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Han YS, Bandi R, Fogarty MJ, Sieck GC, Brozovich FV. Aging related decreases in NM myosin expression and contractility in a resistance vessel. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1411420. [PMID: 38808359 PMCID: PMC11130448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1411420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Vasodilatation in response to NO is a fundamental response of the vasculature, and during aging, the vasculature is characterized by an increase in stiffness and decrease in sensitivity to NO mediated vasodilatation. Vascular tone is regulated by the activation of smooth muscle and nonmuscle (NM) myosin, which are regulated by the activities of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and MLC phosphatase. MLC phosphatase is a trimeric enzyme with a catalytic subunit, myosin targeting subunit (MYPT1) and 20 kDa subunit of unknown function. Alternative mRNA splicing produces LZ+/LZ- MYPT1 isoforms and the relative expression of LZ+/LZ- MYPT1 determines the sensitivity to NO mediated vasodilatation. This study tested the hypothesis that aging is associated with changes in LZ+ MYPT1 and NM myosin expression, which alter vascular reactivity. Methods: We determined MYPT1 and NM myosin expression, force and the sensitivity of both endothelial dependent and endothelial independent relaxation in tertiary mesenteric arteries of young (6mo) and elderly (24mo) Fischer344 rats. Results: The data demonstrate that aging is associated with a decrease in both the expression of NM myosin and force, but LZ+ MYPT expression and the sensitivity to both endothelial dependent and independent vasodilatation did not change. Further, smooth muscle cell hypertrophy increases the thickness of the medial layer of smooth muscle with aging. Discussion: The reduction of NM myosin may represent an aging associated compensatory mechanism to normalize the stiffness of resistance vessels in response to the increase in media thickness observed during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Han
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Rishiraj Bandi
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Matthew J Fogarty
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Frank V Brozovich
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Wang L, Dong S, Chitano P, Seow CY. Potentiation of active force by cyclic strain in sheep carotid arterial smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1243-1254. [PMID: 37823206 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00162.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate force in large arteries is known to be augmented by cyclic strain that mimics the mechanically dynamic in vivo environment associated with blood pressure fluctuation experienced by these arteries. Cyclic strain does not induce a contractile response, like that observed in the myogenic response seen in small arteries, but prompts a substantial increase in the response to electrical stimulation. We coined this phenomenon "force potentiation." Because protein kinase C (PKC) and rho-kinase (ROCK) are known to play a role in increasing contractility of arterial smooth muscle by inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase, and integrin-link kinase (ILK) is crucial in mechanotransduction, we examined how inhibition of these kinases affected force potentiation in sheep carotid artery. We found that phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain was enhanced by cyclic strain, but the enhancement was observed only in activated, not in relaxed muscle. Inhibition of ROCK diminished force potentiation and active isometric force, likely due to the disinhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase. Inhibition of PKC abolished force potentiation without an effect on active force, suggesting a more exclusive role of PKC (compared with ROCK) in mediating force potentiation. Inhibition of ILK had a similar effect as PKC inhibition, suggesting that ILK may be an upstream kinase for PKC activation by mechanical stimuli. Taken together, the findings suggest that ILK, PKC, and ROCK are important kinases in the signal transduction pathway that mediate the effect of mechanical strain on force potentiation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY When subjected to mechanical strain, smooth muscle from large arteries has the ability to increase its force generation (force potentiation), which could be important in autoregulation of blood pressure. This phenomenon, however, does not involve a myogenic response, such as the one seen in small arteries and arterioles. Our work shows the involvement of ILK, PKC, and ROCK in the signal transduction pathway that mediates the force-potentiating effect of mechanical strain in large arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital/Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shoujin Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pasquale Chitano
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital/Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chun Y Seow
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital/Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Tomida S, Ishima T, Sawaki D, Imai Y, Nagai R, Aizawa K. Multi-Omics of Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection: Calcium Transport Impairment Predisposes Aortas to Dissection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15213. [PMID: 37894894 PMCID: PMC10607035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several genetic defects, including a mutation in myosin heavy chain 11 (Myh11), are reported to cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (FTAAD). We recently showed that mice lacking K1256 of Myh11 developed aortic dissection when stimulated with angiotensin II, despite the absence of major pathological phenotypic abnormalities prior to stimulation. In this study, we used a comprehensive, data-driven, unbiased, multi-omics approach to find underlying changes in transcription and metabolism that predispose the aorta to dissection in mice harboring the Myh11 K1256del mutation. Pathway analysis of transcriptomes showed that genes involved in membrane transport were downregulated in homozygous mutant (Myh11ΔK/ΔK) aortas. Furthermore, expanding the analysis with metabolomics showed that two mechanisms that raise the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration-multiple calcium channel expression and ADP-ribose synthesis-were attenuated in Myh11ΔK/ΔK aortas. We suggest that the impairment of the Ca2+ influx attenuates aortic contraction and that suboptimal contraction predisposes the aorta to dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tomida
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (S.T.); (T.I.); (D.S.); (Y.I.)
| | - Tamaki Ishima
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (S.T.); (T.I.); (D.S.); (Y.I.)
| | - Daigo Sawaki
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (S.T.); (T.I.); (D.S.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yasushi Imai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (S.T.); (T.I.); (D.S.); (Y.I.)
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Kenichi Aizawa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (S.T.); (T.I.); (D.S.); (Y.I.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Center, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
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Kalra J, Artamonov M, Wang H, Franke A, Markowska Z, Jin L, Derewenda ZS, Ayon RJ, Somlyo A. p90RSK2, a new MLCK mediates contractility in myosin light chain kinase null smooth muscle. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1228488. [PMID: 37781225 PMCID: PMC10533999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1228488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Phosphorylation of smooth muscle (SM) myosin regulatory light chain (RLC20) is a critical switch leading to SM contraction. The canonical view held that only the short isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK1) catalyzed this reaction. It is now accepted that auxiliary kinases may contribute to vascular SM tone and contractility. We have previously reported that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK2) functions as such a kinase, in parallel with MLCK1, contributing ∼25% of the maximal myogenic force in resistance arteries. Thus, RSK2 may be instrumental in the regulation of basal vascular tone and blood pressure. Here, we take advantage of a MLCK1 null mouse (mylk1 -/-) to further test our hypothesis that RSK2 can function as an MLCK, playing a significant physiological role in SM contractility. Methods: Using fetal (E14.5-18.5) SM tissues, as embryos die at birth, we investigated the necessity of MLCK for contractility and fetal development and determined the ability of RSK2 kinase to compensate for the lack of MLCK and characterized its signaling pathway in SM. Results and Discussion: Agonists induced contraction and RLC20 phosphorylation in mylk1 -/- SM was attenuated by RSK2 inhibition. The pCa-tension relationships in permeabilized strips of bladder showed no difference in Ca2+ sensitivity in WT vs mylk1 -/- muscles, although the magnitude of force responses was considerably smaller in the absence of MLCK. The magnitude of contractile responses was similar upon addition of GTPγS to activate the RhoA/ROCK pathway or calyculinA to inhibit the myosin phosphatase. The Ca2+-dependent tyrosine kinase, Pyk2, contributed to RSK2-mediated contractility and RLC20 phosphorylation. Proximity-ligation and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated an association of RSK2, PDK1 and ERK1/2 with MLCK and actin. RSK2, PDK1, ERK1/2 and MLCK formed a signaling complex on the actin filament, positioning them for interaction with adjacent myosin heads. The Ca2+-dependent component reflected the agonist mediated increases in Ca2+, which activated the Pyk2/PDK1/RSK2 signaling cascade. The Ca2+-independent component was through activation of Erk1/2/PDK1/RSK2 leading to direct phosphorylation of RLC20, to increase contraction. Overall, RSK2 signaling constitutes a new third signaling pathway, in addition to the established Ca2+/CaM/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK pathways to regulate SM contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kalra
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mykhaylo Artamonov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Sentara Martha Jefferson Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Aaron Franke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Brain Surgery Worldwide, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zaneta Markowska
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Zygmunt S. Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ramon J. Ayon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Avril Somlyo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Kalra J, Artamonov M, Wang H, Franke A, Markowska Z, Jin L, Derewenda ZS, Ayon R, Somlyo A. p90RSK2, a new MLCK, rescues contractility in myosin light chain kinase null smooth muscle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541840. [PMID: 37292593 PMCID: PMC10245941 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Phosphorylation of smooth muscle (SM) myosin regulatory light chain (RLC 20 ) is a critical switch leading to contraction or cell migration. The canonical view held that the only kinase catalyzing this reaction is the short isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK1). Auxiliary kinases may be involved and play a vital role in blood pressure homeostasis. We have previously reported that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK2) functions as such a kinase, in parallel with the classical MLCK1, contributing ∼25% of the maximal myogenic force in resistance arteries and regulating blood pressure. Here, we take advantage of a MLCK1 null mouse to further test our hypothesis that RSK2 can function as an MLCK, playing a significant physiological role in SM contractility. Methods Fetal (E14.5-18.5) SM tissues were used as embryos die at birth. We investigated the necessity of MLCK for contractility, cell migration and fetal development and determined the ability of RSK2 kinase to compensate for the lack of MLCK and characterized it's signaling pathway in SM. Results Agonists induced contraction and RLC 20 phosphorylation in mylk1 -/- SM, that was inhibited by RSK2 inhibitors. Embryos developed and cells migrated in the absence of MLCK. The pCa-tension relationships in WT vs mylk1 -/- muscles demonstrated a Ca 2+ -dependency due to the Ca 2+ -dependent tyrosine kinase Pyk2, known to activate PDK1 that phosphorylates and fully activates RSK2. The magnitude of contractile responses was similar upon addition of GTPγS to activate the RhoA/ROCK pathway. The Ca 2+ -independent component was through activation of Erk1/2/PDK1/RSK2 leading to direct phosphorylation of RLC 20 , to increase contraction. RSK2, PDK1, Erk1/2 and MLCK formed a signaling complex on the actin filament, optimally positioning them for interaction with adjacent myosin heads. Conclusions RSK2 signaling constitutes a new third signaling pathway, in addition to the established Ca 2+ /CAM/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK pathways to regulate SM contractility and cell migration.
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Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S. Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1247-1421. [PMID: 36603156 PMCID: PMC9942936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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Myosin light chain phosphorylation exhibits a gradient across the wall of cerebellar arteries under sustained ex vivo vascular tone. Sci Rep 2023; 13:909. [PMID: 36650375 PMCID: PMC9845333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small blood vessel diseases are often associated with impaired regulation of vascular tone. The current understanding of resistance arteries often focuses on how a level of vascular tone is achieved in the acute phase, while less emphasis is placed on mechanisms that maintain vascular tone. In this study, cannulated rat superior cerebellar arteries (SCA) developed spontaneous myogenic tone and showed a marked and sustained constriction in the presence of diluted serum (10%), a stimulus relevant to cerebrovascular disease. Both phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC-p) and smooth muscle alpha actin (SM-α-actin) aligned with phalloidin-stained actin filaments in the vessel wall, while exhibiting a 'high to low' gradient across the layers of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), peaking in the outer layer. The MLC-p distribution profile shifted towards the adventitia in serum treated vessels, while removal of the serum reversed it. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the MLC-p signal and vessel wall tension was also evident. The gradients of phosphorylated MLC and SM-α-actin are consistent with a spatial regulation of the myosin-actin apparatus in the vessel wall during the maintenance of vascular tone. Further, the changing profiles of MLC-p and SM-α-actin are consistent with SCA vasoconstriction being accompanied by VSMC cytoskeletal reorganization.
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Wang S, Tang C, Liu Y, Border JJ, Roman RJ, Fan F. Impact of impaired cerebral blood flow autoregulation on cognitive impairment. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1077302. [PMID: 36531742 PMCID: PMC9755178 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1077302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the causes of cognitive impairment are multifactorial, emerging evidence indicates that cerebrovascular dysfunction plays an essential role in dementia. One of the most critical aspects of cerebrovascular dysfunction is autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), mainly mediated by the myogenic response, which is often impaired in dementia individuals with comorbidities, such as diabetes and hypertension. However, many unsolved questions remain. How do cerebrovascular networks coordinately modulate CBF autoregulation in health and disease? Does poor CBF autoregulation have an impact on cognitive impairment, and what are the underlying mechanisms? This review summarizes the cerebral vascular structure and myogenic (a three-phase model), metabolic (O2, CO2, adenosine, and H+), and endothelial (shear stress) factors in the regulation of CBF; and the consequences of CBF dysautoregulation. Other factors contributing to cerebrovascular dysfunction, such as impaired functional hyperemia and capillary abnormalities, are included as well. Moreover, this review highlights recent studies from our lab in terms of novel mechanisms involved in CBF autoregulation and addresses a hypothesis that there is a three-line of defense for CBF autoregulation in the cerebral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Chengyun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jane J Border
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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Tas2R activation relaxes airway smooth muscle by release of Gα t targeting on AChR signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121513119. [PMID: 35737832 PMCID: PMC9245679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121513119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are severe respiratory diseases. Bitter receptor-mediated bronchodilation is a potential therapy for asthma, but the mechanism underlying the agonistic relaxation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is not well defined. By exploring the ASM relaxation mechanism of bitter substances, we observed that pretreatment with the bitter substances nearly abolished the methacholine (MCh)-induced increase in the ASM cell (ASMC) calcium concentration, thereby suppressing the calcium-induced contraction release. The ASM relaxation was significantly inhibited by simultaneous deletion of three Gαt proteins, suggesting an interaction between Tas2R and AChR signaling cascades in the relaxation process. Biochemically, the Gαt released by Tas2R activation complexes with AChR and blocks the Gαq cycling of AChR signal transduction. More importantly, a bitter substance, kudinoside A, not only attenuates airway constriction but also significantly inhibits pulmonary inflammation and tissue remodeling in COPD rats, indicating its modulation of additional Gαq-associated pathological processes. Thus, our results suggest that Tas2R activation may be an ideal strategy for halting multiple pathological processes of COPD.
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Kim CH, Kim DE, Kim DH, Min GH, Park JW, Kim YB, Sung CK, Yim H. Mitotic protein kinase-driven crosstalk of machineries for mitosis and metastasis. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:414-425. [PMID: 35379935 PMCID: PMC9076678 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that mitotic protein kinases are involved in metastatic migration as well as tumorigenesis. Protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins play a role in the efficient release of metastatic cells from a tumor mass in the tumor microenvironment, in addition to playing roles in mitosis. Mitotic protein kinases, including Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and Aurora kinases, have been shown to be involved in metastasis in addition to cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, depending on the phosphorylation status and cellular context. Although the genetic programs underlying mitosis and metastasis are different, the same protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins can participate in both mitosis and cell migration/invasion, resulting in migratory tumors. Cytoskeletal remodeling supports several cellular events, including cell division, movement, and migration. Thus, understanding the contributions of cytoskeletal proteins to the processes of cell division and metastatic motility is crucial for developing efficient therapeutic tools to treat cancer metastases. Here, we identify mitotic kinases that function in cancer metastasis as well as tumorigenesis. Several mitotic kinases, namely, PLK1, Aurora kinases, Rho-associated protein kinase 1, and integrin-linked kinase, are considered in this review, as an understanding of the shared machineries between mitosis and metastasis could be helpful for developing new strategies to treat cancer. Improving understanding of the mechanisms linking cell division and cancer spread (metastasis) could provide novel strategies for treatment. A group of enzymes involved in cell division (mitosis) are also thought to play critical roles in the spread of cancers. Hyungshin Yim at Hanyang University in Ansan, South Korea, and co-workers in Korea and the USA reviewed the roles of several mitotic enzymes that are connected with metastasis as well as tumorigenesis. They discussed how these enzymes modify cytoskeletal proteins and other substrates during cancer progression. Some regulatory control of cell cytoskeletal structures is required for cancer cells to metastasize. Recent research has uncovered crosstalk between mitotic enzymes and metastatic cytoskeletal molecules in various cancers. Targeting mitotic enzymes and the ways they influence cytoskeletal mechanisms could provide valuable therapeutic strategies for suppressing metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Dae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Ga-Hong Min
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Yeo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Chang K Sung
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea.
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Górska A, Mazur AJ. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK): the known vs. the unknown and perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:100. [PMID: 35089438 PMCID: PMC8799556 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multifunctional molecular actor in cell-matrix interactions, cell adhesion, and anchorage-dependent cell growth. It combines functions of a signal transductor and a scaffold protein through its interaction with integrins, then facilitating further protein recruitment within the ILK-PINCH-Parvin complex. ILK is involved in crucial cellular processes including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, which reflects on systemic changes in the kidney, heart, muscle, skin, and vascular system, also during the embryonal development. Dysfunction of ILK underlies the pathogenesis of various diseases, including the pro-oncogenic activity in tumorigenesis. ILK localizes mostly to the cell membrane and remains an important component of focal adhesion. We do know much about ILK but a lot still remains either uncovered or unclear. Although it was initially classified as a serine/threonine-protein kinase, its catalytical activity is now questioned due to structural and functional issues, leaving the exact molecular mechanism of signal transduction by ILK unsolved. While it is known that the three isoforms of ILK vary in length, the presence of crucial domains, and modification sites, most of the research tends to focus on the main isoform of this protein while the issue of functional differences of ILK2 and ILK3 still awaits clarification. The activity of ILK is regulated on the transcriptional, protein, and post-transcriptional levels. The crucial role of phosphorylation and ubiquitylation has been investigated, but the functions of the vast majority of modifications are still unknown. In the light of all those open issues, here we present an extensive literature survey covering a wide spectrum of latest findings as well as a past-to-present view on controversies regarding ILK, finishing with pointing out some open questions to be resolved by further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Górska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Antonina Joanna Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Selivanova EK, Gaynullina DK, Tarasova OS. Thyroxine Induces Acute Relaxation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Arteries via Integrin αvβ3, ERK1/2 and Integrin-Linked Kinase. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726354. [PMID: 34594239 PMCID: PMC8477044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Hyperthyroidism is associated with a decreased peripheral vascular resistance, which could be caused by the vasodilator genomic or non-genomic effects of thyroid hormones (TH). Non-genomic, or acute, effects develop within several minutes and involve a wide tissue-specific spectrum of molecular pathways poorly studied in vasculature. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of acute effects of TH on rat skeletal muscle arteries. Methods: Sural arteries from male Wistar rats were used for isometric force recording (wire myography) and phosphorylated protein content measurement (Western blotting). Results: Both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) reduced contractile response of sural arteries to α1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine. The effect of T4 was more prominent than T3 and not affected by iopanoic acid, an inhibitor of deiodinase 2. Endothelium denudation abolished the effect of T3, but not T4. Integrin αvβ3 inhibitor tetrac abolished the effect of T4 in endothelium-denuded arteries. T4 weakened methoxamine-induced elevation of phospho-MLC2 (Ser19) content in arterial samples. The effect of T4 in endothelium-denuded arteries was abolished by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation with U0126 as well as by ILK inhibitor Cpd22 but persisted in the presence of Src- or Rho-kinase inhibitors (PP2 and Y27632, respectively). Conclusion: Acute non-genomic relaxation of sural arteries induced by T3 is endothelium-dependent and that induced by T4 is endothelium-independent. The effect of T4 on α1-adrenergic contraction is stronger compared to T3 and involves the suppression of extracellular matrix signaling via integrin αvβ3, ERK1/2 and ILK with subsequent decrease of MLC2 (Ser19) phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Selivanova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dina K Gaynullina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Tarasova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Tsymbalyuk O, Davydovska T, Lisnyak V, Veselsky S, Zaderko A, Voiteshenko I, Naumenko A, Skryshevsky V. ZnO and TiO 2 Nanocolloids: State of Mechanisms that Regulating the Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Hepatobiliary System. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23960-23976. [PMID: 34568675 PMCID: PMC8459414 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) methods, it was shown that the nanocolloids of ZnO contain hydrolyzed ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). Typically, the nanocrystalline ZnO/Zn(OH)2 core is covered by an amorphous shell of zinc hydroxides, preventing the encapsulated crystal core from dissolving. Similar studies were carried out with TiO2 nanocolloids. It was found that burdening of rats for 30 days with a ZnO aqueous nanocolloid (AN) was accompanied by a narrowing of the amplitude range, a decrease (increase) in the frequency of spontaneous contractions (SCs), and an inhibition of the efficiency indices for smooth muscles (SMs) of the antrum and cecum. Under longer (100 days) burdening of rats with AN of ZnO, there was a tendency toward restoring the above parameters. In terms of the value and the direction of changes in most parameters for SCs of SMs, the effects (30 days) of TiO2 AN differed from those for ZnO AN and were almost the same in the case of their long-term impact. It was found that mostly M2-cholinoreceptor-dependent mechanisms of regulating the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ were sensitive to the effect of ZnO and TiO2 ANs. The molecular docking demonstrated that ZnO and TiO2 NPs did not compete with acetylcholine for the site of binding to M3 and M2 cholinoreceptors but may impact the affinity of orthosteric ligands to M2 cholinoreceptors. The studies showed that burdening rats with ZnO and TiO2 ANs was also accompanied by changes in the activity state of both intracellular enzymes and the ion transport systems for Na+, K+, and Ca2+, related to the processes of bile secretion, via the plasma membrane of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tsymbalyuk
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tamara Davydovska
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslav Lisnyak
- Chemical
Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University
of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska
Str., 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Prešov
University in Prešov, Ul. 17. Novembra č. 1, 081 16 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Veselsky
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Zaderko
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Corporation
Science Park Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60, Volodymyrska Str., 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ivan Voiteshenko
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Naumenko
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Skryshevsky
- Institute
of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Corporation
Science Park Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60, Volodymyrska Str., 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
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14
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Sorensen DW, Injeti ER, Mejia-Aguilar L, Williams JM, Pearce WJ. Postnatal development alters functional compartmentalization of myosin light chain kinase in ovine carotid arteries. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R441-R453. [PMID: 34318702 PMCID: PMC8530762 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00293.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rate-limiting enzyme for vascular contraction, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), phosphorylates regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20) at rates that appear faster despite lower MLCK abundance in fetal compared with adult arteries. This study explores the hypothesis that greater apparent tissue activity of MLCK in fetal arteries is due to age-dependent differences in intracellular distribution of MLCK in relation to MLC20. Under optimal conditions, common carotid artery homogenates from nonpregnant adult female sheep and near-term fetuses exhibited similar values of Vmax and Km for MLCK. A custom-designed, computer-controlled apparatus enabled electrical stimulation and high-speed freezing of arterial segments at exactly 0, 1, 2, and 3 s, calculation of in situ rates of MLC20 phosphorylation, and measurement of time-dependent colocalization between MLCK and MLC20. The in situ rate of MLC20 phosphorylation divided by total MLCK abundance averaged to values 147% greater in fetal (1.06 ± 0.28) than adult (0.43 ± 0.08) arteries, which corresponded, respectively, to 43 ± 10% and 31 ± 3% of the Vmax values measured in homogenates. Confocal colocalization analysis revealed in fetal and adult arteries that 33 ± 6% and 20 ± 5% of total MLCK colocalized with pMLC20, and that MLCK activation was greater in periluminal than periadventitial regions over the time course of electrical stimulation in both age groups. Together, these results demonstrate that the catalytic activity of MLCK is similar in fetal and adult arteries, but that the fraction of total MLCK in the functional compartment involved in contraction is significantly greater in fetal than adult arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W Sorensen
- Division of Physiology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Elisha R Injeti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, Ohio
| | - Luisa Mejia-Aguilar
- Division of Physiology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - James M Williams
- Division of Physiology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J Pearce
- Division of Physiology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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15
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Zhuge Y, Zhang J, Qian F, Wen Z, Niu C, Xu K, Ji H, Rong X, Chu M, Jia C. Role of smooth muscle cells in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2741-2751. [PMID: 33110393 PMCID: PMC7586427 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.49871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are localized in the tunica media of the vasculature, where they take responsibility for vascular contraction and extracellular matrix (ECM) generation. SMCs also play a significant role in obedience and elastic rebound of the artery in response to the haemodynamic condition. However, under pathological or stressed conditions, phenotype switching from contractile to synthetic state or other cell types will occur in SMCs to positively or negatively contribute to disease progression. Various studies demonstrated that functional changes of SMCs are implicated in several cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we present the function of vascular SMCs (VSMCs) and the involved molecular mechanisms about phenotype switching, and summarize the roles of SMCs in atherosclerosis, hypertension, arterial aneurysms and myocardial infarction, hoping to obtain potential therapeutic targets against cardiovascular disease in the clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Zhuge
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Fanyu Qian
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhengwang Wen
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chao Niu
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Ji
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing Rong
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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16
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Li B, Wang X, Wang R, Rutz B, Ciotkowska A, Gratzke C, Herlemann A, Spek A, Tamalunas A, Waidelich R, Stief CG, Hennenberg M. Inhibition of neurogenic and thromboxane A 2 -induced human prostate smooth muscle contraction by the integrin α2β1 inhibitor BTT-3033 and the integrin-linked kinase inhibitor Cpd22. Prostate 2020; 80:831-849. [PMID: 32449814 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate smooth muscle contraction is critical for etiology and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Integrins connect the cytoskeleton to membranes and cells to extracellular matrix, what is essential for force generation in smooth muscle contraction. Integrins are composed of different subunits and may cooperate with integrin-linked kinase (ILK). Here, we examined effects of inhibitors for different integrin heterodimers and ILK on contraction of human prostate tissues. METHODS Prostate tissues were obtained from radical prostatectomy. Integrins and ILK were detected by Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and double fluorescence staining. Smooth muscle contractions of prostate strips were studied in an organ bath. Contractions were compared after application of solvent (controls), the ILK inhibitor Cpd22 (N-methyl-3-(1-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)propanamide), the integrin α2β1 inhibitor BTT-3033 (1-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[4[[(phenylamino)carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-sulfonamide), or the integrin α4β1/α9β1 inhibitor BOP (N-(benzenesulfonyl)- l-prolyl- l-O-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)tyrosine sodium salt). RESULTS Western blot analyses of prostate tissues using antibodies raised against integrins α2b, α4, α9, β1, and ILK revealed bands matching the expected sizes of corresponding antigens. Expression of integrins and ILK was confirmed by RT-PCR. Individual variations of expression levels occurred independently from divergent degree of BPH, reflected by different contents of prostate-specific antigen. Double fluorescence staining of prostate sections using antibodies raised against integrins α2 and β1, or against ILK resulted in immunoreactivity colocalizing with calponin, suggesting localization in prostate smooth muscle cells. Electric field stimulation (EFS) induced frequency-dependent contractions, which were inhibited by Cpd22 (3 µM) and BTT-3033 (1 µM) (inhibition around 37% by Cpd22 and 46% by BTT-3033 at 32 Hz). The thromboxane A2 analog U46619-induced concentration-dependent contractions, which were inhibited by Cpd22 and BTT-3033 (around 67% by Cpd22 and 39% by BTT-3033 at 30 µM U46619). Endothelin-1 induced concentration-dependent contractions, which were not affected by Cpd22 or BTT-3033. Noradrenaline and the α1 -adrenergic agonists methoxamine and phenylephrine-induced concentration-dependent contractions, which were not or very slightly inhibited by Cpd22 and BTT-3033. BOP did not change EFS- or agonist-induced contraction. CONCLUSIONS Integrin α2β1 and ILK inhibitors inhibit neurogenic and thromboxane A2 -induced prostate smooth muscle contraction in human BPH. A role for these targets for prostate smooth muscle contraction may appear possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsheng Li
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruixiao Wang
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Beata Rutz
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Ciotkowska
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annika Herlemann
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Annabel Spek
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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17
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Álvarez-Santos MD, Álvarez-González M, Estrada-Soto S, Bazán-Perkins B. Regulation of Myosin Light-Chain Phosphatase Activity to Generate Airway Smooth Muscle Hypercontractility. Front Physiol 2020; 11:701. [PMID: 32676037 PMCID: PMC7333668 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle is a central structure involved in the regulation of airway tone. In addition, it plays an important role in the development of some pathologies generated by alterations in contraction, such as hypercontractility and the airway hyperresponsiveness observed in asthma. The molecular processes associated with smooth muscle contraction are centered around myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, which is controlled by a balance in the activity of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) and myosin light-chain phosphatase (MLCP). MLCK activation depends on increasing concentrations of intracellular Ca2+, while MLCP activation is independent of Ca2+. MLCP contains a phosphatase subunit (PP1c) that is regulated through myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) and other subunits, such as glycogen-associated regulatory subunit and myosin-binding subunit 85 kDa. Interestingly, MLCP inhibition may contribute to exacerbation of smooth muscle contraction by increasing MLC phosphorylation to induce hypercontractility. Many pathways inhibiting MLCP activity in airway smooth muscle have been proposed and are focused on inhibition of PP1c, inhibitory phosphorylation of MYPT1 and dissociation of the PP1c-MYPT1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra D Álvarez-Santos
- Biology Area, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisol Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Estrada-Soto
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Blanca Bazán-Perkins
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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18
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Deng JT, Bhaidani S, Sutherland C, MacDonald JA, Walsh MP. Rho-associated kinase and zipper-interacting protein kinase, but not myosin light chain kinase, are involved in the regulation of myosin phosphorylation in serum-stimulated human arterial smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226406. [PMID: 31834925 PMCID: PMC6910671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin regulatory light chain (LC20) phosphorylation plays an important role in vascular smooth muscle contraction and cell migration. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylates LC20 (its only known substrate) exclusively at S19. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) have been implicated in the regulation of LC20 phosphorylation via direct phosphorylation of LC20 at T18 and S19 and indirectly via phosphorylation of MYPT1 (the myosin targeting subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase, MLCP) and Par-4 (prostate-apoptosis response-4). Phosphorylation of MYPT1 at T696 and T853 inhibits MLCP activity whereas phosphorylation of Par-4 at T163 disrupts its interaction with MYPT1, exposing the sites of phosphorylation in MYPT1 and leading to MLCP inhibition. To evaluate the roles of MLCK, ROCK and ZIPK in these phosphorylation events, we investigated the time courses of phosphorylation of LC20, MYPT1 and Par-4 in serum-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells (from coronary and umbilical arteries), and examined the effects of siRNA-mediated MLCK, ROCK and ZIPK knockdown and pharmacological inhibition on these phosphorylation events. Serum stimulation induced rapid phosphorylation of LC20 at T18 and S19, MYPT1 at T696 and T853, and Par-4 at T163, peaking within 30–120 s. MLCK knockdown or inhibition, or Ca2+ chelation with EGTA, had no effect on serum-induced LC20 phosphorylation. ROCK knockdown decreased the levels of phosphorylation of LC20 at T18 and S19, of MYPT1 at T696 and T853, and of Par-4 at T163, whereas ZIPK knockdown decreased LC20 diphosphorylation, but increased phosphorylation of MYPT1 at T696 and T853 and of Par-4 at T163. ROCK inhibition with GSK429286A reduced serum-induced phosphorylation of LC20 at T18 and S19, MYPT1 at T853 and Par-4 at T163, while ZIPK inhibition by HS38 reduced only LC20 diphosphorylation. We also demonstrated that serum stimulation induced phosphorylation (activation) of ZIPK, which was inhibited by ROCK and ZIPK down-regulation and inhibition. Finally, basal phosphorylation of LC20 in the absence of serum stimulation was unaffected by MLCK, ROCK or ZIPK knockdown or inhibition. We conclude that: (i) serum stimulation of cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells results in rapid phosphorylation of LC20, MYPT1, Par-4 and ZIPK, in contrast to the slower phosphorylation of kinases and other proteins involved in other signaling pathways (Akt, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and HSP27), (ii) ROCK and ZIPK, but not MLCK, are involved in serum-induced phosphorylation of LC20, (iii) ROCK, but not ZIPK, directly phosphorylates MYPT1 at T853 and Par-4 at T163 in response to serum stimulation, (iv) ZIPK phosphorylation is enhanced by serum stimulation and involves phosphorylation by ROCK and autophosphorylation, and (v) basal phosphorylation of LC20 under serum-free conditions is not attributable to MLCK, ROCK or ZIPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sabreena Bhaidani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cindy Sutherland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin A. MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael P. Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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Hou J, Liu B, Zhu B, Wang D, Qiao Y, Luo E, Nawabi AQ, Yan G, Tang C. Role of integrin-linked kinase in the hypoxia-induced phenotypic transition of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells: Implications for hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111476. [PMID: 31255599 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic transition of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from a contractile/differentiated to synthetic/de-differentiated phenotype is an important mechanism for the occurrence and development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is an early hypoxic response factor whose kinase activity is significantly affected during early hypoxia. Myocardin and ETS-like protein 1 (Elk-1) are co-activators of serum response factor (SRF) and can bind to SRF to mediate the phenotypic transition of PASMCs. However, little is known about the role of ILK on the phenotypic transition of these PASMCs. Thus, in our study, we explored the role of ILK in this process. We found that the expression of ILK and myocardin decreased gradually with the increase in hypoxia exposure time in the pulmonary arteries of rats. We observed that hypoxia exposure for 1 h caused an increase in the phosphorylation of Elk-1 but did not affect the expression of ILK, myocardin, or SRF. Exposure to hypoxic treatment for 1 h decreased ILK kinase activity and caused Elk-1 to suppress myocardin binding to SRF and the smooth muscle (SM) α-actin gene promoters. In addition, hypoxia exposure for 24 h decreased the expression of ILK, myocardin, SM α-actin, and calponin but increased the expression of osteopontin. Silencing of the myocardin gene significantly decreased the expression of SM α-actin and calponin but increased the expression of osteopontin. Silencing of the ILK gene significantly decreased the expression of myocardin, SM α-actin, and calponin but increased the expression of osteopontin. ILK overexpression reversed the effects of 24 h of hypoxia on the expression of myocardin, SM α-actin, calponin, and osteopontin and reversed the decrease in binding of myocardin to the SM α-actin promoter caused by 24 h of hypoxia exposure. Thus, our results suggest that ILK initiates the phenotypic transition of PASMCs. The underlying mechanism may involve hypoxia downregulating ILK kinase activity and protein expression, causing Elk-1 to compete with myocardin for binding to the SM α-actin promoter, which downregulates the expression of the downstream target myocardin and results in the phenotypic transition of PASMCs from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. This may be an important mechanism in the development of HPH.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia/genetics
- Cobalt/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Hemodynamics/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/enzymology
- Hypoxia/pathology
- Male
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Osteopontin/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Serum Response Factor/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Vascular Remodeling/genetics
- ets-Domain Protein Elk-1/metabolism
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Boqian Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Erfei Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Abdul Qadir Nawabi
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaoliang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chengchun Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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Tan J, Digicaylioglu M, Wang SX, Dresselhuis J, Dedhar S, Mills J. Insulin attenuates apoptosis in neuronal cells by an integrin-linked kinase-dependent mechanism. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02294. [PMID: 31463398 PMCID: PMC6706370 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin promotes neuronal survival by activating a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/AKT-dependent signaling pathway and reducing caspase activation. We investigated a role for integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in insulin-mediated cell survival in cultured neurons and differentiated R28 cells. We used a serum and depolarization withdrawal model to induce apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons and a serum withdrawal model to induce apoptosis in differentiated R28 cells. ILK knock-out decreased insulin-mediated protection as did the addition of pharmacological inhibitors of ILK, KP-392 or QLT-0267. Prosurvival effects of insulin were rescued by Boc-Asp (O-methyl)-CH2F (BAF), a pancaspase inhibitor, in the presence of KP-392. Insulin and IGF-1 decreased caspase-3 activation, an effect that was inhibited by KP-392 and QLT-0267. Western blot analysis indicates that insulin-induced stimulation of AKT Ser-473 phosphorylation was decreased after the ILK gene was conditionally knocked-out, following overexpression of AKT-DN or in the presence of QLT-0267. Insulin and IGF-1 stimulated ILK kinase activity in primary neurons and this was inhibited following ILK-DN overexpression. Western blot analysis indicates that insulin exposure upregulated the expression of the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein c-IAP2 in an extracellular matrix-dependent manner, an effect blocked by KP-392. These results indicate that ILK is an important effector in insulin-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Tan
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Murat Digicaylioglu
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Stacy X.J. Wang
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan Dresselhuis
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia Mills
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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Touyz RM, Alves-Lopes R, Rios FJ, Camargo LL, Anagnostopoulou A, Arner A, Montezano AC. Vascular smooth muscle contraction in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:529-539. [PMID: 29394331 PMCID: PMC5852517 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for many common chronic diseases, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, vascular dementia, and chronic kidney disease. Pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of hypertension include increased vascular resistance, determined in large part by reduced vascular diameter due to increased vascular contraction and arterial remodelling. These processes are regulated by complex-interacting systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, immune activation, and oxidative stress, which influence vascular smooth muscle function. Vascular smooth muscle cells are highly plastic and in pathological conditions undergo phenotypic changes from a contractile to a proliferative state. Vascular smooth muscle contraction is triggered by an increase in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), promoting actin–myosin cross-bridge formation. Growing evidence indicates that contraction is also regulated by calcium-independent mechanisms involving RhoA-Rho kinase, protein Kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling, reactive oxygen species, and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Activation of immune/inflammatory pathways and non-coding RNAs are also emerging as important regulators of vascular function. Vascular smooth muscle cell [Ca2+]i not only determines the contractile state but also influences activity of many calcium-dependent transcription factors and proteins thereby impacting the cellular phenotype and function. Perturbations in vascular smooth muscle cell signalling and altered function influence vascular reactivity and tone, important determinants of vascular resistance and blood pressure. Here, we discuss mechanisms regulating vascular reactivity and contraction in physiological and pathophysiological conditions and highlight some new advances in the field, focusing specifically on hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M Touyz
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Rheure Alves-Lopes
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Francisco J Rios
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Livia L Camargo
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Anders Arner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Mahavadi S, Grider JR, Murthy KS. Muscarinic m2 receptor-mediated actin polymerization via PI3 kinase γ and integrin-linked kinase in gastric smooth muscle. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13495. [PMID: 30393912 PMCID: PMC6347515 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actin polymerization plays an important role in smooth muscle contraction. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) was shown to mediate actin polymerization in airway smooth muscle. The role of ILK in actin polymerization in response to m2 receptor activation was not in gastric smooth muscle. METHODS Phosphorylation of paxillin, neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASp), and association of paxillin with GEF proteins (Cool2/αPix [Cool2/PAK-interacting exchange factor alpha], Cool1/βPix [Cool1/PAK-interacting exchange factor beta], and DOCK 180 [Dedicator of cytokinesis]) and N-WASp with Arp2/3 complex were measured by western blot. Activation of Cdc42 was determined using an antibody for activated Cdc42. Actin polymerization was measured as an increase in F-actin/G-actin ratio. RESULTS Phosphorylation of paxillin, an association of paxillin with GEF proteins, Cdc42 activity, and actin polymerization were increased in response to m2 receptor activation in gastric smooth muscle cells. The increases in paxillin phosphorylation, Cdc42 activity, and actin polymerization were inhibited by a PI3Kγ inhibitor (AS-605240), ILK siRNA, and ILK dominant negative mutant (ILK [R211]). Increase in actin polymerization was also inhibited by Cdc42 dominant negative mutant (Cdc42 [T17N]). Increases in the association of paxillin with GEF proteins, phosphorylation of N-WASp and its association with Arp2/3 complex were inhibited by ILK (R211). CONCLUSION In gastric smooth muscle cells, activation of PI3Kγ by muscarinic m2 receptors causes ILK-dependent phosphorylation of paxillin, an association of paxillin with Cdc42 GEF proteins and activation of Cdc42, which, in turn, causes phosphorylation of N-WASp and its association with Arp2/3 complex leading to actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
| | - John R. Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
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23
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Morikawa Y, Shibata A, Sasajima Y, Suenami K, Sato K, Takekoshi Y, Endo S, Ikari A, Matsunaga T. Sibutramine facilitates apoptosis and contraction of aortic smooth muscle cells through elevating production of reactive oxygen species. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 841:113-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tsymbalyuk OV, Naumenko AM, Rohovtsov OO, Skoryk MA, Voiteshenko IS, Skryshevsky VA, Davydovska TL. Titanium Dioxide Modulation of the Contractibility of Visceral Smooth Muscles In Vivo. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:129. [PMID: 28235365 PMCID: PMC5318306 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-1865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electronic scanning microscopy was used in the work to obtain the image and to identify the sizes of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles 21 ± 5 nm. The qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of the preparations of the caecum, antrum, myometrium, kidneys, and lungs of the rats, burdened with titanium dioxide, was also performed. It was established using the tenzometric method in the isometric mode that the accumulation of titanium dioxide in smooth muscles of the caecum resulted in the considerable, compared to the control, increase in the frequency of their spontaneous contractions, the decrease in the duration of the contraction-relaxation cycle, and the decrease in the indices of muscle functioning efficiency (the index of contractions in Montevideo units (MU) and the index of contractions in Alexandria units (AU)). In the same experimental conditions, there was not the increase, but the decrease in the frequency of spontaneous contractions, the duration of the contraction-relaxation cycle, and the increase in MU and AU indices in the smooth muscles of myometrium (in the group of rats, burdened with TiO2 for 30 days). It was also determined that TiO2 modulates both the mechanisms of the input of extracellular Ca2+ ions and the mechanisms of decreasing the concentration of these cations in smooth muscle cells of the caecum during the generation of the high potassium contraction. In these conditions, there is a considerable increase in the normalized maximal velocity of the contraction phase and the relaxation phase. It was demonstrated in the work that titanium dioxide also changes the cholinergic excitation in these muscles. The impact of titanium dioxide in the group of rats, burdened with TiO2, was accompanied with a considerable impairment of the kinetics of forming the tonic component of the oxytocin-induced contraction of the smooth muscles of myometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Tsymbalyuk
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2, korp. 4g, Pr. Akademika Hlushkova, Kyiv, 03022 Ukraine
| | - Anna M. Naumenko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2, korp. 4g, Pr. Akademika Hlushkova, Kyiv, 03022 Ukraine
| | | | | | - Ivan S. Voiteshenko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2, korp. 4g, Pr. Akademika Hlushkova, Kyiv, 03022 Ukraine
| | - Valeriy A. Skryshevsky
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2, korp. 4g, Pr. Akademika Hlushkova, Kyiv, 03022 Ukraine
| | - Tamara L. Davydovska
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2, korp. 4g, Pr. Akademika Hlushkova, Kyiv, 03022 Ukraine
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25
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Akaihata H, Nomiya M, Matsuoka K, Koguchi T, Hata J, Haga N, Kushida N, Ishibashi K, Aikawa K, Kojima Y. Protective Effect of a Rho-kinase Inhibitor on Bladder Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Chronic Bladder Ischemia. Urology 2017; 111:238.e7-238.e12. [PMID: 29051005 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, on chronic ischemia-related bladder dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (16 weeks old) were divided into control, chronic bladder ischemia (CBI), and CBI with fasudil treatment (CBI-Fa) groups. The CBI and CBI-Fa groups underwent balloon endothelial injury of bilateral iliac arteries and received a 2% cholesterol diet for 8 weeks after the procedure to induce CBI. The CBI-Fa group was given oral fasudil (30 mg/kg/day) using zonde for 8 weeks after the procedure. The control group received a regular diet for 8 weeks. After cystometry in a conscious state, rats from each group were euthanized, and the bladders and common iliac arteries were harvested for pharmacologic and histologic examination. RESULTS Mean wall thickness of the common iliac arteries was significantly greater in the CBI group than in controls. Contractile responses of muscle strips were significantly lower in CBI group rats than in controls. In the CBI group, micturition interval was significantly shorter, and bladder capacity was significantly lower compared with those in controls. In the CBI-Fa group, arterial wall thickening was significantly suppressed compared with the CBI group. Significant improvements in muscle strip contractility and cystometric parameters were seen in the CBI-Fa group compared with the CBI group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that chronic treatment with fasudil could prevent neointimal formation in arteries and bladder dysfunction in this rat model. Fasudil may be therapeutically useful in protecting bladder function in chronically ischemic bladders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Akaihata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan.
| | - Masanori Nomiya
- Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research Nihon University School of Engineering, Koriyama City, Japan; National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu City, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuoka
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koguchi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Junya Hata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Haga
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kushida
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Kei Ishibashi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Ken Aikawa
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
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26
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Takeya K. Highly sensitive myosin phosphorylation analysis in the renal afferent arteriole. J Smooth Muscle Res 2017; 52:45-55. [PMID: 27375035 PMCID: PMC5137254 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.52.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation involves phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation of regulatory proteins, particularly myosin. To elucidate the regulatory
mechanisms, analyzing the phosphorylation signal transduction is crucial. Although a
pharmacological approach with selective inhibitors is sensitive and a useful technique, it
leads to speculation regarding a signaling pathway but does not provide direct evidence of
changes at a molecular level. We developed a highly sensitive biochemical technique to
analyze phosphorylation by adapting Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. With this technique, we
successfully analyzed myosin light chain (LC20) phosphorylation in tiny renal
afferent arterioles. In the rat afferent arterioles, endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced
diphosphorylation of LC20 at Ser19 and Thr18 as well as monophosphorylation at
Ser19 via ETB receptor activation. Considering that LC20
diphosphorylation can decrease the rate of dephosphorylation and thus relaxation, we
concluded that LC20 diphosphorylation contributes, at least in part, to the
prolonged contraction induced by ET-1 in the renal afferent arteriole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeya
- Department of Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
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27
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Huhtinen A, Hongisto V, Laiho A, Löyttyniemi E, Pijnenburg D, Scheinin M. Gene expression profiles and signaling mechanisms in α 2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:65. [PMID: 28659168 PMCID: PMC5490158 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α2-adrenoceptors are important regulators of vascular tone and blood pressure. Regulation of cell proliferation is a less well investigated consequence of α2-adrenoceptor activation. We have previously shown that α2B-adrenoceptor activation stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This may be important for blood vessel development and plasticity and for the pathology and therapeutics of cardiovascular disorders. The underlying cellular mechanisms have remained mostly unknown. This study explored pathways of regulation of gene expression and intracellular signaling related to α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation. RESULTS The cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways of α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of VSMCs are complex and include redundancy. Functional enrichment analysis and pathway analysis identified differentially expressed genes associated with α2B-adrenoceptor-regulated VSMC proliferation. They included the upregulated genes Egr1, F3, Ptgs2 and Serpine1 and the downregulated genes Cx3cl1, Cav1, Rhoa, Nppb and Prrx1. The most highly upregulated gene, Lypd8, represents a novel finding in the VSMC context. Inhibitor library screening and kinase activity profiling were applied to identify kinases in the involved signaling pathways. Putative upstream kinases identified by two different screens included PKC, Raf-1, Src, the MAP kinases p38 and JNK and the receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and HGF/HGFR. As a novel finding, the Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. CONCLUSIONS α2B-adrenoceptors may mediate their pro-proliferative effects in VSMCs by promoting the activity of bFGF and PDGF and the growth factor receptors EGFR, HGFR and VEGFR-1/2. The Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. Lyn is known to be expressed in VSMCs and has been identified as an important regulator of GPCR trafficking and GPCR effects on cell proliferation. Identified Ser/Thr kinases included several PKC isoforms and the β-adrenoceptor kinases 1 and 2. Cross-talk between the signaling mechanisms involved in α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation thus appears to involve PKC activation, subsequent changes in gene expression, transactivation of EGFR, and modulation of kinase activities and growth factor-mediated signaling. While many of the identified individual signals were relatively small in terms of effect size, many of them were validated by combining pathway analysis and our integrated screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Huhtinen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Hongisto
- Toxicology Division, Misvik Biology Oy, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International BV, Wolvenhoek 10, 5211HH s’Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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28
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Ardanaz N, Pagano PJ. Hydrogen Peroxide as a Paracrine Vascular Mediator: Regulation and Signaling Leading to Dysfunction. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:237-51. [PMID: 16514169 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of a variety of vascular cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Until recently, major emphasis was placed on the production of superoxide anion (O2–) in the vasculature as a result of its ability to directly attenuate the biological activity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO). The short half-life and radius of diffusion of O2– drastically limit the role of this ROS as an important paracrine hormone in vascular biology. On the contrary, in recent years, the O2– metabolite hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has increasingly been viewed as an important cellular signaling agent in its own right, capable of modulating both contractile and growth-promoting pathways with more far-reaching effects. In this review, we will assess the vascular production of H2O2, its regulation by endogenous scavenger systems, and its ability to activate a variety of vascular signaling pathways, thereby leading to vascular contraction and growth. This discussion will include the ability of H2O2 to (i) Initiate calcium flux as well as (ii) stimulate pathways leading to sensitization of contractile elements to calcium. The latter involves a variety of protein kinases that have also been strongly implicated in vascular hypertrophy. Previous Intensive study has emphasized the ability of NADPH oxidase-derived O2– and H2O2 to activate these pathways in cultured smooth muscle cells. However, growing evidence indicates a considerably more complex array of unique oxidase systems in the endothelium, media, and adventitia that appear to participate in these deleterious effects in a sequential and temporal manner. Taken together, these findings seem consistent with a paracrine effect of H2O2 across the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ardanaz
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, RM 7044, E&R Building, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202-2689, USA
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29
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Turczyńska KM, Swärd K, Hien TT, Wohlfahrt J, Mattisson IY, Ekman M, Nilsson J, Sjögren J, Murugesan V, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Cidad P, Hellstrand P, Pérez-García MT, Albinsson S. Regulation of Smooth Muscle Dystrophin and Synaptopodin 2 Expression by Actin Polymerization and Vascular Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1489-97. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.305065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Actin dynamics in vascular smooth muscle is known to regulate contractile differentiation and may play a role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. However, the list of genes regulated by actin polymerization in smooth muscle remains incomprehensive. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify actin-regulated genes in smooth muscle and to demonstrate the role of these genes in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle phenotype.
Approach and Results—
Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells were treated with an actin-stabilizing agent, jasplakinolide, and analyzed by microarrays. Several transcripts were upregulated including both known and previously unknown actin-regulated genes. Dystrophin and synaptopodin 2 were selected for further analysis in models of phenotypic modulation and vascular disease. These genes were highly expressed in differentiated versus synthetic smooth muscle and their expression was promoted by the transcription factors myocardin and myocardin-related transcription factor A. Furthermore, the expression of both synaptopodin 2 and dystrophin was significantly reduced in balloon-injured human arteries. Finally, using a dystrophin mutant
mdx
mouse and synaptopodin 2 knockdown, we demonstrate that these genes are involved in the regulation of smooth muscle differentiation and function.
Conclusions—
This study demonstrates novel genes that are promoted by actin polymerization, that regulate smooth muscle function, and that are deregulated in models of vascular disease. Thus, targeting actin polymerization or the genes controlled in this manner can lead to novel therapeutic options against vascular pathologies that involve phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Turczyńska
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Karl Swärd
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Tran Thi Hien
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Johan Wohlfahrt
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Ingrid Yao Mattisson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Mari Ekman
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Johan Nilsson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Johan Sjögren
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Vignesh Murugesan
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Anna Hultgårdh-Nilsson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Pilar Cidad
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Per Hellstrand
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - M. Teresa Pérez-García
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
| | - Sebastian Albinsson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science (K.M.T., K.S., T.T.H., J.W., I.Y.M., M.E., V.M., A.H.-N., P.H., S.A.) and Department of Clinical Science (J.N., J.S.), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain (P.C., M.T.P.-G.)
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Han KS, Li N, Raven PA, Fazli L, Ettinger S, Hong SJ, Gleave ME, So AI. Targeting Integrin-Linked Kinase Suppresses Invasion and Metastasis through Downregulation of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1024-34. [PMID: 25657336 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignancy in the kidney. Antiangiogenic targeted therapies inhibit the progression of RCC, but have limited impacts on invasion or metastasis of tumor cells. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a serine/threonine kinase implicated in the regulation of cell growth/survival, cell-cycle progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion/migration, and angiogenesis. However, the role of ILK in RCC has not been evaluated. We investigated the role of ILK on cancer progression and metastasis and the therapeutic potential of ILK inhibition in RCC. Our investigation reveals that ILK is expressed at a low level in normal cells and low-stage RCC cells and is highly expressed in advanced and metastatic cells. Caki-1, a metastatic RCC cell line, showed higher expression of molecular EMT markers, including Snail and Zeb1, but decreased activity of GSK3β. Knockdown of ILK using small interference (si)-ILK minimally inhibited tumor proliferation and cell-cycle progression was not significantly affected. However, ILK knockdown suppressed the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions and impeded phenotypic EMT markers, including cell migration and invasion, in Caki-1 and UMRC-3 cells. Finally, in vivo knockdown of ILK suppressed the progression, invasion, and metastasis of primary RCC in nude mice by downregulation of EMT markers (Snail, Zeb1, vimentin, and E-cadherin). Our results show that ILK may be essential for invasion and metastasis in RCC and regulates vimentin and E-cadherin expression by regulating the EMT-related transcription factors Snail and Zeb1. These results suggest that ILK may be a potential target in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Seok Han
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter A Raven
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susan Ettinger
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sung Joon Hong
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alan I So
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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31
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Akaihata H, Nomiya M, Hata J, Yabe M, Takahashi N, Haga N, Kushida N, Ishibashi K, Aikawa K, Yamaguchi O, Kojima Y. Pelvic Arterial Occlusive Disease Affects the RhoA/Rho-Kinase Pathway in Bladder Smooth Muscle. J Urol 2015; 193:706-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Akaihata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Masanori Nomiya
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Junya Hata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Michihiro Yabe
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Norio Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Haga
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kushida
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Kei Ishibashi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Ken Aikawa
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima and Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research, Nihon University School of Engineering (MN, OY), Koriyama, Japan
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32
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Takeya K, Wang X, Sutherland C, Kathol I, Loutzenhiser K, Loutzenhiser RD, Walsh MP. Involvement of myosin regulatory light chain diphosphorylation in sustained vasoconstriction under pathophysiological conditions. J Smooth Muscle Res 2014; 50:18-28. [PMID: 24770446 PMCID: PMC5137258 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.50.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle contraction is activated primarily by phosphorylation at Ser19 of the
regulatory light chain subunits (LC20) of myosin II, catalysed by
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase.
Ca2+-independent contraction can be induced by inhibition of myosin light chain
phosphatase, which correlates with diphosphorylation of LC20 at Ser19 and
Thr18, catalysed by integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and zipper-interacting protein kinase
(ZIPK). LC20 diphosphorylation at Ser19 and Thr18 has been detected in
mammalian vascular smooth muscle tissues in response to specific contractile stimuli (e.g.
endothelin-1 stimulation of rat renal afferent arterioles) and in pathophysiological
situations associated with hypercontractility (e.g. cerebral vasospasm following
subarachnoid hemorrhage). Comparison of the effects of LC20 monophosphorylation
at Ser19 and diphosphorylation at Ser19 and Thr18 on contraction and relaxation of
Triton-skinned rat caudal arterial smooth muscle revealed that phosphorylation at Thr18
has no effect on steady-state force induced by Ser19 phosphorylation. On the other hand,
the rates of dephosphorylation and relaxation are significantly slower following
diphosphorylation at Thr18 and Ser19 compared to monophosphorylation at Ser19. We propose
that this diphosphorylation mechanism underlies the prolonged contractile response of
particular vascular smooth muscle tissues to specific stimuli, e.g. endothelin-1
stimulation of renal afferent arterioles, and the vasospastic behavior observed in
pathological conditions such as cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage and
coronary arterial vasospasm. ILK and ZIPK may, therefore, be useful therapeutic targets
for the treatment of such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeya
- Department of Physiology, Asahikawa Medical College, Hokkaido, Japan
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Yuen SL, Ogut O, Brozovich FV. Differential phosphorylation of LZ+/LZ- MYPT1 isoforms regulates MLC phosphatase activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 562:37-42. [PMID: 25168281 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The vascular response to NO is due, in part, to a Ca(2+) independent activation of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase, a trimeric enzyme of 20kDa, 38kDa catalytic and 110-130kDa myosin targeting (MYPT1) subunits. Alternative mRNA splicing produces MYPT1 isoforms that differ by the presence or absence of a central insert (CI) and a leucine zipper (LZ), and the presence of a LZ+ MYPT1 isoform is important for protein kinase G (PKG) mediated activation of MLC phosphatase. This study was designed to determine the molecular basis for the differential sensitivity of the vasculature to NO. Our results demonstrate that the presence of the MYPT1 LZ domain is required for PKG to both phosphorylate MYPT1 at S668 and activate MLC phosphatase. Further for LZ+ MYPT1 isoforms, an S668A MYPT1 mutation prevents the PKG mediated, Ca(2+) independent activation of MLC phosphatase. These data demonstrate that differential PKG mediated S668 phosphorylation of LZ+/LZ- MYPT1 isoforms could be important for determining the diversity in the sensitivity of the vasculature to NO mediated vasodilatation. Thus, the relative expression of LZ+/LZ- MYPT1 isoforms, in part, defines the vascular response to NO and NO based vasodilators, and therefore, plays a role in the regulation of vascular tone in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Yuen
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ozgur Ogut
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Frank V Brozovich
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Takeya K, Wang X, Kathol I, Loutzenhiser K, Loutzenhiser R, Walsh MP. Endothelin-1, but not angiotensin II, induces afferent arteriolar myosin diphosphorylation as a potential contributor to prolonged vasoconstriction. Kidney Int 2014; 87:370-81. [PMID: 25140913 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bolus administration of endothelin-1 elicits long-lasting renal afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, in contrast to transient constriction induced by angiotensin II. Vasoconstriction is generally evoked by myosin regulatory light chain (LC20) phosphorylation at Ser19 by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), which is enhanced by Rho-associated kinase (ROCK)-mediated inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP). LC20 can be diphosphorylated at Ser19 and Thr18, resulting in reduced rates of dephosphorylation and relaxation. Here we tested whether LC20 diphosphorylation contributes to sustained endothelin-1 but not transient angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction. Endothelin-1 treatment of isolated arterioles elicited a concentration- and time-dependent increase in LC20 diphosphorylation at Thr18 and Ser19. Inhibition of MLCK or ROCK reduced endothelin-1-evoked LC20 mono- and diphosphorylation. Pretreatment with an ETB but not an ETA receptor antagonist abolished LC20 diphosphorylation, and an ETB receptor agonist induced LC20 diphosphorylation. In contrast, angiotensin II caused phosphorylation exclusively at Ser19. Thus, endothelin-1 and angiotensin II induce afferent arteriolar constriction via LC20 phosphorylation at Ser19 due to calcium activation of MLCK and ROCK-mediated inhibition of MLCP. Endothelin-1, but not angiotensin II, induces phosphorylation of LC20 at Thr18. This could contribute to the prolonged vasoconstrictor response to endothelin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeya
- 1] Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada [2] Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Iris Kathol
- 1] Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada [2] Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathy Loutzenhiser
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rodger Loutzenhiser
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Chen C, Tao T, Wen C, He WQ, Qiao YN, Gao YQ, Chen X, Wang P, Chen CP, Zhao W, Chen HQ, Ye AP, Peng YJ, Zhu MS. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) regulates cell migration in a myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28478-88. [PMID: 25122766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) has long been implicated in the myosin phosphorylation and force generation required for cell migration. Here, we surprisingly found that the deletion of MLCK resulted in fast cell migration, enhanced protrusion formation, and no alteration of myosin light chain phosphorylation. The mutant cells showed reduced membrane tether force and fewer membrane F-actin filaments. This phenotype was rescued by either kinase-dead MLCK or five-DFRXXL motif, a MLCK fragment with potent F-actin-binding activity. Pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that the absence of MLCK led to attenuated formation of transmembrane complexes, including myosin II, integrins and fibronectin. We suggest that MLCK is not required for myosin phosphorylation in a migrating cell. A critical role of MLCK in cell migration involves regulating the cell membrane tension and protrusion necessary for migration, thereby stabilizing the membrane skeleton through F-actin-binding activity. This finding sheds light on a novel regulatory mechanism of protrusion during cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China
| | - Tao Tao
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wen
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China, and
| | - Wei-Qi He
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ning Qiao
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Qian Gao
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China
| | - Pei Wang
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Ping Chen
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qun Chen
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - An-Pei Ye
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China, and
| | - Ya-Jing Peng
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China,
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- From the Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, P.R. China, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
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Rho kinase acts as a downstream molecule to participate in protein kinase Cε regulation of vascular reactivity after hemorrhagic shock in rats. Shock 2014; 42:239-45. [PMID: 24827390 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that Rho kinase and protein kinase C (PKC) played important parts in the regulation of vascular reactivity after shock. Using superior mesenteric arteries (SMAs) from hemorrhagic shock rats and hypoxia-treated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), relationship of PKCε regulation of vascular reactivity to Rho kinase, as well as the signal transduction after shock, was investigated. The results showed that inhibition of Rho kinase with the Rho kinase-specific inhibitor Y-27632 antagonized the PKCε-specific agonist carbachol and highly expressed PKCε-induced increase of vascular reactivity in SMAs and VSMCs, whereas inhibition of PKCε with its specific inhibitory peptide did not antagonize the Rho kinase agonist (U-46619)-induced increase of vascular reactivity in SMAs and VSMCs. Activation of PKCε or highly expressed PKCε upregulated the activity of Rho kinase and the phosphorylation of PKC-dependent phosphatase inhibitor 17 (CPI-17), zipper interacting protein kinase (ZIPK), and integrin-linked kinase (ILK), whereas activation of Rho kinase increased only CPI-17 phosphorylation. The specific neutralization antibodies of ZIPK and ILK antagonized PKCε-induced increases in the activity of Rho kinase, but CPI-17 neutralization antibody did not antagonize this effect. These results suggested that Rho kinase takes part in the regulation of PKCε on vascular reactivity after shock. Rho kinase is downstream of PKCε. Protein kinase Cε activates Rho kinase via ZIPK and ILK; CPI-17 is downstream of Rho kinase.
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Huang J, Nalli AD, Mahavadi S, Kumar DP, Murthy KS. Inhibition of Gαi activity by Gβγ is mediated by PI 3-kinase-γ- and cSrc-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Gαi and recruitment of RGS12. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G802-10. [PMID: 24578342 PMCID: PMC4010651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00440.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Others and we have characterized several Gβγ-dependent effectors in smooth muscle, including G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), PLCβ3, and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-γ, and have identified various signaling targets downstream of PI 3-kinase-γ, including cSrc, integrin-linked kinase, and Rac1-Cdc42/p21-activated kinase/p38 MAP kinase. This study identified a novel mechanism whereby Gβγ acting via PI 3-kinase-γ and cSrc exerts an inhibitory influence on Gαi activity. The Gi2-coupled δ-opioid receptor agonist d-penicillamine (2,5)-enkephalin (DPDPE) activated cSrc, stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Gαi2, and induced regulator of G protein signaling 12 (RGS12) association; all three events were blocked by PI 3-kinase (LY294002) and cSrc (PP2) inhibitors and by expression of the COOH-terminal sequence of GRK2-(495-689), a Gβγ-scavenging peptide. Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP and muscle relaxation by DPDPE was augmented by PP2, LY294002, and a selective PI 3-kinase-γ inhibitor, AS-605420. Expression of tyrosine-deficient (Y69F, Y231F, or Y321F) Gαi2 mutant or knockdown of RGS12 blocked Gαi2 phosphorylation and Gαi2-RGS12 association and caused greater inhibition of cAMP. Parallel studies using somatostatin, cyclopentyl adenosine, or ACh to activate, respectively, Gi1-coupled somatostatin (sstr3) receptors, and Gi3-coupled adenosine A1 or muscarinic m2 receptors elicited cSrc activation, Gαi1 or Gαi3 phosphorylation, Gαi1-RGS12 or Gαi3-RGS12 association, and inhibition of cAMP. Inhibition of cAMP and muscle relaxation was greatly increased by AS-605240 and PP2. The results demonstrate that Gβγ-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Gαi1/2/3 by cSrc facilitated recruitment of RGS12, a Gαi-specific RGS protein with a unique phosphotyrosine-binding domain, resulting in rapid deactivation of Gαi and facilitation of smooth muscle relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiean Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ancy D. Nalli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Divya P. Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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38
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Turner SR, MacDonald JA. Novel Contributions of the Smoothelin-like 1 Protein in Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and its Potential Involvement in Myogenic Tone. Microcirculation 2014; 21:249-58. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Turner
- The Smooth Muscle Research Group at the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Justin A. MacDonald
- The Smooth Muscle Research Group at the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
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39
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Cheng Q, Sun Z, Meininger G, Almasri M. PDMS Elastic Micropost Arrays for Studying Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2013; 188:1055-1063. [PMID: 26451074 PMCID: PMC4594632 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the design, modeling, fabrication and characterization of a micromachined array of high-density 3-dimensional microposts (100×100) made of flexible material (silicone elastomers) for use to measure quantitatively the cellular traction force and contractile events in isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The micropost array was fabricated with diameters ranged from 3 to 10 μm, with edge to edge spacing of 5, 7 and 10 μm, and with a height to diameter aspect ratio up to 10. VSMCs exerted larger basal traction forces when they were grown on stiffer micropost arrays. These basal traction forces were 80% larger in control VSMCs than in VSMCs in which integrin linked kinase (ILK) was knocked down using shRNA. The addition of Angiotensin II (ANGII) led to VSMC contraction as evidenced by an increased traction force exerted on the microposts under the cell. This ANGII induced contractile response and change in traction force on the microposts was not observed in VSMCs lacking ILK. Following treatment of VSMCs with Cytochalasin D to depolymerize the actin cytoskeleton, the VSMCs exhibited relaxation that was apparent as a significant reduction in the measured traction force exerted on microposts under the cell. Overall, this study demonstrates the usefulness of micropost arrays for study of the contractile responsiveness of VSMC and the results indicate that ILK plays a critical role in the signaling pathways leading to the generation of substrate traction force in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Gerald Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Mahmoud Almasri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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Mita M, Tanaka H, Yanagihara H, Nakagawa JI, Hishinuma S, Sutherland C, Walsh MP, Shoji M. Membrane depolarization-induced RhoA/Rho-associated kinase activation and sustained contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle involves genistein-sensitive tyrosine phosphorylation. J Smooth Muscle Res 2013; 49:26-45. [PMID: 24133693 PMCID: PMC5137315 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.49.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinase (ROK) activation plays an important role in K+-induced
contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle (Mita et al., Biochem J. 2002; 364:
431–40). The present study investigated a potential role for tyrosine kinase activity in
K+-induced RhoA activation and contraction. The non-selective tyrosine kinase
inhibitor genistein, but not the src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2, inhibited
K+-induced sustained contraction (IC50 = 11.3 ± 2.4 µM). Genistein
(10 µM) inhibited the K+-induced increase in myosin light chain
(LC20) phosphorylation without affecting the Ca2+ transient. The
tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate induced contraction that was reversed by genistein
(IC50 = 6.5 ± 2.3 µM) and the ROK inhibitor Y-27632 (IC50 = 0.27 ±
0.04 µM). Vanadate also increased LC20 phosphorylation in a genistein- and
Y-27632-dependent manner. K+ stimulation induced translocation of RhoA to the
membrane, which was inhibited by genistein. Phosphorylation of MYPT1 (myosin-targeting
subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase) was significantly increased at Thr855 and
Thr697 by K+ stimulation in a genistein- and Y-27632-sensitive manner. Finally,
K+ stimulation induced genistein-sensitive tyrosine phosphorylation of
proteins of ∼55, 70 and 113 kDa. We conclude that a genistein-sensitive tyrosine kinase,
activated by the membrane depolarization-induced increase in
[Ca2+]i, is involved in the RhoA/ROK activation and sustained
contraction induced by K+. Ca2+ sensitization, myosin light chain
phosphatase, RhoA, Rho-associated kinase, tyrosine kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Mita
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical
University, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical
University, Japan
| | - Hayato Yanagihara
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical
University, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical
University, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hishinuma
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical
University, Japan
| | - Cindy Sutherland
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael P. Walsh
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Masaru Shoji
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical
University, Japan
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Serrano I, De Frutos S, Griera M, Medrano D, Rodríguez-Puyol M, Dedhar S, Ruiz-Torres MP, Rodríguez-Puyol D. Ilk conditional deletion in adult animals increases cyclic GMP-dependent vasorelaxation. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:535-44. [PMID: 23715557 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) regulates proliferation, differentiation, cell adhesion, and motility in many cell types and has been related to cancer progression, fibrosis, and vascular diseases. We designed the present study to directly explore the effect of ILK deletion on the regulation of vascular tone through the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) /protein kinase G (PKG) pathway in healthy adult mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were carried out using a tamoxifen-inducible CRE-LOX system to conditionally delete the ILK gene in adult mice. Mice lacking ILK expression (cKO) presented increased vascular content and increased activity of sGC and PKG, resulting in a more intense vasodilatory response to a single dose of a nitric oxide (NO) donor [sodium nitroprusside (SNP)] or PKG agonist [8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt (8-Br)]. Five minutes after SNP or 8-Br administration the reduction in the systolic arterial pressure was enhanced in cKO mice (SNP WT: -7.4 ± 1.2 mmHG; SNP cKO: -14.0 ± 2.5; 8-Br WT: -2.9 ± 1.5 mmHG; 8-Br cKO: -10.0 ± 3.4 mmHG). ILK deletion restored the vascular response to SNP after chronic oral nitrite administration. In addition, ILK deletion also increased hypotensive SNP effect in angiotensin II-treated animals, suggesting a role for ILK in basal and pathological states. CONCLUSION Deletion of ILK in adult animals increased the vascular response to NO. These findings show, for the first time, a requirement for ILK in regulating sGC-PKG expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Serrano
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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42
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Norton CE, Broughton BRS, Jernigan NL, Walker BR, Resta TC. Enhanced depolarization-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction following chronic hypoxia requires EGFR-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase 2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1777-88. [PMID: 22966991 PMCID: PMC3619151 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic hypoxia (CH) enhances depolarization-induced myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization and resultant pulmonary arterial constriction through superoxide (O(2)(-))-dependent stimulation of RhoA. Because NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) has been implicated in the development of pulmonary hypertension, we hypothesized that vascular smooth muscle (VSM) depolarization increases NOX-derived O(2)(-) production leading to myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization and augmented vasoconstrictor reactivity following CH. As epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mediates Rac1-dependent NOX activation in renal mesangial cells, we further sought to examine the role EGFR plays in this response. RESULTS Vasoconstrictor responses to depolarizing concentrations of KCl were greater in lungs isolated from CH (4 wk, 0.5 atm) rats compared to normoxic controls, and this effect of CH was abolished by the general NOX inhibitor, apocynin. CH similarly augmented KCl-induced vasoconstriction and O(2)(-) generation (assessed using the fluorescent indicator, dihydroethidium) in Ca(2+)-permeabilized, pressurized small pulmonary arteries. These latter responses to CH were prevented by general inhibition of NOX isoforms (apocynin, diphenylene iodonium), and by selective inhibition of NOX 2 (gp91ds-tat), Rac1 (NSC 23766), and EGFR (AG 1478). Consistent with these observations, CH increased KCl-induced EGFR phosphorylation, and augmented depolarization-induced Rac1 activation in an EGFR-dependent manner. INNOVATION This study establishes a novel signaling axis in VSM linking membrane depolarization to contraction that is independent of Ca(2+) influx, and which mediates myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization in the hypertensive pulmonary circulation. CONCLUSION CH augments membrane depolarization-induced pulmonary VSM Ca(2+) sensitization and vasoconstriction through EGFR-dependent stimulation of Rac1 and NOX 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Norton
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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43
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The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) is a mediator of smooth muscle contractility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58703. [PMID: 23516539 PMCID: PMC3596281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the canonical model of smooth muscle (SM) contraction, the contractile force is generated by phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC20) by the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Moreover, phosphorylation of the myosin targeting subunit (MYPT1) of the RLC20 phosphatase (MLCP) by the RhoA-dependent ROCK kinase, inhibits the phosphatase activity and consequently inhibits dephosphorylation of RLC20 with concomitant increase in contractile force, at constant intracellular [Ca2+]. This pathway is referred to as Ca2+-sensitization. There is, however, emerging evidence suggesting that additional Ser/Thr kinases may contribute to the regulatory pathways in SM. Here, we report data implicating the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) in SM contractility. During both Ca2+- and agonist (U46619) induced SM contraction, RSK inhibition by the highly selective compound BI-D1870 (which has no effect on MLCK or ROCK) resulted in significant suppression of contractile force. Furthermore, phosphorylation levels of RLC20 and MYPT1 were both significantly decreased. Experiments involving the irreversible MLCP inhibitor microcystin-LR, in the absence of Ca2+, revealed that the decrease in phosphorylation levels of RLC20 upon RSK inhibition are not due solely to the increase in the phosphatase activity, but reflect direct or indirect phosphorylation of RLC20 by RSK. Finally, we show that agonist (U46619) stimulation of SM leads to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1/2 and PDK1, consistent with a canonical activation cascade for RSK. Thus, we demonstrate a novel and important physiological function of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase, which to date has been typically associated with the regulation of gene expression.
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44
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Xiong YJ, Chen DP, Lv BC, Liu FF, Wang L, Lin Y. The characteristics of genistin-induced inhibitory effects on intestinal motility. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:345-52. [PMID: 23435915 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genistin belongs to isoflavones. Based on the facts that genistin exerts inhibitory effects on the contractility of vascular smooth muscle,the present study was designed to characterize the effects of genistin on intestinal contractility and evaluate its potential clinical implication. Ex vivo [isolated jejunal segment (IJS) of rat], in vitro, and in vivo assays were used in the study. The results indicated that genistin (5-80 μmol/L) inhibited the contraction of IJS in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited the increased-contractility of IJS induced by acetylcholine (ACh), histamine, high Ca(2+), and erythromycin, respectively. The inhibitory effects of genistin were correlated with the stimulation of alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic receptors since these inhibitory effects were significantly blocked in the presence of phentolamine and propranolol respectively. No further inhibitory effects of genistin were observed in the presence of verapamil or in Ca(2+)-free condition, indicating genistin-induced inhibitory effects are Ca(2+)-dependent. Genistin decreased myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) protein contents and MLCK mRNA expression in IJS, and inhibited both phosphorylation and Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of purified myosin, implicating that the decrease of MLCK contents and inhibition of MLCK activity are involved in the genistin-induced inhibitory effects. The study suggests the potential clinical implications of genistin in relieving intestinal hypercontractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
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45
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Je HD, Kim HD, Jeong JH. The inhibitory effect of eupatilin on the agonist-induced regulation of vascular contractility. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:31-6. [PMID: 23439928 PMCID: PMC3579102 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of eupatilin on vascular smooth muscle contractility and to determine the mechanism involved. Denuded aortic rings from male rats were used and isometric contractions were recorded and combined with molecular experiments. Eupatilin more significantly relaxed fluoride-induced vascular contraction than thromboxane A2 or phorbol ester-induced contraction suggesting as a possible anti-hypertensive on the agonist-induced vascular contraction regardless of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. Furthermore, eupatilin significantly inhibited fluoride-induced increases in pMYPT1 levels. On the other hand, it didn't significantly inhibit phorbol ester-induced increases in pERK1/2 levels suggesting the mechanism involving the primarily inhibition of Rho-kinase activity and the subsequent phosphorylation of MYPT1. This study provides evidence regarding the mechanism underlying the relaxation effect of eupatilin on agonist-induced vascular contraction regardless of endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Dong Je
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea
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46
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Gao N, Huang J, He W, Zhu M, Kamm KE, Stull JT. Signaling through myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscles. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7596-7605. [PMID: 23362260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylates smooth muscle myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) to initiate contraction. We used a tamoxifen-activated, smooth muscle-specific inactivation of MLCK expression in adult mice to determine whether MLCK was differentially limiting in distinct smooth muscles. A 50% decrease in MLCK in urinary bladder smooth muscle had no effect on RLC phosphorylation or on contractile responses, whereas an 80% decrease resulted in only a 20% decrease in RLC phosphorylation and contractile responses to the muscarinic agonist carbachol. Phosphorylation of the myosin light chain phosphatase regulatory subunit MYPT1 at Thr-696 and Thr-853 and the inhibitor protein CPI-17 were also stimulated with carbachol. These results are consistent with the previous findings that activation of a small fraction of MLCK by limiting amounts of free Ca(2+)/calmodulin combined with myosin light chain phosphatase inhibition is sufficient for robust RLC phosphorylation and contractile responses in bladder smooth muscle. In contrast, a 50% decrease in MLCK in aortic smooth muscle resulted in 40% inhibition of RLC phosphorylation and aorta contractile responses, whereas a 90% decrease profoundly inhibited both responses. Thus, MLCK content is limiting for contraction in aortic smooth muscle. Phosphorylation of CPI-17 and MYPT1 at Thr-696 and Thr-853 were also stimulated with phenylephrine but significantly less than in bladder tissue. These results indicate differential contributions of MLCK to signaling. Limiting MLCK activity combined with modest Ca(2+) sensitization responses provide insights into how haploinsufficiency of MLCK may result in contractile dysfunction in vivo, leading to dissections of human thoracic aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gao
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Weiqi He
- Model Animal Research Center and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, 210061 Nanjing, China
| | - Minsheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, 210061 Nanjing, China
| | - Kristine E Kamm
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - James T Stull
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390.
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MacDonald JA, Moffat LD, Al-Ghabkari A, Sutherland C, Walsh MP. Prostate-apoptosis response-4 phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 535:84-90. [PMID: 23219599 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protein prostate-apoptosis response (Par)-4 has been implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction, based largely on studies with the A7r5 cell line. A mechanism has been proposed whereby Par-4 binding to MYPT1 (the myosin-targeting subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase, MLCP) blocks access of zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) to Thr697 and Thr855 of MYPT1, whose phosphorylation is associated with MLCP inhibition. Phosphorylation of Par-4 at Thr155 disrupts its interaction with MYPT1, exposing the sites of phosphorylation in MYPT1 and leading to MLCP inhibition and contraction. We tested this "padlock" hypothesis in a well-characterized vascular smooth muscle system, the rat caudal artery. Par-4 was retained in Triton-skinned tissue, suggesting a tight association with the contractile machinery, and indeed Par-4 co-immunoprecipitated with MYPT1. Treatment of Triton-skinned tissue with the phosphatase inhibitor microcystin (MC) evoked phosphorylation of Par-4 at Thr155, but did not induce its dissociation from the contractile machinery. Furthermore, analysis of the time courses of MC-induced phosphorylation of MYPT1 and Par-4 revealed that MYPT1 phosphorylation at Thr697 or Thr855 preceded Par-4 phosphorylation. Par-4 phosphorylation was inhibited by the non-selective kinase inhibitor staurosporine, but not by inhibitors of ZIPK, Rho-associated kinase or protein kinase C. In addition, Par-4 phosphorylation did not occur upon addition of constitutively-active ZIPK to skinned tissue. We conclude that phosphorylation of Par-4 does not regulate contraction of this vascular smooth muscle tissue by inducing dissociation of Par-4 from MYPT1 to allow phosphorylation of MYPT1 and inhibition of MLCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A MacDonald
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6.
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48
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Chu J, Pham NT, Olate N, Kislitsyna K, Day MC, LeTourneau PA, Kots A, Stewart RH, Laine GA, Cox CS, Uray K. Biphasic regulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation by p21-activated kinase modulates intestinal smooth muscle contractility. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1200-13. [PMID: 23161543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.370718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Supraphysiological mechanical stretching in smooth muscle results in decreased contractile activity. However, the mechanism is unclear. Previous studies indicated that intestinal motility dysfunction after edema development is associated with increased smooth muscle stress and decreased myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation in vivo, providing an ideal model for studying mechanical stress-mediated decrease in smooth muscle contraction. Primary human intestinal smooth muscle cells (hISMCs) were subjected to either control cyclical stretch (CCS) or edema (increasing) cyclical stretch (ECS), mimicking the biophysical forces in non-edematous and edematous intestinal smooth muscle in vivo. ECS induced significant decreases in phosphorylation of MLC and MLC phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT1) and a significant increase in p21-activated kinase (PAK) activity compared with CCS. PAK regulated MLC phosphorylation in an activity-dependent biphasic manner. PAK activation increased MLC and MYPT1 phosphorylation in CCS but decreased MLC and MYPT1 phosphorylation in hISMCs subjected to ECS. PAK inhibition had the opposite results. siRNA studies showed that PAK1 plays a critical role in regulating MLC phosphorylation in hISMCs. PAK1 enhanced MLC phosphorylation via phosphorylating MYPT1 on Thr-696, whereas PAK1 inhibited MLC phosphorylation via decreasing MYPT1 on both Thr-696 and Thr-853. Importantly, in vivo data indicated that PAK activity increased in edematous tissue, and inhibition of PAK in edematous intestine improved intestinal motility. We conclude that PAK1 positively regulates MLC phosphorylation in intestinal smooth muscle through increasing inhibitory phosphorylation of MYPT1 under physiologic conditions, whereas PAK1 negatively regulates MLC phosphorylation via inhibiting MYPT1 phosphorylation when PAK activity is increased under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lee K, Chen QK, Lui C, Cichon MA, Radisky DC, Nelson CM. Matrix compliance regulates Rac1b localization, NADPH oxidase assembly, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4097-108. [PMID: 22918955 PMCID: PMC3469523 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Substratum stiffness controls the subcellular localization of Rac1b, a highly activated splice variant of the small GTPase Rac1. On stiff substrata, Rac1b localizes to the plasma membrane, forming a complex with NADPH oxidase and generating ROS, thus inducing the expression of the transcription factor Snail and downstream signaling to EMT. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a form of epithelial plasticity implicated in fibrosis and tumor metastasis. Here we show that the mechanical rigidity of the microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the promotion of EMT by controlling the subcellular localization and downstream signaling of Rac GTPases. Soft substrata, with compliances comparable to that of normal mammary tissue, are protective against EMT, whereas stiffer substrata, with compliances characteristic of breast tumors, promote EMT. Rac1b, a highly activated splice variant of Rac1 found in tumors, localizes to the plasma membrane in cells cultured on stiff substrata or in collagen-rich regions of human breast tumors. At the membrane, Rac1b forms a complex with NADPH oxidase and promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, expression of Snail, and activation of the EMT program. In contrast, soft microenvironments inhibit the membrane localization of Rac1b and subsequent redox changes. These results reveal a novel mechanotransduction pathway in the regulation of epithelial plasticity via EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- KangAe Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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50
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Sutherland C, Walsh MP. Myosin regulatory light chain diphosphorylation slows relaxation of arterial smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24064-76. [PMID: 22661704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.371609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal signal to activate smooth muscle contraction is phosphorylation of the regulatory light chains of myosin (LC(20)) at Ser(19) by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase. Inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase leads to Ca(2+)-independent phosphorylation at both Ser(19) and Thr(18) by integrin-linked kinase and/or zipper-interacting protein kinase. The functional effects of phosphorylation at Thr(18) on steady-state isometric force and relaxation rate were investigated in Triton-skinned rat caudal arterial smooth muscle strips. Sequential phosphorylation at Ser(19) and Thr(18) was achieved by treatment with adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) in the presence of Ca(2+), which induced stoichiometric thiophosphorylation at Ser(19), followed by microcystin (phosphatase inhibitor) in the absence of Ca(2+), which induced phosphorylation at Thr(18). Phosphorylation at Thr(18) had no effect on steady-state force induced by Ser(19) thiophosphorylation. However, phosphorylation of Ser(19) or both Ser(19) and Thr(18) to comparable stoichiometries (0.5 mol of P(i)/mol of LC(20)) and similar levels of isometric force revealed differences in the rates of dephosphorylation and relaxation following removal of the stimulus: t(½) values for dephosphorylation were 83.3 and 560 s, and for relaxation were 560 and 1293 s, for monophosphorylated (Ser(19)) and diphosphorylated LC(20), respectively. We conclude that phosphorylation at Thr(18) decreases the rates of LC(20) dephosphorylation and smooth muscle relaxation compared with LC(20) phosphorylated exclusively at Ser(19). These effects of LC(20) diphosphorylation, combined with increased Ser(19) phosphorylation (Ca(2+)-independent), may underlie the hypercontractility that is observed in response to certain physiological contractile stimuli, and under pathological conditions such as cerebral and coronary arterial vasospasm, intimal hyperplasia, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Sutherland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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