1
|
Findley AS, Zhang X, Boye C, Lin YL, Kalita CA, Barreiro L, Lohmueller KE, Pique-Regi R, Luca F. A signature of Neanderthal introgression on molecular mechanisms of environmental responses. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009493. [PMID: 34570765 PMCID: PMC8509894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient human migrations led to the settlement of population groups in varied environmental contexts worldwide. The extent to which adaptation to local environments has shaped human genetic diversity is a longstanding question in human evolution. Recent studies have suggested that introgression of archaic alleles in the genome of modern humans may have contributed to adaptation to environmental pressures such as pathogen exposure. Functional genomic studies have demonstrated that variation in gene expression across individuals and in response to environmental perturbations is a main mechanism underlying complex trait variation. We considered gene expression response to in vitro treatments as a molecular phenotype to identify genes and regulatory variants that may have played an important role in adaptations to local environments. We investigated if Neanderthal introgression in the human genome may contribute to the transcriptional response to environmental perturbations. To this end we used eQTLs for genes differentially expressed in a panel of 52 cellular environments, resulting from 5 cell types and 26 treatments, including hormones, vitamins, drugs, and environmental contaminants. We found that SNPs with introgressed Neanderthal alleles (N-SNPs) disrupt binding of transcription factors important for environmental responses, including ionizing radiation and hypoxia, and for glucose metabolism. We identified an enrichment for N-SNPs among eQTLs for genes differentially expressed in response to 8 treatments, including glucocorticoids, caffeine, and vitamin D. Using Massively Parallel Reporter Assays (MPRA) data, we validated the regulatory function of 21 introgressed Neanderthal variants in the human genome, corresponding to 8 eQTLs regulating 15 genes that respond to environmental perturbations. These findings expand the set of environments where archaic introgression may have contributed to adaptations to local environments in modern humans and provide experimental validation for the regulatory function of introgressed variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S. Findley
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carly Boye
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yen Lung Lin
- Genetics Section, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Kalita
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Luis Barreiro
- Genetics Section, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kirk E. Lohmueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Francesca Luca
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thompson B, Davidson EA, Liu W, Nebert DW, Bruford EA, Zhao H, Dermitzakis ET, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Overview of PAX gene family: analysis of human tissue-specific variant expression and involvement in human disease. Hum Genet 2021; 140:381-400. [PMID: 32728807 PMCID: PMC7939107 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paired-box (PAX) genes encode a family of highly conserved transcription factors found in vertebrates and invertebrates. PAX proteins are defined by the presence of a paired domain that is evolutionarily conserved across phylogenies. Inclusion of a homeodomain and/or an octapeptide linker subdivides PAX proteins into four groups. Often termed "master regulators", PAX proteins orchestrate tissue and organ development throughout cell differentiation and lineage determination, and are essential for tissue structure and function through maintenance of cell identity. Mutations in PAX genes are associated with myriad human diseases (e.g., microphthalmia, anophthalmia, coloboma, hypothyroidism, acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Transcriptional regulation by PAX proteins is, in part, modulated by expression of alternatively spliced transcripts. Herein, we provide a genomics update on the nine human PAX family members and PAX homologs in 16 additional species. We also present a comprehensive summary of human tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression and describe potential functional significance of PAX isoforms. While the functional roles of PAX proteins in developmental diseases and cancer are well characterized, much remains to be understood regarding the functional roles of PAX isoforms in human health. We anticipate the analysis of tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression presented herein can serve as a starting point for such research endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emily A Davidson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lv N, Wang Y, Zhao M, Dong L, Wei H. The Role of PAX2 in Neurodevelopment and Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:3559-3567. [PMID: 34908837 PMCID: PMC8665868 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s332747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In developmental biology, transcription factors are involved in regulating the process of neural development, controlling the differentiation of nerve cells, and affecting the normal functioning of neural circuits. Transcription factors regulate the expression of multiple genes at the same time and have become a key gene category that is recognized to be disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders. This paper briefly introduces the expression and role of PAX2 in neurodevelopment and discusses the neurodevelopmental disorders associated with Pax2 mutations and its possible mechanism. Firstly, mutations in the human Pax2 gene are associated with abnormalities in multiple systems which can result in neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders. Secondly, the structure of Pax2 gene and PAX2 protein, as well as the function of Pax2 gene in neural development, was discussed. Finally, a diagram of the PAX2 protein regulatory network was made and a possible molecular mechanism of Pax2 mutations leading to neurodevelopmental disorders from the perspectives of developmental process and protein function was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Lv
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Dong
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongen Wei
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Grill HJ, Habener JF, Holst JJ, Langhans W, Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Perez-Tilve D, Pocai A, Reimann F, Sandoval DA, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Stemmer K, Tang-Christensen M, Woods SC, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab 2019; 30:72-130. [PMID: 31767182 PMCID: PMC6812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - B Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - H J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - J J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St Josef Hospital (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), Bochum, Germany
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Pocai
- Cardiovascular & ImmunoMetabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DL-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Tang-Christensen
- Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Panneerselvam A, Kannan A, Mariajoseph-Antony LF, Prahalathan C. PAX proteins and their role in pancreas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 155:107792. [PMID: 31325538 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulatory factors that govern the expression of heritable information come in an array of flavors, chiefly with transcription factors, the proteins which bind to regions of specific genes and modulate gene transcription, subsequently altering cellular function. PAX transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins exerting its regulatory activity in many tissues. Notably, three members of the PAX family namely PAX2, PAX4 and PAX6 have emerged as crucial players at multiple steps of pancreatic development and differentiation and also play a pivotal role in the regulation of pancreatic islet hormones synthesis and secretion. Providing a comprehensive outline of these transcription factors and their primordial and divergent roles in the pancreas is far-reaching in contemporary diabetes research. Accordingly, this review furnishes an outline of the role of pancreatic specific PAX regulators in the development of the pancreas and its associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antojenifer Panneerselvam
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Arun Kannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Lezy Flora Mariajoseph-Antony
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Chidambaram Prahalathan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jahangiri R, Mosaffa F, Gharib M, Emami Razavi AN, Abdirad A, Jamialahmadi K. PAX2 expression is correlated with better survival in tamoxifen-treated breast carcinoma patients. Tissue Cell 2018; 52:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
7
|
Martin-Montalvo A, Lorenzo PI, López-Noriega L, Gauthier BR. Targeting pancreatic expressed PAX genes for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:77-89. [PMID: 27841034 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1257000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Four members of the PAX family, PAX2, PAX4, PAX6 and PAX8 are known to be expressed in the pancreas. Accumulated evidences indicate that several pancreatic expressed PAX genes play a significant role in pancreatic development/functionality and alterations in these genes are involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases. Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the ongoing research related to pancreatic PAX genes in diabetes mellitus and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. We dissect the current knowledge at different levels; from mechanistic studies in cell lines performed to understand the molecular processes controlled by pancreatic PAX genes, to in vivo studies using rodent models that over-express or lack specific PAX genes. Finally, we describe human studies associating variants on pancreatic-expressed PAX genes with pancreatic diseases. Expert opinion: Based on the current literature, we propose that future interventions to treat pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and diabetes mellitus could be developed via the modulation of PAX4 and/or PAX6 regulated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martin-Montalvo
- a Department of Stem Cells, CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Avenida Américo Vespucio , Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology (PIDRU LAB) , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Petra I Lorenzo
- a Department of Stem Cells, CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Avenida Américo Vespucio , Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology (PIDRU LAB) , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Livia López-Noriega
- a Department of Stem Cells, CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Avenida Américo Vespucio , Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology (PIDRU LAB) , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- a Department of Stem Cells, CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Avenida Américo Vespucio , Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit/Laboratory of Aging Biology (PIDRU LAB) , Sevilla , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee M, Wiedemann T, Gross C, Leinhäuser I, Roncaroli F, Braren R, Pellegata NS. Targeting PI3K/mTOR Signaling Displays Potent Antitumor Efficacy against Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3204-15. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Markowska A, Pawałowska M, Filas V, Korski K, Gryboś M, Sajdak S, Olejek A, Bednarek W, Śpiewankiewicz B, Lubin J, Markowska J. Does Metformin affect ER, PR, IGF-1R, β-catenin and PAX-2 expression in women with diabetes mellitus and endometrial cancer? Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:76. [PMID: 24308813 PMCID: PMC4029605 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus, as a risk factor for endometrial cancer (EC), causes an increase in insulin and IGF-1 concentrations in the blood serum. The increase in insulin and IGF-1 are considered mitogenic factors contributory to cancer development. Studies suggest that metformin has preventive activity, decreasing mortality and the risk of neoplasms. Since estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and IGF-1 (IGF-1R) receptor expression and β-catenin and PAX-2 mutations are significant in the development of endometrial cancer, it was decided to study these factors in patients with endometrial cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and to establish the effects of metformin on their expression. METHODS The expression of ER, PR, IGF-1R, β-catenin and PAX-2 have been immunohistochemically investigated in 86 type I endometrial cancer specimens. Patients were grouped according to the presence of DM2 and the type of hypoglycemic treatment administered. RESULTS Comparing EC patients with DM2 and normal glycemic status, we found increased IGF-1R expression in women with DM2. A decrease in ER expression was noted in women with EC and DM2 receiving metformin as compared to women treated with insulin (p = 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference in PR, IGF-1R, β-catenin and PAX-2 expression among women receiving metformin and other hypoglycemic treatment. CONCLUSION Although epidemiological studies suggest the beneficial role of metformin in many human cancers, there are still few studies confirming its favorable effect on endometrial cancer. Decreased ER expression in patients receiving metformin needs further research to allow evaluation of its clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Markowska
- Perinatology and Gynecology Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Pawałowska
- Gynecological Oncology Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Violetta Filas
- Department of Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Department of Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marian Gryboś
- Wrocław University of Medical Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stefan Sajdak
- Clinic of Gynecological Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anita Olejek
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Silesian Medical University, Bytom, Poland
| | - Wiesława Bednarek
- I Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Lublin University of Medical Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Śpiewankiewicz
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jolanta Lubin
- Gynecological Oncology Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Janina Markowska
- Gynecological Oncology Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Megaw RD, Lampe A, Dhillon B, Yoshida S, Wright AF. Papillorenal syndrome in a family with unusual complications. Br J Ophthalmol 2013; 97:945-6. [PMID: 23686327 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
11
|
PAX2 Expression in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6090-105. [PMID: 23502471 PMCID: PMC3634442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PAX2 is one of nine PAX genes that regulate tissue development and cellular differentiation in embryos. However, the functional role of PAX2 in ovarian cancer is not known. Twenty-six ovarian cancer cell lines with different histology origins were screened for PAX2 expression. Two ovarian cancer cell lines: RMUGL (mucinous) and TOV21G (clear cell), with high PAX2 expression were chosen for further study. Knockdown PAX2 expression in these cell lines was achieved by lentiviral shRNAs targeting the PAX2 gene. PAX2 stable knockdown cells were characterized for cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, protein profiles, and gene expression profiles. The result indicated that these stable PAX2 knockdown cells had reduced cell proliferation and migration. Microarray analysis indicated that several genes involved in growth inhibition and motility, such as G0S2, GREM1, and WFDC1, were up-regulated in PAX2 knockdown cells. On the other hand, over-expressing PAX2 in PAX2-negative ovarian cell lines suppressed their cell proliferation. In summary, PAX2 could have both oncogenic and tumor suppression functions, which might depend on the genetic content of the ovarian cancer cells. Further investigation of PAX2 in tumor suppression and mortality is warranty.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yiannakouris N, Cooper J, Shah S, Drenos F, Ireland H, Stephens J, Li KW, Elkeles R, Godsland I, Kivimaki M, Hingorani A, Kumari M, Talmud P, Humphries S. IRS1 gene variants, dysglycaemic metabolic changes and type-2 diabetes risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:1024-1030. [PMID: 21917432 PMCID: PMC3657179 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A recent genome-wide association study identified rs2943641C > T, 500 kb from the insulin receptor substrate-1 gene (IRS1), as a type-2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility locus. We aimed to replicate this association by meta-analysis and examine whether common variants within IRS1, present on the HumanCVD BeadChip, were associated with T2D risk. METHODS AND RESULTS We genotyped rs2943641 in 2389 prevalent or incident T2D patients and 6494 controls from two prospective and three case studies based in UK and in the European Atherosclerosis Research Study-II (EARSII; n = 714). Thirty-three IRS1 variants had been genotyped in the prospective Whitehall-II study (n = 4752) using the HumanCVD BeadChip. In a fixed-effects meta-analysis of the UK study cohorts rs2943641T allele was associated with 6% lower risk of T2D (p = 0.18), with T-allele carriers having an odds ratio (OR) of 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80-1.00, p = 0.056) compared to CC subjects. The T-allele was also associated with lower fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance in Whitehall-II and with lower post-load insulin after an oral glucose tolerance test in EARSII (all p < 0.05). None of the IRS1 variants on the chip showed linkage disequilibrium with rs2943641. In silico analysis with follow-up genotyping (total n = 9313) identified that the rare allele of the IRS1 promoter variant rs6725556A > G showed association with reduced T2D risk (OR per G-allele: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.69-0.96, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS We confirm the association of rs2943641T with T2D protection. There is a possible independent effect on risk of a putative IRS1 promoter variant.
Collapse
Key Words
- irs1
- gwas
- genetic variation
- type-2 diabetes
- hyperinsulinemia
- insulin resistance
- irs1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- t2d, type-2 diabetes
- cvd, cardiovascular disease
- gwas, genome-wide association studies
- snp, single nucleotide polymorphism
- homa-ir, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
- ogtt, oral glucose tolerance test
- ld, linkage disequilibrium
- whii, whitehall-ii
- nphsii, northwick park heart study-ii
- udacs, universitycollege london diabetes and cardiovascular study
- eds, ealing diabetes study
- predict, prospective evaluation of diabetic ischemic heart disease by computed tomography
- earsii, european atherosclerosis research study-ii
- diagram, diabetes genetics replication and meta-analysis consortium
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J.A. Cooper
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - S. Shah
- University College London Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - F. Drenos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - H.A. Ireland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - J.W. Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - K.-W. Li
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - R. Elkeles
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London and St Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - I.F. Godsland
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London and St Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - M. Kivimaki
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A.D. Hingorani
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - M. Kumari
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - P.J. Talmud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - S.E. Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Short S, Kozmik Z, Holland LZ. The function and developmental expression of alternatively spliced isoforms of amphioxus and Xenopus laevis Pax2/5/8 genes: revealing divergence at the invertebrate to vertebrate transition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2012; 318:555-71. [PMID: 22791613 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pax genes encode highly conserved transcription factors vital for metazoan development. Pax transcripts, particularly those in Group II (Pax2/5/8), are extensively alternatively spliced. This study compares the transcriptional activation capacity and developmental stage-specific expression of major isoforms of Group II Pax proteins in amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) and in Xenopus laevis. The comparison reveals considerable divergence of splice forms between the lineages, with the X. laevis Group II Pax genes (Pax2, Pax5, and Pax8) possessing a greater repertoire of regulated and functionally distinct splice forms than the single amphioxus gene (Pax2/5/8). Surprisingly, some apparently conserved splice forms are expressed at quite different levels during development in the two organisms and present different capacities to activate transcription. However, despite this divergence, the combinatorial transcriptional activation capacity of the isoforms present in early X. laevis and amphioxus development are broadly similar. This suggests that the some of the conserved functional roles, implied by the expression of Group II Pax genes in homologous tissues of amphioxus and X. laevis embryos, may depend upon the combination of isoforms expressed in a particular tissue at a particular time in development. Thus, during early development, the evolutionary constraint on the net effect of several isoforms co-expressed in a given tissue may be more strict than that on specific isoforms. This flexibility may facilitate the appearance of new exons and splicing patterns in the vertebrate duplicates, leading to isoforms with subtly distinct functions critical to the subsequent development of vertebrate-specific cell types and structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Short
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khoo C, Yang J, Weinrott SA, Kaestner KH, Naji A, Schug J, Stoffers DA. Research resource: the pdx1 cistrome of pancreatic islets. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:521-33. [PMID: 22322596 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor pancreas duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1, also known as insulin promoter factor 1) is a master regulator of pancreas development, as mice or humans lacking Pdx1 function are a pancreatic. Importantly, heterozygous mutations in Pdx1 cause early and late onset forms of diabetes in humans. Despite these central roles in development and adult β-cell function, we have only rudimentary knowledge of the transcriptome targets of Pdx1 that mediate these phenotypes. Therefore, we performed global location analysis of Pdx1 occupancy in pancreatic islets. We used evolutionary conservation of target genes to identify the most relevant Pdx1 targets by performing chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing on both human and mouse islets. Remarkably, the conserved target set is highly enriched for genes annotated to function in endocrine system and metabolic disorders, various signaling pathways, and cell survival, providing a molecular explanation for many of the phenotypes resulting from Pdx1 deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Khoo
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
PAX genes have been shown to be critically required for the development of specific tissues and organs during embryogenesis. In addition, PAX genes are expressed in a handful of adult tissues where they are thought to play important roles, usually different from those in embryogenesis. A common theme in adult tissues is a requirement for PAX gene expression in adult stem cell maintenance or tissue regeneration. The connections between adult stem cell PAX gene expression and cancer are intriguing, and the literature is replete with examples of PAX gene expression in either situation. Here we systematically review the literature and present an overview of postnatal PAX gene expression in normal and cancerous tissue. We discuss the potential link between PAX gene expression in adult tissue and cancer. In addition, we discuss whether persistent PAX gene expression in cancer is favorable or unfavorable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun G Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lorenzo PI, Jimenez Moreno CM, Delgado I, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Meier R, Gomez-Izquierdo L, Berney T, Garcia-Carbonero R, Rojas A, Gauthier BR. Immunohistochemical assessment of Pax8 expression during pancreatic islet development and in human neuroendocrine tumors. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:595-607. [PMID: 21932072 PMCID: PMC3192949 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The paired box transcription factor Pax8 is critical for development of the eye, thyroid gland as well as the urinary and reproductive organs. In adult, Pax8 overexpression is associated with kidney, ovarian and thyroid tumors and has emerged as a specific marker for these cancers. Recently, Pax8 expression was also reported in human pancreatic islets and in neuroendocrine tumors, identifying Pax8 as a novel member of the Pax family expressed in the pancreas. Herein, we sought to provide a comprehensive analysis of Pax8 expression during pancreogenesis and in adult islets. Immunohistochemical analysis using the most employed Pax8 polyclonal antibody revealed strong nuclear staining in the developing mouse pancreas and in mature human and mouse islets. Astonishingly, Pax8 mRNA in mouse islets was undetectable while human islets exhibited low levels. These discrepancies raised the possibility of antibody cross-reactivity. This premise was confirmed by demonstrating that the polyclonal Pax8 antibody also recognized the islet-enriched Pax6 protein both by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Thus, in islets polyclonal Pax8 staining corresponds mainly to Pax6. In order to circumvent this caveat, a novel Pax8 monoclonal antibody was used to re-evaluate whether Pax8 was indeed expressed in islets. Surprisingly, Pax8 was not detected in neither the developing pancreas or in mature islets. Reappraisal of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors using this Pax8 monoclonal antibody exhibited no immunostaining as compared to the Pax8 polyclonal antibody. In conclusion, Pax8 is not expressed in the pancreas and cast doubts on the value of Pax8 as a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra I Lorenzo
- Pancreatic Islet Development and Regeneration Unit, Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu B, Zeng DQ, Wu Y, Zheng R, Gu L, Lin X, Hua X, Jin GH. Tumor suppressor menin represses paired box gene 2 expression via Wilms tumor suppressor protein-polycomb group complex. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13937-44. [PMID: 21378168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.197830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor menin, the product of the MEN1 gene, plays a key role in controlling histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and gene transcription, which can regulate proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. However, little is known as to whether menin controls gene expression and cell proliferation and survival via regulating Polycomb group (PcG) protein complex/H3K27me3. Here we show that menin specifically represses transcription factor Paired box gene 2 (Pax2) through PcG-mediated H3K27me3 and Wilms tumor suppressor protein (WT1), a zinc finger domain-containing DNA-binding protein. Menin does not directly bind to the Pax2 locus, instead, it up-regulates WT1 expression. WT1 recruits PcG complex to the Pax2 promoter and represses expression of Pax2 through PcG-dependent H3K27me3. Moreover, WT1 also interacts with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and recruits DNMT1 to the Pax2 promoter, resulting in hypermethylation of CpG in the Pax2 promoter. Together, these studies have uncovered a novel epigenetic mechanism whereby menin regulates H3K27me3 and promoter DNA methylation via WT1 and suggest that WT1 protein plays an important, yet previously unappreciated role in regulating the function of the menin/PcG axis, H3K27 methylation, and DNA methylation, resulting in repression of gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China 361005
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
PAX8 expression reliably distinguishes pancreatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors from ileal and pulmonary well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:412-24. [PMID: 20890270 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PAX (paired box) genes encode a family of transcription factors that regulate organogenesis in a variety of organs. Very little is known about the role of PAX8 in endocrine cell development and the expression of PAX8 in neuroendocrine tumors. The purpose of this study was to analyze PAX8 immunohistochemical expression in gastroenteropancreatic and pulmonary well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors to determine whether PAX8 can reliably distinguish pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors from neuroendocrine tumors of other anatomic sites and other pancreatic non-ductal neoplasms. In total, 221 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors were evaluated: 174 primary neuroendocrine tumors (66 pancreatic, 31 ileal, 21 pulmonary, 20 gastric, 17 rectal, 11 appendiceal, and 8 duodenal) and 47 neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liver (31 pancreatic, 11 ileal, 2 pulmonary, 2 duodenal, and 1 rectal). Fifteen solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms and six acinar cell carcinomas of the pancreas were also evaluated. PAX8 was positive in 49/66 (74%) primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. PAX8 expression did not correlate with World Health Organization categorization, grade, size, functional status, or the presence of liver or lymph node metastasis. PAX8 expression was identified in 0/31 (0%) ileal, 0/21 (0%) pulmonary, 2/20 (10%) gastric, 5/17 (29%) rectal, 1/11 (9%) appendiceal, and 6/8 (75%) duodenal neuroendocrine tumors. PAX8 was positive in 4/15 (27%) solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas, whereas all acinar cell carcinomas (0/6) lacked immunoreactivity. Among liver metastases, only pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (20/31, 65%) were PAX8 positive, whereas no cases of ileal (0/11), pulmonary (0/2), duodenal (0/2), and rectal (0/1) neuroendocrine tumor metastases were PAX8 positive. PAX8 is expressed in primary and metastatic pancreatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, and its expression can reliably distinguish pancreatic from ileal and pulmonary well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors and a subset of rectal, gastric, and appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors may also express PAX8. PAX8 expression can distinguish pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors from acinar cell carcinomas, but its utility in distinguishing neuroendocrine tumors from solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms is limited.
Collapse
|
19
|
Holland LZ, Short S. Alternative splicing in development and function of chordate endocrine systems: a focus on Pax genes. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:22-34. [PMID: 21558185 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing has facilitated an understanding of gene networks but has also shown that they are only a small part of the answer to the question of how genes translate into a functional organism. Much of the answer lies in epigenetics-heritable traits not directly encoded by the genome. One such phenomenon is alternative splicing, which affects over 75% of protein coding genes and greatly amplifies the number of proteins. Although it was postulated that alternative splicing and gene duplication are inversely proportional and, therefore, have similar effects on the size of the proteome, for ancient duplications such as occurred in the Pax family of transcription factors, that is not necessarily so. The importance of alternative splicing in development and physiology is only just coming to light. However, several techniques for studying isoform functions both in vitro and in vivo have been recently developed. As examples of what is known and what is yet to be discovered, this review focuses on the evolution and roles of the Pax family of transcription factors in development and on alternative splicing of endocrine genes and the factors that regulate them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Whole genome duplication events are thought to have substantially contributed to organismal complexity, largely via divergent transcriptional regulation. Members of the vertebrate PAX2, PAX5 and PAX8 gene subfamily derived from an ancient class of paired box genes and arose from such whole genome duplication events. These genes are critical in establishing the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, specifying interneuron populations and for eye, ear and kidney development. Also PAX2 has adopted a unique role in pancreas development, whilst PAX5 is essential for early B-cell differentiation. The contribution of PAX258 genes to their collective role has diverged across paralogues and the animal lineages, resulting in a complex wealth of literature. It is now timely to provide a comprehensive comparative overview of these genes and their ancient and divergent roles. We also discuss their fundamental place within gene regulatory networks and the likely influence of cis-regulatory elements over their differential roles during early animal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie K Goode
- Queen Mary, University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Basic molecular fingerprinting of immature cerebellar cortical inhibitory interneurons and their precursors. Neuroscience 2008; 159:69-82. [PMID: 19141316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While the development of cerebellar granule and Purkinje neurons has been extensively studied, little is known about the developmental mechanisms that lead to the generation and diversification of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the cerebellar cortex. To address this issue, we compared gene expression in complete, early postnatal murine cerebella to that in cerebella from which immature inhibitory interneurons and their precursors had been stripped based on their expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the Pax2 locus. We identified some 300 candidate genes selectively enriched within immature cerebellar cortical inhibitory interneurons and/or their precursors, many of which were also expressed in their adult descendants and/or the embryonic cerebellar ventricular epithelium that gives rise to these cells. None of the genes identified, among them Tcfap2alpha, Tcfap2beta, Lbxcor1 and Lbx1, was cell-type specific. Rather, gene expression, and also splicing, changed dynamically during development and rather reflects stage of differentiation than lineage. Consistently, cluster analysis of transcriptional regulators and genes specific for adult cerebellar GABAergic cells does not suggest a hierarchical lineage relationship or an early commitment of subtypes of cerebellar cortical inhibitory interneurons. Together, these data support the notion that diversification of cerebellar inhibitory interneurons is highly regulative and subject to local signaling to postmigratory precursors.
Collapse
|
22
|
Blake JA, Thomas M, Thompson JA, White R, Ziman M. Perplexing Pax: From puzzle to paradigm. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2791-803. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
|
23
|
The Evolution of Alternative Splicing in the Pax Family: The View from the Basal Chordate Amphioxus. J Mol Evol 2008; 66:605-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-008-9113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
24
|
Fletcher J, Hu M, Berman Y, Collins F, Grigg J, McIver M, Jüppner H, Alexander SI. Multicystic dysplastic kidney and variable phenotype in a family with a novel deletion mutation of PAX2. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:2754-61. [PMID: 16049068 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal coloboma syndrome (OMIM 120330) is caused by mutations in the PAX2 gene. Typical findings in these patients include renal hypoplasia, renal insufficiency, vesicoureteric reflux, and optic disc coloboma. A family with a novel heterozygous 10-bp deletion in exon 2 of the PAX2 gene leading to a truncating mutation and variable phenotype across three generations is reported. The first presentation of multicystic dysplastic kidney in this syndrome is reported. The possibility that abnormal PAX2 protein in this case may cause a dominant negative effect also is discussed. The finding of multicystic dysplastic kidney in renal coloboma syndrome could suggest that PAX2 may play a role in early ureteric obstruction and subsequent renal maldevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Fletcher
- Centre for Kidney Research, Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maziarz M, Chung C, Drucker DJ, Emili A. Integrating global proteomic and genomic expression profiles generated from islet alpha cells: opportunities and challenges to deriving reliable biological inferences. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:458-74. [PMID: 15741311 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r500011-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic profiling of expressed gene products represents a promising research strategy for elucidating the molecular phenotypes of islet cells. To this end, we have combined complementary genomic and proteomic methods to better assess the molecular composition of murine pancreatic islet glucagon-producing alphaTC-1 cells as a model system, with the expectation of bypassing limitations inherent to either technology alone. Gene expression was measured with an Affymetrix MG_U74Av2 oligonucleotide array, while protein expression was examined by performing high-resolution gel-free shotgun MS/MS on a nuclear-enriched cell extract. Both analyses were carried out in triplicate to control for experimental variability. Using a stringent detection p value cutoff of 0.04, 48% of all potential mRNA transcripts were predicted to be expressed (probes classified as present in at least two of three replicates), while 1,651 proteins were identified with high-confidence using rigorous database searching. Although 762 of 888 cross-referenced cognate mRNA-protein pairs were jointly detected by both platforms, a sizeable number (126) of gene products was detected exclusively by MS alone. Conversely, marginal protein identifications often had convincing microarray support. Based on these findings, we present an operational framework for both interpreting and integrating dual genomic and proteomic datasets so as to obtain a more reliable perspective into islet alpha cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Maziarz
- Banting and Best Diabtetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Montuenga LM, Guembe L, Burrell MA, Bodegas ME, Calvo A, Sola JJ, Sesma P, Villaro AC. The diffuse endocrine system: from embryogenesis to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 38:155-272. [PMID: 12756892 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(03)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we will summarise the current knowledge about the cells comprising the Diffuse Endocrine System (DES) in mammalian organs. We will describe the morphological, histochemical and functional traits of these cells in three major systems gastrointestinal, respiratory and prostatic. We will also focus on some aspects of their ontogeny and differentiation, as well as to their relevance in carcinogenesis, especially in neuroendocrine tumors. The first chapter describes the characteristics of DES cells and some of their specific biological and biochemical traits. The second chapter deals with DES in the gastrointestinal organs, with special reference to the new data on the differentiation mechanisms that leads to the appearance of endocrine cells from an undifferentiated stem cell. The third chapter is devoted to DES of the respiratory system and some aspects of its biological role, both, during development and adulthood. Neuroendocrine hyperplasia and neuroendocrine lung tumors are also addressed. Finally, the last chapter deals with the prostatic DES, discussing its probable functional role and its relevance in hormone-resistant prostatic carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Montuenga
- Department of Histology and Pathology, Schools of Science and Medicine, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Trinh DKY, Zhang K, Hossain M, Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ. Pax-6 activates endogenous proglucagon gene expression in the rodent gastrointestinal epithelium. Diabetes 2003; 52:425-33. [PMID: 12540617 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.2.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The proglucagon gene encodes pancreatic glucagon and the glucagon-like peptides, which exert diverse effects on nutrient absorption and assimilation. The therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has fostered interest in development of cellular engineering approaches to augment endogenous intestinal-derived GLP-1 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We have used adenovirus technology to examine the potential roles of the transcription factors Cdx-2/3 and Pax-6 as activators of endogenous proglucagon gene expression in enteroendocrine cell lines and in nontransformed rat intestinal cells. Adenoviral-expressed Cdx-2/3 and Pax-6 activated proglucagon promoter-luciferase activity in baby hamster kidney (BHK) fibroblasts, HEK 293 cells, and enteroendocrine cell lines. Pax-6, but not Cdx-2/3, induced expression of the endogenous proglucagon gene in enteroendocrine cell lines, but not in heterologous fibroblasts. Furthermore, transduction of primary rat intestinal cell cultures in vitro, or the rat colonic epithelium in vivo, with Ad-Pax-6 activated endogenous proglucagon gene expression. These data demonstrate that Pax-6, but not Cdx-2/3, is capable of activating the endogenous proglucagon gene in both immortalized enteroendocrine cells and the nontransformed intestinal epithelium in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denny K Y Trinh
- Department of Medicine, Banting and Best Diabetes Center, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ni Z, Anini Y, Fang X, Mills G, Brubaker PL, Jin T. Transcriptional activation of the proglucagon gene by lithium and beta-catenin in intestinal endocrine L cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:1380-7. [PMID: 12421827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proglucagon gene encodes several peptide hormones that regulate blood glucose homeostasis, growth of the small intestine, and satiety. Among them, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) lowers blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes and inhibits eating and drinking in fasted rats. Although proglucagon transcription and GLP-1 synthesis were shown to be activated by forskolin and other protein kinase A (PKA) activators, deleting or mutating the cAMP-response element (CRE) only moderately attenuates the proglucagon gene promoter in response to PKA activation. Therefore, PKA may activate proglucagon transcription via a mechanism independent of the CRE motif. Recently, PKA was shown to phosphorylate and inactivate GSK-3beta, a key mediator in the Wnt signaling pathway. We show here that lithium, an inhibitor of GSK-3beta, activates proglucagon gene transcription and stimulates GLP-1 synthesis in an intestinal endocrine L cell line, GLUTag. The activation was also observed in primary fetal rat intestinal cell (FRIC) cultures, but not in a pancreatic A cell line. Co-transfection of beta-catenin, a downstream effector of GSK-3beta activities, activated the proglucagon gene promoter without a CRE. Furthermore, forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP phosphorylated GSK-3beta at serine 9 in intestinal proglucagon-producing cells, and both lithium and forskolin induced the accumulation of free beta-catenin in these cell lines. These observations indicate that the proglucagon gene is among the targets of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyao Ni
- Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The specialized endocrine and exocrine cells of the pancreas originally derive from a pool of apparently identical cells in the early gut endoderm. Serial changes in their gene expression program, controlled by a hierarchy of pancreatic transcription factors, direct this progression from multipotent progenitor cell to mature pancreatic cell. When the cells differentiate, this hierarchy of factors coalesces into a network of factors that maintain the differentiated phenotype of the cells. As we develop an understanding of the pancreatic transcription factors, we are also acquiring the tools with which we can ultimately control pancreatic cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Wilson
- Department of Medicine, UCSF Diabetes Center, Hormone Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0534, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Flock G, Drucker DJ. Pax-2 activates the proglucagon gene promoter but is not essential for proglucagon gene expression or development of proglucagon-producing cell lineages in the murine pancreas or intestine. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16:2349-59. [PMID: 12351699 DOI: 10.1210/me.2002-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific proglucagon gene transcription is achieved through combinations of transcription factors expressed in pancreatic A cells and enteroendocrine L cells of the small and large intestine. Cell transfection and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments previously identified Pax-2 as a regulator of islet proglucagon gene expression. We examined whether Pax-2 regulates gut proglucagon gene expression using enteroendocrine cell lines and Pax2(1NEU) mutant mice. Immunoreactive Pax-2 was detected in STC-1 enteroendocrine cells, and Pax-2 activated proglucagon promoter activity in transfected baby hamster kidney and GLUTag cells. Pax-2 antisera diminished the formation of a Pax-2-G3 complex in electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies using nuclear extracts from islet and enteroendocrine cell lines. Surprisingly, Pax-2 mRNA transcripts were not detected by RT-PCR in RNA isolated from adult rat pancreas, rat islets, embryonic d 19 or adult murine pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, embryonic d 19 or neonatal d 1 Pax2(1NEU) mice exhibited normal islet A cells and gut endocrine L cells, and no decrement in pancreatic or intestinal glucagon gene expression. These findings demonstrate that Pax-2 is not essential for the developmental formation of islet A or gut L cells and does not play a role in the physiological control of proglucagon gene expression in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Flock
- The Department of Medicine, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hoffmeister A, Ropolo A, Vasseur S, Mallo GV, Bodeker H, Ritz-Laser B, Dressler GR, Vaccaro MI, Dagorn JC, Moreno S, Iovanna JL. The HMG-I/Y-related protein p8 binds to p300 and Pax2 trans-activation domain-interacting protein to regulate the trans-activation activity of the Pax2A and Pax2B transcription factors on the glucagon gene promoter. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:22314-9. [PMID: 11940591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201657200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
p8 is a nuclear DNA-binding protein, which was identified because its expression is strongly activated in response to several stresses. Biochemical and biophysical studies revealed that despite a weak sequence homology p8 is an HMG-I/Y-like protein, suggesting that p8 may be involved in transcription regulation. Results reported here strongly support this hypothesis. Using a pull-down approach, we found that p8 interacts with the general co-activator p300. We also found that, similar to the HMG proteins, p300 was able to acetylate recombinant p8 in vitro, although the significance of such modification remains to be determined. Then a screening by the two-hybrid system, using p8 as bait, allowed us to identify the Pax2 trans-activation domain-interacting protein (PTIP) as another partner of p8. Transient transfection studies revealed that PTIP is a strong inhibitor of the trans-activation activities of Pax2A and Pax2B on the glucagon gene promoter, which was chosen as a model because it is a target of the Pax2A and Pax2B transcription factors. This effect is completely abolished by co-transfection of p8 in glucagon-producing InRIG9 cells, indicating that p8 binding to PTIP prevents inhibition of the glucagon gene promoter. This was not observed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts that do not express glucagon. Finally, expression of p8 enhances the effect of p300 on Pax2A and Pax2B trans-activation of the glucagon gene promoter. These observations suggest that in glucagon-producing cells p8 is a positive cofactor of the activation of the glucagon gene promoter by Pax2A and Pax2B, both by recruiting the p300 cofactor to increase the Pax2A and Pax2B activities and by binding the Pax2-interacting protein PTIP to suppress its inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Hoffmeister
- Centre de Recherche INSERM, EMI 0116, 163 avenue de Luminy, Campus de Luminy, BP 172, 13276 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gauthier BR, Schwitzgebel VM, Zaiko M, Mamin A, Ritz-Laser B, Philippe J. Hepatic nuclear factor-3 (HNF-3 or Foxa2) regulates glucagon gene transcription by binding to the G1 and G2 promoter elements. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16:170-83. [PMID: 11773447 DOI: 10.1210/mend.16.1.0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon gene expression in the endocrine pancreas is controlled by three islet-specific elements (G3, G2, and G4) and the alpha-cell-specific element G1. Two proteins interacting with G1 have previously been identified as Pax6 and Cdx2/3. We identify here the third yet uncharacterized complex on G1 as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF-3)beta, a member of the HNF-3/forkhead transcription family, which plays an important role in the development of endoderm-related organs. HNF-3 has been previously demonstrated to interact with the G2 element and to be crucial for glucagon gene expression; we thus define a second binding site for this transcription on the glucagon gene promoter. We demonstrate that both HNF-3alpha and -beta produced in heterologous cells can interact with similar affinities to either the G1 or G2 element. Pax6, which binds to an overlapping site on G1, exhibited a greater affinity as compared with HNF-3alpha or -beta. We show that both HNF-3beta and -alpha can transactivate glucagon gene transcription through the G2 and G1 elements. However, HNF-3 via its transactivating domains specifically impaired Pax6-mediated transactivation of the glucagon promoter but had no effect on transactivation by Cdx2/3. We suggest that HNF-3 may play a dual role on glucagon gene transcription by 1) inhibiting the transactivation potential of Pax6 on the G1 and G3 elements and 2) direct activation through G1 and G2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit R Gauthier
- Unité de Diabétologie Clinique, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Planque N, Leconte L, Coquelle FM, Benkhelifa S, Martin P, Felder-Schmittbuhl MP, Saule S. Interaction of Maf transcription factors with Pax-6 results in synergistic activation of the glucagon promoter. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:35751-60. [PMID: 11457839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104523200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the endocrine pancreas, alpha-cell-specific expression of the glucagon gene is mediated by DNA-binding proteins that interact with the G1 proximal promoter element. Among these proteins, the paired domain transcription factor Pax-6 has been shown to bind to G1 and to transactivate glucagon gene expression. Close to the Pax-6-binding site, we observed the presence of a binding site for a basic leucine zipper transcription factor of the Maf family. In the present study, we demonstrate the presence of Maf family members in the endocrine pancreas that bind to G1 and transactivate glucagon promoter expression. In transient transfection experiments, we found that the transactivating effect on the glucagon promoter was greatly enhanced by the simultaneous expression of Maf transcription factors and Pax-6. This enhancement on glucagon transactivation could be correlated with the ability of these proteins to interact together but does not require binding of Maf proteins to the G1 element. Furthermore, we found that Maf enhanced the Pax-6 DNA binding capacity. Our data indicate that Maf transcription factors may contribute to glucagon gene expression in the pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Planque
- CNRS-UMR 146, Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, Bât 110, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|