at a concentration of 3.2 mM. CGA-N46 had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of lung cancer A549 cells and a reversible effect on the growth of normal primary chicken embryo fibroblast cells, but no hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes at the minimum inhibitory concentration of CGA-N46 against yeasts. The antifungal activity of CGA-N46 was stable at a temperature <40°C or within a broad pH range (pH 5.0-7.0). Its antifungal activity was enhanced when the peptide was used in combination with fluconazole and terbinafine. The present results indicate that CGA-N46 is a safe, physicochemically stable, antifungal peptide with anticancer cell activity that exhibits an additive effect with conventional antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Bo Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ru Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Liang Huang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Yin
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Sun
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li RF, Yan XH, Lu YB, Lu YL, Zhang HR, Chen SH, Liu S, Lu ZF. Anti-candidal activity of a novel peptide derived from human chromogranin A and its mechanism of action against Candida krusei. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1768-1776. [PMID: 26640548 PMCID: PMC4665730 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species (Candida spp.) are important fungal pathogens, which cause numerous clinical diseases associated with significant mortality and morbidity in healthcare settings. In our previous study, we identified a recombinant peptide, chromogranin A (CGA)-N46, corresponding to the N-terminal Pro31-Gln76 sequence of human CGA, that exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The present study investigated the antifungal activity of CGA-N46, and its underlying mechanism, against numerous Candida spp. CGA-N46 inhibited the growth of all of the tested Candida spp., of which Candida krusei exhibited the greatest sensitivity. CGA-N46 was able to disrupt the stability of the phospholipid monolayer without damaging the integrity and permeability of the outer membrane of C. krusei cells, and induced cytoplasm vacuolization and mitochondrial damage. In addition, treatment of C. krusei with CGA-N46 was associated with decreased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA synthesis inhibition. The results of the present study suggested that CGA-N46 was able to pass through the cell membrane of Candida spp. by temporarily destabilizing the phospholipid membrane, which in turn led to mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Therefore, CGA-N46 may be considered a novel antifungal compound for the treatment of patients with C. krusei infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yan
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Bo Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ru Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hua Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fang Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li RF, Wang B, Liu S, Chen SH, Yu GH, Yang SY, Huang L, Yin YL, Lu ZF. Optimization of the expression conditions of CGA-N46 in Bacillus subtilis DB1342(p-3N46) by response surface methodology. Interdiscip Sci 2015. [PMID: 25682381 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-014-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
CGA-N46 is a small antifungal derived peptide and consists of the 31st to 76th amino acids of the N-terminus of human chromogranin A. Polycistronic expression of recombinant CGA-N46 in Bacillus subtilis DB1342 was used to improve its production, but the yield of CGA-N46 was still low. In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize culture medium composition and growth conditions of the engineered strain B. subtilis DB1342(p-3N46) for the further increase of CGA-N46 yield. The results of two-level factorial experiments indicated that dextrin and tryptone were significant factors affecting CGA-N46 expression. Central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the ideal conditions of each significant factors. From the results of CCD, the optimal medium composition was predicted to be dextrin 16.6 g/L, tryptone 19.2 g/L, KH2PO4·3H2O 6 g/L, pH 6.5. And the optimal culture process was indicated that B. subtilis DB1342(p-3N46) seed culture was inoculated into fresh culture medium at 5% (v/v), followed by expression of CGA-N46 for 56 hours at 30°C induced by 2% (v/v) sucrose after one hour of shaking culture. To test optimal CGA-N46 peptide expression, the yeast growth inhibition assay was employed and it was found that under optimal culture conditions, CGA-N46 inhibited the growth of C. albican by 42.17%, 30.86% more than that in the pre-optimization conditions. In summary, RSM can be used to optimize expression conditions of CGA-N46 in engineered strains B. subtilis DB1342(p-3N46).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Levels of the antimicrobial proteins lactoferrin and chromogranin in the saliva of individuals with oral dryness. J Prosthet Dent 2014; 113:35-8. [PMID: 25300178 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Many individuals in an aging society experience oral dryness. Maintaining the flow of saliva and the presence of antimicrobial substances is important to maintain oral health. The inhibition of the secretion of antimicrobial substances could lead to oral dryness. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial substances lactoferrin and chromogranin A in the saliva of elderly individuals with oral dryness. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 25 controls and 28 participants with subjective oral dryness. The levels of lactoferrin and chromogranin A were determined in unstimulated whole saliva with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The differences in secretion of lactoferrin and chromogranin A between the controls and the participants with oral dryness were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test (α=.05). RESULTS The flow rate of lactoferrin and chromogranin A was lower in the group of participants with oral dryness (lactoferrin, 7.43 ±7.08 ng/min; chromogranin A, 0.24 ±0.24 ng/min) than in the control group (lactoferrin, 21.52 ±7.67 ng/min; chromogranin A, 0.97 ±0.69 ng/min) (P<.01). The ratio of both antimicrobial proteins to total protein was also lower in participants with oral dryness than in the controls. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated that the levels of lactoferrin and chromogranin A were lower in those with oral dryness. A reduction in the secretion of these antimicrobial substances may be associated with oral dryness.
Collapse
|
30
|
Pereda D, Pardo MR, Morales Y, Dominguez N, Arnau MR, Borges R. Mice lacking chromogranins exhibit increased aggressive and depression-like behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2014; 278:98-106. [PMID: 25257107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranins are acidic proteins; both chromogranins A and B constitute the main protein component in the vesicular matrix of large dense core vesicles. Chromogranins are a natural source of peptides with different physiological activities that have been associated with vascular and neurological diseases. We have used three different genetic mutant models of mice lacking chromogranin A, chromogranin B and both all on the same C57BL/6J background, to characterize the physiological roles of these proteins using metabolic, cardiovascular and behavioural tests. In mice from 3 to 18 months of age, the lack of any chromogranin promoted age-dependent hypersensitivity to insulin, while the lack of both chromogranins provoked progressive lack of response to stress, as restriction did not promote tachycardia in old mice. Moreover, the lack of chromogranin B produced a depressive-like and aggressive phenotype, while the lack either or both chromogranins increased barbering behaviour. In addition, we observed no effects on light-dark box or RotaRod tests. Mice lacking chromogranin B exhibited lower exploratory activity. Based on this extensive phenotyping with more than 2800 mice, these findings support roles of chromogranins, or the peptides derived from them, in the control of aggressive behaviour along with changes in their metabolic profile beyond their previously described activities in the secretory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pereda
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Marta R Pardo
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Yezer Morales
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Natalia Dominguez
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Maria Rosa Arnau
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ricardo Borges
- Pharmacology Unit, Medical School, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Faulkner S, Elia G, O' Boyle P, Dunn M, Morris D. Composition of the bovine uterine proteome is associated with stage of cycle and concentration of systemic progesterone. Proteomics 2014; 13:3333-53. [PMID: 24115321 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Early embryonic loss accounts for over 70% of total embryonic and foetal loss in dairy cattle. Early embryonic development and survival is associated with the concentration of systemic progesterone. To determine if the uterine proteome is influenced by stage of cycle or systemic progesterone concentrations, uterine flushings were collected from the ipsi- and contralateral uterine horns of beef heifers on Days 7 (n = 10) and 15 (n = 10) of the oestrous cycle. Animals were separated into low or high progesterone groups based on plasma progesterone concentrations on Day 5 of the cycle. Samples were albumin depleted before iTRAQ R labeling and subsequent strong cation exchange-LC-MS/MS analyses. A total of 20 proteins were up to 5.9-fold higher (p<0.05) and 20 were up to 2.3-fold lower on Day 15 compared toDay 7. In addition, the expression of a number of proteins on Day 7 and/or 15 of the cycle was correlated with progesterone concentrations during Days 3–7 or the rate of change in progesterone between Days 3 and 7. This study highlights the dynamic changes occurring in the microenvironment surrounding the embryo during this period. The findings here also support the hypothesis that progesterone supports embryonic development by altering the maternal uterine environment.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang G. Human antimicrobial peptides and proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:545-94. [PMID: 24828484 PMCID: PMC4035769 DOI: 10.3390/ph7050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the key components of innate immunity, human host defense antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) play a critical role in warding off invading microbial pathogens. In addition, AMPs can possess other biological functions such as apoptosis, wound healing, and immune modulation. This article provides an overview on the identification, activity, 3D structure, and mechanism of action of human AMPs selected from the antimicrobial peptide database. Over 100 such peptides have been identified from a variety of tissues and epithelial surfaces, including skin, eyes, ears, mouths, gut, immune, nervous and urinary systems. These peptides vary from 10 to 150 amino acids with a net charge between -3 and +20 and a hydrophobic content below 60%. The sequence diversity enables human AMPs to adopt various 3D structures and to attack pathogens by different mechanisms. While α-defensin HD-6 can self-assemble on the bacterial surface into nanonets to entangle bacteria, both HNP-1 and β-defensin hBD-3 are able to block cell wall biosynthesis by binding to lipid II. Lysozyme is well-characterized to cleave bacterial cell wall polysaccharides but can also kill bacteria by a non-catalytic mechanism. The two hydrophobic domains in the long amphipathic α-helix of human cathelicidin LL-37 lays the basis for binding and disrupting the curved anionic bacterial membrane surfaces by forming pores or via the carpet model. Furthermore, dermcidin may serve as ion channel by forming a long helix-bundle structure. In addition, the C-type lectin RegIIIα can initially recognize bacterial peptidoglycans followed by pore formation in the membrane. Finally, histatin 5 and GAPDH(2-32) can enter microbial cells to exert their effects. It appears that granulysin enters cells and kills intracellular pathogens with the aid of pore-forming perforin. This arsenal of human defense proteins not only keeps us healthy but also inspires the development of a new generation of personalized medicine to combat drug-resistant superbugs, fungi, viruses, parasites, or cancer. Alternatively, multiple factors (e.g., albumin, arginine, butyrate, calcium, cyclic AMP, isoleucine, short-chain fatty acids, UV B light, vitamin D, and zinc) are able to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides, opening new avenues to the development of anti-infectious drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Aslam R, Marban C, Corazzol C, Jehl F, Delalande F, Van Dorsselaer A, Prévost G, Haïkel Y, Taddei C, Schneider F, Metz-Boutigue MH. Cateslytin, a chromogranin A derived peptide is active against Staphylococcus aureus and resistant to degradation by its proteases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68993. [PMID: 23894389 PMCID: PMC3722296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity involving antimicrobial peptides represents an integrated and highly effective system of molecular and cellular mechanisms that protects host against infections. One of the most frequent hospital-acquired pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, capable of producing proteolytic enzymes, which can degrade the host defence agents and tissue components. Numerous antimicrobial peptides derived from chromogranins, are secreted by nervous, endocrine and immune cells during stress conditions. These kill microorganisms by their lytic effect at micromolar range, using a pore-forming mechanism against Gram-positive bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts. In this study, we tested antimicrobial activity of chromogranin A-derived peptides (catestatin and cateslytin) against S. aureus and analysed S. aureus-mediated proteolysis of these peptides using HPLC, sequencing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Interestingly, this study is the first to demonstrate that cateslytin, the active domain of catestatin, is active against S. aureus and is interestingly resistant to degradation by S. aureus proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Aslam
- Inserm UMR-1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Marban
- Inserm UMR-1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Corazzol
- EA-7290, Virulence bactérienne précoce, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg – CHRU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Jehl
- EA-7290, Virulence bactérienne précoce, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg – CHRU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Delalande
- CNRS UMR-7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- CNRS UMR-7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Prévost
- EA-7290, Virulence bactérienne précoce, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg – CHRU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haïkel
- Inserm UMR-1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de chirurgie dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Taddei
- Faculté de chirurgie dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francis Schneider
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Aslam R, Laventie BJ, Marban C, Prévost G, Keller D, Strub JM, Dorsselaer AV, Haikel Y, Taddei C, Metz-Boutigue MH. Activation of Neutrophils by the Two-Component Leukotoxin LukE/D from Staphylococcus aureus: Proteomic Analysis of the Secretions. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3667-78. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400199x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Aslam
- Inserm UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
| | - Benoît-Joseph Laventie
- EA 7290 Virulence bactérienne
précoce, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle
de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg - CHRU Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, F-67000
Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Marban
- Inserm UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
| | - Gilles Prévost
- EA 7290 Virulence bactérienne
précoce, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle
de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg - CHRU Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, F-67000
Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Keller
- EA 7290 Virulence bactérienne
précoce, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle
de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg - CHRU Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, F-67000
Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- CNRS UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | | | - Youssef Haikel
- Inserm UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
| | - Corinne Taddei
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wagner M, Stridsberg M, Peterson CGB, Sangfelt P, Lampinen M, Carlson M. Increased Fecal Levels of Chromogranin A, Chromogranin B, and Secretoneurin in Collagenous Colitis. Inflammation 2013; 36:855-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
36
|
Curnis F, Gasparri AM, Longhi R, Colombo B, D’Alessio S, Pastorino F, Ponzoni M, Corti A. Chromogranin A binds to αvβ6-integrin and promotes wound healing in mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2791-803. [PMID: 22415324 PMCID: PMC11114517 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA), a secretory protein expressed by many neuroendocrine cells, neurons, cardiomyocytes, and keratinocytes, is the precursor of various peptides that regulate the carbohydrate/lipid metabolism and the cardiovascular system. We have found that CgA, locally administered to injured mice, can accelerate keratinocyte proliferation and wound healing. This biological activity was abolished by the Asp(45)Glu mutation. CgA and its N-terminal fragments, but not the corresponding Asp(45)Glu mutants, could selectively recognize the αvβ6-integrin on keratinocytes (a cell-adhesion receptor that is up-regulated during wound healing) and regulate keratinocyte adhesion, proliferation, and migration. No binding was observed to other integrins such as αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ8, α5β1, α1β1, α3β1, α6β4, α6β7 and α9β1. Structure-activity studies showed that the entire CgA(39-63) region is crucial for αvβ6 recognition (K(i) = 7 nM). This region contains an RGD site (residues CgA(43-45)) followed by an amphipathic α-helix (residues CgA(47-63)), both crucial for binding affinity and selectivity. These results suggest that the interaction of the RGD/α-helix motif of CgA with αvβ6 regulates keratinocyte physiology in wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Curnis
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gasparri
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Longhi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Colombo
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia D’Alessio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pastorino
- Laboratory of Oncology, Experimental Therapy Unit, G. Gaslini Children’s Hospital, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Laboratory of Oncology, Experimental Therapy Unit, G. Gaslini Children’s Hospital, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schneider F, Bach C, Chung H, Crippa L, Lavaux T, Bollaert PE, Wolff M, Corti A, Launoy A, Delabranche X, Lavigne T, Meyer N, Garnero P, Metz-Boutigue MH. Vasostatin-I, a chromogranin A-derived peptide, in non-selected critically ill patients: distribution, kinetics, and prognostic significance. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38:1514-22. [PMID: 22706917 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chromogranin A (CGA) is released in the plasma during life-threatening illnesses. Its N-terminal 1-76 peptide, vasostatin-I (VS-I), has never been assessed in critically ill patients. Our aim was to examine whether the admission VS-I concentration has prognostic significance without having to specify a primary diagnosis. METHODS VS-I concentrations were assessed with a new ELISA in 481 consecutive patients and 13 healthy controls. CGA and standard biological tests (including lactate) were performed; the simplified acute physiological score II (SAPS II) was calculated. Mortality was assessed at day 28. In a subgroup of 13 patients with shock, serial VS-I doses were given over 60 h. RESULTS Critically ill patients had higher admission VS-I concentrations than controls [4.06 (2.78; 7.61) vs. 2.85 (2.47; 3.22) ng/ml, p < 0.001]. The plasma VS-I concentration was significantly lower in survivors than in non-survivors [3.70 (2.67; 6.12) vs. 5.75 (3.65; 11.20) ng/ml] and in the absence of shock [3.58 (2.59; 5.05) vs. 5.93 (3.30; 11.06) ng/ml, p < 0.001]. The survival rate was better in patients with VS-I concentrations under the median value of 3.97 ng/ml (p < 0.001). Admission VS-I and lactate values were independent predictors of mortality (p < 0.01). Moreover, taking them together, combined with age, provided a better indication for predicting mortality than taking each alone (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Significant amounts of VS-I are detected on admission in critically ill patients. A plasma VS-I concentration above 3.97 ng/ml is associated with poor outcome, and in routine practice simultaneous measurements of the three independent factors VS-I, lactate and age can affect the assessment of severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Schneider
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg and INSERM U977, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chung H, Corti A, Crippa L, Schneider F, Metz-Boutigue MH, Garnero P. Development of an immunoassay for the derived-peptide of chromogranin A, Vasostatin-I (1-76): assessment of severity in patients with sepsis. Biomarkers 2012; 17:430-4. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.680610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
39
|
Prognostic value of chromogranin A in severe sepsis: data from the FINNSEPSIS study. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38:820-9. [PMID: 22491939 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the prognostic information of chromogranin A (CgA), a marker associated with adrenergic tone and myocardial function, in patients with severe sepsis. METHODS CgA levels were measured at the time of study inclusion and 72 h later in 232 patients with severe sepsis recruited from 24 ICUs in Finland (FINNSEPSIS study). RESULTS Sixty-five patients (28%) died during the index hospitalization. CgA levels at inclusion and after 72 h correlated with several established indices of risk in sepsis. Patients who died during the hospitalization had higher baseline CgA levels than hospital survivors: 14.0 (Q1-3, 7.4-27.4) versus 9.1 (5.9-15.8) nmol/l, P = 0.002, and after 72 h: 16.2 (9.0-31.1) versus 9.8 (6.0-18.0) nmol/l, P = 0.001. Prior cardiovascular disease (P = 0.04) and cardiovascular SOFA levels on day 3 (P = 0.03) were associated with higher CgA levels after 72 h by linear regression. CgA levels on study inclusion and after 72 h were independently associated with hospital mortality by logistic regression: OR (logarithmically transformed CgA levels) 1.95 (95% CI 1.01-3.77), P = 0.046 and OR 2.03 (95% CI 1.18-3.49), P = 0.01, respectively. The prognostic accuracy was comparable for CgA measurements and SAPS II score, and the addition of CgA measurements to the SAPS II score improved risk stratification of the patients as assessed by the category-free net reclassification index. A CgA level >6.6 nmol/l on study inclusion was associated with septic shock during the hospitalization. CONCLUSION CgA levels measured during hospitalization for severe sepsis are associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and may provide additional prognostic information in patients with severe sepsis.
Collapse
|
40
|
Stavrakis S, Scherlag BJ, Fan Y, Liu Y, Liu Q, Mao J, Cai H, Lazzara R, Po SS. Antiarrhythmic effects of vasostatin-1 in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23:771-7. [PMID: 22487376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the antiarrhythmic effects of vasostatin-1, a recently identified cardioregulatory peptide, in canine models of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS In 13 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs bilateral thoracotomies allowed the attachment of multielectrode catheters to superior and inferior pulmonary veins and atrial appendages (AA). Rapid atrial pacing (RAP) was maintained for 6 hours. Each hour, programmed stimulation was performed to determine the window of vulnerability (WOV), a measure of AF inducibility, at all sites. During the last 3 hours, vasostatin-1, 33 nM, was injected into the anterior right (AR) ganglionated plexus (GP) and inferior right (IR) GP every 30 minutes (n = 6). Seven dogs underwent 6 hours of RAP only (controls). At baseline, acetylcholine, 100 mM, was applied on the right AA and AF duration was recorded before and after injection of vasostatin-1, 33 nM, into the ARGP and IRGP. In separate experiments (n = 8), voltage-sinus rate response curves (surrogate for GP function) were constructed by applying high-frequency stimulation to the ARGP with incremental voltages with or without vasostatin-1. Vasostatin-1 significantly decreased the duration of acetylcholine-induced AF (11.0 ± 4.1 vs 5.5 ± 2.6 min, P = 0.02). The cumulative WOV (the sum of individual WOVs) significantly increased (P < 0.0001) during the first 3 hours and decreased toward baseline in the presence of vasostatin-1 (P < 0.0001). Cumulative WOV in controls steadily increased. Vasostatin-1 blunted the slowing of sinus rate with increasing stimulation voltage of ARGP. CONCLUSIONS Vasostatin-1 suppresses AF inducibility, likely by inhibiting GP function. These data may provide new insights into the role of peptide neuromodulators for AF therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Stavrakis
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Altered levels of fecal chromogranins and secretogranins in IBS: relevance for pathophysiology and symptoms? Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107:440-7. [PMID: 22233694 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chromogranins (Cg) and secretogranins (Sg) are proteins ubiquitous in secretory cells of the enteric, endocrine, and immune systems, and may reflect activity of these systems. We therefore performed a hypothesis generating study to evaluate the association between fecal levels of CgA, CgB, SgII, and SgIII, with the clinical and pathophysiological phenotype of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. METHODS Analyses of CgA, CgB, SgII, SgIII, and calprotectin in fecal samples of 82 IBS patients and 29 healthy controls were performed. All IBS subjects completed validated questionnaires to assess gastrointestinal and psychological symptom severity, and underwent rectal barostat test and colonic transit time measurement. RESULTS IBS patients demonstrated higher levels of fecal CgA (P=0.009), SgII (P<0.001), and SgIII (P<0.001), but lower levels of CgB (P<0.001) compared with controls. SgII had good discriminative validity to positively identify IBS patients, with an area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUROC) of 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78-0.94). SgIII and CgB both had fairly good discriminative validity to positively identify IBS patients, with an AUROC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.71-0.87) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.69-0.87), respectively. There were negative correlations between the colonic transit time and fecal levels of CgA (r=-0.53, P<0.001), SgII (r=-0.55, P<0.001), and SgIII (r=-0.28, P=0.03). Perceived abdominal pain was moderately associated with levels of CgA (r=0.32, P=0.004), SgII (r=0.31, P=0.006), and SgIII (r=0.24, P=0.04). Calprotectin levels were not associated with the levels of granins or with the clinical or pathophysiological phenotype of IBS patients. CONCLUSIONS Fecal levels of Cg and Sg may be related to the underlying pathophysiology of IBS and of potential importance for symptoms of the patients. Granins also show promise to serve as future biomarkers of IBS. Further studies are needed to explore the potential role of granins in IBS patients.
Collapse
|
42
|
Gallina S, Di Mauro M, D'Amico MA, D'Angelo E, Sablone A, Di Fonso A, Bascelli A, Izzicupo P, Di Baldassarre A. Salivary chromogranin A, but not α-amylase, correlates with cardiovascular parameters during high-intensity exercise. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:747-52. [PMID: 21671973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have shown that activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in the increased secretion of α-amylase (sAA), an enzyme produced by salivary glands. Recently, chromogranin A (CgA), a soluble protein costored and coreleased with catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve endings, has been proposed as a marker of sympathoadrenal medullary system (SAM) activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviour of salivary chromogranin A (sCgA) and sAA during high-intensity exercise and to analyse their possible correlation with cardiovascular and psychological parameters. METHODS Before and during a standardized treadmill stress test, and at 5, 15 and 30 min during the recovery phase, sCgA and sAA were monitored in 21 healthy men. The double product (DP) of blood pressure and heart rate responses, and the product of the subjective ratings of perceived exertion recorded at the final step (RPE) and the exercise duration were used as indices of cardiovascular and exercise intensity, respectively. RESULTS With respect to baseline, significant (P < 0·001) increases in peak sCgA (median 64%) and sAA (median 86%) were observed at the end of exercise. During the recovery phase, sAA levels fell abruptly, whereas sCgA remained elevated (P < 0·001). Significant correlations emerged only for sCgA with respect to %DP (r = 0·84; P < 0·001) and last step-RPE (r = 0·82; P = 0·024). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest sCgA as a reliable marker of SAM activation. Furthermore, the relationship between sCgA and exercise intensity highlights the potential use of this noninvasive parameter in monitoring the adrenergic response during intense physical stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Gallina
- Department of Human Movement, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti - Pescara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lawrence B, Gustafsson BI, Kidd M, Pavel M, Svejda B, Modlin IM. The clinical relevance of chromogranin A as a biomarker for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40:111-34, viii. [PMID: 21349414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A, although it exhibits limitations, is currently the most useful general tumor biomarker available for use in the diagnosis and management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The value of the chromogranin A lies in its universal cosecretion by the majority of neuroendocrine cells that persists after malignant transformation. Clinicians aware of the physiologic role of chromogranin A and its secretion in a variety of non-NET-related pathologic conditions can use this protein as a moderately effective tumor biomarker in the management of GEP-NETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Lawrence
- Gastrointestinal Pathobiology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, PO Box 208602, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
USUI TATSUYA, YOSHIKAWA TAKAHIRO, UEDA SHINYA, KATSURA YOSHIHIRO, ORITA KEISUKE, FUJIMOTO SHIGEO. EFFECTS OF ACUTE PROLONGED STRENUOUS EXERCISE ON THE SALIVARY STRESS MARKERS AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7600/jspfsm.60.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
45
|
Processing of chromogranins/secretogranin in patients with diabetic retinopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 167:118-24. [PMID: 21185877 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Inflammation has been linked to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Chromogranins A, B (CgA, CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII), are prohormones overexpressed in inflammatory diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the presence and processing of these prohormones in the vitreous of patients with DR (DV), compared with nondiabetic vitreous (NDV). METHODS Thirteen DV and 14 NDV samples were collected during vitreoretinal surgery. ELISA, Western blot, RP-HPLC, dot blot, protein sequencing and mass spectrometry were used to study the quantitative expression and the processing of CgA, CgB and SgII. RESULTS CgA, CgB and SgII presence was higher in DV than in NDV. Mean concentration of CgA evaluated by ELISA was 90.8 (± 90.1) n L⁻¹ in DV vs. 29.7 (±20.9) in NDV (p=0.039). In NDV, Western blot indicated that only short CgB-derived peptides were identified. In DV, proteomic analyses showed that long CgA-, CgB- and SgII-derived fragments and α1-antitrypsin were overexpressed, suggesting possible inhibition of the proteolytic process. CONCLUSIONS This study shows differences in the presence and endogenous processing of CgA, CgB and SgII from DV vs. NDV. In DV, the increase of complete granins and the attenuation of their endogenous proteolytic processing could participate in DR progression by reducing the presence of regulatory peptides, important for the pro-/anti-angiogenic balance in the eye.
Collapse
|
46
|
Mahata SK, Mahata M, Fung MM, O'Connor DT. Reprint of: Catestatin: a multifunctional peptide from chromogranin A. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2010; 165:52-62. [PMID: 20965217 PMCID: PMC10838673 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1997, we identified a novel peptide, catestatin (CST: bovine chromogranin A [CHGA]₃₄₄₋₃₆₄: RSMRLSFRARGYGFRGPGLQL; human CHGA₃₅₂₋₃₇₂: SSMKLSFRARGYGFRGPGPQL), which is a potent inhibitor of nicotinic-cholinergic-stimulated catecholamine secretion. CST shows characteristic inhibitory effects on nicotinic cationic (Na+, Ca²+) signal transduction, which are specific to the neuronal nicotinic receptor. Utilizing systematic polymorphism discovery at the human CHGA locus we discovered three human variants of CST: G³⁶⁴S, P³⁷⁰L, and R³⁷⁴Q that showed differential potencies towards the inhibition of catecholamine secretion. In humans, CHGA is elevated and its processing to CST is diminished in hypertension. Diminished CST is observed not only in hypertensive individuals but also in the early-normotensive offspring of patients with hypertension, suggesting that an early deficiency of CST might play a pathogenic role in the subsequent development of the disease. Consistent with human findings, prevention of endogenous CST expression by targeted ablation (knockout) of the mouse Chga locus (Chga-KO) resulted in severe hypertension that can be "rescued" specifically by replacement of the CST peptide. CST acts directly on the heart to inhibit the inotropic and lusitropic properties of the rodent heart and also acts as a potent vasodilator in rats and humans. While the G³⁶⁴S CST variant caused profound changes in human autonomic activity and seemed to reduce the risk of developing hypertension, CST replacement rescued Chga-KO mice from dampened baroreflex sensitivity. In addition, CST has been shown to induce chemotaxis and acts as an antimicrobial as well as an antimalarial peptide. The present review summarizes these multiple actions of CST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine (0838), University of California at San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vaudry H, Metz-Boutigue MH. Granins--peptides derived from the secretory proteins. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2010; 165:1-2. [PMID: 20417667 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
|
48
|
Tota B, Cerra MC, Gattuso A. Catecholamines, cardiac natriuretic peptides and chromogranin A: evolution and physiopathology of a 'whip-brake' system of the endocrine heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:3081-103. [PMID: 20802109 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.027391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, extensive evidence has shown the ability of vertebrate cardiac non-neuronal cells to synthesize and release catecholamines (CA). This formed the mindset behind the search for the intrinsic endocrine heart properties, culminating in 1981 with the discovery of the natriuretic peptides (NP). CA and NP, co-existing in the endocrine secretion granules and acting as major cardiovascular regulators in health and disease, have become of great biomedical relevance for their potent diagnostic and therapeutic use. The concept of the endocrine heart was later enriched by the identification of a growing number of cardiac hormonal substances involved in organ modulation under normal and stress-induced conditions. Recently, chromogranin A (CgA), a major constituent of the secretory granules, and its derived cardio-suppressive and antiadrenergic peptides, vasostatin-1 and catestatin, were shown as new players in this framework, functioning as cardiac counter-regulators in 'zero steady-state error' homeostasis, particularly under intense excitatory stimuli, e.g. CA-induced myocardial stress. Here, we present evidence for the hypothesis that is gaining support, particularly among human cardiologists. The actions of CA, NP and CgA, we argue, may be viewed as a hallmark of the cardiac capacity to organize 'whip-brake' connection-integration processes in spatio-temporal networks. The involvement of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system in this configuration is discussed. The use of fish and amphibian paradigms will illustrate the ways that incipient endocrine-humoral agents have evolved as components of cardiac molecular loops and important intermediates during evolutionary transitions, or in a distinct phylogenetic lineage, or under stress challenges. This may help to grasp the old evolutionary roots of these intracardiac endocrine/paracrine networks and how they have evolved from relatively less complicated designs. The latter can also be used as an intellectual tool to disentangle the experimental complexity of the mammalian and human endocrine hearts, suggesting future investigational avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tota
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Corti A. Chromogranin A and the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:1163-70. [PMID: 21080056 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic glycoprotein belonging to a family of regulated secretory proteins stored in the dense core granules of the adrenal medulla and of many other neuroendocrine cells and neurons. This protein is frequently used as a diagnostic and prognostic serum marker for a range of neuroendocrine tumors. Circulating CgA is also increased in patients with other diseases, including subpopulations of patients with non-neuroendocrine tumors, with important prognostic implications. A growing body of evidence suggests that CgA is more than a diagnostic/prognostic marker for cancer patients. Indeed, results of in vitro experiments and in vivo studies in animal models suggest that this protein and its fragments can affect several elements of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In this article, recent findings implicating CgA as a modulator of the tumor microenvironment and suggesting that abnormal secretion of CgA could play important roles in tumor progression and response to therapy in cancer patients are reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Corti
- Division of Molecular Oncology and IIT Network Research Unit of Molecular Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Leg massage therapy promotes psychological relaxation and reinforces the first-line host defense in cancer patients. J Anesth 2010; 24:827-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-010-1028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|