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Abstract
Granules are essential for the ability of neutrophils to fulfill their role in innate immunity. Granule membranes contain proteins that react to environmental cues directing neutrophils to sites of infection and initiate generation of bactericidal oxygen species. Granules are densely packed with proteins that contribute to microbial killing when liberated to the phagosome or extracellularly. Granules are, however, highly heterogeneous and are traditionally subdivided into azurophil granules, specific granules, and gelatinase granules in addition to secretory vesicles. This review will address issues pertinent to formation of granules, which is a process intimately connected to maturation of neutrophils from their precursors in the bone marrow. We further discuss possible mechanisms by which decisions are made regarding sorting of proteins to constitutive secretion or storage in granules and how degranulation of granule subsets is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack B Cowland
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Decaneto E, Suladze S, Rosin C, Havenith M, Lubitz W, Winter R. Pressure and Temperature Effects on the Activity and Structure of the Catalytic Domain of Human MT1-MMP. Biophys J 2016; 109:2371-81. [PMID: 26636948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP or MMP-14) is a zinc-transmembrane metalloprotease involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix and tumor invasion. While changes in solvation of MT1-MMP have been recently studied, little is known about the structural and energetic changes associated with MT1-MMP while interacting with substrates. Steady-state kinetic and thermodynamic data (including activation energies and activation volumes) were measured over a wide range of temperatures and pressures by means of a stopped-flow fluorescence technique. Complementary temperature- and pressure-dependent Fourier-transform infrared measurements provided corresponding structural information of the protein. MT1-MMP is stable and active over a wide range of temperatures (10-55 °C). A small conformational change was detected at 37 °C, which is responsible for the change in activity observed at the same temperature. Pressure decreases the enzymatic activity until complete inactivation occurs at 2 kbar. The inactivation is associated with changes in the rate-limiting step of the reaction caused by additional hydration of the active site upon compression and/or minor conformational changes in the active site region. Based on these data, an energy and volume diagram could be established for the various steps of the enzymatic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Decaneto
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany; Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Saba Suladze
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Rosin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martina Havenith
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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3
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Schmitt CNZ, Politi Y, Reinecke A, Harrington MJ. Role of Sacrificial Protein–Metal Bond Exchange in Mussel Byssal Thread Self-Healing. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2852-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens N. Z. Schmitt
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Yael Politi
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Antje Reinecke
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Harrington
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
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4
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Honibald EN, Mathew S, Padmanaban J, Sundaram E, Ramamoorthy RD. Perioceutics: Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as an adjunctive therapy for inflammatory periodontal disease. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2012; 4:S417-21. [PMID: 23066302 PMCID: PMC3467883 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) form a group of more than 20 zinc-dependent enzymes that are crucial in the degradation of the main components in the extracellular matrix, and thereby play important roles in cell migration, wound healing, and tissue remodeling. MMPs have outgrown the field of extracellular matrix biology and have progressed toward being important regulatory molecules in inflammation, and hence are key components in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This rise in status has led to the development of MMP inhibitors which can act as switches or delicate tuners in acute and chronic inflammation and the regenerative phase after inflammation. The new challenge in MMP research is to better understand the complex role these enzymes play in periodontal disease and to design inhibitors that are successful in the clinic. Perioceutics or the use of the pharmacological agents specifically developed to manage periodontitis is an interesting and emerging aid in the management of periodontal diseases along with mechanical debridement. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to MMPs and their inhibitors, the pathologic effects of a disturbance in the functions of enzyme cascades in balance with natural inhibitors, and highlight on the adjunctive use of MMP inhibitors in periodontal therapy and some of the current challenges with an overview of what has been achieved till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nalini Honibald
- Department of Periodontics, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, KSR Kalvi Nagar, Thokkavadi (PO), Tiruchengode,Namakkal (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Koch S, Volkmar CM, Kolb-Bachofen V, Korth HG, Kirsch M, Horn AHC, Sticht H, Pallua N, Suschek CV. A new redox-dependent mechanism of MMP-1 activity control comprising reduced low-molecular-weight thiols and oxidizing radicals. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 87:261-72. [PMID: 19034402 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc-dependent proteinases, participate in remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix proteins. The activity of MMPs is thought to be predominately posttranslationally regulated via proteolytic activation of precursor zymogens or via their naturally occurring endogenous inhibitors. Here, using recombinant MMP-1, we investigated new redox-dependent mechanisms of proteinase activity regulation by low-molecular-weight thiols. We find that glutathione (GSH), cysteine, homocysteine, and N-acetylcysteine at physiological concentrations competitively reduce MMP-1 activity up to 75% with an efficiency of cysteine > or = GSH > homocysteine > N-acetylcysteine. In contrast, S-derivatized thiols completely lack this inhibitory activity. Interestingly, the competitive GSH-mediated inhibition of MMP-1-activity can be fully reversed abrogated by oxidizing radicals like (*)NO(2) or Trolox radicals, here generated by UVA irradiation of nitrite or Trolox, two relevant agents in human skin physiology. This redox-dependent reactivation of the inactive GSH-MMP-1-complex comprises GSH oxidation and is significantly inhibited in the presence of ascorbic acid, an effective (*)NO(2) and Trolox radical scavenger. We here offer a new concept of redox-sensitive control of MMP-1 activity based on the inhibitory effect of reduced thiols and reactivation by a mechanism comprising derivatization or oxidation of the MMP-1-bound inhibitory-acting thiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Koch
- Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu, Finland
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6
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Dimakis N, Farooqi MJ, Garza ES, Bunker G. Zinc cysteine active sites of metalloproteins: A density functional theory and x-ray absorption fine structure study. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:115104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2835601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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7
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Rosenblum G, Meroueh S, Toth M, Fisher JF, Fridman R, Mobashery S, Sagi I. Molecular structures and dynamics of the stepwise activation mechanism of a matrix metalloproteinase zymogen: challenging the cysteine switch dogma. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:13566-74. [PMID: 17929919 DOI: 10.1021/ja073941l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of matrix metalloproteinase zymogen (pro-MMP) is a vital homeostatic process, yet its molecular basis remains unresolved. Using stopped-flow X-ray spectroscopy of the active site zinc ion, we determined the temporal sequence of pro-MMP-9 activation catalyzed by tissue kallikrein protease in milliseconds to several minutes. The identity of three intermediates seen by X-ray spectroscopy was corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. The cysteine-zinc interaction that maintains enzyme latency is disrupted via active-site proton transfers that mediate transient metal-protein coordination events and eventual binding of water. Unexpectedly, these events ensue as a direct result of complexation of pro-MMP-9 and kallikrein and occur before proteolysis and eventual dissociation of the pro-peptide from the catalytic site. Here we demonstrate the synergism among long-range protein conformational transitions, local structural rearrangements, and fine atomic events in the process of zymogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rosenblum
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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8
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Hu J, Van den Steen PE, Sang QXA, Opdenakker G. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as therapy for inflammatory and vascular diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:480-98. [PMID: 17541420 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have outgrown the field of extracellular-matrix biology and have progressed towards being important regulatory molecules in cancer and inflammation. This rise in status was accompanied by the development of various classes of inhibitors. Although clinical trials with synthetic inhibitors for the treatment of cancer were disappointing, recent data indicate that the use of selective inhibitors might lead to new therapies for acute and chronic inflammatory and vascular diseases. In this Review, we compare the major classes of MMP inhibitors and advocate that future drug discovery should be based on crucial insights into the differential roles of specific MMPs in pathophysiology obtained with animal models, including knockout studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Hu
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Díaz N, Suarez D, Sordo TL. Quantum chemical study on the coordination environment of the catalytic zinc ion in matrix metalloproteinases. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:24222-30. [PMID: 17125395 DOI: 10.1021/jp0656882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
X-ray analyses of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have shown that the catalytic zinc ion (Zn1) can bind to one to three water molecules in addition to three conserved histidine residues. To estimate the relative stability of the possible Zn1 coordination structures in the active site of the MMPs, we carry out computational analyses on the coordination environment of the Zn1 ion in the gelatinase A enzyme (or matrix metalloproteinase 2; MMP-2). Four-, five-, and six-coordinated complexes representative of the Zn1 site are fully characterized by means of quantum mechanical (QM) methodologies. On one hand, B3LYP/LACVP* minimizations of various cluster models of the MMP-2 active site show that the trigonal bipyramidal geometry is energetically favored in the gas phase and that continuum solvent effects stabilize preferentially the tetrahedral complexes. On the other hand, B3LYP/OPLS-AA hybrid QM/molecular mechanical calculations in the solvated catalytic domain of the MMP-2 enzyme complemented with electrostatic Poisson-Boltzmann calculations show that the mature enzyme presents most likely a Zn1 ion coordinated by three histidine residues and two water molecules, while the active site glutamic acid is negatively charged. In consonance with X-ray diffraction data, other possible Zn1 configurations, a six-coordinated structure with Zn1-water as well as four- and five-coordinated complexes with a Zn1-bound hydroxide, are predicted to be very close in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díaz
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain.
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10
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Edwards JV, Howley PS. Human neutrophil elastase and collagenase sequestration with phosphorylated cotton wound dressings. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 83:446-54. [PMID: 17477392 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The design and preparation of wound dressings that redress the protease imbalance in chronic wounds is an important goal of wound healing and medical materials science. Chronic wounds contain high levels of tissue and cytokine-destroying proteases including matrix metalloprotease and neutrophil elastase. Thus, the lowering of excessive protease levels in the wound environment by wound dressing sequestration prevents the breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors necessary for wound healing. Phosphorylated cotton wound dressings were prepared to target sequestration of proteases from chronic wound exudate through a cationic uptake binding mechanism involving salt bridge formation of the positively charged amino acid side chains of proteases with the phosphate counterions of the wound dressing fiber. Dressings were prepared by applying sodium hexametaphosphate and diammonium phosphate in separate formulations to cotton gauze by pad/dry/cure methods. Phosphorylated cotton dressings were assessed for their ability to lower elastase and collagenase activity. The phosphorylated cotton dressings lowered elastase and collagenase activity 40-80% more effectively than the untreated cotton wound dressings under conditions that mimic chronic wound exudate. Efficacy of the phosphorylated cotton was found to be related to the level of phosphorylation and a lower pH due to protonated phosphate at the surface of the dressing. The capacity of the modified gauze to sequester continued elastase secretions similar to that found in a chronic wound over a 24-h period was retained within a 80% retention of elastase sequestration and was dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vincent Edwards
- Cotton Chemistry Utilization, Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, USA.
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11
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Martens E, Leyssen A, Van Aelst I, Fiten P, Piccard H, Hu J, Descamps FJ, Van den Steen PE, Proost P, Van Damme J, Liuzzi GM, Riccio P, Polverini E, Opdenakker G. A monoclonal antibody inhibits gelatinase B/MMP-9 by selective binding to part of the catalytic domain and not to the fibronectin or zinc binding domains. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1770:178-86. [PMID: 17137715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a multidomain enzyme functioning in acute and chronic inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. It belongs to a family of more than 20 related zinc proteinases. Therefore, the discovery and the definition of the action mechanism of selective MMP inhibitors form the basis for future therapeutics. The monoclonal antibody REGA-3G12 is a most selective inhibitor of human gelatinase B. REGA-3G12 was found to recognize the aminoterminal part and not the carboxyterminal O-glycosylated and hemopexin protein domains. A variant of gelatinase B, lacking the two carboxyterminal domains, was expressed in insect cells and fragmented with purified proteinases. The fragments were probed by one- and two-dimensional Western blot and immunoprecipitation experiments with REGA-3G12 to map the interactions between the antibody and the enzyme. The interaction unit was identified by Edman degradation analysis as the glycosylated segment from Trp(116) to Lys(214) of gelatinase B. The sequence of this segment was analysed by hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, accessibility and flexibility profiling. Four hydrophilic peptides were chemically synthesized and used in binding and competition assays. The peptide Gly(171)-Leu(187) in molar excess inhibited partially the binding of MMP-9 to REGA-3G12 and thus refines the structure of the conformational binding site. These results define part of the catalytic domain of gelatinase B/MMP-9, and not the zinc-binding or fibronectin domains, as target for the development of selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Martens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Pei P, Horan MP, Hille R, Hemann CF, Schwendeman SP, Mallery SR. Reduced nonprotein thiols inhibit activation and function of MMP-9: implications for chemoprevention. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1315-24. [PMID: 17015178 PMCID: PMC2405910 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies demonstrate a positive correlation between the extent of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation and malignant progression of precancerous lesions. Therefore, identification of effective, well-tolerated MMP inhibitors represents a rational chemopreventive strategy. A variety of agents, including proteinases and thiol-oxidizing compounds, activate MMPs by initiating release of the propeptide's cysteine sulfur "blockage" of the MMP active site. Despite the importance of the propeptide's cysteine thiol in preserving MMP latency, limited studies have evaluated the effects of reduced thiols on MMP function. This study investigated the effects of two naturally occurring nonprotein thiols, i.e., glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on activation, function, and cellular-extracellular matrix interactions of the basement-membrane-degrading gelatinase, MMP-9. Our results reveal that NAC and GSH employ protein S-thiolation to inhibit organomercurial activation of pro-MMP-9. Gelatinase activity assays showed that GSH and NAC significantly inhibited MMP-9 but not MMP-2 function, implying isoform structural specificity. Immunoblot analyses, which suggested GSH interacts with MMP-9's active-site Zn, were corroborated by computational molecular modeling. Cell invasion assays revealed that NAC enhanced endostatin's ability to inhibit human cancer cell invasion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that nonprotein thiols suppress MMP-9 activation and function and introduce the prospect for their use in chemopreventive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Pei
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Pathology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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13
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Opdenakker G, Dillen C, Fiten P, Martens E, Van Aelst I, Van den Steen PE, Nelissen I, Starckx S, Descamps FJ, Hu J, Piccard H, Van Damme J, Wormald MR, Rudd PM, Dwek RA. Remnant epitopes, autoimmunity and glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:610-5. [PMID: 16439062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of extracellular proteolysis in innate and adaptive immunity and the interplay between cytokines, chemokines and proteinases are gradually becoming recognized as critical factors in autoimmune processes. Many of the involved proteinases, including those of the plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase cascades, and also several cytokines and chemokines, are glycoproteins. The stability, interactions with inhibitors or receptors, and activities of these molecules are fine-controlled by glycosylation. We studied gelatinase B or matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as a glycosylated enzyme involved in autoimmunity. In the joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients, CXC chemokines, such as interleukin-8/CXCL8, recruit and activate neutrophils to secrete prestored neutrophil collagenase/MMP-8 and gelatinase B/MMP-9. Gelatinase B potentiates interleukin-8 at least tenfold and thus enhances neutrophil and lymphocyte influxes to the joints. When cartilage collagen type II is cleaved at a unique site by one of several collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8 or MMP-13), it becomes a substrate of gelatinase B. Human gelatinase B cleaves the resulting two large collagen fragments into at least 33 peptides of which two have been shown to be immunodominant, i.e., to elicit activation and proliferation of autoimmune T cells. One of these two remnant epitopes contains a glycan which is important for its immunoreactivity. In addition to the role of gelatinase B as a regulator in adaptive immune processes, we have also demonstrated that it destroys interferon-beta, a typical innate immunity effector molecule and therapeutic cytokine in multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, glycosylated interferon-beta, expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, was more resistant to this proteolysis than recombinant interferon-beta from bacteria. These data not only prove that glycosylation of proteins is mechanistically important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, but also show that targeting of glycosylated proteinases or the use of glycosylated cytokines seems also critical for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Simi L, Andreani M, Davini F, Janni A, Pazzagli M, Serio M, Orlando C. Simultaneous measurement of MMP9 and TIMP1 mRNA in human non small cell lung cancers by multiplex real time RT-PCR. Lung Cancer 2004; 45:171-9. [PMID: 15246188 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis is strictly maintained by a coordinated balance between the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their specific inhibitors (TIMPs). Our study was focused on the simultaneous measurement of the expression profile of MMP9 mRNA and its principal inhibitor, TIMP-1, in 100 non small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and in corresponding adjacent non malignant tissues. The measurement was performed with a multiplex quantitative RT-PCR assay based on TaqMan assay, using two probes labelled with different fluorocromes. We found that both MMP9 and TIMP-1 mRNAs were significantly higher in NSCLC (P < 0.0001) in comparison to corresponding controls as well as the MMP9/TIMP-1 ratio (P = 0.014). MMP9 and TIMP-1 mRNA expression was highly correlated in cancer samples (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001). The analysis in the two main histotypes revealed a significant increase of MMP9 mRNA in adenocarcinomas in comparison to normal tissues (P = 0.006) but not in squamous cell carcinomas, while TIMP-1 mRNA showed a significative increase both in adenocarcinomas and in squamous cell carcinoma samples (P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Both MMP9 and TIMP-1 mRNAs were significantly correlated to lymphnode invasion and cancer stage. Survival analysis revealed that high levels of expression of MMP9 mRNA, but not of TIMP-1, were significantly associated to an unfavourable outcome in NSCLC patients in toto (P = 0.017). In addition our results showed that high levels of MMP9 expression are of independent prognostic impact in operable NSCLC. Our data seem to demonstrate a simultaneous and coordinated up-regulation of MMP9 and TIMP-1 expression at the mRNA level in NSCLC, even if this phenomenon seems variable according to the histotype. In addition, the increase of MMP9/TIMP-1 ratio may reflect an unbalance of their production in affected tissues. The increased expression of the two mRNAs, even not necessarily equate their enzymatic activities, seems to parallel a major cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Simi
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Italy
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15
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Hu X, Shelver WH. Docking studies of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: zinc parameter optimization to improve the binding free energy prediction. J Mol Graph Model 2003; 22:115-26. [PMID: 12932782 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(03)00153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Docking of metalloproteinase inhibitors remains a challenge due to the zinc multiple coordination geometries and the lack of appropriate force field parameters to model the metal/ligand interactions. In this study, we explore the docking accuracy and scoring reliability for the docking of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors using AutoDock 3.0. Potential problems associated with zinc ion were investigated by docking 16 matrix metalloproteinase ligands to their crystal structures. A good coordination between the zinc binding group (ZBG) and the zinc was shown to be a prerequisite for the ligand to fit the binding site. A simplex optimization of zinc parameters, including zinc radius, well depth, and zinc charges, was performed utilizing the 14 MMP complexes with good docking. The use of optimized zinc parameters (zinc radius: 0.87 A; well depth: 0.35 kcal/mol; and zinc charges: +0.95 e) shows improvement in both docking accuracy at the zinc binding site and the prediction of binding free energies. Although further improvement in the docking procedure, particularly the scoring function is needed, optimization of zinc parameters provides an efficient way to improve the performance of AutoDock as a drug discovery tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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16
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Kleifeld O, Shi SP, Zarivach R, Eisenstein M, Sagi I. The conserved Glu-60 residue in Thermoanaerobacter brockii alcohol dehydrogenase is not essential for catalysis. Protein Sci 2003; 12:468-79. [PMID: 12592017 PMCID: PMC2312447 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0221603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glu-60 of the zinc-dependent Thermoanaerobacter brockii alcohol dehydrogenase (TbADH) is a strictly conserved residue in all members of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family. Unlike most other ADHs, the crystal structures of TbADH and its analogs, ADH from Clostridium beijerinckii (CbADH), exhibit a unique zinc coordination environment in which this conserved residue is directly coordinated to the catalytic zinc ion in the native form of the enzymes. To explore the role of Glu-60 in TbADH catalysis, we have replaced it by alanine (E60A-TbADH) and aspartate (E60D-TbADH). Steady-state kinetic measurements show that the catalytic efficiency of these mutants is only four- and eightfold, respectively, lower than that of wild-type TbADH. We applied X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) and near-UV circular dichroism to characterize the local environment around the catalytic zinc ion in the variant enzymes in their native, cofactor-bound, and inhibited forms. We show that the catalytic zinc site in the studied complexes of the variant enzymes exhibits minor changes relative to the analogous complexes of wild-type TbADH. These moderate changes in the kinetic parameters and in the zinc ion environment imply that the Glu-60 in TbADH does not remain bound to the catalytic zinc ion during catalysis. Furthermore, our results suggest that a water molecule replaces this residue during substrate turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Kleifeld
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Kaur K, Zhu K, Whittemore MS, Petersen RL, Lichte A, Tschesche H, Pourmotabbed T. Identification of the active site of gelatinase B as the structural element sufficient for converting a protein to a metalloprotease. Biochemistry 2002; 41:4789-97. [PMID: 11939773 DOI: 10.1021/bi015930p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinase B is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family that efficiently cleaves gelatin, elastin, and types V and X collagen. To understand the contribution of the active site of the enzyme (amino acid residues 373-456) in these activities, we studied catalytic properties of a fusion protein consisting of maltose binding protein and the active site region of gelatinase B. We found that addition of the active site of gelatinase B, which corresponds to 12% of the total protein molecule, to maltose binding protein is sufficient to endow the protein with the ability to cleave the peptide substrates Mca-PLGL(Dpa)AR-NH(2) and DNP-PLGLWA-(D)-R-NH(2). The fusion protein hydrolyzed the Mca-PLGL(Dpa)AR-NH(2) peptide with the same efficiency as that of the stromelysin, k(cat)/K(m) approximately 1.07 x 10(6) M(-)(1) h(-)(1). The fusion protein, however, was not able to degrade the large substrate, gelatin. Inhibition of the activity of the protein by EDTA suggested that its activity was metal dependent. ESR analyses indicated that the fusion protein bound one molecule of Zn(2+). In addition, Z-Pro-Leu-Gly-hydroxamate and TIMP-1 inhibited the activity of the protein, suggesting that the structure of the active site of the fusion protein is similar to that of the other metalloproteinases. These data provide fundamental information about the structural elements required for transforming a protein to a metalloprotease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljeet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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18
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Cheng F, Zhang R, Luo X, Shen J, Li X, Gu J, Zhu W, Shen J, Sagi I, Ji R, Chen K, Jiang H. Quantum Chemistry Study on the Interaction of the Exogenous Ligands and the Catalytic Zinc Ion in Matrix Metalloproteinases. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013336j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cheng
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ruihao Zhang
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jianhua Shen
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jiande Gu
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ruyun Ji
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China, and Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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19
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Van den Steen PE, Proost P, Grillet B, Brand DD, Kang AH, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G. Cleavage of denatured natural collagen type II by neutrophil gelatinase B reveals enzyme specificity, post-translational modifications in the substrate, and the formation of remnant epitopes in rheumatoid arthritis. FASEB J 2002; 16:379-89. [PMID: 11874987 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0688com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During acute inflammation, leukocytes release proteolytic enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), but the physiopathological mechanisms and consequences of this process are not yet fully understood. Neutrophils, the predominant leukocyte type, produce neutrophil collagenase (MMP-8) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) but not the tissue inhibitors of MMPs. After stimulation, these cells also activate MMPs chemically. In arthritic diseases, neutrophils undergo great chemoattraction to the synovium, are activated by interleukin-8, and are stimulated to release gelatinase B in vivo. Production levels and net activities of gelatinase B were found to be absent in degenerative osteoarthritis but significantly increased in rheumatoid arthritis. The cleavage sites in cartilage type II collagen by gelatinase B were determined by a combination of reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, Edman degradation, and mass spectrometry analysis. The analysis revealed the site specificity of proline and lysine hydroxylations and O-linked glycosylation, the cleavage specificities by gelatinase B, and the preferential absence and presence of post-translational modifications at P2' and P5', respectively. Furthermore, gelatinase B leaves the immunodominant peptides intact, which are known from studies with (autoreactive) T cells. Lysine hydroxylation was detected at a critical position for T-cell activation. These data lend support to the thesis that extracellular proteolysis and other post-translational modifications of antigenic peptides may be critical in the establishment and perpetuation of autoimmune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe E Van den Steen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G, Wormald MR, Dwek RA, Rudd PM. Matrix remodelling enzymes, the protease cascade and glycosylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1528:61-73. [PMID: 11687291 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation influences the specific activities of serine proteases including tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasmin which act together in a ternary complex with fibrin. Serine proteases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including gelatinase B, participate in a protease cascade to remodel the extracellular matrix. In addition to the recognition and targeting functions of carbohydrates and the fact that they confer protease resistance on glycoproteins, oligosaccharides may extend particular protein domains of matrix remodelling enzymes and fine-control their activities within the context of the extracellular matrix. For example, the sialic acids of gelatinase B influence the catalytic activity of this enzyme in a complex with the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Lang R, Kocourek A, Braun M, Tschesche H, Huber R, Bode W, Maskos K. Substrate specificity determinants of human macrophage elastase (MMP-12) based on the 1.1 A crystal structure. J Mol Biol 2001; 312:731-42. [PMID: 11575928 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage elastase enzyme (MMP-12) expressed mainly in alveolar macrophages has been identified in the mouse lung as the main destructive agent associated with cigarette smoking, which gives rise to emphysema, both directly via elastin degradation and indirectly by disturbing the proteinase/antiproteinase balance via inactivation of the alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI), the antagonist of the leukocyte elastase. The catalytic domain of human recombinant MMP-12 has been crystallized in complex with the broad-specificity inhibitor batimastat (BB-94). The crystal structure analysis of this complex, determined using X-ray data to 1.1 A and refined to an R-value of 0.165, reveals an overall fold similar to that of other MMPs. However, the S-shaped double loop connecting strands III and IV is fixed closer to the beta-sheet and projects its His172 side-chain further into the rather hydrophobic active-site cleft, defining the S3 and the S1-pockets and separating them from each other to a larger extent than is observed in other MMPs. The S2-site is planar, while the characteristic S1'-subsite is a continuous tube rather than a pocket, in which the MMP-12-specific Thr215 replaces a Val residue otherwise highly conserved in almost all other MMPs. This alteration might allow MMP-12 to accept P1' Arg residues, making it unique among MMPs. The active-site cleft of MMP-12 is well equipped to bind and efficiently cleave the AlaMetPhe-LeuGluAla sequence in the reactive-site loop of alpha1-PI, as occurs experimentally. Similarities in contouring and particularly a common surface hydrophobicity both inside and distant from the active-site cleft explain why MMP-12 shares many substrates with matrilysin (MMP-7). The MMP-12 structure is an excellent template for the structure-based design of specific inhibitors for emphysema therapy and for the construction of mutants to clarify the role of this MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturforschung, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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22
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Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE, Dubois B, Nelissen I, Van Coillie E, Masure S, Proost P, Van Damme J. Gelatinase B functions as regulator and effector in leukocyte biology. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.6.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bénédicte Dubois
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Masure
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Kleifeld O, Kotra LP, Gervasi DC, Brown S, Bernardo MM, Fridman R, Mobashery S, Sagi I. X-ray absorption studies of human matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) bound to a highly selective mechanism-based inhibitor. comparison with the latent and active forms of the enzyme. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:17125-31. [PMID: 11278946 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011604200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors express high levels of zinc-dependent endopeptidases called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are thought to facilitate tumor metastasis and angiogenesis by hydrolyzing components of the extracellular matrix. Of these enzymes, gelatinases A (MMP-2) and B (MMP-9), have especially been implicated in malignant processes, and thus, they have been a target for drugs designed to block their activity. Therefore, understanding their molecular structure is key for a rational approach to inhibitor design. Here, we have conducted x-ray absorption spectroscopy of the full-length human MMP-2 in its latent, active, and inhibited states and report the structural changes at the zinc ion site upon enzyme activation and inhibition. We have also examined the molecular structure of MMP-2 in complex with SB-3CT, a recently reported novel mechanism-based synthetic inhibitor that was designed to be highly selective in gelatinases. It is shown that SB-3CT directly binds the catalytic zinc ion of MMP-2. Interestingly, the novel mode of binding of the inhibitor to the catalytic zinc reconstructs the conformational environment around the active site metal ion back to that of the proenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kleifeld
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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