1
|
Guo Y, Sun CK, Tang L, Tan MS. Microglia PTK2B/Pyk2 in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:692-704. [PMID: 38321895 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050299004240129051655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly hereditary disease with complex genetic susceptibility factors. Extensive genome-wide association studies have established a distinct susceptibility link between the protein tyrosine kinase 2β (PTK2B) gene and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), but the specific pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. PTK2B is known to be expressed in neurons, and recent research has revealed its more important significance in microglia. Elucidating the role of PTK2B high expression in microglia in AD's progression is crucial for uncovering novel pathogenic mechanisms of the disease. Our review of existing studies suggests a close relationship between PTK2B/proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and tau pathology, and this process might be β-amyloid (Aβ) dependence. Pyk2 is hypothesized as a pivotal target linking Aβ and tau pathologies. Concurrently, Aβ-activated Pyk2 participates in the regulation of microglial activation and its proinflammatory functions. Consequently, it is reasonable to presume that Pyk2 in microglia contributes to amyloid-induced tau pathology in AD via a neuroinflammatory pathway. Furthermore, many things remain unclear, such as identifying the specific pathways that lead to the release of downstream inflammatory factors due to Pyk2 phosphorylation and whether all types of inflammatory factors can activate neuronal kinase pathways. Additionally, further in vivo experiments are essential to validate this hypothesized pathway. Considering PTK2B/Pyk2's potential role in AD pathogenesis, targeting this pathway may offer innovative and promising therapeutic approaches for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lian Tang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marola OJ, Syc-Mazurek SB, Howell GR, Libby RT. Endothelin 1-induced retinal ganglion cell death is largely mediated by JUN activation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:811. [PMID: 32980857 PMCID: PMC7519907 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina. Multiple lines of evidence show the endothelin (EDN, also known as ET) system is important in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. To date, the molecular mechanisms within RGCs driving EDN-induced RGC death have not been clarified. The pro-apoptotic transcription factor JUN (the canonical target of JNK signaling) and the endoplasmic reticulum stress effector and transcription factor DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3, also known as CHOP) have been shown to act downstream of EDN receptors. Previous studies demonstrated that JUN and DDIT3 were important regulators of RGC death after glaucoma-relevant injures. Here, we characterized EDN insult in vivo and investigated the role of JUN and DDIT3 in EDN-induced RGC death. To accomplish this, EDN1 ligand was intravitreally injected into the eyes of wildtype, Six3-cre+Junfl/fl (Jun-/-), Ddit3 null (Ddit3-/-), and Ddit3-/-Jun-/- mice. Intravitreal EDN1 was sufficient to drive RGC death in vivo. EDN1 insult caused JUN activation in RGCs, and deletion of Jun from the neural retina attenuated RGC death after EDN insult. However, deletion of Ddit3 did not confer significant protection to RGCs after EDN1 insult. These results indicate that EDN caused RGC death via a JUN-dependent mechanism. In addition, EDN signaling is known to elicit potent vasoconstriction. JUN signaling was shown to drive neuronal death after ischemic insult. Therefore, the effects of intravitreal EDN1 on retinal vessel diameter and hypoxia were explored. Intravitreal EDN1 caused transient retinal vasoconstriction and regions of RGC and Müller glia hypoxia. Thus, it remains a possibility that EDN elicits a hypoxic insult to RGCs, causing apoptosis via JNK-JUN signaling. The importance of EDN-induced vasoconstriction and hypoxia in causing RGC death after EDN insult and in models of glaucoma requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J. Marola
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Cell Biology of Disease Graduate Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.16416.340000 0004 1936 9174The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Stephanie B. Syc-Mazurek
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME USA
| | - Richard T. Libby
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.16416.340000 0004 1936 9174The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang H, Svoboda RA, Lazenby AJ, Saowapa J, Chaika N, Ding K, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR. Up-regulation of N-cadherin by Collagen I-activated Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 in Pancreatic Cancer Requires the Adaptor Molecule Shc1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23208-23223. [PMID: 27605668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.740605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are highly malignant cancers characterized by extensive invasion into surrounding tissues, metastasis to distant organs, and a limited response to therapy. A main feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas is desmoplasia, which leads to extensive deposition of collagen I. We have demonstrated that collagen I can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic cancer cells. A hallmark of EMT is an increase in the expression of the mesenchymal cadherin N-cadherin. Previously we showed up-regulation of N-cadherin promotes tumor cell invasion and that collagen I-induced EMT is mediated by two collagen receptors, α2β1-integrin and discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1). DDR1 is a receptor-tyrosine kinase widely expressed during embryonic development and in many adult tissues and is also highly expressed in many different cancers. In the signaling pathway initiated by collagen, we have shown proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is downstream of DDR1. In this study we found isoform b of DDR1 is responsible for collagen I-induced up-regulation of N-cadherin and tyrosine 513 of DDR1b is necessary. Knocking down Shc1, which binds to tyrosine 513 of DDR1b via its PTB (phosphotyrosine binding) domain, eliminates the up-regulation of N-cadherin. The signaling does not require a functional SH2 domain or the tyrosine residues commonly phosphorylated in Shc1 but is mediated by the interaction between a short segment of the central domain of Shc1 and the proline-rich region of Pyk2. Taken together, these data illustrate DDR1b, but not DDR1a, mediates collagen I-induced N-cadherin up-regulation, and Shc1 is involved in this process by coupling to both DDR1 and Pyk2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huocong Huang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine
| | | | - Audrey J Lazenby
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, and
| | | | - Nina Chaika
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska 68198
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China, and
| | - Margaret J Wheelock
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine.,Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska 68198
| | - Keith R Johnson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, .,Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska 68198.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miller B, Palygin O, Rufanova VA, Chong A, Lazar J, Jacob HJ, Mattson D, Roman RJ, Williams JM, Cowley AW, Geurts AM, Staruschenko A, Imig JD, Sorokin A. p66Shc regulates renal vascular tone in hypertension-induced nephropathy. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2533-46. [PMID: 27270176 DOI: 10.1172/jci75079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal preglomerular arterioles regulate vascular tone to ensure a large pressure gradient over short distances, a function that is extremely important for maintaining renal microcirculation. Regulation of renal microvascular tone is impaired in salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension-induced nephropathy, but the molecular mechanisms contributing to this impairment remain elusive. Here, we assessed the contribution of the SH2 adaptor protein p66Shc (encoded by Shc1) in regulating renal vascular tone and the development of renal vascular dysfunction associated with hypertension-induced nephropathy. We generated a panel of mutant rat strains in which specific modifications of Shc1 were introduced into the Dahl SS rats. In SS rats, overexpression of p66Shc was linked to increased renal damage. Conversely, deletion of p66Shc from these rats restored the myogenic responsiveness of renal preglomerular arterioles ex vivo and promoted cellular contraction in primary vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that were isolated from renal vessels. In primary SMCs, p66Shc restricted the activation of transient receptor potential cation channels to attenuate cytosolic Ca2+ influx, implicating a mechanism by which overexpression of p66Shc impairs renal vascular reactivity. These results establish the adaptor protein p66Shc as a regulator of renal vascular tone and a driver of impaired renal vascular function in hypertension-induced nephropathy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Albumins/analysis
- Animals
- Arterioles/physiopathology
- Blood Pressure
- Calcium/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension, Renal/metabolism
- Hypertension, Renal/physiopathology
- Kidney/blood supply
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism
- Male
- Microcirculation
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Nephritis/metabolism
- Nephritis/physiopathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Rats, Inbred Dahl
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Rats, Transgenic
- Species Specificity
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1/metabolism
- Vasoconstriction
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino acid peptide with mitogenic and powerful vasoconstricting properties. Under healthy conditions, ET-1 is expressed constitutively in all cells of the glomerulus and participates in homeostasis of glomerular structure and filtration function. Under disease conditions, increases in ET-1 are critically involved in initiating and maintaining glomerular inflammation, glomerular basement membrane hypertrophy, and injury of podocytes (visceral epithelial cells), thereby promoting proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Here, we review the role of ET-1 in the function of glomerular endothelial cells, visceral (podocytes) and parietal epithelial cells, mesangial cells, the glomerular basement membrane, stromal cells, inflammatory cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. We also discuss molecular mechanisms by which ET-1, predominantly through activation of the ETA receptor, contributes to injury to glomerular cells, and review preclinical and clinical evidence supporting its pathogenic role in glomerular injury in chronic renal disease. Finally, the therapeutic rationale for endothelin antagonists as a new class of antiproteinuric drugs is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrey Sorokin
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Disease Center, Division of Nephrology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) is a key player in the regulation of Na(+) homeostasis. Its functional activity is under continuous control by a variety of signaling molecules, including bioactive peptides of endothelin family. Since ENaC dysfunction is causative for disturbances in total body Na(+) levels associated with the abnormal regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and lung fluid balance, uncovering the molecular mechanisms of inhibitory modulation or inappropriate activation of ENaC is crucial for the successful treatment of a variety of human diseases including hypertension. The precise regulation of ENaC is particularly important for normal Na(+) and fluid homeostasis in organs where endothelins are known to act: the kidneys, lung, and colon. Inhibition of ENaC by endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been established in renal cells, and several molecular mechanisms of inhibition of ENaC by ET-1 are proposed and will be reviewed in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Sorokin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mariappan MM, Prasad S, D'Silva K, Cedillo E, Sataranatarajan K, Barnes JL, Choudhury GG, Kasinath BS. Activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β ameliorates diabetes-induced kidney injury. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35363-75. [PMID: 25339176 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.587840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in protein synthesis contributes to kidney hypertrophy and matrix protein accumulation in diabetes. We have previously shown that high glucose-induced matrix protein synthesis is associated with inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in renal cells and in the kidneys of diabetic mice. We tested whether activation of GSK3β by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) mitigates kidney injury in diabetes. Studies in kidney-proximal tubular epithelial cells showed that SNP abrogated high glucose-induced laminin increment by stimulating GSK3β and inhibiting Akt, mTORC1, and events in mRNA translation regulated by mTORC1 and ERK. NONOate, an NO donor, also activated GSK3β, indicating that NO may mediate SNP stimulation of GSK3β. SNP administered for 3 weeks to mice with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes ameliorated kidney hypertrophy, accumulation of matrix proteins, and albuminuria without changing blood glucose levels. Signaling studies showed that diabetes caused inactivation of GSK3β by activation of Src, Pyk2, Akt, and ERK; GSK3β inhibition activated mTORC1 and downstream events in mRNA translation in the kidney cortex. These reactions were abrogated by SNP. We conclude that activation of GSK3β by SNP ameliorates kidney injury induced by diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenalakshmi M Mariappan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245 and Medical Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Sanjay Prasad
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245 and
| | - Kristin D'Silva
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245 and
| | - Esteban Cedillo
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245 and
| | | | - Jeffrey L Barnes
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245 and
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245 and Medical Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229 the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and
| | - Balakuntalam S Kasinath
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245 and Medical Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase family that has been recently linked to tumor development. However, its role in modulating multiple myeloma (MM) biology and disease progression remains unexplored. We first demonstrated that patients with MM present with higher expression of Pyk2 compared with healthy individuals. By using loss-of-function approaches, we found that Pyk2 inhibition led to reduction of MM tumor growth in vivo as well as decreased cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, and adhesion ability in vitro. In turn, overexpression of Pyk2 promoted the malignant phenotype, substantiated by enhanced tumor growth and reduced survival. Mechanistically, inhibition of Pyk2 reduced activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by destabilizing β-catenin, leading to downregulation of c-Myc and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, treatment of MM cells with the FAK/Pyk2 inhibitor VS-4718 effectively inhibited MM cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings describe the tumor-promoting role of Pyk2 in MM, thus providing molecular evidence for a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor as a new therapeutic option in MM.
Collapse
|
9
|
Koshman YE, Chu M, Kim T, Kalmanson O, Farjah M, Kumar M, Lewis W, Geenen DL, de Tombe P, Goldspink PH, Solaro RJ, Samarel AM. Cardiomyocyte-specific expression of CRNK, the C-terminal domain of PYK2, maintains ventricular function and slows ventricular remodeling in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 72:281-91. [PMID: 24713463 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Up-regulation and activation of PYK2, a member of the FAK family of protein tyrosine kinases, is involved in the pathogenesis of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure (HF). PYK2 activation can be prevented by CRNK, the C-terminal domain of PYK2. We previously demonstrated that adenoviral-mediated CRNK gene transfer improved survival and LV function, and slowed LV remodeling in a rat model of coronary artery ligation-induced HF. We now interrogate whether cardiomyocyte-specific, transgenic CRNK expression prevents LV remodeling and HF in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) caused by constitutively active Protein Kinase Cε (caPKCε). Transgenic (TG; FVB/N background) mice were engineered to express rat CRNK under control of the α-myosin heavy chain promoter, and crossed with FVB/N mice with cardiomyocyte-specific expression of caPKCε to create double TG mice. LV structure, function, and gene expression were evaluated in all 4 groups (nonTG FVB/N; caPKCε(+/-); CRNK(+/-); and caPKCε×CRNK (PXC) double TG mice) at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12mo of age. CRNK expression followed a Mendelian distribution, and CRNK mice developed and survived normally through 12mo. Cardiac structure, function and selected gene expression of CRNK mice were similar to nonTG littermates. CRNK had no effect on caPKCε expression and vice versa. PYK2 was up-regulated ~6-fold in caPKCε mice, who developed a non-hypertrophic, progressive DCM with reduced systolic (Contractility Index=151±5 vs. 90±4s(-1)) and diastolic (Tau=7.5±0.5 vs. 14.7±1.3ms) function, and LV dilatation (LV Remodeling Index (LVRI)=4.2±0.1 vs. 6.0±0.3 for FVB/N vs. caPKCε mice, respectively; P<0.05 for each at 12mo). In double TG PXC mice, CRNK expression significantly prolonged survival, improved contractile function (Contractile Index=115±8s(-1); Tau=9.5±1.0ms), and reduced LV remodeling (LVRI=4.9±0.1). Cardiomyocyte-specific expression of CRNK improves contractile function and slows LV remodeling in a mouse model of DCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya E Koshman
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Miensheng Chu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Olivia Kalmanson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Mariam Farjah
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - William Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David L Geenen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pieter de Tombe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Paul H Goldspink
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - R John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Allen M Samarel
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koppel AC, Kiss A, Hindes A, Burns CJ, Marmer BL, Goldberg G, Blumenberg M, Efimova T. Delayed skin wound repair in proline-rich protein tyrosine kinase 2 knockout mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C899-909. [PMID: 24598361 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00331.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase family. We used Pyk2 knockout (Pyk2-KO) mice to study the role of Pyk2 in cutaneous wound repair. We report that the rate of wound closure was delayed in Pyk2-KO compared with control mice. To examine whether impaired wound healing of Pyk2-KO mice was caused by a keratinocyte cell-autonomous defect, the capacities of primary keratinocytes from Pyk2-KO and wild-type (WT) littermates to heal scratch wounds in vitro were compared. The rate of scratch wound repair was decreased in Pyk2-KO keratinocytes compared with WT cells. Moreover, cultured human epidermal keratinocytes overexpressing the dominant-negative mutant of Pyk2 failed to heal scratch wounds. Conversely, stimulation of Pyk2-dependent signaling via WT Pyk2 overexpression induced accelerated scratch wound closure and was associated with increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9, and MMP-10. The Pyk2-stimulated increase in the rate of scratch wound repair was abolished by coexpression of the dominant-negative mutant of PKCδ and by GM-6001, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of MMP activity. These results suggest that Pyk2 is essential for skin wound reepithelialization in vivo and in vitro and that it regulates epidermal keratinocyte migration via a pathway that requires PKCδ and MMP functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Koppel
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Alexi Kiss
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Anna Hindes
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Carole J Burns
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Barry L Marmer
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Gregory Goldberg
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Miroslav Blumenberg
- R. O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tatiana Efimova
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
ET-1-induced growth promoting responses involving ERK1/2 and PKB signaling and Egr-1 expression are mediated by Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase-II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:428-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Kohan DE, Inscho EW, Wesson D, Pollock DM. Physiology of endothelin and the kidney. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:883-919. [PMID: 23737206 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1988 as an endothelial cell-derived peptide that exerts the most potent vasoconstriction of any known endogenous compound, endothelin (ET) has emerged as an important regulator of renal physiology and pathophysiology. This review focuses on how the ET system impacts renal function in health; it is apparent that ET regulates multiple aspects of kidney function. These include modulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow, control of renin release, and regulation of transport of sodium, water, protons, and bicarbonate. These effects are exerted through ET interactions with almost every cell type in the kidney, including mesangial cells, podocytes, endothelium, vascular smooth muscle, every section of the nephron, and renal nerves. In addition, while not the subject of the current review, ET can also indirectly affect renal function through modulation of extrarenal systems, including the vasculature, nervous system, adrenal gland, circulating hormones, and the heart. As will become apparent, these pleiotropic effects of ET are of fundamental physiologic importance in the control of renal function in health. In addition, to help put these effects into perspective, we will also discuss, albeit to a relatively limited extent, how alterations in the ET system can contribute to hypertension and kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu RF, Xu X, Huang J, Fei QL, Chen F, Li YD, Han ZG. Down-regulation of miR-517a and miR-517c promotes proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via targeting Pyk2. Cancer Lett 2013; 329:164-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
14
|
Sharma D, Kinsey WH. PYK2: a calcium-sensitive protein tyrosine kinase activated in response to fertilization of the zebrafish oocyte. Dev Biol 2012; 373:130-40. [PMID: 23084926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization begins with binding and fusion of a sperm with the oocyte, a process that triggers a high amplitude calcium transient which propagates through the oocyte and stimulates a series of preprogrammed signal transduction events critical for zygote development. Identification of the pathways downstream of this calcium transient remains an important step in understanding the basis of zygote quality. The present study demonstrates that the calcium-calmodulin sensitive protein tyrosine kinase PYK2 is a target of the fertilization-induced calcium transient in the zebrafish oocyte and that it plays an important role in actin-mediated events critical for sperm incorporation. At fertilization, PYK2 was activated initially at the site of sperm-oocyte interaction and was closely associated with actin filaments forming the fertilization cone. Later PYK2 activation was evident throughout the entire oocyte cortex, however activation was most intense over the animal hemisphere. Fertilization-induced PYK2 activation could be blocked by suppressing calcium transients in the ooplasm via injection of BAPTA as a calcium chelator. PYK2 activation could be artificially induced in unfertilized oocytes by injection of IP3 at concentrations sufficient to induce calcium release. Functionally, suppression of PYK2 activity by chemical inhibition or by injection of a dominant-negative construct encoding the N-terminal ERM domain of PKY2 inhibited formation of an organized fertilization cone and reduced the frequency of successful sperm incorporation. Together, the above findings support a model in which PYK2 responds to the fertilization-induced calcium transient by promoting reorganization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton to form the fertilization cone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Sharma
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Giachini FRC, Carneiro FS, Lima VV, Carneiro ZN, Carvalho MHC, Fortes ZB, Webb RC, Tostes RC. Pyk2 mediates increased adrenergic contractile responses in arteries from DOCA-salt mice - VASOACTIVE PEPTIDE SYMPOSIUM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:431-8. [PMID: 19884968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The calcium-dependent proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2), a nonreceptor protein activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, links G protein-coupled receptors to vascular responses. We tested the hypothesis that enhanced vascular reactivity in DOCA-salt hypertensive mice are due to increased activation of Pyk2. METHODS AND RESULTS Aorta and small mesenteric arteries from DOCA-salt and uninephrectomized (UNI) male C57Bl/6 mice were used. Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) was higher in DOCA (126+/-3) vs. UNI (100+/-4) mice. Vascular responses to phenylephrine (1nM to 100muM) were greater both in aorta and small mesenteric arteries from DOCA-salt than UNI, but treatment with Tyrphostin A-9 (0.1muM, Pyk2 inhibitor) abolished the difference among the groups. Pyk2 levels, as well as phospho-Pyk2(Tyr402), paxillin and phospho-paxillin(Tyr118) were increased in DOCA-salt aorta. Incubation of vessels with Tyrphostin A-9 restored phosphorylation of Pyk2 and paxillin. CONCLUSION Increased activation of Pyk2 contributes to increased vascular contractile-responses in DOCA-salt mice.
Collapse
|
16
|
Contractile Activity Regulates Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and NO(i) Production in Cardiomyocytes via a FAK-Dependent Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:473410. [PMID: 22900166 PMCID: PMC3412095 DOI: 10.1155/2012/473410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular nitric oxide (NOi) is a physiological regulator of excitation-contraction coupling, but is also involved in the development of cardiac dysfunction during hypertrophy and heart failure. To determine whether contractile activity regulates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression, spontaneously contracting, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) were treat with L-type calcium channel blockers (nifedipine and verapamil) or myosin II ATPase inhibitors (butanedione monoxime (BDM) and blebbistatin) to produce contractile arrest. Both types of inhibitors significantly reduced iNOS but not eNOS expression, and also reduced NOi production. Inhibiting contractile activity also reduced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT phosphorylation. Contraction-induced iNOS expression required FAK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K), as both PF573228 and LY294002 (10 μM, 24 h) eliminated contraction-induced iNOS expression. Similarly, shRNAs specific for FAK (shFAK) caused FAK knockdown, reduced AKT phosphorylation at T308 and S473, and reduced iNOS expression. In contrast, shRNA-mediated knockdown of PYK2, the other member of the FAK-family of protein tyrosine kinases, had much less of an effect. Conversely, overexpression of a constitutively active form of FAK (CD2-FAK) or AKT (Myr-AKT) reversed the inhibitory effect of BDM on iNOS expression and NOi production. Thus, contraction-induced iNOS expression and NOi production in NRVM are mediated via a FAK-PI(3)K-AKT signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fisher KD, Codina J, Petrovic S, DuBose TD. Pyk2 regulates H+-ATPase-mediated proton secretion in the outer medullary collecting duct via an ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F1353-62. [PMID: 22811489 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00008.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid-secreting intercalated cells respond to changes in systemic pH through regulation of apical H(+) transporters. Little is known about the mechanism by which these cells sense changes in extracellular pH (pH(o)). Pyk2 is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase activated by autophosphorylation at Tyr402 by cell-specific stimuli, including decreased pH, and is involved in the regulation of MAPK signaling pathways and transporter activity. We examined whether the Pyk2 and MAPK signaling pathway mediates the response of transport proteins to decreased pH in outer medullary collecting duct cells. Immunoblot analysis of phosphorylated Pyk2 (Tyr402), ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), and p38 (Thr180/Tyr182) was used to assay protein activation. To examine specificity of kinase activation and its effects, we used Pyk2 small interfering RNA to knockdown Pyk2 expression levels, the Src kinase inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine (PP 1) to inhibit Pyk2 phosphorylation, and the MEK inhibitor U0126 to inhibit ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The pH-sensitive fluorescent probe 2'-7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein-acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) was used to assay H(+) transporter activity. The activity of H(+) transporters was measured as the rate of intracellular pH (pH(i)) recovery after an NH(4)Cl prepulse. We show that Pyk2 is endogenously expressed and activated by acid pH in mouse-derived outer medullary collecting duct (mOMCD1) cells. Incubation of mOMCD1 cells in acid media [extracellular pH (pH(o)) 6.7] increased the phosphorylation of Pyk2, ERK1/2, and p38. Reduction in pH(i) induced by an NH(4)Cl prepulse also increased the phosphorylation of Pyk2, ERK1/2, and p38. Consistent with our previous studies, we found that mOMCD1 cells exhibit H(+)-ATPase and H(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. Pyk2 inhibition by Pyk2 siRNA and PP 1 prevented Pyk2 phosphorylation as well as H(+)-ATPase-mediated recovery in mOMCD1 cells. In addition, ERK1/2 inhibition by U0126 prevented acid-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and H(+)-ATPase-mediated pH(i) recovery but not phosphorylation of p38. We conclude that Pyk2 and ERK1/2 are required for increasing H(+)-ATPase, but not H(+),K(+)-ATPase, activity at decreased pH(i) in mOMCD1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Fisher
- Sections on Nephrology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kapakos G, Bouallegue A, Daou GB, Srivastava AK. Modulatory Role of Nitric Oxide/cGMP System in Endothelin-1-Induced Signaling Responses in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 6:247-54. [PMID: 22043200 PMCID: PMC3083805 DOI: 10.2174/157340310793566055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important vasoprotective molecule that serves not only as a vasodilator but also exerts antihypertrophic and antiproliferative effects in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The precise mechanism by which the antihypertrophic and antiproliferative responses of NO are mediated remains obscure. However, recent studies have suggested that one of the mechanisms by which this may be achieved includes the attenuation of signal transduction pathways responsible for inducing the hypertrophic and proliferative program in VSMC. Endothelin-1 is a powerful vasoconstrictor peptide with mitogenic and growth stimulatory properties and exerts its effects by activating multiple signaling pathways which include ERK 1/2, PKB and Rho-ROCK. Both cGMP-dependent and independent events have been reported to mediate the effect of NO on these pathways leading to its vasoprotective response. This review briefly summarizes some key studies on the modulatory effect of NO on these signaling pathways and discusses the possible role of cGMP system in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kapakos
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) - Technopole Angus and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kohan DE, Rossi NF, Inscho EW, Pollock DM. Regulation of blood pressure and salt homeostasis by endothelin. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1-77. [PMID: 21248162 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00060.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET) peptides and their receptors are intimately involved in the physiological control of systemic blood pressure and body Na homeostasis, exerting these effects through alterations in a host of circulating and local factors. Hormonal systems affected by ET include natriuretic peptides, aldosterone, catecholamines, and angiotensin. ET also directly regulates cardiac output, central and peripheral nervous system activity, renal Na and water excretion, systemic vascular resistance, and venous capacitance. ET regulation of these systems is often complex, sometimes involving opposing actions depending on which receptor isoform is activated, which cells are affected, and what other prevailing factors exist. A detailed understanding of this system is important; disordered regulation of the ET system is strongly associated with hypertension and dysregulated extracellular fluid volume homeostasis. In addition, ET receptor antagonists are being increasingly used for the treatment of a variety of diseases; while demonstrating benefit, these agents also have adverse effects on fluid retention that may substantially limit their clinical utility. This review provides a detailed analysis of how the ET system is involved in the control of blood pressure and Na homeostasis, focusing primarily on physiological regulation with some discussion of the role of the ET system in hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vomaske J, Varnum S, Melnychuk R, Smith P, Pasa-Tolic L, Shutthanandan JI, Streblow DN. HCMV pUS28 initiates pro-migratory signaling via activation of Pyk2 kinase. HERPESVIRIDAE 2010; 1:2. [PMID: 21429240 PMCID: PMC3050435 DOI: 10.1186/2042-4280-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been implicated in the acceleration of vascular disease and chronic allograft rejection. Recently, the virus has been associated with glioblastoma and other tumors. We have previously shown that the HCMV-encoded chemokine receptor pUS28 mediates smooth muscle cell (SMC) and macrophage motility and this activity has been implicated in the acceleration of vascular disease. pUS28 induced SMC migration involves the activation of the protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) Src and Focal adhesion kinase as well as the small GTPase RhoA. The PTK Pyk2 has been shown to play a role in cellular migration and formation of cancer, especially glioblastoma. The role of Pyk2 in pUS28 signaling and migration are unknown. Methods In the current study, we examined the involvement of the PTK Pyk2 in pUS28-induced cellular motility. We utilized in vitro migration of SMC to determine the requirements for Pyk2 in pUS28 pro-migratory signaling. We performed biochemical analysis of Pyk2 signaling in response to pUS28 activation to determine the mechanisms involved in pUS28 migration. We performed mass spectrometric analysis of Pyk2 complexes to identify novel Pyk2 binding partners. Results Expression of a mutant form of Pyk2 lacking the autophosphorylation site (Tyr-402) blocks pUS28-mediated SMC migration in response to CCL5, while the kinase-inactive Pyk2 mutant failed to elicit the same negative effect on migration. pUS28 stimulation with CCL5 results in ligand-dependent and calcium-dependent phosphorylation of Pyk2 Tyr-402 and induced the formation of an active Pyk2 kinase complex containing several novel Pyk2 binding proteins. Expression of the autophosphorylation null mutant Pyk2 F402Y did not abrogate the formation of an active Pyk2 kinase complex, but instead prevented pUS28-mediated activation of RhoA. Additionally, pUS28 activated RhoA via Pyk2 in the U373 glioblastoma cells. Interestingly, the Pyk2 kinase complex in U373 contained several proteins known to participate in glioma tumorigenesis. Conclusions These findings represent the first demonstration that pUS28 signals through Pyk2 and that this PTK participates in pUS28-mediated cellular motility via activation of RhoA. Furthermore, these results provide a potential mechanistic link between HCMV-pUS28 and glioblastoma cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vomaske
- The Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton OR 97006 USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vonk LA, Doulabi BZ, Huang C, Helder MN, Everts V, Bank RA. Collagen-induced expression of collagenase-3 by primary chondrocytes is mediated by integrin α1 and discoidin domain receptor 2: a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 50:463-72. [PMID: 21075784 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether maintaining the chondrocyte's native pericellular matrix prevents collagen-induced up-regulation of collagenase-3 (MMP-13) and whether integrin α1 (ITGα1) and/or discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) modulate MMP-13 expression and which signalling pathway plays a role in collagen-stimulated MMP-13 expression. METHODS Goat articular chondrocytes and chondrons were cultured on collagen coatings. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides targeted against ITGα1 and DDR2 were transfected into primary chondrocytes. Chemical inhibitors for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1) (PD98059), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) (FAK inhibitor 14), mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (JNK) (SP600125) and protein kinase C (PKC) (PKC412), and a calcium chelator (BAPTA-AM) were used in cell cultures. Real-time PCR was performed to examine gene expression levels of MMP-13, ITGα1 and DDR2 and collagenolytic activity was determined by measuring the amount of hydroxyproline released in the culture medium. RESULTS Maintaining the chondrocyte's native pericellular matrix prevented MMP-13 up-regulation and collagenolytic activity when the cells were cultured on a collagen coating. Silencing of ITGα1 and DDR2 reduced MMP-13 gene expression and collagenolytic activity by primary chondrocytes cultured on collagen. Incubation with the PKC inhibitor strongly reduced MMP-13 gene expression levels. Gene expression levels of MMP-13 were also decreased by chondrocytes incubated with the MEK, FAK or JNK inhibitor. CONCLUSION Maintaining the native pericellular matrix of chondrocytes prevents collagen-induced up-regulation of MMP-13. Both ITGα1 and DDR2 modulate MMP-13 expression after direct contact between chondrocytes and collagen. PKC, FAK, MEK and JNK are involved in collagen-stimulated expression of MMP-13.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shen X, Xi G, Radhakrishnan Y, Clemmons DR. Recruitment of Pyk2 to SHPS-1 signaling complex is required for IGF-I-dependent mitogenic signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3893-903. [PMID: 20521079 PMCID: PMC11115943 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In vascular smooth muscle cells, IGF-I stimulates SHPS-1/SHP2/Src complex formation which is required for IGF-I-stimulated cell proliferation. Using SHP2/Src silencing and a Pyk2/Y402F mutant, we showed that Pyk2 was also recruited to the SHPS-1 complex. Pyk2 recruitment to SHPS-1 is mediated via the interaction of Pyk2 Tyr402 and the Src in response to IGF-I. Following Src/Pyk2 association, Src phosphorylates Pyk2 on Tyr881 providing a binding site for Grb2. Cells expressing Pyk2/Y881F showed decreased Grb2 recruitment to SHPS-1 and impaired Shc/Grb2 association. This change led to reduced Erk1/2 (MAP kinase) activation and cell proliferation in response to IGF-I. Our results show that, following its recruitment to the SHPS-1 signaling complex, Pyk2 localizes Grb2 in close proximity to Shc thereby facilitating Shc/Grb2 association which leads to Erk1/2 activation in response to IGF-I. Thus, Pyk2 recruitment to SHPS-1 plays an important role in regulating the IGF-I-stimulated mitogenic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Shen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Gang Xi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Yashwanth Radhakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - David R. Clemmons
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
- Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7170, 8024 Burnett-Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7170 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Agle KA, Vongsa RA, Dwinell MB. Calcium mobilization triggered by the chemokine CXCL12 regulates migration in wounded intestinal epithelial monolayers. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16066-75. [PMID: 20348095 PMCID: PMC2871475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.061416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Restitution of intestinal epithelial barrier damage involves the coordinated remodeling of focal adhesions in actively migrating enterocytes. Defining the extracellular mediators and the intracellular signaling pathways regulating those dynamic processes is a key step in developing restitution-targeted therapies. Previously we have determined that activation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by the cognate ligand CXCL12 enhances intestinal epithelial restitution through reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. The aim of these studies was to investigate the role of calcium effectors in CXCL12-mediated restitution. CXCL12 stimulated release of intracellular calcium in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of intracellular calcium flux impaired CXCL12-mediated migration of IEC-6 and CaCo2 cells. Pharmacological blockade and specific shRNA depletion of the phospholipase-C (PLCbeta3) isoform attenuated CXCL12-enhanced migration, linking receptor activation with intracellular calcium flux. Immunoblot analyses demonstrated CXCL12 activated the calcium-regulated focal adhesion protein proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (Pyk2) and the effector proteins paxillin and p130(Cas). Interruption of Pyk2 signaling potently blocked CXCL12-induced wound closure. CXCL12-stimulated epithelial cell migration was enhanced on laminin and abrogated by intracellular calcium chelation. These results suggest CXCL12 regulates restitution through calcium-activated Pyk2 localized to active focal adhesions. Calcium signaling pathways may therefore provide a novel avenue for enhancing barrier repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberle A. Agle
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Rebecca A. Vongsa
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Michael B. Dwinell
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bouallegue A, Vardatsikos G, Srivastava AK. Involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor transactivation in endothelin-1-induced signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:501-9. [DOI: 10.1139/y10-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoactive peptide that exerts hypertrophic, migratory, and mitogenic effects in vascular smooth muscle cells. ET-1-induced activation of several signaling events has been shown to mediate the cellular effects of ET-1. In the past several years, transactivation of growth factor receptor has gained much recognition in transducing the signaling responses of ET-1. Among various growth factor receptors studied, the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation in triggering ET-1-induced responses has been studied in some detail. However, recent studies have implicated insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor transactivation in this process. There are also some suggestions for a role of the Src family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases, such as c-Src, in transducing the signaling responses of vasoactive peptides. In this review, we will examine the contribution of both insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and c-Src in mediating ET-1-induced signaling responses in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bouallegue
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) – Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1W 4A4, Canada
| | - George Vardatsikos
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) – Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1W 4A4, Canada
| | - Ashok K. Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) – Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1W 4A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bartos JA, Ulrich JD, Li H, Beazely MA, Chen Y, MacDonald JF, Hell JW. Postsynaptic clustering and activation of Pyk2 by PSD-95. J Neurosci 2010; 30:449-63. [PMID: 20071509 PMCID: PMC2822408 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4992-08.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase Pyk2 plays a unique role in intracellular signal transduction by linking Ca(2+) influx to tyrosine phosphorylation, but the molecular mechanism of Pyk2 activation is unknown. We report that Pyk2 oligomerization by antibodies in vitro or overexpression of PSD-95 in PC6-3 cells induces trans-autophosphorylation of Tyr402, the first step in Pyk2 activation. In neurons, Ca(2+) influx through NMDA-type glutamate receptors causes postsynaptic clustering and autophosphorylation of endogenous Pyk2 via Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-stimulated binding to PSD-95. Accordingly, Ca(2+) influx promotes oligomerization and thereby autoactivation of Pyk2 by stimulating its interaction with PSD-95. We show that this mechanism of Pyk2 activation is critical for long-term potentiation in the hippocampus CA1 region, which is thought to underlie learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Bartos
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109
| | - Jason D. Ulrich
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
| | - Michael A. Beazely
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
| | - Yucui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109
| | - John F. MacDonald
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Johannes W. Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616-8636
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bouallegue A, Vardatsikos G, Srivastava AK. Role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and c-Src in endothelin-1- and angiotensin II-induced PKB phosphorylation, and hypertrophic and proliferative responses in vascular smooth muscle cellsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a special issue on Advances in Cardiovascular Research. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:1009-18. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) are vasoactive peptides believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, hypertrophy, and restenosis. The concept of transactivation of growth factor receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), in triggering vasoactive peptide-induced signaling events has gained much recognition during the past several years. We have demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a role in transducing the effect of H2O2, leading to protein kinase B (PKB) phosphorylation. Since vasoactive peptides elicit their responses through generation of reactive oxygen species, including H2O2, we investigated whether IGF-1R transactivation plays a similar role in ET-1- and Ang II-induced PKB phosphorylation and hypertrophic responses in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). AG1024, a specific inhibitor of IGF-1R protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), attenuated both ET-1- and Ang II-induced PKB phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. ET-1 and Ang II treatment also induced the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the autophosphorylation sites of IGF-1R, which were blocked by AG1024. In addition, both ET-1 and Ang II evoked tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Src, a nonreceptor PTK, whereas pharmacological inhibition of c-Src PTK activity by PP2, a specific inhibitor of Src-family tyrosine kinase, significantly reduced PKB phosphorylation as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of IGF-1R induced by the 2 vasoactive peptides. Furthermore, protein and DNA synthesis enhanced by ET-1 and Ang II were attenuated by AG1024 and PP2. In conclusion, these data suggest that IGF-1R PTK and c-Src PTK play a critical role in mediating PKB phosphorylation as well as hypertrophic and proliferative responses induced by ET-1 and Ang II in A10 VSMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bouallegue
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George Vardatsikos
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashok K. Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ding L, Guo D, Homandberg GA. Fibronectin fragments mediate matrix metalloproteinase upregulation and cartilage damage through proline rich tyrosine kinase 2, c-src, NF-kappaB and protein kinase Cdelta. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1385-92. [PMID: 19409294 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since fibronectin fragments (Fn-fs) enhance cartilage damage through integrins, the objective was to investigate the role of integrin linked kinases, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and a soluble form of FAK, proline rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and cellular src kinase (c-src) and the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in cartilage damage. METHODS Bovine chondrocytes were cultured with various concentrations of three different Fn-fs, an amino-terminal 29 kDa, a gelatin binding 50 kDa and a central 140-kDa Fn-fs, each with progressively weaker cartilage damaging activity, or with native fibronectin (Fn), and lysates probed for activation of the selected kinases. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize intracellular location of activated kinases and NF-kappaB. Various kinase inhibitors were tested for their effects on Fn-f mediated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and -13 and cartilage proteoglycan (PG) depletion. RESULTS The Fn-fs kinetically enhanced phosphorylation of FAK but did not show a clear dose-response effect. The 29-kDa and 50-kDa Fn-fs enhanced phosphorylation of Pyk2, c-src and NF-kappaB to a much greater extent than the 140-kDa Fn-f and native Fn and did so as a function of dose. The 29-kDa Fn-f enhanced the phosphorylation of nuclear Pyk2 as compared with no treatment or native Fn. Inhibitors of Pyk2, c-src, NF-kappaB and protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) decreased MMP upregulation and decreased Fn-f mediated damage to cartilage. CONCLUSIONS These studies enhance our knowledge of crucial factors in Fn-f mediated signaling in MMP upregulation and cartilage damage and because of the potential physiologic relevance of Fn-fs, provide a better knowledge of cartilage degeneration in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Box 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Substance P receptor in U373 MG human astrocytoma cells activates mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 through Src. Brain Tumor Pathol 2009; 22:1-8. [PMID: 18095097 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-005-0178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) acting through substance P receptor (SPR) increases the proliferation of glioblastoma cells. At the molecular level, stimulation of SPR in human U373 MG glioblastoma cells results in phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2. Examination of the underlying mechanism reveals that SPR mediates ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner. Surprisingly, blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is transactivated by SPR, has a minimal effect on SPR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. However, SPR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation is significantly reduced by the Src kinase inhibitor PP2. Interestingly, ERK1/2 in U373 MG cells is also activated by several other mitogenic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including alpha(1B)-adrenergic, M(3)-muscarinic, and H(1)-histaminergic in an Src-dependent manner. We conclude that c-Src is a mediator of SP-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human U373 MG glioblastoma cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
Rufanova VA, Alexanian A, Wakatsuki T, Lerner A, Sorokin A. Pyk2 mediates endothelin-1 signaling via p130Cas/BCAR3 cascade and regulates human glomerular mesangial cell adhesion and spreading. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:45-56. [PMID: 19086031 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-regulated non-receptor proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a critical mediator of endothelin-1 (ET-1) signaling in human glomerular mesangial cells (GMC). We aimed to identify which small G-protein is acting downstream of Pyk2. Dominant interfering Pyk2 construct, termed calcium regulated non kinase (CRNK) or green fluorescent protein (control) were expressed in GMC using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. ET-1 stimulation resulted in a significant increase of Pyk2 phosphorylation accompanied by GTP-loading of Rap1 and RhoA. CRNK expression inhibited ET-1-induced autophosphorylation of endogenous Pyk2 and diminished Rap1, but not RhoA, activation. The mechanism linking Pyk2 and Rap1 included (1) increased autophosphorylation of Pyk2 associated with p130Cas, (2) augmented p130Cas Y165 and Y249 phosphorylation, and (3) enhanced p130Cas-BCAR3 complex formation. CRNK expression prevented p130Cas phosphorylation and attenuated p130Cas association with BCAR3. Downregulation of endogenous BCAR3 protein expression using an siRNA technique led to a significant decrease in Rap1 activation in response to ET-1. We observed that endogenous Pyk2 was important for GMC adhesion and spreading. Our data suggest that ET-1 stimulated the GTPase Rap1 (but neither RhoA nor Ras) by a mechanism involving Pyk2 activation and recruitment of the p130Cas/BCAR3 complex in GMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoriya A Rufanova
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Disease Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hart DL, Heidkamp MC, Iyengar R, Vijayan K, Szotek EL, Barakat JA, Leya M, Henze M, Scrogin K, Henderson KK, Samarel AM. CRNK gene transfer improves function and reverses the myosin heavy chain isoenzyme switch during post-myocardial infarction left ventricular remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:93-105. [PMID: 18495152 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PYK2 is a Ca(2+)-dependent, nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase that is involved in the induction of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and its transition to heart failure. We and others have previously investigated PYK2's function in vitro using cultured neonatal and adult rat ventricular myocytes as model systems. However, the function of PYK2 in the in vivo adult heart remains unclear. Here we evaluate the effect of PYK2 inhibition following myocardial infarction (MI) using adenoviral (Adv) overexpression of the C-terminal domain of PYK2, known as CRNK. First we demonstrate that CRNK functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor of PYK2-dependent signaling, presumably by displacing PYK2 from focal adhesions and costameres. Then, male Sprague-Dawley rats (~300 g) underwent permanent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. One wk post-MI, either Adv-GFP (n=34) or Adv-CRNK (n=28) was administered (10(10) pfu, 0.1 ml) via catheter-based, Optison-mediated gene transfer. LV structure and function were evaluated by echocardiography 1 and 3 wk after gene transfer, and LV tissue was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. CRNK overexpression was readily detected by Western blotting 1 wk following gene transfer. Adv-CRNK improved overall survival (P=0.03; Logrank Test) and LV fractional shortening (23+/-2% vs. 31+/-2% for Adv-GFP vs. Adv-CRNK infected animals, respectively; P<0.05). Whereas MI hearts exhibited increased beta-, and decreased alpha-myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA expression characteristic of LVH, Adv-CRNK reversed the MHC isoenzyme switch (3.3+/-1.4 fold increase in alpha MHC; 0.4+/-0.1 fold decrease in beta MHC; P<0.05 for both). In summary, CRNK gene transfer improves survival, increases LV function, and alters MHC gene expression suggesting an attenuation of LV remodeling post-MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davin L Hart
- The Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brevetoxin-induced phosphorylation of Pyk2 and Src in murine neocortical neurons involves distinct signaling pathways. Brain Res 2007; 1184:17-27. [PMID: 17963734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brevetoxins (PbTx-1 to PbTx-10) are potent lipid soluble polyether neurotoxins produced by the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Brevetoxins bind to site 5 of the alpha-subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and augment Na(+) influx. In neocortical neurons brevetoxins elevate intracellular Ca(2+) and augment NMDA receptor signaling. In this study, we explored the effects of PbTx-2 on Pyk2 and Src activation in neocortical neurons. We found that both Pyk2 and Src were activated following PbTx-2 exposure. PbTx-2-induced Pyk2 Tyr402 phosphorylation was dependent on elevation of Ca(2+) influx through NMDA receptors. Moreover, Pyk2 Tyr402 phosphorylation was also found to require PKC activation inasmuch as RO-31-8425 and GF 109203x both attenuated the response. In contrast, PbTx-2-induced Src Tyr416 phosphorylation involved a Gq-coupled receptor inasmuch as U73122, a specific PLC inhibitor, abolished the response. This Gq-coupled receptor appears to be mGluR 5. The PKCdelta inhibitor rottlerin abolished PbTx-2-induced Src activation demonstrating that this isoform of PKC is involved in the activation of Src by PbTx-2. Considered together these data suggest that although activation of neuronal Pyk2 and Src result from PbTx-2 stimulation of VGSC, engagement of these two non-receptor tyrosine kinases involves distinct signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
32
|
Roelle S, Grosse R, Buech T, Chubanov V, Gudermann T. Essential role of Pyk2 and Src kinase activation in neuropeptide-induced proliferation of small cell lung cancer cells. Oncogene 2007; 27:1737-48. [PMID: 17906699 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide hormones like bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide, galanin or bradykinin, acting via auto and paracrine growth loops, represent the principal mitogens of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). These mitogenic neuropeptides activate G(q/11)-coupled receptors which stimulate phospholipase Cbeta activity, followed by rises of the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). We report here that proline-rich tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is highly expressed in SCLC cells and provides a functional link between neuropeptide-induced increases in [Ca2+](i) and tumor cell proliferation. Activation of Pyk2 and its association with Src kinases critically depends on the elevation of [Ca2+](i), but is independent of PKC. Src kinase activities are crucial for neuropeptide-mediated GTP-loading of Ras and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in SCLC cells. Pyk2 and Src kinases essentially contribute to anchorage-independent proliferation of SCLC cells. Inhibition of either Pyk2 or Src kinases by lentiviral RNAi or pharmacological inhibition with PP2, respectively, attenuated basal and neuropeptide-elicited survival and proliferation of SCLC cells in liquid culture and in soft agar. Thus, neuropeptides stimulate anchorage-independent survival and proliferation of SCLC cells via pathways involving Pyk2 and Src kinases. Therefore, Ca2+-induced Pyk2/Src complex formation may be a rewarding molecular target for novel therapeutic strategies in SCLC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Roelle
- 1Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Allingham MJ, van Buul JD, Burridge K. ICAM-1-Mediated, Src- and Pyk2-Dependent Vascular Endothelial Cadherin Tyrosine Phosphorylation Is Required for Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4053-64. [PMID: 17785844 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) has been modeled as a multistep process beginning with rolling adhesion, followed by firm adhesion, and ending with either transcellular or paracellular passage of the leukocyte across the endothelial monolayer. In the case of paracellular TEM, endothelial cell (EC) junctions are transiently disassembled to allow passage of leukocytes. Numerous lines of evidence demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins, such as vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and beta-catenin, correlates with the disassembly of junctions. However, the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the regulation of junctions during leukocyte TEM is not completely understood. Using human leukocytes and EC, we show that ICAM-1 engagement leads to activation of two tyrosine kinases, Src and Pyk2. Using phospho-specific Abs, we show that engagement of ICAM-1 induces phosphorylation of VE-cadherin on tyrosines 658 and 731, which correspond to the p120-catenin and beta-catenin binding sites, respectively. These phosphorylation events require the activity of both Src and Pyk2. We find that inhibition of endothelial Src with PP2 or SU6656 blocks neutrophil transmigration (71.1 +/- 3.8% and 48.6 +/- 3.8% reduction, respectively), whereas inhibition of endothelial Pyk2 also results in decreased neutrophil transmigration (25.5 +/- 6.0% reduction). Moreover, overexpression of the nonphosphorylatable Y658F or Y731F mutants of VE-cadherin impairs transmigration of neutrophils compared with overexpression of wild-type VE-cadherin (32.7 +/- 7.1% and 38.8 +/- 6.5% reduction, respectively). Our results demonstrate that engagement of ICAM-1 by leukocytes results in tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin, which is required for efficient neutrophil TEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allingham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bouallegue A, Daou GB, Srivastava AK. Nitric oxide attenuates endothelin-1-induced activation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 in vascular smooth muscle cells by a cGMP-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2072-9. [PMID: 17644565 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01097.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), in addition to its vasodilator action, has also been shown to antagonize the mitogenic and hypertrophic responses of growth factors and vasoactive peptides such as endothelin-1 (ET-1) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the mechanism by which NO exerts its antimitogenic and antihypertrophic effect remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether NO generation would modify ET-1-induced signaling pathways involved in cellular growth, proliferation, and hypertrophy in A-10 VSMCs. Treatment of A-10 VSMCs with S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), two NO donors, attenuated the ET-1-enhanced phosphorylation of several key components of growth-promoting and hypertrophic signaling pathways such as ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2. On the other hand, inhibition of the endogenous NO generation with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, increased the ET-1-induced phosphorylation of these signaling components. Since NO mediates its effect principally through a cGMP-soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) pathway, we investigated the role of these molecules in NO action. 8-Bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, a nonmetabolizable and cell-permeant analog of cGMP, exhibited a effect similar to that of SNAP and SNP. Furthermore, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of sGC, reversed the inhibitory effect of NO on ET-1-induced responses. SNAP treatment also decreased the protein synthesis induced by ET-1. Together, these data demonstrate that NO, in a cGMP-dependent manner, attenuated ET-1-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 and also antagonized the hypertrophic effects of ET-1. It may be suggested that NO-induced generation of cGMP contributes to the inhibition of ET-1-induced mitogenic and hypertrophic responses in VSMCs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/embryology
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 2/metabolism
- Guanylate Cyclase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- Hypertrophy/enzymology
- Hypertrophy/metabolism
- Leucine/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bouallegue
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wu SS, Jácamo RO, Vong SK, Rozengurt E. Differential regulation of Pyk2 phosphorylation at Tyr-402 and Tyr-580 in intestinal epithelial cells: roles of calcium, Src, Rho kinase, and the cytoskeleton. Cell Signal 2006; 18:1932-40. [PMID: 16574377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-dependent proline-rich tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, associates with focal adhesion proteins, and has been linked to proliferative and migratory responses in a variety of mesenchymal and epithelial cell types. Full Pyk2 activation requires phosphorylation at functionally distinct sites, including autophosphorylation site Tyr-402 and catalytic domain site Tyr-580, though the mechanisms involved are unclear. The pathways mediating Pyk2 phosphorylation at Tyr-402 and Tyr-580 were therefore investigated. Both sites were rapidly and transiently phosphorylated following cell stimulation by Ang II or LPA. However, only Tyr-580 phosphorylation was rapidly enhanced by intracellular Ca(2+) release, or inhibited by Ca(2+) depletion. Conversely, Tyr-402 phosphorylation was highly sensitive to inhibition of actin stress fibers, or of Rho kinase (ROK), an upstream regulator of stress fiber assembly. Ang II also induced a delayed (30-60 min) secondary phosphorylation peak occurring at Tyr-402 alone. Unlike the homologous focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Pyk2 phosphorylation was sensitive neither to the Src inhibitor PP2, nor to truncation of its N-terminal region, which contains a putative autoinhibitory FERM domain. These results better define the mechanisms involved in Pyk2 activation, demonstrating that autophosphorylation is ROK- and stress fiber-dependent, while transphosphorylation within the kinase domain is Ca(2+)-dependent and Src-independent in intestinal epithelial cells. This contrasts with the tight sequential coupling of phosphorylation seen in FAK activation, and further underlines the differences between these closely related kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ronzière MC, Aubert-Foucher E, Gouttenoire J, Bernaud J, Herbage D, Mallein-Gerin F. Integrin alpha1beta1 mediates collagen induction of MMP-13 expression in MC615 chondrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1746:55-64. [PMID: 16198011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, type I collagen is synthesized by osteoblasts together with some hypertrophic chondrocytes. Type I collagen has also been reported to be progressively synthesized in degenerative joints. Because Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) plays an active role in remodeling cartilage in fetal development and osteoarthritic cartilage, we investigated whether type I collagen could activate MMP-13 expression in chondrocytes. We used a well-established chondrocytic cell line (MC615) and we found that MMP-13 expression was induced in MC615 cells cultured in type I collagen gel. We also found that alpha1beta1 integrin, a major collagen receptor, was expressed by MC615 cells and we further assessed the role of alpha1beta1 integrin in conducting MMP-13 expression. Induction of MMP-13 expression by collagen was potently and synergistically inhibited by blocking antibodies against alpha1 and beta1 integrin subunits, indicating that alpha1beta1 integrin mediates the MMP-13-inducing cellular signal generated by three-dimensional type I collagen. We also determined that activities of tyrosine kinase and ERK and JNK MAP kinases were required for this collagen-induced MMP-13 expression. Interestingly, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 opposed this induction, an effect that may be related to a role of BMP-2 in the maintenance of cartilage matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Ronzière
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Ingénierie du Cartilage, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/UCBL, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Derbyshire ZE, Halfter UM, Heimark RL, Sy TH, Vaillancourt RR. Angiotensin II stimulated transcription of cyclooxygenase II is regulated by a novel kinase cascade involving Pyk2, MEKK4 and annexin II. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 271:77-90. [PMID: 15881658 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-5386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that MEKK4 regulates MKK6, and p38 MAP kinase, extracellular stimuli that activate the serine/threonine kinase, MEKK4, are unknown. The aim of this study was then to identify stimuli that regulate MEKK4. By using recombinant MEKK4, as bait to attract interacting proteins, the calcium binding protein, annexin II, was identified by mass spectrometry as interacting with MEKK4, suggesting that MEKK4 might be regulated by calcium. A calcium-dependent interaction between MEKK4 and annexin II was observed when MEKK4 was immunoprecipitated from rat aortic smooth muscle cells that were treated with angiotensin II. Additional studies using recombinant MEKK4 in a Far-Western immunoblot identified a protein of 120 kDa as interacting directly with MEKK4. Prior studies indicated that MEKK4 was phosphorylated on tyrosine in vivo, and in fact, Pyk2 interacts with MEKK4 in an angiotensin II dependent manner in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Pyk2 phosphorylates MEKK4 in vitro and Pyk2-dependent phosphorylation further regulates MEKK4-dependent phosphorylation of MKK6. Finally, dominant-negative MEKK4 inhibits angiotensin II mediated transcription of a luciferase reporter construct containing the cyclooxygenase II promoter, demonstrating that MEKK4 functions in a calcium-dependent manner as a substrate for Pyk2 and regulates transcription of cyclooxygenase II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Derbyshire
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kawanabe Y, Nauli SM. Involvement of extracellular Ca2+ influx through voltage-independent Ca2+ channels in endothelin-1 function. Cell Signal 2005; 17:911-6. [PMID: 15894164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the types and roles of voltage-independent Ca(2+) channels involved in the endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced functional responses such as vascular contraction, cell proliferation, and intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways and discusses the molecular mechanisms for the activation of voltage-independent Ca(2+) channels by ET-1. ET-1 activates some types of voltage-independent Ca(2+) channels, such as Ca(2+)-permeable nonselective cation channels (NSCCs) and store-operated Ca(2+) channels (SOCC). Extracellular Ca(2+) influx through these voltage-independent Ca(2+) channels plays essential roles in ET-1-induced vascular contraction, cell proliferation, activation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, regulation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase, and release of arachidonic acid. The experiments using various constructs of endothelin receptors reveal the importance of G(q) and G(12) families in activation of these Ca(2+) channels by ET-1. These findings provide a potential therapeutic mechanism of a functional interrelationship between G(q)/G(12) proteins and voltage-independent Ca(2+) channels in the pathophysiology of ET-1, such as in chronic heart failure, hypertension, and cerebral vasospasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Kawanabe
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Heidkamp MC, Scully BT, Vijayan K, Engman SJ, Szotek EL, Samarel AM. PYK2 regulates SERCA2 gene expression in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C471-82. [PMID: 15829561 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00130.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) has been implicated in cell signaling pathways involved in left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure, but its exact role has not been elucidated. In this study, replication-defective adenoviruses (Adv) encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged, wild-type (WT), and mutant forms of PYK2 were used to determine whether PYK2 overexpression activates MAPKs, and downregulates SERCA2 mRNA levels in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM). PYK2 overexpression significantly decreased SERCA2 mRNA (as determined by Northern blot analysis and real-time RT-PCR) to 54 ± 4% of Adv-GFP-infected cells 48 h after Adv infection. Adv-encoding kinase-deficient (KD) and Y402F phosphorylation-deficient mutants of PYK2 also significantly reduced SERCA2 mRNA (WT>KD>Y402F). Conversely, the PTK inhibitor PP2 (which blocks PYK2 phosphorylation by Src-family PTKs) significantly increased SERCA2 mRNA levels. PYK2 overexpression had no effect on ERK1/2, but increased JNK1/2 and p38MAPKphosphorylation from fourfold to eightfold compared with GFP overexpression. Activation of both “stress-activated” protein kinase cascades appeared necessary to reduce SERCA2 mRNA levels. Adv-mediated overexpression of constitutively active (ca)MKK6 or caMKK7, which activated only p38MAPKor JNKs, respectively, was not sufficient, whereas combined infection with both Adv reduced SERCA2 mRNA levels to 45 ± 12% of control. WTPYK2 overexpression also significantly reduced SERCA2 promoter activity, as determined by transient transfection of a 3.8-kb SERCA2 promoter-luciferase construct. Thus a PYK2-dependent signaling cascade may have a role in abnormal cardiac Ca2+handling in left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure via downregulation of SERCA2 gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Heidkamp
- The Cardiovascular Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gardner OS, Dewar BJ, Graves LM. Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Ligands: An Example of Nongenomic Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:933-41. [PMID: 16020742 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.012260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors that function as ligand-activated transcription factors to regulate lipid metabolism and homeostasis. In addition to their ability to promote gene transcription in a PPAR-dependent manner, ligands for this receptor family have recently been shown to induce mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. It is noteworthy that the transcriptional changes induced by PPAR ligands can be separated into distinct PPAR- and MAPK-dependent signaling pathways, suggesting that MAPKs alone mediate some of the effects of PPAR agonists in a nongenomic manner. This review will highlight recent studies that elucidate the nongenomic mechanisms of PPAR ligand-induced MAPK phosphorylation. The potential relevance of MAPK signaling in PPAR biology is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Gardner
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Arcucci A, Montagnani S, Gionti E. Expression and intracellular localization of Pyk2 in normal and v-src transformed chicken epiphyseal chondrocytes. Biochimie 2005; 88:77-84. [PMID: 16040187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression and localization of prolin-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) were studied in chick embryo epiphyseal chondrocytes. Two immunoreactive bands were detected in chondrocytes, a major band with an apparent Mr of 123 kDa and a minor band with an apparent Mr of 68 kDa. The major band appears to migrate as a doublet with apparent Mr of 116/123 kDa. Increased levels of the three forms of Pyk2 were observed in v-src transformed chondrocytes as compared to control uninfected chondrocytes. Immunofluorescent staining shows that Pyk2 is clearly visible in the cytosol and in the perinuclear region of control and v-src-chondrocytes and displays a pattern very similar to the distribution of the mitochondrial marker Mito Tracker. More, immunofluorescent staining shows that Pyk2 is nuclear in most chondrocytes. By subcellular fractionation, the p116/123 Pyk2 doublet, was found to be accumulated mainly in the cytoplasm while the p68 Pyk2 form, was found to be accumulated exclusively in the nucleus. The differential nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution of the Pyk2 forms remains unchanged after v-Src-induced transformation. The p68 Pyk2 form could no longer be detected by using a N-terminus domain-specific anti-Pyk2 antibody. Consistently, Pyk2 immunoreactivity was restricted to the cytoplasm of control and v-src transformed chondrocytes. Thus it appears that the p68 Pyk2 form that accumulates in the nucleus has a deletion in the N-terminus region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arcucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomorfologiche e Funzionali, Università di Napoli Federico II, via S. Pansini n. 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
van Buul JD, Anthony EC, Fernandez-Borja M, Burridge K, Hordijk PL. Proline-rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 (Pyk2) Mediates Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin-based Cell-Cell Adhesion by Regulating β-Catenin Tyrosine Phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:21129-36. [PMID: 15778498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500898200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) controls endothelial cell-cell adhesion and preserves endothelial integrity. In order to maintain endothelial barrier function, VE-cadherin function is tightly regulated through mechanisms that involve protein phosphorylation and cytoskeletal dynamics. Here, we show that loss of VE-cadherin function results in intercellular gap formation and a drop in electrical resistance of monolayers of primary human endothelial cells. Detailed analysis revealed that loss of endothelial cell-cell adhesion, induced by VE-cadherin-blocking antibodies, is preceded by and dependent on a rapid activation of Rac1 and increased production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, VE-cadherin-associated beta-catenin is tyrosine-phosphorylated upon loss of cell-cell contact. Finally, the redox-sensitive proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is activated and recruited to cell-cell junctions following the loss of VE-cadherin homotypic adhesion. Conversely, the inhibition of Pyk2 activity in endothelial cells by the expression of CRNK (CADTK/CAKbeta-related non-kinase), an N-terminal deletion mutant that acts in a dominant negative fashion, not only abolishes the increase in beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation but also prevents the loss of endothelial cell-cell contact. These results implicate Pyk2 in the reduced cell-cell adhesion induced by the Rac-mediated production of ROS through the tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin. This signaling is initiated upon loss of VE-cadherin function and is important for our insight in the modulation of endothelial integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap D van Buul
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gardner OS, Shiau CW, Chen CS, Graves LM. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ-independent Activation of p38 MAPK by Thiazolidinediones Involves Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II and Protein Kinase R. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10109-18. [PMID: 15649892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410445200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands that promote increased insulin sensitivity in type II diabetic patients. In addition to their ability to improve glucose homeostasis, TZDs also exert anti-proliferative effects by a mechanism that is unclear. Our laboratory has shown that two TZDs, ciglitazone and troglitazone, rapidly induce calcium-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in liver epithelial cells. Here, we further characterize the mechanism responsible for p38 MAPK activation by PPARgamma ligands and correlate this with the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Specifically, we show that TZDs rapidly activate the ER stress-responsive pancreatic eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) kinase or PKR (double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/pancreatic eIF2alpha kinase, and that activation of these kinases is correlated with subsequent eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Interestingly, PPARgamma ligands not only activated calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) 2-fold over control, but the selective CaMKII inhibitor, KN-93, attenuated MKK3/6 and p38 as well as PKR and eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Although CaMKII was not affected by inhibition of PKR with 2-aminopurine, phosphorylation of MKK3/6 and p38 as well as eIF2alpha were significantly reduced. Collectively, these data provide evidence that CaMKII is a regulator of PKR-dependent p38 and eIF2alpha phosphorylation in response to ER calcium depletion by TZDs. Furthermore, using structural derivatives of TZDs that lack PPARgamma ligand-binding activity as well as a PPARgamma antagonist, we show that activation of these kinase signaling pathways is PPARgamma-independent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Gardner
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
López-Ongil S, Díez-Marqués ML, Griera M, Rodríguez-Puyol M, Rodríguez-Puyol D. Crosstalk Between Mesangial and Endothelial Cells: Angiotensin II Down-Regulates Endothelin-Converting Enzyme 1. Cell Physiol Biochem 2005; 15:135-44. [PMID: 15665524 DOI: 10.1159/000083646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since mesangial and endothelial cells interact in the kidney, the present experiments were designed to analyze the ability of human mesangial cells (HMC) to modulate endothelin-1 (ET-1) synthesis by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HuVEC). METHODS AND RESULTS The supernatants of HuVEC/HMC contained significantly lower amounts of ET-1 than those of HuVEC alone. This effect was not due to a decreased prepro-ET-1 mRNA expression and was only partially the consequence of HMC-dependent ET-1 degradation. Therefore, we tested the influence of the coculture on endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), and found a significant reduction of its mRNA and protein levels as well as a decreased activity in HuVEC/HMC as compared to HuVEC alone. Using a pharmacological blockade approach (sulotrobam, BN52021, losartan or catalase), losartan was shown to completely abolish down-regulation of ECE-1 observed in HuVEC/HMC. Angiotensin II (AII) induced a dose and time-dependent inhibition of ECE-1 expression in HuVEC. CONCLUSIONS These results support the importance of cross-talk among different cell types in the regulation of vascular or renal function. ET-1, and particularly ECE-1, might constitute a target in this regulation. In addition, locally synthesized AII could be one of the mediators involved in the down-regulation of ECE-1.
Collapse
|
45
|
Daou GB, Srivastava AK. Reactive oxygen species mediate Endothelin-1-induced activation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 signaling, as well as protein synthesis, in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:208-15. [PMID: 15203192 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to mediate the effects of several growth factors and vasoactive peptides, such as epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and angiotensin II (AII). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoactive peptide which also exhibits mitogenic activity in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis after angioplasty. However, a possible role for ROS generation in mediating the ET-1 response on extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (PKB), and protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), key components of the growth-promoting and proliferative signaling pathways, has not been examined in detail. Our aim was to investigate the involvement of ROS in ET-1-mediated activation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 in A-10 VSMCs. ET-1 stimulated ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 phosphorylation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment of A-10 VSMCs with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, attenuated ET-1-enhanced ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 phosphorylation. In addition, in parallel with an inhibitory effect on the above signaling components, DPI also blocked ET-1-induced protein synthesis. ET-1 was also found to increase ROS production, which was suppressed by DPI treatment. N-Acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, exhibited a response similar to that of DPI and inhibited ET-1-stimulated ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that ROS are critical mediators of ET-1-induced signaling events linked to growth-promoting proliferative and hypertrophic pathways in VSMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Bou Daou
- Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal - Hôtel-Dieu, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vitale S, Schmid-Alliana A, Breuil V, Pomeranz M, Millet MA, Rossi B, Schmid-Antomarchi H. Soluble fractalkine prevents monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced monocyte migration via inhibition of stress-activated protein kinase 2/p38 and matrix metalloproteinase activities. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:585-92. [PMID: 14688370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we address the question of the cross-talk between two chemokines that are cosecreted during inflammation, namely monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and soluble fractalkine (s-FKN), toward monocyte migration. We found that s-FKN fails to induce MonoMac6 cell migration per se. Interestingly, this chemokine antagonizes transendothelial migration and chemotaxis of MonoMac6 cells and freshly isolated human monocytes induced by MCP-1, indicating a direct effect of s-FKN on monocytic cells. In this study, we found that stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 and SAPK2/p38 are involved in the control of MCP-1-induced MonoMac6 cell migration. We demonstrated that s-FKN abrogates the MCP-1-induced SAPK2/p38 activation as well as the upstream Pyk2 activity. Furthermore, we observed that s-FKN also inhibits the activity of a major matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), namely MMP-2. Taken collectively, our results indicate that the s-FKN antagonizes the chemoattractant effect of MCP-1 on monocytes, likely by inhibiting crucial signaling pathways, like SAPK2/p38 and MMP-2 activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Vitale
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 364, Institut Féderatif de Recherche 50, Faculté de Médecine, Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex 02, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
McMullen M, Keller R, Sussman M, Pumiglia K. Vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated activation of p38 is dependent upon Src and RAFTK/Pyk2. Oncogene 2004; 23:1275-82. [PMID: 14676843 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in primary endothelial cells and may be critical for VEGF-induced angiogenesis. We investigated the molecular basis for p38 activation in response to VEGF. The expression of a C-terminal splice variant of FAK, FRNK, had no affect on VEGF-induced activation of p38; however, expression of a dominant-negative RAFTK/Pyk2 mutant led to a decrease in the activation of p38, but had no affect on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Since calcium regulates RAFTK/Pyk2, we investigated its role in p38 activity. Preincubation with EGTA suppressed p38 activation, while calcium ionophore induced p38 activity. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) resulted in complete inhibition of ERK, while having no affect on p38 activity. These data suggested a bifurcation in the regulation of MAPKs that occurs at the level of PLC and RAFTK/Pyk2 activation. Src family kinases interact with RAFTK/Pyk2. Inhibition of Src by either pharmacological or genetic means decreased p38 activity. Finally, we found that both Src and RAFTK/Pyk2 were essential for endothelial cell migration. These data identified a novel regulatory network involving extracellular calcium, RAFTK/Pyk2, Src and p38. This signaling network appears to be critical for VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan McMullen
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gardner OS, Dewar BJ, Earp HS, Samet JM, Graves LM. Dependence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligand-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling on epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:46261-9. [PMID: 12966092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307827200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that function as ligand-activated transcription factors regulating lipid metabolism and homeostasis. In addition to their ability to regulate PPAR-mediated gene transcription, PPARalpha and gamma ligands have recently been shown to induce activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which in turn phosphorylate PPARs, thereby affecting transcriptional activity. However, the mechanism for PPAR ligand-dependent MAPK activation is unclear. In the current study, we demonstrate that various PPARalpha (nafenopin) and gamma (ciglitazone and troglitazone) agonists rapidly induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and/or p38 phosphorylation in rat liver epithelial cells (GN4). The selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors, PD153035 and ZD1839 (Iressa), abolished PPARalpha and gamma agonist-dependent Erk activation. Consistent with this, PPAR agonists increased tyrosine autophosphorylation of the EGFR as well as phosphorylation at a putative Src-specific site, Tyr845. Experiments with the Src inhibitor, PP2, and the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine revealed critical roles for Src and reactive oxygen species as upstream mediators of EGFR transactivation in response to PPAR ligands. Moreover, PPARalpha and gamma ligands increased Src autophosphorylation as well as kinase activity. EGFR phosphorylation, in turn, led to Ras-dependent Erk activation. In contrast, p38 activation by PPARalpha and gamma ligands occurred independently of Src, oxidative stress, the EGFR, and Ras. Interestingly, PPARalpha and gamma agonists caused rapid activation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase or Pyk2; Pyk2 as well as p38 phosphorylation was reduced by intracellular Ca2+ chelation without an observable effect on EGFR and Erk activation, suggesting a possible role for Pyk2 as an upstream activator of p38. In summary, PPARalpha and gamma ligands activate two distinct signaling cascades in GN4 cells leading to MAPK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Gardner
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Mesangial cells (MCs) play a central role in the physiology and pathophysiology of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the kidney. MCs release ET-1 in response to a variety of factors, many of which are elevated in glomerular injury. MCs also express ET receptors, activation of which leads to a complex signaling cascade with resultant stimulation of MC hypertrophy, proliferation, contraction, and extracellular matrix accumulation. MC ET-1 interacts with other important regulatory factors, including arachidonate metabolites, nitric oxide, and angiotensin II. Excessive stimulation of ET-1 production by, and activity in, MC is likely of pathogenic importance in glomerular damage in the setting of diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. The recent introduction of ET antagonists, and possibly ET-converting enzyme inhibitors, into the clinical arena establishes the potential for new therapies for those diseases characterized by increased MC ET-1 actions. This review will examine our present understanding of how ET-1 is involved in mesangial function in health and disease. In addition, we will discuss the status of clinical trials using ET antagonists, which have only been conducted in nonrenal disease, as a background for advocating their use in diseases characterized by excessive MC-derived ET-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Sorokin
- Division of Nephrology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Avraham HK, Lee TH, Koh Y, Kim TA, Jiang S, Sussman M, Samarel AM, Avraham S. Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates focal adhesion assembly in human brain microvascular endothelial cells through activation of the focal adhesion kinase and related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36661-8. [PMID: 12844492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301253200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a significant role in blood-brain barrier breakdown and angiogenesis after brain injury. VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration is a key step in the angiogenic response and is mediated by an accelerated rate of focal adhesion complex assembly and disassembly. In this study, we identified the signaling mechanisms by which VEGF regulates human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) integrity and assembly of focal adhesions, complexes comprised of scaffolding and signaling proteins organized by adhesion to the extracellular matrix. We found that VEGF treatment of HBMECs plated on laminin or fibronectin stimulated cytoskeletal organization and increased focal adhesion sites. Pretreating cells with VEGF antibodies or with the specific inhibitor SU-1498, which inhibits Flk-1/KDR receptor phosphorylation, blocked the ability of VEGF to stimulate focal adhesion assembly. VEGF induced the coupling of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to integrin alphavbeta5 and tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal components paxillin and p130cas. Additionally, FAK and related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK)/Pyk2 kinases were tyrosine-phosphorylated by VEGF and found to be important for focal adhesion sites. Overexpression of wild type RAFTK/Pyk2 increased cell spreading and the migration of HBMECs, whereas overexpression of catalytically inactive mutant RAFTK/Pyk2 markedly suppressed HBMEC spreading ( approximately 70%), adhesion ( approximately 82%), and migration ( approximately 65%). Furthermore, blocking of FAK by the dominant-interfering mutant FRNK (FAK-related non-kinase) significantly inhibited HBMEC spreading and migration and also disrupted focal adhesions. Thus, these studies define a mechanism for the regulatory role of VEGF in focal adhesion complex assembly in HBMECs via activation of FAK and RAFTK/Pyk2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hava Karsenty Avraham
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|