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Kentistou KA, Lim BEM, Kaisinger LR, Steinthorsdottir V, Sharp LN, Patel KA, Tragante V, Hawkes G, Gardner EJ, Olafsdottir T, Wood AR, Zhao Y, Thorleifsson G, Day FR, Ozanne SE, Hattersley AT, O'Rahilly S, Stefansson K, Ong KK, Beaumont RN, Perry JRB, Freathy RM. Rare variant associations with birth weight identify genes involved in adipose tissue regulation, placental function and insulin-like growth factor signalling. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.03.24305248. [PMID: 38633783 PMCID: PMC11023655 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.24305248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the genetic factors influencing human birth weight may lead to biological insights into fetal growth and long-term health. Genome-wide association studies of birth weight have highlighted associated variants in more than 200 regions of the genome, but the causal genes are mostly unknown. Rare genetic variants with robust evidence of association are more likely to point to causal genes, but to date, only a few rare variants are known to influence birth weight. We aimed to identify genes that harbour rare variants that impact birth weight when carried by either the fetus or the mother, by analysing whole exome sequence data in UK Biobank participants. We annotated rare (minor allele frequency <0.1%) protein-truncating or high impact missense variants on whole exome sequence data in up to 234,675 participants with data on their own birth weight (fetal variants), and up to 181,883 mothers who reported the birth weight of their first child (maternal variants). Variants within each gene were collapsed to perform gene burden tests and for each associated gene, we compared the observed fetal and maternal effects. We identified 8 genes with evidence of rare fetal variant effects on birth weight, of which 2 also showed maternal effects. One additional gene showed evidence of maternal effects only. We observed 10/11 directionally concordant associations in an independent sample of up to 45,622 individuals (sign test P=0.01). Of the genes identified, IGF1R and PAPPA2 (fetal and maternal-acting) have known roles in insulin-like growth factor bioavailability and signalling. PPARG, INHBE and ACVR1C (all fetal-acting) have known roles in adipose tissue regulation and rare variants in the latter two also showed associations with favourable adiposity patterns in adults. We highlight the dual role of PPARG in both adipocyte differentiation and placental angiogenesis. NOS3, NRK, and ADAMTS8 (fetal and maternal-acting) have been implicated in both placental function and hypertension. Analysis of rare coding variants has identified regulators of fetal adipose tissue and fetoplacental angiogenesis as determinants of birth weight, as well as further evidence for the role of insulin-like growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Kentistou
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Brandon E M Lim
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lena R Kaisinger
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Luke N Sharp
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kashyap A Patel
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gareth Hawkes
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Eugene J Gardner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Andrew R Wood
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Yajie Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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He W, Tian Z, Dong B, Cao Y, Hu W, Wu P, Yu L, Zhang X, Guo S. Identification and functional activity of Nik related kinase (NRK) in benign hyperplastic prostate. J Transl Med 2024; 22:255. [PMID: 38459501 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in elder men. The current study aims to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in hyperplastic prostate and to explore the role of Nik related kinase (NRK) in BPH. METHODS Four datasets including three bulk and one single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) were obtained to perform integrated bioinformatics. Cell clusters and specific metabolism pathways were analyzed. The localization, expression and functional activity of NRK was investigated via RT-PCR, western-blot, immunohistochemical staining, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, transwell assay and CCK-8 assay. RESULTS A total of 17 DEGs were identified by merging three bulk RNA-seq datasets. The findings of integrated single-cell analysis showed that NRK remarkably upregulated in fibroblasts and SM cells of hyperplasia prostate. Meanwhile, NRK was upregulated in BPH samples and localized almost in stroma. The expression level of NRK was significantly correlated with IPSS and Qmax of BPH patients. Silencing of NRK inhibited stromal cell proliferation, migration, fibrosis and EMT process, promoted apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest, while overexpression of NRK in prostate epithelial cells showed opposite results. Meanwhile, induced fibrosis and EMT process were rescued by knockdown of NRK. Furthermore, expression level of NRK was positively correlated with that of α-SMA, collagen-I and N-cadherin, negatively correlated with that of E-cadherin. CONCLUSION Our novel data identified NRK was upregulated in hyperplastic prostate and associated with prostatic stromal cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, fibrosis and EMT process. NRK may play important roles in the development of BPH and may be a promising therapeutic target for BPH/LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang He
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University, West Changle Road 127, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zelin Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingchen Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Yitong Cao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University, West Changle Road 127, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University, West Changle Road 127, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University, West Changle Road 127, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University, West Changle Road 127, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Air Force Medical University, West Changle Road 169, Xi'an, China.
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Inada A, Yasunami Y, Yoshiki A, Nabeshima YI, Inada O. Greb1 Transiently Accelerates Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation in Diabetic Mice Exposed to Estradiol. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1081-1100. [PMID: 37516458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Decrease of pancreatic β cells leads to diabetes. In an inducible cAMP early suppressor (ICER-Iγ) transgenic mouse model of severe type 2 diabetes with reduced insulin production and depleted β cells, supplementation with high concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) markedly enhances β-cell proliferation and normalizes glucose levels. The current study explored the underlying mechanisms leading to a dynamic increase of β cells and pathologic changes in diabetic mice exposed to E2. Gene expression profiling of pancreatic islets of 6-month-old ICER-transgenic mice recovering from diabetes due to elevated E2 levels identified growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1 (Greb1) as a gene significantly up-regulated during the recovery phase. To substantiate this, β-cell-specific Greb1-deficient mice were generated, and Greb1 was shown to be essential for recovery of depleted β cells in diabetic mice. Graft growth and glucose lowering were observed in 50 islets with increased Greb1 expression transplanted adjacent to E2 pellets beneath the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Greb1 expression due to a drastic increase in exogenous or endogenous E2 was transient and closely correlated with changes in E2-related and some cell cycle-related genes. These findings provide new insights into in vivo proliferation of deficient β cells and suggest the possibility of new therapeutic approaches targeting pancreatic β cells that could revolutionize the concept of diabetes treatment, which has been considered difficult to cure completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Clinical Research Department, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan; Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | - Atsushi Yoshiki
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Oogi Inada
- Diabetes and Genes, Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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González-Montero J, Rojas CI, Burotto M. MAP4K4 and cancer: ready for the main stage? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1162835. [PMID: 37223681 PMCID: PMC10200945 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1162835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
MAP4K4 is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the MAP kinase family and plays a critical role in embryogenesis and cellular migration. It contains approximately 1,200 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 140 kDa. MAP4K4 is expressed in most tissues where it has been examined and its knockout is embryonic lethal due to impaired somite development. Alterations in MAP4K4 function have a central role in the development of many metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes, but have recently been implicated in the initiation and progression of cancer. For example, it has been shown that MAP4K4 can stimulate the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells by activating pro-proliferative pathways (such as the c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK] and mixed-lineage protein kinase 3 [MLK3] pathways), attenuate anti-tumor cytotoxic immune responses, and stimulate cell invasion and migration by altering cytoskeleton and actin function. Recent in vitro experiments using RNA interference-based knockdown (miR) techniques have shown that inhibition of MAP4K4 function reduces tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion, and may represent a promising therapeutic approach in many types of cancer such as pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, and medulloblastoma, among others. Over the last few years, specific MAP4K4 inhibitors such as GNE-495 have been developed but have not yet been tested in cancer patients. However, these novel agents may be useful for cancer treatment in the future.
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YOMOGITA H, ITO H, HASHIMOTO K, KUDO A, FUKUSHIMA T, ENDO T, HIRATE Y, AKIMOTO Y, KOMADA M, KANAI Y, MIYASAKA N, KANAI-AZUMA M. A possible function of Nik-related kinase in the labyrinth layer of delayed delivery mouse placentas. J Reprod Dev 2023; 69:32-40. [PMID: 36567126 PMCID: PMC9939280 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2022-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice and humans, Nik-related protein kinase (Nrk) is an X-linked gene that encodes a serine/threonine kinase belonging to GCK group 4. Nrk knockout (Nrk KO) mice exhibit delayed delivery, possibly due to defective communication between the Nrk KO conceptus and its mother. However, the mechanism of delayed labor remains largely unknown. Here, we found that in pregnant mothers with the Nrk KO conceptus, the serum progesterone (P4) and placental lactogen (PL-2) concentrations in late pregnancy were higher than those in the wild type. Moreover, we demonstrated that Nrk is expressed in trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) and syncytiotrophoblast-2 (SynT-2) in the labyrinth layer of the mouse placenta. In the human placenta, NRK is also expressed in Syn-T in villi. Both human Syn-T and mouse TGCs of the labyrinth layer are present within fetal tissues that are in direct contact with the maternal blood. The labyrinth layer of the Nrk KO conceptus was gigantic, with enlarged cytoplasm and Golgi bodies in the TGCs. To investigate the function of Nrk in the labyrinth layer, a differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed. The DEG analysis revealed that labor-promoting factors, such as prostaglandins, were decreased, and pregnancy-maintaining factors, such as the prolactin family and P4 receptor, were increased. These findings suggest that the Nrk KO mice exhibit delayed delivery owing to high P4 concentrations caused by the hypersecretion of pregnancy-maintaining factors, such as PL-2, from the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi YOMOGITA
- Department of Perinatal and Women’s Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hikaru ITO
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kento HASHIMOTO
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiko KUDO
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Toshiaki FUKUSHIMA
- Cell Biology Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tsutomu ENDO
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu HIRATE
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro AKIMOTO
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masayuki KOMADA
- Cell Biology Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiakira KANAI
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoyuki MIYASAKA
- Department of Perinatal and Women’s Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masami KANAI-AZUMA
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Zhu X, Wang Z, Sun YE, Liu Y, Wu Z, Ma B, Cheng L. Neuroprotective Effects of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Different Donors on Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:768711. [PMID: 35087378 PMCID: PMC8787356 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.768711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused by an external force, leading to severe dysfunction of the limbs below the injured segment. The inflammatory response plays a vital role in the prognosis of SCI. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC) transplantation can promote repair of SCI by reducing the inflammatory response. We previously showed that hUCMSCs from 32 donors had different inhibitory abilities on BV2 cell proliferation. In this study, three experimental groups were established, and the mice were injected with different lines of hUCMSCs. Hind limb motor function, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry, Western blot (WB), qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and RNA sequencing and correlation analysis were used to investigate the effects of hUCMSC transplantation on SCI mice and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the therapeutic effects of the three hUCMSC lines were positively correlated with their inhibitory abilities of BV2 cell proliferation rates in vitro. The MSC_A line had a better therapeutic effect on improving the hind limb motor function and greater effect on reducing the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and increasing the expression of neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Differentially expressed genes including Zbtb16, Per3, and Hif3a were probably the key genes involved in the protective mechanism by MSC_A after nerve injury. qRT-PCR results further verified that Zbtb16, Per3, and Hif3a expressions reduced by SCI could be reversed by MSC_A application. These results suggest that the effect of hUCMSCs transplantation on acute SCI depends on their inhibitory abilities to inflammation reaction after nerve injury, which may help to shape future use of hUCMSCs combined with improving the effectiveness of clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Eve Sun
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhourui Wu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bei Ma,
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Liming Cheng,
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Lestari B, Naito S, Endo A, Nishihara H, Kato A, Watanabe E, Denda K, Komada M, Fukushima T. Placental mammals acquired functional sequences in NRK for regulating the CK2-PTEN-AKT pathway and placental cell proliferation. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6499274. [PMID: 34999820 PMCID: PMC8857918 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular evolution processes underlying the acquisition of the placenta in eutherian ancestors are not fully understood. Mouse NCK-interacting kinase (NIK)-related kinase (NRK) is expressed highly in the placenta and plays a role in preventing placental hyperplasia. Here, we show the molecular evolution of NRK, which confers its function for inhibiting placental cell proliferation. Comparative genome analysis identified NRK orthologs across vertebrates, which share the kinase and citron homology (CNH) domains. Evolutionary analysis revealed that NRK underwent extensive amino acid substitutions in the ancestor of placental mammals and has been since conserved. Biochemical analysis of mouse NRK revealed that the CNH domain binds to phospholipids, and a region in NRK binds to and inhibits casein kinase-2 (CK2), which we named the CK2-inhibitory region (CIR). Cell culture experiments suggest the following: 1) Mouse NRK is localized at the plasma membrane via the CNH domain, where the CIR inhibits CK2. 2) This mitigates CK2-dependent phosphorylation and inhibition of PTEN and 3) leads to the inhibition of AKT signaling and cell proliferation. Nrk deficiency increased phosphorylation levels of PTEN and AKT in mouse placenta, supporting our hypothesis. Unlike mouse NRK, chicken NRK did not bind to phospholipids and CK2, decrease phosphorylation of AKT, or inhibit cell proliferation. Both the CNH domain and CIR have evolved under purifying selection in placental mammals. Taken together, our study suggests that placental mammals acquired the phospholipid-binding CNH domain and CIR in NRK for regulating the CK2–PTEN–AKT pathway and placental cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beni Lestari
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Satomi Naito
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Akinori Endo
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nishihara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Akira Kato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Erika Watanabe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Denda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Masayuki Komada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
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Liu G, Zhang C, Wang Y, Dai G, Liu SQ, Wang W, Pan YH, Ding J, Li H. New exon and accelerated evolution of placental gene Nrk occurred in the ancestral lineage of placental mammals. Placenta 2021; 114:14-21. [PMID: 34418750 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chorioallantoic placenta is a specific organ for placental mammals. However, the adaptive events during its emergence are still poorly investigated. METHODS We scanned the chromosome X to detect the accelerated evolution in the ancestral lineage of placental mammals, and constructed 3D protein structure models of a candidate by homology modeling. RESULTS Eight branch-specific accelerated regions were identified. Five of these regions (P=5.61×10-11 ~ 9.03×10-8) are located in the five exons of Nik-related kinase (Nrk), which is essential in placenta development and fetoplacental induction of labor. Nrk belongs to the germinal center kinase-IV subfamily with the overall similar protein structure; however, a new exon emerged in ancestors of placental mammals and its sequence has been conserved since then. Structure modelling of NRK suggests that the accelerated exons and the placental-mammal-specific exon (as a new loop) could change the enzymatic activity and the structure of placental mammal NRK. DISCUSSION Since the new loop is surrounded by the accelerated protein regions, it is likely that the new loop occurred and shifted the function of NRK, and then the accelerated evolution of Nrk occurred to adapt the structure change caused by the new loop in the ancestral lineage of placental mammals. Overall, this work suggests that the fundamental process of placental development and fetoplacental induction of labor has been targeted by positive Darwinian selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guangyi Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shu-Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenshuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Jianping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Haipeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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Bechmann N, Berger I, Bornstein SR, Steenblock C. Adrenal medulla development and medullary-cortical interactions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111258. [PMID: 33798635 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian adrenal gland is composed of two distinct tissue types in a bidirectional connection, the catecholamine-producing medulla derived from the neural crest and the mesoderm-derived cortex producing steroids. The medulla mainly consists of chromaffin cells derived from multipotent nerve-associated descendants of Schwann cell precursors. Already during adrenal organogenesis, close interactions between cortex and medulla are necessary for proper differentiation and morphogenesis of the gland. Moreover, communication between the cortex and the medulla ensures a regular function of the adult adrenal. In tumor development, interfaces between the two parts are also common. Here, we summarize the development of the mammalian adrenal medulla and the current understanding of the cortical-medullary interactions under development and in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bechmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ilona Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Steenblock
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Expression of Nik-related kinase in smooth muscle cells attenuates vascular inflammation and intimal hyperplasia. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7511-7533. [PMID: 32330120 PMCID: PMC7202544 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation of the vascular microenvironment modulates distinct types of vascular cells, and plays important roles in promoting atherosclerosis, stenosis/restenosis, and vascular-related diseases. Nik-related kinase (Nrk), a member of the Ste20-type kinase family, has been reported to be selectively expressed in embryonic skeletal muscle. However, whether Nrk is expressed in adult vascular smooth muscle, and if it influences intimal hyperplasia is unclear. Here, we found that Nrk is abundantly expressed in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and mouse arterial intima. Treatment of mouse VSMCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or platelet-derived growth factor significantly reduced Nrk expression. In addition, expression of Nrk was significantly reduced in regions of neointimal formation caused by guide-wire carotid artery injuries in mice, as well as in human atherosclerotic tissues, when compared to normal vessels. We identified that expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP3, MMP8 and MMP12) and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (CCL6, CCL8, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5 and CXCL9) are synergistically induced by Nrk siRNA in LPS-treated mouse VSMCs. Moreover, we found that resveratrol significantly impaired LPS- and Nrk siRNA-induced expression of MMP3, CCL8, CCL11, CXCL3 and CXCL5. These results suggested that Nrk may play important roles in regulating pathological progression of atherosclerosis or neointimal- hyperplasia-related vascular diseases.
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11
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Naito S, Fukushima T, Endo A, Denda K, Komada M. Nik-related kinase is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the chaperone-dependent ubiquitin ligase CHIP. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1778-1786. [PMID: 32162334 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nik-related kinase (Nrk) is a member of the germinal center kinase IV family and suppresses Akt signaling. In vivo, Nrk prevents placental hyperplasia and breast cancer formation. Here, we show that Nrk is regulated by the chaperone-dependent ubiquitin ligase carboxyl terminus of heat-shock protein (Hsp)70-interacting protein (CHIP). Immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis reveal that Nrk preferentially interacts with CHIP and Hsp70/90 family proteins. Nrk protein levels are decreased by CHIP overexpression and increased by siRNA-mediated CHIP knockdown. Our results indicate that Nrk is ubiquitinated by CHIP in a chaperone-dependent manner, resulting in its proteasomal degradation. CHIP targets a fraction of Nrk molecules that have lost the ability to regulate Akt signaling. We conclude that CHIP plays an important role in regulating Nrk protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Naito
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Endo
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Denda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Komada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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12
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Chanchani SR, Xie H, Sekhon G, Melikishvili AM, Moyer Harasink S, Pall H, Giampietro PF. A male infant with Xq22.2q22.3 duplication containing PLP1 and MID2. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1078. [PMID: 31951325 PMCID: PMC7057127 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Xq22.2 q23 is a complex genomic region which includes the genes MID2 and PLP1 associated with FG syndrome 5 and Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, respectively. There is limited information regarding the clinical outcomes observed in patients with deletions within this region. Methods We report on a male infant with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) who developed head titubation and spasticity during his postnatal hospital course. Results Chromosome microarray revealed a 6.7 Mb interstitial duplication of Xq22.2q22.3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the patient's mother also possessed the identical duplication in the Xq22.3q22.3 region. Among the 34 OMIM genes in this interval, the duplication of the PLP1 (OMIM# 300401) and MID2 (OMIM# 300204) appears to be the most significant contributors to the patient's clinical features. Mutations and duplications of PLP1 are associated with X‐linked recessive Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease (PMD). A single case of a Xq22.3 duplication including the MID2 has been reported in boy with features of FG syndrome. However, our patient's clinical features are not consistent with the FG syndrome phenotype. Conclusion Our patient's clinical features appear to be influenced by the PLP1 duplication but the clinical effect of other dosage sensitive genes influencing brain development cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati R Chanchani
- Department of Pediatrics St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Tricore Reference Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Sue Moyer Harasink
- Department of Pediatrics St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harpreet Pall
- Department of Pediatrics St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Denda K, Ida K, Tanno M, Nakao-Wakabayashi K, Komada M, Hayashi N. Proteomic analysis of Nrk gene-disrupted placental tissue cells explains physiological significance of NRK. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:785. [PMID: 31783915 PMCID: PMC6884884 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective NRK is a unique X chromosome-linked protein kinase expressed predominantly in placenta. The gene knockout causes placental overgrowth and delayed labor of Nrk-null fetuses from dams in mouse. To clarify unknown mechanisms behind the Nrk-null phenotypes, protein expression profiles were analyzed in the Nrk-null placenta using a high-performance two-dimensional electrophoresis methodology. Results Among around 1800 spots detected, we characterized a dozen protein spots whose expression levels were significantly altered in the Nrk-null placenta compared to wild-type. Analyzing these data sets is expected to reflect the difference physiologically in the presence or absence of NRK, facilitating the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitoshi Denda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, (M6-6) 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kanako Ida
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, (M6-6) 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masataka Tanno
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Nishi Tokushukai Hospital, Akishima, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakao-Wakabayashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, (M6-6) 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masayuki Komada
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hayashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, (M6-6) 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
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14
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Chan WH, Komada M, Fukushima T, Southard-Smith EM, Anderson CR, Wakefield MJ. RNA-seq of Isolated Chromaffin Cells Highlights the Role of Sex-Linked and Imprinted Genes in Adrenal Medulla Development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3929. [PMID: 30850723 PMCID: PMC6408553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons synthesize and release catecholamines, and both cell types are derived from neural crest precursors. However, they have different developmental histories, with sympathetic neurons derived directly from neural crest precursors while adrenal chromaffin cells arise from neural crest-derived cells that express Schwann cell markers. We have sought to identify the genes, including imprinted genes, which regulate the development of the two cell types in mice. We developed a method of separating the two cell types as early as E12.5, using differences in expression of enhanced yellow fluorescent protein driven from the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, and then used RNA sequencing to confirm the characteristic molecular signatures of the two cell types. We identified genes differentially expressed by adrenal chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons. Deletion of a gene highly expressed by adrenal chromaffin cells, NIK-related kinase, a gene on the X-chromosome, results in reduced expression of adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, phenyl-N-methyl transferase, by adrenal chromaffin cells and changes in cell cycle dynamics. Finally, many imprinted genes are up-regulated in chromaffin cells and may play key roles in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Hei Chan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Masayuki Komada
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Colin R Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew J Wakefield
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia.
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15
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Morioka Y, Nam JM, Ohashi T. Nik-related kinase regulates trophoblast proliferation and placental development by modulating AKT phosphorylation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171503. [PMID: 28152035 PMCID: PMC5289614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nik-related kinase (Nrk) is a Ser/Thr kinase and was initially discovered as a molecule that was predominantly detected in skeletal muscles during development. A recent study using Nrk-null mice suggested the importance of Nrk in proper placental development; however, the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that differentiated trophoblasts from murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) endogenously expressed Nrk and that Nrk disruption led to the enhanced proliferation of differentiated trophoblasts. This phenomenon may reflect the overproliferation of trophoblasts that has been reported in enlarged placentas of Nrk-null mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 was upregulated in Nrk-null trophoblasts and that inhibition of AKT phosphorylation cancelled the enhanced proliferation observed in differentiated Nrk-null trophoblasts. These results indicated that the upregulation of AKT phosphorylation was the possible cause of enhanced proliferation observed in Nrk-null trophoblasts. The upregulation of AKT phosphorylation was also confirmed in enlarged Nrk-null placentas in vivo, suggesting that proper regulation of AKT by Nrk was important for normal placental development. In addition, our detailed analysis on phosphorylation status of AKT isoforms in newly established trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) revealed that different levels of upregulation of AKT phosphorylation were occurred in Nrk-null TSCs depending on AKT isoforms. These results further support the importance of Nrk in proper development of trophoblast lineage cells and indicate the possible application of TSCs for the analysis of differently regulated activation mechanisms of AKT isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Morioka
- Division of Disease Model Innovation, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jin-Min Nam
- Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohashi
- Division of Disease Model Innovation, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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16
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Gao X, Gao C, Liu G, Hu J. MAP4K4: an emerging therapeutic target in cancer. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:56. [PMID: 27800153 PMCID: PMC5084373 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase MAP4K4 is a member of the Ste20p (sterile 20 protein) family. MAP4K4 was initially discovered in 1995 as a key kinase in the mating pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was later found to be involved in many aspects of cell functions and many biological and pathological processes. The role of MAP4K4 in immunity, inflammation, metabolic and cardiovascular disease has been recognized. Information regarding MAP4K4 in cancers is extremely limited, but increasing evidence suggests that MAP4K4 also plays an important role in cancer and MAP4K4 may represent a novel actionable cancer therapeutic target. This review summarizes our current understanding of MAP4K4 regulation and MAP4K4 in cancer. MAP4K4-specific inhibitors have been recently developed. We hope that this review article would advocate more basic and preclinical research on MAP4K4 in cancer, which could ultimately provide biological and mechanistic justifications for preclinical and clinical test of MAP4K4 inhibitor in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, 2.42D, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Chenxi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, 2.42D, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, 2.42D, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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17
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Yanagawa T, Denda K, Inatani T, Fukushima T, Tanaka T, Kumaki N, Inagaki Y, Komada M. Deficiency of X-Linked Protein Kinase Nrk during Pregnancy Triggers Breast Tumor in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2751-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Gagnon KB, Delpire E. Molecular physiology of SPAK and OSR1: two Ste20-related protein kinases regulating ion transport. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1577-617. [PMID: 23073627 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SPAK (Ste20-related proline alanine rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive kinase) are members of the germinal center kinase VI subfamily of the mammalian Ste20 (Sterile20)-related protein kinase family. Although there are 30 enzymes in this protein kinase family, their conservation across the fungi, plant, and animal kingdom confirms their evolutionary importance. Already, a large volume of work has accumulated on the tissue distribution, binding partners, signaling cascades, and physiological roles of mammalian SPAK and OSR1 in multiple organ systems. After reviewing this basic information, we will examine newer studies that demonstrate the pathophysiological consequences to SPAK and/or OSR1 disruption, discuss the development and analysis of genetically engineered mouse models, and address the possible role these serine/threonine kinases might have in cancer proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Gagnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2520, USA
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19
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Agonistic and antagonistic roles for TNIK and MINK in non-canonical and canonical Wnt signalling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43330. [PMID: 22984420 PMCID: PMC3439448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling is a key regulatory factor in animal development and homeostasis and plays an important role in the establishment and progression of cancer. Wnt signals are predominantly transduced via the Frizzled family of serpentine receptors to two distinct pathways, the canonical ß-catenin pathway and a non-canonical pathway controlling planar cell polarity and convergent extension. Interference between these pathways is an important determinant of cellular and phenotypic responses, but is poorly understood. Here we show that TNIK (Traf2 and Nck-interacting kinase) and MINK (Misshapen/NIKs-related kinase) MAP4K signalling kinases are integral components of both canonical and non-canonical pathways in Xenopus. xTNIK and xMINK interact and are proteolytically cleaved in vivo to generate Kinase domain fragments that are active in signal transduction, and Citron-NIK-Homology (CNH) Domain fragments that are suppressive. The catalytic activity of the Kinase domain fragments of both xTNIK and xMINK mediate non-canonical signalling. However, while the Kinase domain fragments of xTNIK also mediate canonical signalling, the analogous fragments derived from xMINK strongly antagonize this signalling. Our data suggest that the proteolytic cleavage of xTNIK and xMINK determines their respective activities and is an important factor in controlling the balance between canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling in vivo.
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20
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Denda K, Nakao-Wakabayashi K, Okamoto N, Kitamura N, Ryu JY, Tagawa YI, Ichisaka T, Yamanaka S, Komada M. Nrk, an X-linked protein kinase in the germinal center kinase family, is required for placental development and fetoplacental induction of labor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28802-28810. [PMID: 21715335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.258160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete mechanism of labor induction in eutherian mammals remains unclear. Although important roles for the fetus and placenta in triggering labor have been proposed, no gene has been shown to be required in the fetus/placenta for labor induction. Here we show that Nrk, an X-linked gene encoding a Ser/Thr kinase of the germinal center kinase family, is essential in the fetus/placenta for labor in mice. Nrk was specifically expressed in the spongiotrophoblast layer, a fetus-derived region of the placenta, and Nrk disruption caused dysregulated overgrowth of the layer. Due to preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome in placenta, Nrk heterozygous mutant placentas exhibited a similar defect to that in Nrk-null tissues when the wild-type allele was paternally derived. However, the phenotype was weaker than in Nrk-null placentas due to leaky Nrk expression from the inactivated X chromosome. Crossing of Nrk-null females to wild-type and Nrk-null males, as well as uterine transfer of Nrk-null fetuses to wild-type females, revealed that pregnant mice exhibit a severe defect in delivery when all fetuses/placentas are Nrk-null. In addition, Nrk was not expressed in female reproductive tissues such as the uterus and ovary, as well as the fetal amnion and yolk sac, in pregnant mice. Progesterone and estrogen levels in the maternal circulation and placenta, which control the timing of labor, were unaffected upon Nrk disruption. We thus provide evidence for a novel labor-inducing fetoplacental signal that depends on the X chromosome and possibly arises from the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitoshi Denda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Naomi Kitamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Je-Young Ryu
- Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoh-Ichi Tagawa
- Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ichisaka
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masayuki Komada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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21
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Keshet Y, Seger R. The MAP kinase signaling cascades: a system of hundreds of components regulates a diverse array of physiological functions. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 661:3-38. [PMID: 20811974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-795-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequential activation of kinases within the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) cascades is a common, and evolutionary-conserved mechanism of signal transduction. Four MAPK cascades have been identified in the last 20 years and those are usually named according to the MAPK components that are the central building blocks of each of the cascades. These are the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-Terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK5 cascades. Each of these cascades consists of a core module of three tiers of protein kinases termed MAPK, MAPKK, and MAP3K, and often two additional tiers, the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAPKAPK, which can complete five tiers of each cascade in certain cell lines or stimulations. The transmission of the signal via each cascade is mediated by sequential phosphorylation and activation of the components in the sequential tiers. These cascades cooperate in transmitting various extracellular signals and thus control a large number of distinct and even opposing cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, development, stress response, and apoptosis. One way by which the specificity of each cascade is regulated is through the existence of several distinct components in each tier of the different cascades. About 70 genes, which are each translated to several alternatively spliced isoforms, encode the entire MAPK system, and allow the wide array of cascade's functions. These components, their regulation, as well as their involvement together with other mechanisms in the determination of signaling specificity by the MAPK cascade is described in this review. Mis-regulation of the MAPKs signals usually leads to diseases such as cancer and diabetes; therefore, studying the mechanisms of specificity-determination may lead to better understanding of these signaling-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonat Keshet
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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22
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Morgan MJ, Liu ZG. Reactive oxygen species in TNFalpha-induced signaling and cell death. Mol Cells 2010; 30:1-12. [PMID: 20652490 PMCID: PMC6608586 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFalpha is a pleotropic cytokine that initiates many downstream signaling pathways, including NF-kappaB activation, MAP kinase activation and the induction of both apoptosis and necrosis. TNFalpha has shown to lead to reactive oxygen species generation through activation of NADPH oxidase, through mitochondrial pathways, or other enzymes. As discussed, ROS play a role in potentiation or inhibition of many of these signaling pathways. We particularly discuss the role of sustained JNK activation potentiated by ROS, which generally is supportive of apoptosis and "necrotic cell death" through various mechanisms, while ROS could have inhibitory or stimulatory roles in NF-kappaB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Morgan
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zheng-gang Liu
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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Delpire E. The mammalian family of sterile 20p-like protein kinases. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:953-67. [PMID: 19399514 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight kinases found in mammalian genomes share similarity to the budding yeast kinase Ste20p. This review article examines the biological function of these mammalian Ste20 kinases. Some of them have conserved the Ste20p function of transducing extracellular signals to mitogen-activated kinases. Others affect ion transport, cell cycle, cytoskeleton organization, and program cell death. A number of molecular details involved in the activation of the kinases are discussed including autophosphorylation, substrate recognition, autoinhibition, dimerization, and substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T-4202 MCN 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2520, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are central pathways that participate in the intracellular transmission of extracellular signals. Each of the MAPK signaling cascades seems to consist of three to five tiers of protein kinases that sequentially activate each other by phosphorylation. Since the majority of MAPK cascade components are kinases, the methods used to detect their activation involve determining phosphorylation state and protein kinase activities. The primary method describes the use of immunoblotting with specific anti-phospho antibody to detect activation of MAPK components. Alternative methods described are immunoprecipitation of desired protein kinases followed by phosphorylation of specific substrates and the use of an in-gel kinase assay. These methods have proven useful in the study of the MAPK signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Shaul
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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25
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Shaul Y, Seger R. The detection of MAPK signaling. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY 2008; Chapter 14:Unit 14.3. [PMID: 18228462 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1403s28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are central pathways that participate in the intracellular transmission of extracellular signals. Each of the MAPK signaling cascades seems to consist of three to five tiers of protein kinases that sequentially activate each other by phosphorylation. Since the majority of MAPK cascade components are kinases, the methods used to detect their activation involve determining phosphorylation state and protein kinase activities. The Basic Protocol describes the use of immunoblotting with specific anti-phospho antibody to detect activation of MAPK components. Alternative methods described are immunoprecipitation of desired protein kinases followed by phosphorylation of specific substrates and the use of an in-gel kinase assay. These methods have proven useful in the study of the MAPK signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Shaul
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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26
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GONG Y, ZHANG Z. Alternative Pathway Approach for Automating Analysis and Validation of Cell Perturbation Networks and Design of Perturbation Experiments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1115:267-85. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1407.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Abstract
Sequential activation of protein kinases within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades is a common mechanism of signal transduction in many cellular processes. Four such cascades have been elucidated thus far, and named according to their MAPK tier component as the ERK1/2, JNK, p38MAPK, and ERK5 cascades. These cascades cooperate in transmitting various extracellular signals, and thus control cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, stress response, and apoptosis. Here we describe the classic ERK1/2 cascade, and concentrate mainly on the properties of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, including their mode of regulation and their role in various cellular processes and in oncogenesis. This cascade may serve as a prototype of the other MAPK cascades, and the study of this cascade is likely to contribute to the understanding of mitogenic and other processes in many cell lines and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadara Rubinfeld
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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28
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Kakinuma H, Inomata H, Kitamura N. Enhanced JNK activation by NESK without kinase activity upon caspase-mediated cleavage during apoptosis. Cell Signal 2005; 17:1439-48. [PMID: 15913957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nck-interacting kinase-like embryo-specific kinase (NESK) is a protein kinase that is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle during the late stages of mouse embryogenesis. NESK belongs to the germinal center kinase (GCK) family and selectively activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway when overexpressed in cultured cells. Some members of the GCK family have been shown to be proteolytically cleaved and activated during apoptosis. Here, we report that NESK is also proteolytically cleaved during apoptosis. Treatment of NESK-transfected HeLa cells with TNF-alpha in the presence of cycloheximide or with staurosporine induced proteolytic cleavage of NESK. The cleavage of NESK occurred at two sites, generating three fragments: an N-terminal fragment containing a kinase domain, an intermediate fragment and a C-terminal fragment containing a regulatory CNH domain. These two cleavages occurred in a stepwise manner and were dependent on a caspase activity. The cleavage sites were identified as aspartic acid residues at 868 and 1091. The N-terminal fragment had less kinase activity than the full-length NESK and did not activate the JNK pathway. In contrast, the C-terminal fragment activated the JNK pathway more strongly than the full-length NESK and promoted TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic cell death. These results implicate NESK in the JNK pathway-mediated promotion of apoptosis through its C-terminal regulatory domain generated by proteolytic cleavage during apoptosis, in a unique manner different from other GCK family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya Kakinuma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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29
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Taira K, Umikawa M, Takei K, Myagmar BE, Shinzato M, Machida N, Uezato H, Nonaka S, Kariya KI. The Traf2- and Nck-interacting kinase as a putative effector of Rap2 to regulate actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:49488-96. [PMID: 15342639 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406370200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rap2 belongs to the Ras family of small GTP-binding proteins, but its specific roles in cell signaling remain unknown. In the present study, we have affinity-purified from rat brain a Rap2-interacting protein of approximately 155 kDa, p155. By liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we have identified p155 as Traf2- and Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK). TNIK possesses an N-terminal kinase domain homologous to STE20, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase, and a C-terminal regulatory domain termed the citron homology (CNH) domain. TNIK induces disruption of F-actin structure, thereby inhibiting cell spreading. In addition, TNIK specifically activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Among our observations, TNIK interacted with Rap2 through its CNH domain but did not interact with Rap1 or Ras. TNIK interaction with Rap2 was dependent on the intact effector region and GTP-bound configuration of Rap2. When co-expressed in cultured cells, TNIK colocalized with Rap2, while a mutant TNIK lacking the CNH domain did not. Rap2 potently enhanced the inhibitory function of TNIK against cell spreading, but this was not observed for the mutant TNIK lacking the CNH domain. Rap2 did not significantly enhance TNIK-induced JNK activation, but promoted autophosphorylation and translocation of TNIK to the detergent-insoluble cytoskeletal fraction. These results suggest that TNIK is a specific effector of Rap2 to regulate actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohito Taira
- Division of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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30
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Nakano K, Kanai-Azuma M, Kanai Y, Moriyama K, Yazaki K, Hayashi Y, Kitamura N. Cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization by NRK/NESK, a member of the germinal center kinase family. Exp Cell Res 2003; 287:219-27. [PMID: 12837278 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nck-interacting kinase (NIK)-related kinase (NRK)/NIK-like embryo-specific kinase (NESK) is a protein kinase that belongs to the germinal center kinase family, and activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. In this study, we examined the effect of NRK/NESK on actin cytoskeletal organization. Overexpression of NRK/NESK in COS7 cells induced accumulation of polymerized actin at the perinuclear. Phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing factor, was increased in NRK/NESK-expressing HEK 293T cells. In addition, in vitro phosphorylation of cofilin was observed on NRK/NESK immunoprecipitates from HEK 293T cells expressing the kinase domain of NRK/NESK. The cofilin phosphorylation occurred at the serine residue of position 3 (Ser-3). Since the phosphorylation at Ser-3 inactivates the actin-depolymerizing activity of cofilin, these results suggest that NRK/NESK induces actin polymerization through cofilin phosphorylation. The cofilin phosphorylation did not appear to be mediated through activation of LIM-kinasel, a cofilin-phosphorylating kinase, or through the activation of JNK. Thus, cofilin is likely to be a direct substrate of NRK/NESK. NRK/NESK is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle during the late stages of mouse embryogenesis. Thus, NRK/NESK may be involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeletal organization in skeletal muscle cells through cofilin phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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31
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Inomata H, Nakamura Y, Hayakawa A, Takata H, Suzuki T, Miyazawa K, Kitamura N. A scaffold protein JIP-1b enhances amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation by JNK and its association with kinesin light chain 1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:22946-55. [PMID: 12665528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212160200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the precursor molecule of beta-amyloid peptides, the major components of amyloid plaque in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we isolated JIP-1b, a JNK signaling scaffold protein, as a binding protein of APP, and analyzed the roles of JIP-1b in APP phosphorylation by JNK and the association of kinesin light chain 1 with APP. APP phosphorylation at threonine 668 by JNK was enhanced on the JIP-1b scaffold in vitro and in cultured cells exogenously expressing APP. APP phosphorylation in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells was mediated by activation of JNK signaling. JIP-1b also enhanced the association of kinesin light chain 1 with APP. Our results suggest that JIP-1b may function as a protein linking the kinesin-I motor protein to the cargo receptor, APP, and that the JNK signaling pathway may regulate the phosphorylation of this cargo protein through the JIP-1b scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Inomata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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32
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Nishigaki K, Thompson D, Yugawa T, Rulli K, Hanson C, Cmarik J, Gutkind JS, Teramoto H, Ruscetti S. Identification and characterization of a novel Ste20/germinal center kinase-related kinase, polyploidy-associated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:13520-30. [PMID: 12574163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel protein kinase, polyploidy-associated protein kinase (PAPK), was isolated using a subtraction cDNA library approach from a mouse erythroleukemia cell line that had been induced to polyploidy after serum withdrawal. PAPK shares homology with members of the Ste20/germinal center kinase family of protein kinases and is ubiquitously expressed as two spliced forms, PAPK-A and PAPK-B, that encode for proteins of 418 and 189 amino acids, respectively. The expression of endogenous PAPK-A protein increased after growth factor withdrawal in murine hematopoietic and fibroblast cells. When tested in an in vitro kinase assay, PAPK-A was activated in response to the stress-inducing agent hydrogen peroxide and slightly by fetal calf serum. Biochemical characterization of the PAPK-A-initiated pathway revealed that this novel kinase does not affect MAP kinase activity but can stimulate both c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and ERK6/p38 gamma. The kinase activity of PAPK appears to be required for the activation of ERK6/p38 gamma but not JNK1. When an inducible construct of PAPK-A was expressed in stably transfected NIH3T3 cells, the cells exhibited distinct cytoskeletal changes and became resistant to apoptotic cell death induced by serum withdrawal, effects of PAPK that require its kinase activity. These data suggest that PAPK is a new member of the Ste20/germinal center kinase family that modulates cytoskeletal organization and cell survival.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polyploidy
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nishigaki
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
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33
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Wright JH, Wang X, Manning G, LaMere BJ, Le P, Zhu S, Khatry D, Flanagan PM, Buckley SD, Whyte DB, Howlett AR, Bischoff JR, Lipson KE, Jallal B. The STE20 kinase HGK is broadly expressed in human tumor cells and can modulate cellular transformation, invasion, and adhesion. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:2068-82. [PMID: 12612079 PMCID: PMC149462 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.6.2068-2082.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2002] [Revised: 09/17/2002] [Accepted: 11/06/2002] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HGK (hepatocyte progenitor kinase-like/germinal center kinase-like kinase) is a member of the human STE20/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase family of serine/threonine kinases and is the ortholog of mouse NIK (Nck-interacting kinase). We have cloned a novel splice variant of HGK from a human tumor line and have further identified a complex family of HGK splice variants. We showed HGK to be highly expressed in most tumor cell lines relative to normal tissue. An active role for this kinase in transformation was suggested by an inhibition of H-Ras(V12)-induced focus formation by expression of inactive, dominant-negative mutants of HGK in both fibroblast and epithelial cell lines. Expression of an inactive mutant of HGK also inhibited the anchorage-independent growth of cells yet had no effect on proliferation in monolayer culture. Expression of HGK mutants modulated integrin receptor expression and had a striking effect on hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated epithelial cell invasion. Together, these results suggest an important role for HGK in cell transformation and invasiveness.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Enzyme Induction
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/enzymology
- Fibroblasts/enzymology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Library
- Genes, Dominant
- Glioblastoma/enzymology
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Integrins/biosynthesis
- Integrins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/physiology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
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34
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Yamauchi J, Miyamoto Y, Kokubu H, Nishii H, Okamoto M, Sugawara Y, Hirasawa A, Tsujimoto G, Itoh H. Endothelin suppresses cell migration via the JNK signaling pathway in a manner dependent upon Src kinase, Rac1, and Cdc42. FEBS Lett 2002; 527:284-8. [PMID: 12220675 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a complex phenomenon that is stimulated by chemoattractive factors such as chemokines, a family of ligands for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In contrast, factors that suppress cell migration, and the mechanism of their action, remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that endothelin, a GPCR ligand, inhibits cell motility in a manner dependent upon signaling through the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. We further demonstrate that this effect is dependent upon Src kinase and small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. These findings provide new insight into GPCR-mediated regulation of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0101, Nara, Japan.
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35
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Abstract
MEK kinases (MEKKs) comprise a family of related serine-threonine protein kinases that regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways leading to c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 activation, induced by cellular stress (e.g., UV and gamma irradiation, osmotic stress, heat shock, protein synthesis inhibitors), inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumour necrosis factor alpha, TNFalpha, and interleukin-1, IL1) and G protein-coupled receptor agonists (e.g., thrombin). These stress-activated kinases have been implicated in apoptosis, oncogenic transformation, and inflammatory responses in various cell types. At present, the signalling events involving MEKKs are not well understood. This review summarises our current knowledge concerning the regulation and function of MEKK family members, with particular emphasis on those factors capable of directly interacting with distinct MEKK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hagemann
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Medical Sciences Building, University Road, LE1 9HN, Leicester, UK
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36
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Lin JL, Chen HC, Fang HI, Robinson D, Kung HJ, Shih HM. MST4, a new Ste20-related kinase that mediates cell growth and transformation via modulating ERK pathway. Oncogene 2001; 20:6559-69. [PMID: 11641781 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2001] [Revised: 07/05/2001] [Accepted: 07/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel human Ste20-related kinase that we designated MST4. The 416 amino acid full-length MST4 contains an amino-terminal kinase domain, which is highly homologous to MST3 and SOK, and a unique carboxy-terminal domain. Northern blot analysis indicated that MST4 is highly expressed in placenta, thymus, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Wild-type but not kinase-dead MST4 can phosphorylate myelin basic protein in an in vitro kinase assay. MST4 specifically activates ERK but not JNK or p38 MAPK in transient transfected cells or in stable cell lines. Overexpression of dominant negative MEK1 or treatment with PD98059 abolishes MST4-induced ERK activity, whereas dominant-negative Ras or c-Raf-1 mutants failed to do so, indicating MST4 activates MEK1/ERK via a Ras/Raf-1 independent pathway. HeLa and Phoenix cell lines overexpressing wild-type, but not kinase-dead, MST4 exhibit increased growth rate and form aggressive soft-agar colonies. These phenotypes can be inhibited by PD98059. These results provide the first evidence that MST4 is biologically active in the activation of MEK/ERK pathway and in mediating cell growth and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Lin
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 128, Sec2, Yen-Chiu-Yuan RD, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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37
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Chen Z, Gibson TB, Robinson F, Silvestro L, Pearson G, Xu B, Wright A, Vanderbilt C, Cobb MH. MAP kinases. Chem Rev 2001; 101:2449-76. [PMID: 11749383 DOI: 10.1021/cr000241p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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38
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Abstract
Ste20p (sterile 20 protein) is a putative yeast mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase (MAP4K) involved in the mating pathway. Its homologs in mammals, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and other organisms make up a large emerging group of protein kinases including 28 members in human. The Ste20 group kinases are further divided into the p21-activated kinase (PAK) and germinal center kinase (GCK) families. They are characterized by the presence of a conserved kinase domain and a noncatalytic region of great structural diversity that enables the kinases to interact with various signaling molecules and regulatory proteins of the cytoskeleton. This review describes the phylogenetic relationships of the Ste20 group kinases based on discussions with many researchers in this field. With the newly established phylogenetic relationships, crucial arguments can be advanced regarding the functions of these kinases as upstream activators of the MAPK pathways and possible activity as MAP4Ks. Their involvement in apoptosis, morphogenesis and cytoskeletal rearrangements is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dan
- Department of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, 464-8602, Nagoya, Japan.
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