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Guo Q, Jin Y, Chen X, Ye X, Shen X, Lin M, Zeng C, Zhou T, Zhang J. NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:53. [PMID: 38433280 PMCID: PMC10910037 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with extensive and in-depth investigations, researchers have discovered that its role can be expanded to a variety of signaling mechanisms, biological processes, human diseases, and treatment options. In this review, we first scrutinize the research process of NF-κB signaling, and summarize the composition, activation, and regulatory mechanism of NF-κB signaling. We investigate the interaction of NF-κB signaling with other important pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TLR signaling. The physiological and pathological states of NF-κB signaling, as well as its intricate involvement in inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment, are also explicated. Additionally, we illustrate how NF-κB signaling is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases, and COVID-19. Further, we discuss the therapeutic approaches targeting NF-κB signaling, including IKK inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, nuclear translocation inhibitors, DNA binding inhibitors, TKIs, non-coding RNAs, immunotherapy, and CAR-T. Finally, we provide an outlook for research in the field of NF-κB signaling. We hope to present a stereoscopic, comprehensive NF-κB signaling that will inform future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizi Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Ye
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxi Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Han X, Li Q, Zhang S, Sun L, Liu W, Wang J. Inhibition of NEMO alleviates arthritis by blocking the M1 macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109983. [PMID: 37012872 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and macrophages are critically involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent studies have identified NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a regulatory subunit of the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK), as a potential target to inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway. Here, we investigated the interactions between NEMO and M1 macrophage polarization in RA. NEMO inhibition led to the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines secreted from M1 macrophages in collagen-induced arthritis mice. From lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264, knocking down NEMO blocked M1 macrophage polarization accompanied by lesser M1 proinflammatory subtype. Our findings link the novel regulatory component of NF-κB signaling and human arthritis pathologies which will pave the way towards the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development of innovative preventive strategies.
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3
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Ciuffa R, Uliana F, Mannion J, Mehnert M, Tenev T, Marulli C, Satanowski A, Keller LML, Rodilla Ramírez PN, Ori A, Gstaiger M, Meier P, Aebersold R. Novel biochemical, structural, and systems insights into inflammatory signaling revealed by contextual interaction proteomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117175119. [PMID: 36179048 PMCID: PMC9546619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117175119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) represent the main mode of the proteome organization in the cell. In the last decade, several large-scale representations of PPI networks have captured generic aspects of the functional organization of network components but mostly lack the context of cellular states. However, the generation of context-dependent PPI networks is essential for structural and systems-level modeling of biological processes-a goal that remains an unsolved challenge. Here we describe an experimental/computational strategy to achieve a modeling of PPIs that considers contextual information. This strategy defines the composition, stoichiometry, temporal organization, and cellular requirements for the formation of target assemblies. We used this approach to generate an integrated model of the formation principles and architecture of a large signalosome, the TNF-receptor signaling complex (TNF-RSC). Overall, we show that the integration of systems- and structure-level information provides a generic, largely unexplored link between the modular proteome and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Ciuffa
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Uliana
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Mannion
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, SW3 6JB London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mehnert
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tencho Tenev
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, SW3 6JB London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Marulli
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ari Satanowski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, SW3 6JB London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Kowalczyk GJ, Cruz JA, Guo Y, Zhang Q, Sauerwald N, Lee REC. dNEMO: a tool for quantification of mRNA and punctate structures in time-lapse images of single cells. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:677-683. [PMID: 33051642 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Many biological processes are regulated by single molecules and molecular assemblies within cells that are visible by microscopy as punctate features, often diffraction limited. Here, we present detecting-NEMO (dNEMO), a computational tool optimized for accurate and rapid measurement of fluorescent puncta in fixed-cell and time-lapse images. RESULTS The spot detection algorithm uses the à trous wavelet transform, a computationally inexpensive method that is robust to imaging noise. By combining automated with manual spot curation in the user interface, fluorescent puncta can be carefully selected and measured against their local background to extract high-quality single-cell data. Integrated into the workflow are segmentation and spot-inspection tools that enable almost real-time interaction with images without time consuming pre-processing steps. Although the software is agnostic to the type of puncta imaged, we demonstrate dNEMO using smFISH to measure transcript numbers in single cells in addition to the transient formation of IKK/NEMO puncta from time-lapse images of cells exposed to inflammatory stimuli. We conclude that dNEMO is an ideal user interface for rapid and accurate measurement of fluorescent molecular assemblies in biological imaging data. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The data and software are freely available online at https://github.com/recleelab. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Kowalczyk
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J Agustin Cruz
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Natalie Sauerwald
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robin E C Lee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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5
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Chen CM, Hwang J, Chou HC, Chen C. Anti-Tn Monoclonal Antibody Attenuates Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neonatal Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:568502. [PMID: 33013407 PMCID: PMC7506044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.568502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immunization with Tn vaccine increases serum anti-Tn antibody titers and attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. This study determined whether anti-Tn monoclonal antibody can protect against hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal mice. Newborn BALB/c mice were exposed to room air (RA) or normobaric hyperoxia (85% O2) for 1 week, creating four study groups as follows: RA + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), RA + anti-Tn monoclonal antibody, O2 + PBS, and O2 + anti-Tn monoclonal antibody. The anti-Tn monoclonal antibody at 25 μg/g body weight in 50 μl PBS was intraperitoneally injected on postnatal days 2, 4, and 6. Hyperoxia reduced body weight and survival rate, increased mean linear intercept (MLI) and lung tumor necrosis factor-α, and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and vascular density on postnatal day 7. Anti-Tn monoclonal antibody increased neonatal serum anti-Tn antibody titers, reduced MLI and cytokine, and increased VEGF expression and vascular density to normoxic levels. The attenuation of lung injury was accompanied by a reduction in lung oxidative stress and nuclear factor-κB activity. Anti-Tn monoclonal antibody improves alveolarization and angiogenesis in hyperoxia-injured newborn mice lungs through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaulang Hwang
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chu Chou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chinde Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Taivital Biopharmaceutical Co. LTD, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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6
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Schnappauf O, Aksentijevich I. Mendelian diseases of dysregulated canonical NF-κB signaling: From immunodeficiency to inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:573-589. [PMID: 32678922 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0520-166r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a master transcription factor that activates the expression of target genes in response to various stimulatory signals. Activated NF-κB mediates a plethora of diverse functions including innate and adaptive immune responses, inflammation, cell proliferation, and NF-κB is regulated through interactions with IκB inhibitory proteins, which are in turn regulated by the inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) complex. Together, these 3 components form the core of the NF-κB signalosomes that have cell-specific functions which are dependent on the interactions with other signaling molecules and pathways. The activity of NF-κB pathway is also regulated by a variety of post-translational modifications including phosphorylation and ubiquitination by Lys63, Met1, and Lys48 ubiquitin chains. The physiologic role of NF-κB is best studied in the immune system due to discovery of many human diseases caused by pathogenic variants in various proteins that constitute the NF-κB pathway. These disease-causing variants can act either as gain-of-function (GoF) or loss-of-function (LoF) and depending on the function of mutated protein, can cause either immunodeficiency or systemic inflammation. Typically, pathogenic missense variants act as GoF and they lead to increased activity in the pathway. LoF variants can be inherited as recessive or dominant alleles and can cause either a decrease or an increase in pathway activity. Dominantly inherited LoF variants often result in haploinsufficiency of inhibitory proteins. Here, we review human Mendelian immunologic diseases, which results from mutations in different molecules in the canonical NF-κB pathway and surprisingly present with a continuum of clinical features including immunodeficiency, atopy, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Schnappauf
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Vigneswara V, Ahmed Z. The Role of Caspase-2 in Regulating Cell Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051259. [PMID: 32438737 PMCID: PMC7290664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the mammalian caspase family and has been implicated in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling pathways, including tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. A myriad of signaling molecules is associated with the tight regulation of caspase-2 to mediate multiple cellular processes far beyond apoptotic cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature pertaining to possible sophisticated molecular mechanisms underlying the multifaceted process of caspase-2 activation and to highlight its interplay between factors that promote or suppress apoptosis in a complicated regulatory network that determines the fate of a cell from its birth and throughout its life.
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8
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Zhang J, Yan J. Protective Effect of Ginkgolic Acid in Attenuating LDL Induced Inflammation Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells via Altering the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1241. [PMID: 31780924 PMCID: PMC6856219 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is considered as the significant maker of inflammatory reaction. ox-LDL was reported to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). In the current study, we scrutinize the suppressive effect of ginkgolic acid against ox-LDL induced an oxidative and inflammatory response in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (nPBMCs) and explore the mechanism of action. HMEC-1 cells are treated with ox-LDL in the presence of different concentration of ginkgolic acid. MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed for the estimation of cell viability effect. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, and NF-κB activity are also estimated. For the hPBMCs assay, the cells were isolated from the healthy volunteers and cultured. The cells were further divided into different group and received the ginkgolic acid. Additionally, ROS, inflammatory marker such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), lipoxygenase (LOX), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase (COX) protein expression, and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) were estimated in the ox-LDL treated group. The result exhibited that ginkgolic acid treatment induced the cell viability boosting in ox-LDL treatment and intracellular ROS significantly decreased by ginkgolic acid. Pro-inflammatory cytokines also downregulated via ginkgolic acid. Moreover, ginkgolic acid reduced the ox-LDL-induced NF-κB. The mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and VCAM-1 considerably increased in the ox-LDL treated group and ginkgolic acid significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression. An inflammatory marker such as PGE2, LOX, and NO were increased in the ox-LDL treated group and ginkgolic acid treated group exhibited the reduction of an inflammatory marker. Based on the result, we can conclude that ginkgolic acid significantly reduced and reversed the ox-LDL-induced modulation, suggesting its anti-inflammatory effect via the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jifeng Yan
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Central China Fuwai Hospital of ZhengZhou University, ZhengZhou, China
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Su Z, Huang P, Ye X, Huang S, Li W, Yan Y, Xu K, Wang J, Chen R. Ropivacaine via nuclear factor kappa B signalling modulates CD62E expression and diminishes tumour cell arrest. J Anesth 2019; 33:685-693. [PMID: 31642986 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-019-02699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The issue whether anaesthesia has an impact on the prognosis of carcinoma has been widely discussed and remains debated. Ropivacaine has been widely used in perioperative period as a long acting local anesthetic. An early event during recurrence or metastasis of carcinoma is the adhesion of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) to endothelial cells (ECs) through binding adhesion molecules that are up-regulated on inflamed endothelium during the perioperative period or other periods. This study was to explore the impact of ropivacaine on the adhesion of tumour cells, providing evidences of its influence on the prognosis of carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pre-treated with ropivacaine (10-7-10-5 M; 30 min) prior to treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) (10 ng ml-1; 1, 4 and 8 h). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), endothelial-selectin (CD62E) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) mRNA levels were detected via quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To clarify the underlying action mechanism, p65, p-p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, IKKα/β and p-IKKα/β protein levels were evaluated via western blotting. Cell viability and tumour cell adhesion assays were also assessed. RESULTS The clinically usage concentration of ropivacaine (10-6 M) produced a significant decrease in CD62E expression compared with that produced by TNFα only (p < 0.001). Moreover, adhesion assays showed that ropivacaine effectively inhibited the adhesion of hepatoma cells (p < 0.01), human colon cancer cells (p < 0.01) and human leukemic monocyte (p < 0.01). Western blot results showed that pre-treatment with ropivacaine inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 (p < 0.05), IκBα (p < 0.001) and IKKα/β (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Ropivacaine decreased the adhesion of tumour cells. Ropivacaine modulated CD62E expression by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB. These results might provide new insight into the issue whether anaesthesia has an impact on the prognosis of carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zegeng Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 West Yan Jiang Road, 510120, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Jieyang People's Hospital, Jieyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinbo Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijiu Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 West Yan Jiang Road, 510120, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaibin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 West Yan Jiang Road, 510120, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcong Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 West Yan Jiang Road, 510120, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Begalli F, Bennett J, Capece D, Verzella D, D'Andrea D, Tornatore L, Franzoso G. Unlocking the NF-κB Conundrum: Embracing Complexity to Achieve Specificity. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E50. [PMID: 28829404 PMCID: PMC5618308 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family are central coordinating regulators of the host defence responses to stress, injury and infection. Aberrant NF-κB activation also contributes to the pathogenesis of some of the most common current threats to global human health, including chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, diabetes, vascular diseases and the majority of cancers. Accordingly, the NF-κB pathway is widely considered an attractive therapeutic target in a broad range of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Yet, despite the aggressive efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to develop a specific NF-κB inhibitor, none has been clinically approved, due to the dose-limiting toxicities associated with the global suppression of NF-κB. In this review, we summarise the main strategies historically adopted to therapeutically target the NF-κB pathway with an emphasis on oncology, and some of the emerging strategies and newer agents being developed to pharmacologically inhibit this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Begalli
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Jason Bennett
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Daria Capece
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Daniela Verzella
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Daniel D'Andrea
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Laura Tornatore
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Guido Franzoso
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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11
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Wu H, Niu H, Shao A, Wu C, Dixon BJ, Zhang J, Yang S, Wang Y. Astaxanthin as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Diseases. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5750-66. [PMID: 26378548 PMCID: PMC4584352 DOI: 10.3390/md13095750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases, which consist of acute injuries and chronic neurodegeneration, are the leading causes of human death and disability. However, the pathophysiology of these diseases have not been fully elucidated, and effective treatments are still lacking. Astaxanthin, a member of the xanthophyll group, is a red-orange carotenoid with unique cell membrane actions and diverse biological activities. More importantly, there is evidence demonstrating that astaxanthin confers neuroprotective effects in experimental models of acute injuries, chronic neurodegenerative disorders, and neurological diseases. The beneficial effects of astaxanthin are linked to its oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic characteristics. In this review, we will focus on the neuroprotective properties of astaxanthin and explore the underlying mechanisms in the setting of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Huanjiang Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Brandon J Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA..
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Shuxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Yirong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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12
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Fang L, Choudhary S, Zhao Y, Edeh CB, Yang C, Boldogh I, Brasier AR. ATM regulates NF-κB-dependent immediate-early genes via RelA Ser 276 phosphorylation coupled to CDK9 promoter recruitment. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8416-32. [PMID: 24957606 PMCID: PMC4117761 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-like kinase family, is a master regulator of the double strand DNA break-repair pathway after genotoxic stress. Here, we found ATM serves as an essential regulator of TNF-induced NF-kB pathway. We observed that TNF exposure of cells rapidly induced DNA double strand breaks and activates ATM. TNF-induced ROS promote nuclear IKKγ association with ubiquitin and its complex formation with ATM for nuclear export. Activated cytoplasmic ATM is involved in the selective recruitment of the E3-ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP to phospho-IκBα proteosomal degradation. Importantly, ATM binds and activates the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKAc), ribosmal S6 kinase that controls RelA Ser 276 phosphorylation. In ATM knockdown cells, TNF-induced RelA Ser 276 phosphorylation is significantly decreased. We further observed decreased binding and recruitment of the transcriptional elongation complex containing cyclin dependent kinase-9 (CDK9; a kinase necessary for triggering transcriptional elongation) to promoters of NF-κB-dependent immediate-early cytokine genes, in ATM knockdown cells. We conclude that ATM is a nuclear damage-response signal modulator of TNF-induced NF-κB activation that plays a key scaffolding role in IκBα degradation and RelA Ser 276 phosphorylation. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation of decreased innate immune response associated with A-T mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sanjeev Choudhary
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Chukwudi B Edeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Chunying Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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13
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Abstract
The NF-κB family of inducible transcription factors is activated in response to a variety of stimuli. Amongst the best-characterized inducers of NF-κB are members of the TNF family of cytokines. Research on NF-κB and TNF have been tightly intertwined for more than 25 years. Perhaps the most compelling examples of the interconnectedness of NF-κB and the TNF have come from analysis of knock-out mice that are unable to activate NF-κB. Such mice die embryonically, however, deletion of TNF or TNFR1 can rescue the lethality thereby illustrating the important role of NF-κB as the key regulator of transcriptional responses to TNF. The physiological connections between NF-κB and TNF cytokines are numerous and best explored in articles focusing on a single TNF family member. Instead, in this review, we explore general mechanisms of TNF cytokine signaling, with a focus on the upstream signaling events leading to activation of the so-called canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways by TNFR1 and CD40, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Hayden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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14
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Murine cytomegalovirus virion-associated protein M45 mediates rapid NF-κB activation after infection. J Virol 2014; 88:9963-75. [PMID: 24942588 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00684-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) rapidly induces activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) upon infection of host cells. After a transient phase of activation, the MCMV M45 protein blocks all canonical NF-κB-activating pathways by inducing the degradation of the gamma subunit of the inhibitor of κB kinase complex (IKKγ; commonly referred to as the NF-κB essential modulator [NEMO]). Here we show that the viral M45 protein also mediates rapid NF-κB activation immediately after infection. MCMV mutants lacking M45 or expressing C-terminally truncated M45 proteins induced neither NF-κB activation nor transcription of NF-κB-dependent genes within the first 3 h of infection. Rapid NF-κB activation was absent in MCMV-infected NEMO-deficient fibroblasts, indicating that activation occurs at or upstream of the IKK complex. NF-κB activation was strongly reduced in murine fibroblasts lacking receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), a known M45-interacting protein, but was restored upon complementation with murine RIP1. However, the ability of M45 to interact with RIP1 and NEMO was not sufficient to induce NF-κB activation upon infection. In addition, incorporation of the M45 protein into virions was required. This was dependent on a C-terminal region of M45, which is not required for interaction with RIP1 and NEMO. We propose a model in which M45 delivered by viral particles activates NF-κB, presumably involving an interaction with RIP1 and NEMO. Later in infection, expression of M45 induces the degradation of NEMO and the shutdown of canonical NF-κB activation. IMPORTANCE Transcription factor NF-κB is an important regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Its activation can be beneficial or detrimental for viral pathogens. Therefore, many viruses interfere with NF-κB signaling by stimulating or inhibiting the activation of this transcription factor. Cytomegaloviruses, opportunistic pathogens that cause lifelong infections in their hosts, activate NF-κB rapidly and transiently upon infection but block NF-κB signaling soon thereafter. Here we report the surprising finding that the murine cytomegalovirus protein M45, a component of viral particles, plays a dual role in NF-κB signaling. It not only blocks NF-κB signaling later in infection but also triggers the rapid activation of NF-κB immediately following virus entry into host cells. Both activation and inhibition involve M45 interaction with the cellular signaling mediators RIP1 and NEMO. Similar dual functions in NF-κB signaling are likely to be found in other viral proteins.
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15
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Brasier AR, Zhao Y. Measurement of the innate immune response in the airway. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 795:233-54. [PMID: 24162913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8603-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is an idiopathic disease associated with episodic inflammation and reversible airway obstruction that is triggered by environmental agents. Allergic and infectious agents trigger asthmatic exacerbations through the innate immune response (IIR). The IIR is activated by sentinel cells in the airways to elaborate inflammatory cytokines and protective mucosal interferons whose actions are designed to limit the spread of the organism, as well as to activate the adaptive immune response. We address the structure of the IIR pathway in sentinel cells of the airway and describe observations on its dysregulation. The IIR is triggered in a cell-type specific manner by germline-encoded pathogen recognition receptors (PPRs) including plasma membrane Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cytoplasmic Retinoic Acid-inducible Gene (RIG)-I-like RNA helicases, and protein kinase R (PKR). Although their mechanisms of intracellular signaling differ, both pathways converge on a small group of transcriptional effectors, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), IFN regulatory factor (IRF), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). We describe several distinct techniques to quantitate the IIR including assays based on quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR) of NF-κB and IRF3-regulated genes, multiplex bead-based analysis of secreted proteins/cytokines and more recent developments in targeted, quantitative selected reaction monitoring (SRM)-mass spectrometry (MS). Application of these methods for quantitation of the IIR will further our understanding of the role of the IIR in asthma and its contribution to disease heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- University of Texas Medical Branch, 8.128 Medical Research Building, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA,
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16
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Cote SM, Gilmore TD, Shaffer R, Weber U, Bollam R, Golden MS, Glover K, Herscovitch M, Ennis T, Allen KN, Whitty A. Mutation of nonessential cysteines shows that the NF-κB essential modulator forms a constitutive noncovalent dimer that binds IκB kinase-β with high affinity. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9141-54. [PMID: 24266532 DOI: 10.1021/bi401368r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) associates with catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ to form the IκB kinase (IKK) complex and is a key regulator of NF-κB pathway signaling. Biochemical and structural characterization of NEMO has been challenging, however, leading to conflicting data about basic biochemical properties such as the oligomeric state of active NEMO and its binding affinity for IKKβ. We show that up to seven of NEMO's 11 cysteine residues can be mutated to generate recombinant full-length NEMO that is highly soluble and active. Using a fluorescence anisotropy binding assay, we show that full-length NEMO binds a 44-mer peptide encompassing residues 701-745 of IKKβ with a K(D) of 2.2 ± 0.8 nM. The IKKβ binding affinities of mutants with five and seven Cys-to-Ala substitutions are indistinguishable from that of wild-type NEMO. Moreover, when expressed in NEMO -/- fibroblasts, the five-Ala and seven-Ala NEMO mutants can interact with cellular IKKβ and restore NF-κB signaling to provide protection against tumor necrosis factor α-induced cell death. Treatment of the NEMO-reconstituted cells with H₂O₂ led to the formation of covalent dimers for wild-type NEMO and the five-Ala mutant, but not for the seven-Ala mutant, confirming that Cys54 and/or Cys347 can mediate interchain disulfide bonding. However, the IKKβ binding affinity of NEMO is unaffected by the presence or absence of interchain disulfide bonding at Cys54, which lies within the IKKβ binding domain of NEMO, or at Cys347, indicating that NEMO exists as a noncovalent dimer independent of the redox state of its cysteines. This conclusion was corroborated by the observation that the secondary structure content of NEMO and its thermal stability were independent of the presence or absence of interchain disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Cote
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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17
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Mughal W, Dhingra R, Kirshenbaum LA. Striking a balance: autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis in a normal and failing heart. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 14:540-7. [PMID: 23001875 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the progress that has been made over the past two decades in cardiovascular research, heart failure remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the heart failure in individuals with ischemic heart disease have identified defects in cellular processes that govern autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis as a prevailing underlying cause. Indeed, programmed cell death of cardiac cells by apoptosis or necrosis is believed to involve the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and/or extrinsic death receptor pathway by certain Bcl-2 family members as well as components of the TNFα signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the molecular signaling factors that govern cardiac cell fate under normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajihah Mughal
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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18
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Omnus DJ, Ljungdahl PO. Rts1-protein phosphatase 2A antagonizes Ptr3-mediated activation of the signaling protease Ssy5 by casein kinase I. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1480-92. [PMID: 23447701 PMCID: PMC3639058 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-01-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 sensor of external amino acids couples Ssy1 receptor–initiated signals to casein kinase–dependent activation of the protease Ssy5. Here Ssy5 activity is shown to be tuned by interactions with Rts1-protein phosphatase 2A and the specific adapter protein Ptr3, which activates Ssy5 by mediating its proximity to casein kinase. Ligand-induced conformational changes of plasma membrane receptors initiate signals that enable cells to respond to discrete extracellular cues. In response to extracellular amino acids, the yeast Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 sensor triggers the endoproteolytic processing of transcription factors Stp1 and Stp2 to induce amino acid uptake. Activation of the processing protease Ssy5 depends on the signal-induced phosphorylation of its prodomain by casein kinase I (Yck1/2). Phosphorylation is required for subsequent Skp1/Cullin/Grr1 E3 ubiquitin ligase–dependent polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of the inhibitory prodomain. Here we show that Rts1, a regulatory subunit of the general protein phosphatase 2A, and Ptr3 have opposing roles in controlling Ssy5 prodomain phosphorylation. Rts1 constitutively directs protein phosphatase 2A activity toward the prodomain, effectively setting a signaling threshold required to mute Ssy5 activation in the absence of amino acid induction. Ptr3 functions as an adaptor that transduces conformational signals initiated by the Ssy1 receptor to dynamically induce prodomain phosphorylation by mediating the proximity of the Ssy5 prodomain and Yck1/2. Our results demonstrate how pathway-specific and general signaling components function synergistically to convert an extracellular stimulus into a highly specific, tuned, and switch-like transcriptional response that is critical for cells to adapt to changes in nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deike J Omnus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Zhao Y, Tian B, Edeh CB, Brasier AR. Quantitation of the dynamic profiles of the innate immune response using multiplex selected reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1513-29. [PMID: 23418394 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.023465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response (IIR) is a coordinated intracellular signaling network activated by the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns that limits pathogen spread and induces adaptive immunity. Although the precise temporal activation of the various arms of the IIR is a critical factor in the outcome of a disease, currently there are no quantitative multiplex methods for its measurement. In this study, we investigate the temporal activation pattern of the IIR in response to intracellular double-stranded RNA stimulation using a quantitative 10-plex stable isotope dilution-selected reaction monitoring-MS assay. We were able to observe rapid activation of both NF-κB and IRF3 signaling arms, with IRF3 demonstrating a transient response, whereas NF-κB underwent a delayed secondary amplification phase. Our measurements of the NF-κB-IκBα negative feedback loop indicate that about 20% of IκBα in the unstimulated cell is located within the nucleus and represents a population that is rapidly degraded in response to double-stranded RNA. Later in the time course of stimulation, the nuclear IκBα pool is repopulated first prior to its cytoplasmic accumulation. Examination of the IRF3 pathway components shows that double-stranded RNA induces initial consumption of the RIG-I PRR and the IRF3 kinase (TBK1). Stable isotope dilution-selected reaction monitoring-MS measurements after siRNA-mediated IRF3 or RelA knockdown suggests that a low nuclear threshold of NF-κB is required for inducing target gene expression, and that there is cross-inhibition of the NF-κB and IRF3 signaling arms. Finally, we were able to measure delayed noncanonical NF-κB activation by quantifying the abundance of the processed (52 kDa) NF-κB2 subunit in the nucleus. We conclude that quantitative proteomics measurement of the individual signaling arms of the IIR in response to system perturbations is significantly enabled by stable isotope dilution-selected reaction monitoring-MS-based quantification, and that this technique will reveal novel insights into the dynamics and connectivity of the IIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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20
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Abstract
The IKK [inhibitor of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) kinase] complex has an essential role in the activation of the family of NF-κB transcription factors in response to a variety of stimuli. To identify novel IKK-interacting proteins, we performed an unbiased proteomics screen where we identified TfR1 (transferrin receptor 1). TfR1 is required for transferrin binding and internalization and ultimately for iron homoeostasis. TfR1 depletion does not lead to changes in IKK subunit protein levels; however, it does reduce the formation of the IKK complex, and inhibits TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α)-induced NF-κB-dependent transcription. We find that, in the absence of TfR1, NF-κB does not translocate to the nucleus efficiently, and there is a reduction in the binding to target gene promoters and consequentially less target gene activation. Significantly, depletion of TfR1 results in an increase in apoptosis in response to TNFα treatment, which is rescued by elevating the levels of RelA/NF-κB. Taken together, these results indicate a new function for TfR1 in the control of IKK and NF-κB. Our data indicate that IKK–NF-κB responds to changes in iron within the cell.
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21
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Hsiao HY, Chen YC, Chen HM, Tu PH, Chern Y. A critical role of astrocyte-mediated nuclear factor-κB-dependent inflammation in Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:1826-42. [PMID: 23372043 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal disease caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The resultant mutant HTT protein (mHTT) forms aggregates in various types of cells, including neurons and glial cells and preferentially affects brain function. We found that two HD mouse models (Hdh(150Q) and R6/2) were more susceptible than wild-type (WT) mice to lipopolysaccharide-evoked systemic inflammation and produced more proinflammatory cytokines in the brain. Such an enhanced inflammatory response in the brain was not observed in N171- 82Q mice that express mHTT only in neurons, but not in glial cells. Thus, HD glia might play an important role in chronic inflammation that accelerates disease progression in HD mice. Intriguingly, enhanced activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB-p65 (p65), a transcriptional mediator of inflammatory responses, was observed in astrocytes of patients and mice with HD. Results obtained using primary R6/2 astrocytes suggest that these cells exhibited higher IκB kinase (IKK) activity that caused prolongation of NF-κB activation, thus upregulating proinflammatory factors during inflammation. R6/2 astrocytes also produced a more-damaging effect on primary R6/2 neurons than did WT astrocytes during inflammation. Blockage of IKK reduced the neuronal toxicity caused by R6/2 astrocytes and ameliorated several HD symptoms of R6/2 mice (e.g. decreased neuronal density, impaired motor coordination and poor cognitive function). Collectively, our results indicate that enhancement of the p65-mediated inflammatory response in astrocytes contributes to HD pathogenesis. Therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing neuronal inflammation may be an important strategy for treating HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yun Hsiao
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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22
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Decoding the Signaling Mechanism of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Pathways in Wild Type and Knockouts. E-CELL SYSTEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6157-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Hayden MS, Ghosh S. NF-κB, the first quarter-century: remarkable progress and outstanding questions. Genes Dev 2012; 26:203-34. [PMID: 22302935 DOI: 10.1101/gad.183434.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1262] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sense and adjust to the environment is crucial to life. For multicellular organisms, the ability to respond to external changes is essential not only for survival but also for normal development and physiology. Although signaling events can directly modify cellular function, typically signaling acts to alter transcriptional responses to generate both transient and sustained changes. Rapid, but transient, changes in gene expression are mediated by inducible transcription factors such as NF-κB. For the past 25 years, NF-κB has served as a paradigm for inducible transcription factors and has provided numerous insights into how signaling events influence gene expression and physiology. Since its discovery as a regulator of expression of the κ light chain gene in B cells, research on NF-κB continues to yield new insights into fundamental cellular processes. Advances in understanding the mechanisms that regulate NF-κB have been accompanied by progress in elucidating the biological significance of this transcription factor in various physiological processes. NF-κB likely plays the most prominent role in the development and function of the immune system and, not surprisingly, when dysregulated, contributes to the pathophysiology of inflammatory disease. As our appreciation of the fundamental role of inflammation in disease pathogenesis has increased, so too has the importance of NF-κB as a key regulatory molecule gained progressively greater significance. However, despite the tremendous progress that has been made in understanding the regulation of NF-κB, there is much that remains to be understood. In this review, we highlight both the progress that has been made and the fundamental questions that remain unanswered after 25 years of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Hayden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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24
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Cheng MX, Gong JP, Chen Y, Liu ZJ, Tu B, Liu CA. NBD peptides protect against ischemia reperfusion after orthotopic liver transplantation in rats. J Surg Res 2011; 176:666-71. [PMID: 22381173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NBD (NEMO binding domain) peptides could selectively inhibit the inflammation induced NF-κB activity, while sparing the protective functions of basal NF-κB activity. The aim of this study was to determine whether NBD peptides inhibited the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) during liver transplant ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), without affecting its basal function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were performed orthotropic liver transplantation according to the Kamada technique. Donors were given NBD peptides (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) 2 h before surgery (n = 24) and the controls were treated with the same volume of physiologic saline (n = 24). An additional 16 animals in normal condition (did not undergo any surgery) were also divided into two groups and given the same treatment as above to assess the effect of NBD peptides on basal function. We analyzed levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), IKK (IκB kinase) complex phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, NF-κB transcriptional activity, apoptosis, and performed a morphologic study of liver tissues at 3, 6, and 24 h after portal vein reperfusion and in normal condition (n = 8). RESULTS Pretreatment with NBD peptides significantly improved liver function, attenuating liver parenchymal cell damage, apoptosis by down-regulating TNF-α level, inhibiting IKK complex phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, and NF-κB transcriptional activity, but had no effect in normal condition. CONCLUSION NBD peptides attenuated hepatic IRI by preventing NF-κB activation, without affecting basal NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiang Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Choudhary S, Rosenblatt KP, Fang L, Tian B, Wu ZH, Brasier AR. High throughput short interfering RNA (siRNA) screening of the human kinome identifies novel kinases controlling the canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37187-95. [PMID: 21900239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.224923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an inducible cytoplasmic transcription factor that plays a role as a master regulator of airway mucosal inflammation. The prototypical ("canonical") NF-κB pathway controls cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation in response to stimulation by the mononuclear cytokine, TNF. Despite intensive investigation, the spectrum of kinases involved in the canonical NF-κB pathway has not yet been systematically determined. Here we have applied a high throughput siRNA-mediated loss-of-function screening assay to identify novel kinases important in TNF-induced NF-κB signaling. Type II A549 epithelial cells stably expressing an IL-8/luciferase reporter gene optimized for high throughput siRNA format (Z' score of 0.65) and siRNAs for 636 human kinases were reverse-transfected and screened in the assay. 36 candidate genes were identified that inhibited TNF signaling with a Z score deviation of <-1.3 in replicate plates. From this group, 11 kinases were selected for independent validation, of which eight were successfully silenced. Six kinases were validated, including ATM, CDK2, -5, and -7, CALM3, MAPAKP5, and MAP3K/MEKK3. The surprising function of ATM in TNF signaling was confirmed where reduced NF-κB/RelA translocation and Ser-276 phosphorylation were seen in ATM(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts. These data indicate that ATM is a key regulatory kinase that may control global NF-κB activation in the TNF-induced canonical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Choudhary
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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26
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Kalita MK, Sargsyan K, Tian B, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Najm HN, Debusschere BJ, Brasier AR. Sources of cell-to-cell variability in canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway inferred from single cell dynamic images. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37741-57. [PMID: 21868381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.280925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway controls a gene network important in the cellular inflammatory response. Upon activation, NF-κB/RelA is released from cytoplasmic inhibitors, from where it translocates into the nucleus, subsequently activating negative feedback loops producing either monophasic or damped oscillatory nucleo-cytoplasmic dynamics. Although the population behavior of the NF-κB pathway has been extensively modeled, the sources of cell-to-cell variability are not well understood. We describe an integrated experimental-computational analysis of NF-κB/RelA translocation in a validated cell model exhibiting monophasic dynamics. Quantitative measures of cellular geometry and total cytoplasmic concentration and translocated RelA amounts were used as priors in Bayesian inference to estimate biophysically realistic parameter values based on dynamic live cell imaging studies of enhanced GFP-tagged RelA in stable transfectants. Bayesian inference was performed on multiple cells simultaneously, assuming identical reaction rate parameters, whereas cellular geometry and initial and total NF-κB concentration-related parameters were cell-specific. A subpopulation of cells exhibiting distinct kinetic profiles was identified that corresponded to differences in the IκBα translation rate. We conclude that cellular geometry, initial and total NF-κB concentration, IκBα translation, and IκBα degradation rates account for distinct cell-to-cell differences in canonical NF-κB translocation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul K Kalita
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1060, USA
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27
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Abstract
The progression from cardiac injury to symptomatic heart failure has been intensely studied over the last decade, and is largely attributable to a loss of functional cardiac myocytes through necrosis, intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways and autophagy. Therefore, the molecular regulation of these cellular programs has been rigorously investigated in the hopes of identifying a potential cell target that could promote cell survival and/or inhibit cell death to avert, or at least prolong, the degeneration toward symptomatic heart failure. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB super family of transcription factors has been implicated in the regulation of immune cell maturation, cell survival, and inflammation in many cell types, including cardiac myocytes. Recent studies have shown that NF-κB is cardioprotective during acute hypoxia and reperfusion injury. However, prolonged activation of NF-κB appears to be detrimental and promotes heart failure by eliciting signals that trigger chronic inflammation through enhanced elaboration of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress responses and cell death. The underlying mechanisms that account for the multifaceted and differential outcomes of NF-κB on cardiac cell fate are presently unknown. Herein, we posit a novel paradigm in which the timing, duration of activation, and cellular context may explain mechanistically the differential outcomes of NF-κB signaling in the heart that may be essential for future development of novel therapeutic interventions designed to target NF-κB responses and heart failure following myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Gordon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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28
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Zhao Y, Widen SG, Jamaluddin M, Tian B, Wood TG, Edeh CB, Brasier AR. Quantification of activated NF-kappaB/RelA complexes using ssDNA aptamer affinity-stable isotope dilution-selected reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.008771. [PMID: 21502374 PMCID: PMC3108844 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.008771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) is a family of inducible transcription factors regulated by stimulus-induced protein interactions. In the cytoplasm, the NF-κB member RelA transactivator is inactivated by binding inhibitory IκBs, whereas in its activated state, the serine-phosphorylated protein binds the p300 histone acetyltransferase. Here we describe the isolation of a ssDNA aptamer (termed P028F4) that binds to the activated (IκBα-dissociated) form of RelA with a K(D) of 6.4 × 10(-10), and its application in an enrichment-mass spectrometric quantification assay. ssDNA P028F4 competes with cognate duplex high affinity NF-κB binding sites for RelA binding in vitro, binds activated RelA in eukaryotic nuclei and reduces TNFα-stimulated endogenous NF-κB dependent gene expression. Incorporation of P028F4 as an affinity isolation step enriches for serine 536 phosphorylated and p300 coactivator complexed RelA, simultaneously depleting IκBα·RelA complexes. A stable isotope dilution (SID)-selected reaction monitoring (SRM)- mass spectrometry (MS) assay for RelA was developed that produced a linear response over 1,000 fold dilution range of input protein and had a 200 amol lower limit of quantification. This multiplex SID-SRM-MS RelA assay was used to quantify activated endogenous RelA in cytokine-stimulated eukaryotic cells isolated by single-step P028F4 enrichment. The aptamer-SID-SRM-MS assay quantified the fraction of activated RelA in subcellular extracts, detecting the presence of a cytoplasmic RelA reservoir unresponsive to TNFα stimulation. We conclude that aptamer-SID-SRM-MS is a versatile tool for quantification of activated NF-κB/RelA and its associated complexes in response to pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- From the ‡Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine
- §Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Thomas G. Wood
- From the ‡Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine
- the ¶¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | | | - Allan R. Brasier
- From the ‡Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine
- §Department of Internal Medicine
- ¶Institute for Translational Sciences, and
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Bist P, Leow SC, Phua QH, Shu S, Zhuang Q, Loh WT, Nguyen TH, Zhou JB, Hooi SC, Lim LHK. Annexin-1 interacts with NEMO and RIP1 to constitutively activate IKK complex and NF-κB: implication in breast cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2011; 30:3174-85. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Kim JY, Morgan M, Kim DG, Lee JY, Bai L, Lin Y, Liu ZG, Kim YS. TNFα induced noncanonical NF-κB activation is attenuated by RIP1 through stabilization of TRAF2. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:647-56. [PMID: 21266470 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.075770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm of noncanonical NF-κB signaling suggests that the loss of TRAF2, TRAF3 or cIAP1 and cIAP2 leads to stabilization of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) to activate the noncanonical pathway. Although a crucial role of RIP1 in the TNFα-induced canonical NF-κB pathway has been well established, its involvement in noncanonical activation of NF-κB through the TNFR1 receptor, is unknown. Here we show that TNFα is capable of activating the noncanonical NF-κB pathway, but that activation of this pathway is negatively regulated by RIP1. In the absence of RIP1, TNFR1 stimulation leads to activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway through TRAF2 degradation, leading to NIK stabilization, IKKα phosphorylation and the processing of p100 to generate p52. Thus although RIP1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts are sensitive at early time points to cell death induced by TNFα, probably as a result of lack of canonical NF-κB activation, the late activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway protects the remaining cells from further cell death. The TNFR1-dependent noncanonical NF-κB activation in RIP1(-/-) cells suggests that there is functional interplay between the two NF-κB pathways during TNFR1 signaling, which might regulate the number and kinds of NF-κB transcription factors and thus finely control NF-κB-dependent gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Kim
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
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31
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Abstract
NF-κBs are a family of transcription factors that control a number of essential cellular functions including immune responses, cell proliferation and antiapoptosis. NF-κB activities are tightly regulated through upstream signaling molecules and downstream feedback loops. In this review, structural discoveries in the NF-κB pathway are presented. With the structure information, the following questions may be addressed: (1) How do NF-κBs activate their target genes? (2) How do IκBs inhibit NF-κB activities in the steady state? (3) How do upstream signaling molecules activate the NF-κB pathway? and (4) How do the feedback loops shut down the NF-κB pathway to avoid constitutive NF-κB activation?
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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32
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Shimada K, Saeki M, Egusa H, Fukuyasu S, Yura Y, Iwai K, Kamisaki Y. RPAP3 enhances cytotoxicity of doxorubicin by impairing NF-kappa B pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404:910-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Two distinct nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathways have been described; the canonical pathway that mediates inflammatory responses, and the non-canonical pathway that is involved in immune cell differentiation and maturation and secondary lymphoid organogenesis. The former is dependent on the IκB kinase adaptor molecule NEMO, the latter is independent of it. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of regulation in each signaling axis and attempt to relate the apparent regulatory logic to the physiological function. Further, we review the recent evidence for extensive cross-regulation between these two signaling axes and summarize them in a wiring diagram. These observations suggest that NEMO-dependent and -independent signaling should be viewed within the context of a single NFκB signaling system, which mediates signaling from both inflammatory and organogenic stimuli in an integrated manner. As in other regulatory biological systems, a systems approach including mathematical models that include quantitative and kinetic information will be necessary to characterize the network properties that mediate physiological function, and that may break down to cause or contribute to pathology.
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34
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NEMO stabilizes c-Myc through direct interaction in the nucleus. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4524-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Morgan MJ, Liu ZG. Reactive oxygen species in TNFalpha-induced signaling and cell death. Mol Cells 2010; 30:1-12. [PMID: 20652490 PMCID: PMC6608586 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFalpha is a pleotropic cytokine that initiates many downstream signaling pathways, including NF-kappaB activation, MAP kinase activation and the induction of both apoptosis and necrosis. TNFalpha has shown to lead to reactive oxygen species generation through activation of NADPH oxidase, through mitochondrial pathways, or other enzymes. As discussed, ROS play a role in potentiation or inhibition of many of these signaling pathways. We particularly discuss the role of sustained JNK activation potentiated by ROS, which generally is supportive of apoptosis and "necrotic cell death" through various mechanisms, while ROS could have inhibitory or stimulatory roles in NF-kappaB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Morgan
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zheng-gang Liu
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Moon DO, Kim MO, Kang SH, Choi YH, Park SY, Kim GY. HA14-1 sensitizes TNF-α-induced apoptosis via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway: Involvement of reactive oxygen species and JNK. Cancer Lett 2010; 292:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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37
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Dichotomous Actions of NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Heart. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:344-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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38
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Brasier AR. The nuclear factor-kappaB-interleukin-6 signalling pathway mediating vascular inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 86:211-8. [PMID: 20202975 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular inflammation is a common pathophysiological response to diverse cardiovascular disease processes, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and aortic aneurysms/dissection. Inflammation is an ordered process initiated by vascular injury that produces enhanced leucocyte adherence, chemotaxis, and finally activation in situ. This process is coordinated by local secretion of adhesion molecules, chemotactic factors, and cytokines whose expression is the result of vascular injury-induced signal transduction networks. A wide variety of mediators of the vascular injury response have been identified; these factors include vasoactive peptides (angiotensin II, Ang II), CD40 ligands, oxidized cholesterol, and advanced glycation end-products. Downstream, the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor performs an important signal integration step, responding to mediators of vascular injury in a stimulus-dependent and cell type-specific manner. The ultimate consequence of NF-kappaB signalling is the activation of inflammatory genes including adhesion molecules and chemotaxins. However, clinically, the hallmark of vascular NF-kappaB activation is the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), whose local role in vascular inflammation is relatively unknown. The recent elucidation for the role of the IL-6 signalling pathway in Ang II-induced vascular inflammation as one that controls monocyte activation as well as its diverse signalling mechanism will be reviewed. These new discoveries further our understanding for the important role of the NF-kappaB-IL-6 signalling pathway in the process of vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, MRB 8.122, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA.
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39
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Moon DO, Kim MO, Lee JD, Choi YH, Kim GY. Rosmarinic acid sensitizes cell death through suppression of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation and ROS generation in human leukemia U937 cells. Cancer Lett 2010; 288:183-91. [PMID: 19619938 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is well-known to induce inflammatory responses, thus its clinical use is limited in cancer treatment. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a naturally occurring polyphenol flavonoid, has been reported to inhibit TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation in human dermal fibroblasts. However, the precise mechanisms of RA have not been well elucidated in TNF-alpha-mediated anti-cancer therapy. In this study, we found that RA treatment significantly sensitizes TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells through the suppression of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation of caspases in response to TNF-alpha was markedly increased by RA treatment. However, pretreatment with the caspase-3 inhibitor, z-DEVD-fmk, was capable of significantly restoring cell viability in response to combined treatment. RA also suppressed NF-kappaB activation through inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, and nuclear translocation of p50 and p65. This inhibition was correlated with suppression of NF-kappaB-dependent anti-apoptotic proteins (IAP-1, IAP-2, and XIAP). RA treatment also normalized TNF-alpha-induced ROS generation. Additionally, ectopic Bcl-2 expressing U937 reversed combined treatment-induced cell death, cytochrome c release into cytosol, and collapse of mitochondrial potential. These results demonstrated that RA inhibits TNF-alpha-induced ROS generation and NF-kappaB activation, and enhances TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Moon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Republic of Korea
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40
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Baima ET, Guzova JA, Mathialagan S, Nagiec EE, Hardy MM, Song LR, Bonar SL, Weinberg RA, Selness SR, Woodard SS, Chrencik J, Hood WF, Schindler JF, Kishore N, Mbalaviele G. Novel insights into the cellular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of NF-kappaB essential modulator binding domain peptides. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13498-506. [PMID: 20167598 PMCID: PMC2859510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.099895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is under the control of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which consists of IKK-1, IKK-2, and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). This complex is responsible for the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Dysregulation of this pathway is associated with several human diseases, and as such, its inhibition offers an exciting opportunity for therapeutic intervention. NEMO binding domain (NBD) peptides inhibit the binding of recombinant NEMO to IKK-2 in vitro. However, direct evidence of disruption of this binding by NBD peptides in biological systems has not been provided. Using a cell system, we expanded on previous observations to show that NBD peptides inhibit inflammation-induced but not basal cytokine production. We report that these peptides cause the release of IKK-2 from an IKK complex and disrupt NEMO-IKK-2 interactions in cells. We demonstrate that by interfering with NEMO-IKK-2 interactions, NBD peptides inhibit IKK-2 phosphorylation, without affecting signaling intermediates upstream of the IKK complex of the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, in a cell-free system of IKK complex activation by TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6), we show that these peptides inhibit the ability of this complex to phosphorylate downstream substrates, such as p65 and inhibitor of κBα (IκBα). Thus, consistent with the notion that NEMO regulates IKK-2 catalytic activity by serving as a scaffold, appropriately positioning IKK-2 for activation by upstream kinase(s), our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which NBD peptides exert their anti-inflammatory effects in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Baima
- Department of Inflammation, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
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41
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Fenner BJ, Scannell M, Prehn JHM. Expanding the substantial interactome of NEMO using protein microarrays. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8799. [PMID: 20098747 PMCID: PMC2808332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction by the NF-kappaB pathway is a key regulator of a host of cellular responses to extracellular and intracellular messages. The NEMO adaptor protein lies at the top of this pathway and serves as a molecular conduit, connecting signals transmitted from upstream sensors to the downstream NF-kappaB transcription factor and subsequent gene activation. The position of NEMO within this pathway makes it an attractive target from which to search for new proteins that link NF-kappaB signaling to additional pathways and upstream effectors. In this work, we have used protein microarrays to identify novel NEMO interactors. A total of 112 protein interactors were identified, with the most statistically significant hit being the canonical NEMO interactor IKKbeta, with IKKalpha also being identified. Of the novel interactors, more than 30% were kinases, while at least 25% were involved in signal transduction. Binding of NEMO to several interactors, including CALB1, CDK2, SAG, SENP2 and SYT1, was confirmed using GST pulldown assays and coimmunoprecipitation, validating the initial screening approach. Overexpression of CALB1, CDK2 and SAG was found to stimulate transcriptional activation by NF-kappaB, while SYT1 overexpression repressed TNFalpha-dependent NF-kappaB transcriptional activation in human embryonic kidney cells. Corresponding with this finding, RNA silencing of CDK2, SAG and SENP2 reduced NF-kappaB transcriptional activation, supporting a positive role for these proteins in the NF-kappaB pathway. The identification of a host of new NEMO interactors opens up new research opportunities to improve understanding of this essential cell signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau J. Fenner
- Centre for Human Proteomics and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Scannell
- Centre for Human Proteomics and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H. M. Prehn
- Centre for Human Proteomics and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The stimulation of TLR4 by LPS activates two distinct signaling pathways leading to the expression of diverse inflammatory genes. Intensive studies over the past decade have revealed the components involved in these signaling pathways, however, more recently the focus has shifted somewhat towards the components that regulate these pathways. Several regulatory mechanisms, including localisation of components, splice variants and inhibitory molecules will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F McGettrick
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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43
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Liu P, Lu M, Tian B, Li K, Garofalo RP, Prusak D, Wood TG, Brasier AR. Expression of an IKKgamma splice variant determines IRF3 and canonical NF-kappaB pathway utilization in ssRNA virus infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8079. [PMID: 19956647 PMCID: PMC2778955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus infection activates the retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)- mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) complex, a complex that coordinates the host innate immune response via the NF-kappaB and IRF3 pathways. Recent work has shown that the IkappaB kinase (IKK)gamma scaffolding protein is the final common adapter protein required by RIG-I.MAVS to activate divergent rate-limiting kinases downstream controlling the NF-kappaB and IRF3 pathways. Previously we discovered a ubiquitous IKKgamma splice-variant, IKKgammaDelta, that exhibits distinct signaling properties. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined the regulation and function of IKKgamma splice forms in response to ssRNA virus infection, a condition that preferentially induces full length IKKgamma-WT mRNA expression. In IKKgammaDelta-expressing cells, we found increased viral translation and cytopathic effect compared to those expressing full length IKKgamma-WT. IKKgammaDelta fails to support viral-induced IRF3 activation in response to ssRNA infections; consequently type I IFN production and the induction of anti-viral interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) are significantly attenuated. By contrast, ectopic RIG-I.MAVS or TNFalpha-induced canonical NF-kappaB activation is preserved in IKKgammaDelta expressing cells. Increasing relative levels of IKKgamma-WT to IKKgammaDelta (while keeping total IKKgamma constant) results in increased type I IFN expression. Conversely, overexpressing IKKgammaDelta (in a background of constant IKKgamma-WT expression) shows IKKgammaDelta functions as a dominant-negative IRF3 signaling inhibitor. IKKgammaDelta binds both IKK-alpha and beta, but not TANK and IKKepsilon, indicating that exon 5 encodes an essential TANK binding domain. Finally, IKKgammaDelta displaces IKKgammaWT from MAVS explaining its domainant negative effect. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Relative endogenous IKKgammaDelta expression affects cellular selection of inflammatory/anti-viral pathway responses to ssRNA viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Muping Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deborah Prusak
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Wood
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Napolitano G, Mirra S, Monfregola J, Lavorgna A, Leonardi A, Ursini MV. NESCA: a new NEMO/IKKgamma and TRAF6 interacting protein. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:410-7. [PMID: 19365808 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NEMO/IKKgamma is the essential regulatory subunit of the IkB Kinase (IKK) complex, required for the activation of Nuclear Factor kB (NF-kB) in many physiological processes such as inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, or development. NEMO works at a converging point of the NF-kB pathway as it interacts with upstream signaling molecules to orchestrate its activation. Here we report on the identification of a novel NEMO-interacting protein, NESCA, an adapter molecule previously shown to be involved in the NGF-pathway via the TrkA receptor. We demonstrated that NESCA and NEMO interact by their N-terminal region. Beside to NEMO, we revealed that NESCA directly associates to the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6, which in turn catalyzes NESCA polyubiquitination. Finally, we demonstrated that NESCA overexpression strongly inhibits TRAF6-mediated polyubiquitination of NEMO. In summary, our results highlight that NESCA represents a novel missing link in the NEMO-mediated NF-kB activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Napolitano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
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45
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Ivins F, Montgomery M, Smith S, Morris-Davies A, Taylor I, Rittinger K. NEMO oligomerization and its ubiquitin-binding properties. Biochem J 2009; 421:243-51. [PMID: 19422324 PMCID: PMC2708934 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The IKK [IkappaB (inhibitory kappaB) kinase] complex is a key regulatory component of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) activation and is responsible for mediating the degradation of IkappaB, thereby allowing nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and transcription of target genes. NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator), the regulatory subunit of the IKK complex, plays a pivotal role in this process by integrating upstream signals, in particular the recognition of polyubiquitin chains, and relaying these to the activation of IKKalpha and IKKbeta, the catalytic subunits of the IKK complex. The oligomeric state of NEMO is controversial and the mechanism by which it regulates activation of the IKK complex is poorly understood. Using a combination of hydrodynamic techniques we now show that apo-NEMO is a highly elongated, dimeric protein that is in weak equilibrium with a tetrameric assembly. Interaction with peptides derived from IKKbeta disrupts formation of the tetrameric NEMO complex, indicating that interaction with IKKalpha and IKKbeta and tetramerization are mutually exclusive. Furthermore, we show that NEMO binds to linear di-ubiquitin with a stoichiometry of one molecule of di-ubiquitin per NEMO dimer. This stoichiometry is preserved in a construct comprising the second coiled-coil region and the leucine zipper and in one that essentially spans the full-length protein. However, our data show that at high di-ubiquitin concentrations a second weaker binding site becomes apparent, implying that two different NEMO-di-ubiquitin complexes are formed during the IKK activation process. We propose that the role of these two complexes is to provide a threshold for activation, thereby ensuring sufficient specificity during NF-kappaB signalling.
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Key Words
- analytical ultracentrifugation (auc)
- ikk (inhibitory κb kinase) complex
- isothermal titration calorimetry (itc)
- multi-angle light scattering (mals)
- protein–protein interaction
- ubiquitin
- auc, analytical ultracentrifugation
- cozi, c-terminal portion of nemo encompassing the second coiled-coil region and the leucine zipper domain
- iκb, inhibitory κb
- ikk, iκb kinase
- ikknbd, ikkβ nemo-binding domain
- itc, isothermal titration calorimetry
- lz, leucine zipper
- mals, multi-angle laser light scattering
- nf-κb, nuclear factor κb
- nemo, nf-κb essential modulator
- nemo355, nemo residues 1–355, with mutations c54s and k285n
- sec, size-exclusion chromatography
- tcep, tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
- ri, refractive index
- rip1, receptor interaction protein kinase
- vflip, viral flice [fadd (fas-associated death domain)-like interleukin 1β-converting enzyme]-inhibitory protein
- zf, zinc finger
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Ivins
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Mark G. Montgomery
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Susan J. M. Smith
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Aylin C. Morris-Davies
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Katrin Rittinger
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, U.K
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Abstract
The Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) family of transcription factors regulates the expression of a wide range of genes critical for immune and inflammatory responses, cell survival, immune development, and cell proliferation. Dysregulated NF-kappaB activity occurs in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases and certain types of cancers making NF-kappaB signaling an attractive target for the development of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs. A pivotal regulator of all inducible NF-kappaB signaling pathways is the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex that consists of two kinases (IKKalpha and IKKbeta) and a regulatory subunit named NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO). Genetic analysis of the IKK complex has identified two separate pathways named the classical and non-canonical mechanisms that are dependent on either NEMO and IKKbeta (classical) or IKKalpha alone (non-canonical). To better understand the mechanisms that regulate IKK complex activity and to address the differential functions of IKKalpha and IKKbeta we have molecularly dissected the IKKs. We describe here how these studies have identified a unique inhibitor of pro-inflammatory NF-kappaB signaling, an unforeseen role for IKKalpha in the classical NF-kappaB pathway, and a novel functional domain in IKKbeta that is not present in IKKalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Solt
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street (OVH 200E), Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6045, USA
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Penzo M, Massa PE, Olivotto E, Bianchi F, Borzi RM, Hanidu A, Li X, Li J, Marcu KB. Sustained NF-kappaB activation produces a short-term cell proliferation block in conjunction with repressing effectors of cell cycle progression controlled by E2F or FoxM1. J Cell Physiol 2008; 218:215-27. [PMID: 18803232 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NF-kappaB transcription factors induce a host of genes involved in pro-inflammatory/stress-like responses; but the collateral effects and consequences of sustained NF-kappaB activation on other cellular gene expression programming remain less well understood. Here enforced expression of a constitutively active IKKbeta T-loop mutant (IKKbetaca) drove murine fibroblasts into transient growth arrest that subsided within 2-3 weeks of continuous culture. Proliferation arrest was associated with a G1/S phase block in immortalized and primary early passage MEFs. Molecular analysis in immortalized MEFs revealed that inhibition of cell proliferation in the initial 1-2 weeks after their IKKbetaca retroviral infection was linked to the transient, concerted repression of essential cell cycle effectors that are known targets of either E2F or FoxM1. Co-expression of a phosphorylation resistant IkappaBalpha super repressor and IKKbetaca abrogated growth arrest and cell cycle effector repression, thereby linking IKKbetaca's effects to canonical NF-kappaB activation. Transient growth arrest of IKKbetaca cells was associated with enhanced p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A) protein expression, due in part to transcriptional activation by NF-kappaB and also likely due to strong repression of Skp2 and Csk1, both of which are FoxM1 direct targets mediating proteasomal dependent p21 turnover. Ablation of p21 in immortalized MEFs reduced their IKKbetaca mediated growth suppression. Moreover, trichostatin A inhibition of HDACs alleviated the repression of E2F and FoxM1 targets induced by IKKbetaca, suggesting chromatin mediated gene silencing in IKKbetaca's short term repressive effects on E2F and FoxM1 target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Penzo
- Centro Ricerca Biomedica Applicata (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Brasier AR. Expanding role of cyclin dependent kinases in cytokine inducible gene expression. Cell Cycle 2008; 7:2661-6. [PMID: 18728388 DOI: 10.4161/cc.7.17.6594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb), a heterodimer of CDK9 and Cyclin T1, is widely implicated in control of basal gene expression. Here, P-TEFb is involved in transitioning paused RNA polymerase II to enter productive transcriptional elongation mode by phosphorylating negative elongation factors and Ser(2) of the heptad repeat in the RNA Pol II COOH terminal domain (CTD). This perspective will examine recent work in two unrelated inducible signaling pathways that illustrate the central role of P-TEFb in mediating cytokine inducible transcription networks. Specifically, P-TEFb has been recently discovered to play a key role in TNF-inducible NFkappaB activation and IL-6-inducible STAT3 signaling. In these signaling cascades, P-TEFb forms protein complexes with the activated nuclear RelA and STAT3 transcription factor in the cellular nucleoplasm, an association important for P-TEFb's promoter targeting. Studies using siRNA-mediated knockdown and/or selective CDK inhibitors show that P-TEFb plays a functional role in activation of a subset of NFkappaB-dependent targets and all STAT3-dependent genes studied to date. Interestingly, cytokine inducible genes that are sensitive to P-TEFb inhibition share an induction mechanism requiring inducible RNA Pol II recruitment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies have preliminarily indicated that this recruitment is dependent on CDK enzymatic activity. The potential of inhibiting P-TEFb as an anti-inflammatory therapy in innate immunity and systemic inflammation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1060, USA.
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Chadwick W, Magnus T, Martin B, Keselman A, Mattson MP, Maudsley S. Targeting TNF-alpha receptors for neurotherapeutics. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:504-11. [PMID: 18774186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Chadwick
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Fusco F, Pescatore A, Bal E, Ghoul A, Paciolla M, Lioi MB, D'Urso M, Rabia SH, Bodemer C, Bonnefont JP, Munnich A, Miano MG, Smahi A, Ursini MV. Alterations of the IKBKG locus and diseases: an update and a report of 13 novel mutations. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:595-604. [PMID: 18350553 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase gamma (IKBKG), also called nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) essential modulator (NEMO), gene are the most common single cause of incontinentia pigmenti (IP) in females and anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) in males. The IKBKG gene, located in the Xq28 chromosomal region, encodes for the regulatory subunit of the inhibitor of kappaB (IkB) kinase (IKK) complex required for the activation of the NF-kB pathway. Therefore, the remarkably heterogeneous and often severe clinical presentation reported in IP is due to the pleiotropic role of this signaling transcription pathway. A recurrent exon 4_10 genomic rearrangement in the IKBKG gene accounts for 60 to 80% of IP-causing mutations. Besides the IKBKG rearrangement found in IP females (which is lethal in males), a total of 69 different small mutations (missense, frameshift, nonsense, and splice-site mutations) have been reported, including 13 novel ones in this work. The updated distribution of all the IP- and EDA-ID-causing mutations along the IKBKG gene highlights a secondary hotspot mutation in exon 10, which contains only 11% of the protein. Furthermore, familial inheritance analysis revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of sporadic cases (>65%). The sum of the observations can aid both in determining the molecular basis of IP and EDA-ID allelic diseases, and in genetic counseling in affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fusco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso (IGB-CNR), Naples, Italy
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