1
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LaFleur MW, Lemmen AM, Streeter ISL, Nguyen TH, Milling LE, Derosia NM, Hoffman ZM, Gillis JE, Tjokrosurjo Q, Markson SC, Huang AY, Anekal PV, Montero Llopis P, Haining WN, Doench JG, Sharpe AH. X-CHIME enables combinatorial, inducible, lineage-specific and sequential knockout of genes in the immune system. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:178-188. [PMID: 38012416 PMCID: PMC10881062 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Annotation of immunologic gene function in vivo typically requires the generation of knockout mice, which is time consuming and low throughput. We previously developed CHimeric IMmune Editing (CHIME), a CRISPR-Cas9 bone marrow delivery system for constitutive, ubiquitous deletion of single genes. Here we describe X-CHIME, four new CHIME-based systems for modular and rapid interrogation of gene function combinatorially (C-CHIME), inducibly (I-CHIME), lineage-specifically (L-CHIME) or sequentially (S-CHIME). We use C-CHIME and S-CHIME to assess the consequences of combined deletion of Ptpn1 and Ptpn2, an embryonic lethal gene pair, in adult mice. We find that constitutive deletion of both PTPN1 and PTPN2 leads to bone marrow hypoplasia and lethality, while inducible deletion after immune development leads to enteritis and lethality. These findings demonstrate that X-CHIME can be used for rapid mechanistic evaluation of genes in distinct in vivo contexts and that PTPN1 and PTPN2 have some functional redundancy important for viability in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W LaFleur
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashlyn M Lemmen
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivy S L Streeter
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thao H Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren E Milling
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole M Derosia
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary M Hoffman
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob E Gillis
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qin Tjokrosurjo
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel C Markson
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy Y Huang
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Zhu Z, Tang R, Huff S, Kummetha IR, Wang L, Li N, Rana TM. Small-molecule PTPN2 Inhibitors Sensitize Resistant Melanoma to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:119-129. [PMID: 36968224 PMCID: PMC10035454 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting T-cell immunoregulatory proteins have revolutionized cancer treatment, they are effective only in a limited number of patients, and new strategies are needed to enhance tumor responses to immunotherapies. Deletion of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (Ptpn2), a regulator of growth factor and cytokine signaling pathways, has been shown to sensitize murine B16F10 melanoma cells to IFNγ and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Here, we investigated the potential therapeutic utility of small-molecule PTPN2 inhibitors. Ten inhibitors were synthesized on the basis of in silico modeling and structure-based design and functionally tested in vitro and in vivo. We show that the inhibitors had little effect on B16F10 cells alone, but effectively sensitized the tumor cells to IFNγ treatment in vitro and to anti-PD-1 therapy in vivo. Under both conditions, Ptpn2 inhibitor cotreatment suppressed B16F10 cell growth and enhanced Stat1 phosphorylation and expression of IFNγ response genes. In vivo, PTPN2 inhibitor cotreatment significantly reduced melanoma and colorectal tumor growth and enhanced mouse survival compared with anti-PD-1 treatment alone, and this was accompanied by increased tumor infiltration by granzyme B+ CD8+ T cells. Similar results were obtained with representative murine and human colon cancer and lung cancer cell lines. Collectively, these results demonstrate that small-molecule inhibitors of PTPN2 may have clinical utility as sensitizing agents for immunotherapy-resistant cancers. Significance To enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies in resistant or nonresponsive cancers, it is important to develop inhibitors of enzymes that negatively influence the outcome of treatments. We have designed and evaluated small-molecule inhibitors of PTPN2 demonstrating that these compounds may have clinical utility as sensitizing agents for immunotherapy-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouting Zhu
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rachel Tang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sarah Huff
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Indrasena Reddy Kummetha
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lingling Wang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Na Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- San Diego Center for Precision Immunotherapy, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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3
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Liu R, Mathieu C, Berthelet J, Zhang W, Dupret JM, Rodrigues Lima F. Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B): From Structure to Clinical Inhibitor Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137027. [PMID: 35806030 PMCID: PMC9266911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is an essential process in biological events and is considered critical for biological functions. In tissues, protein phosphorylation mainly occurs on tyrosine (Tyr), serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues. The balance between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is under the control of two super enzyme families, protein kinases (PKs) and protein phosphatases (PPs), respectively. Although there are many selective and effective drugs targeting phosphokinases, developing drugs targeting phosphatases is challenging. PTP1B, one of the most central protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), is a key player in several human diseases and disorders, such as diabetes, obesity, and hematopoietic malignancies, through modulation of different signaling pathways. However, due to high conservation among PTPs, most PTP1B inhibitors lack specificity, raising the need to develop new strategies targeting this enzyme. In this mini-review, we summarize three classes of PTP1B inhibitors with different mechanisms: (1) targeting multiple aryl-phosphorylation sites including the catalytic site of PTP1B; (2) targeting allosteric sites of PTP1B; (3) targeting specific mRNA sequence of PTP1B. All three types of PTP1B inhibitors present good specificity over other PTPs and are promising for the development of efficient small molecules targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxing Liu
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
| | | | - Jérémy Berthelet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
- Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Dupret
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Fernando Rodrigues Lima
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; (R.L.); (J.B.); (W.Z.); (J.-M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Jin J, Ye X, Boateng D, Dai K, Ye F, Du P, Yu H. Identification and characterization of potent and selective inhibitors targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2358-2363. [PMID: 31221555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) plays an important role in the negative regulation of insulin and leptin signaling. The development of small molecular inhibitors targeting PTP1B has been validated as a potential therapeutic strategy for Type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this work, we have identified a series of compounds containing dihydropyridine thione and particular chiral structure as novel PTP1B inhibitors. Among those, compound 4b showed moderate activity with IC50 value of 3.33 μM and meanwhile with good selectivity (>30-fold) against TCPTP. The further MOA study of PTP1B demonstrated that compounds 4b is a substrate-competitive inhibitor. The binding mode analysis suggested that compound 4b simultaneously occupies the active site and the second phosphotyrosine (pTyr) binding site of PTP1B. Furthermore, the cell viability assay of compound 4b showed tolerable cytotoxicity in L02 cells, thus 4b may be prospectively used to further in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materta Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Derrick Boateng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kaili Dai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fei Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengfei Du
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China.
| | - Han Yu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
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5
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Ulugöl S, Hering L, Manzini R, Montalban Arques A, Gottier C, Lang S, Scharl M, Spalinger MR. Deletion of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Nonreceptor Type 2 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Results in Upregulation of the Related Phosphatase Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Nonreceptor Type 23. Inflamm Intest Dis 2019; 4:14-26. [PMID: 31172009 DOI: 10.1159/000499157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Knockdown of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) exaggerates IFN-γ-induced intestinal barrier defects, but mice constitutively lacking PTPN2 in epithelial cells (PTPN2xVilCre mice) do not show changes in epithelial function or enhanced susceptibility to experimental colitis. Here, we investigated whether PTPN2 modulates the expression of related tyrosine phosphatases. Methods PTPN2 knockdown in HT-29 cells was induced using siRNA constructs. Acute colitis in PTPN2xVilCre mice was induced by 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days. Colitis-associated tumors were induced by injection of azoxymethane prior to treatment with DSS for 3 consecutive cycles. Results In HT-29 cells, PTPN2 depletion resulted in enhanced mRNA expression of PTPN11 and PTPN23 and in parallel to upregulation of IL-18 mRNA upon treatment with TNF for 24 h. DSS treatment of PTPN2-deficient mice resulted in a strong induction of Ptpn23 mRNA in colon tissue in vivo. In the tumor model, Ptpn23 mRNA was again clearly upregulated in nontumor tissue from PTPN2-deficient mice; however, this was not observed in tumor tissue. Conclusions Our experiments show that PTPN23 function might, at least partially, compensate lack of PTPN2 in epithelial cells. Upregulation of PTPN23 might therefore crucially contribute to the lack of a colitis phenotype in PTPN2-VilCre mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Ulugöl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Manzini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Montalban Arques
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gottier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Institute for Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Varshney K, Gupta AK, Rawat A, Srivastava R, Mishra A, Saxena M, Srivastava AK, Jain S, Saxena AK. Synthesis,
SAR
and docking studies of substituted aryl phenylthiazolyl phenylcarboxamide as potential protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (
PTP
1B) inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1378-1389. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Varshney
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Department of Chemistry Lucknow University Lucknow India
| | - Amit K. Gupta
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston Texas
| | - Arun Rawat
- Biochemistry Division Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Biochemistry Division Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | - Akansha Mishra
- Biochemistry Division Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | | | | | - Sudha Jain
- Department of Chemistry Lucknow University Lucknow India
| | - Anil K. Saxena
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
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7
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The development of protein tyrosine phosphatase1B inhibitors defined by binding sites in crystalline complexes. Future Med Chem 2019; 10:2345-2367. [PMID: 30273014 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase1B (PTP1B), a significant negative regulator in insulin and leptin signaling pathways, has emerged as a promising drug target for Type II diabetes mellitus and obesity. Numerous potent PTP1B inhibitors have been discovered within both academia and pharmaceutical industry. However, nearly all medicinal chemistry efforts have been severely hindered because a vast majority of them demonstrate poor membrane permeability and low-selectivity, especially over T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). To search the rules about the selectivity over TCPTP and membrane permeability of PTP1B inhibitors, based on the PTP1B/inhibitor crystal complexes, the development PTP1B inhibitors defined as AB, AC, ABC and ADC types have been concluded in the review.
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8
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Molecular Dynamics Simulations of A27S and K120A Mutated PTP1B Reveals Selective Binding of the Bidentate Inhibitor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9852897. [PMID: 30729132 PMCID: PMC6341276 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9852897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is considered a potential target for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity due to its critical negative role in the insulin signaling pathway. However, improving the selectivity of PTP1B inhibitors over the most closely related T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) remains a major challenge for inhibitor development. Lys120 at the active site and Ser27 at the second pTyr binding site are distinct in PTP1B and TCPTP, which may bring differences in binding affinity. To explore the determinant of selective binding of inhibitor, molecular dynamics simulations with binding free energy calculations were performed on K120A and A27S mutated PTP1B, and the internal changes induced by mutations were investigated. Results reveal that the presence of Lys120 induces a conformational change in the WPD-loop and YRD-motif and has a certain effect on the selective binding at the active site. Ser27 weakens the stability of the inhibitor at the second pTyr binding site by altering the orientation of the Arg24 and Arg254 side chains via hydrogen bonds. Further comparison of alanine scanning demonstrates that the reduction in the energy contribution of Arg254 caused by A27S mutation leads to a different inhibitory activity. These observations provide novel insights into the selective binding mechanism of PTP1B inhibitors to TCPTP.
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9
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Yan F, Liu X, Zhang S, Su J, Zhang Q, Chen J. Computational revelation of binding mechanisms of inhibitors to endocellular protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B using molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3636-3650. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1394221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xinguo Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qinggang Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, 250357, China
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10
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Recent advances in the development of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for Type 2 diabetes. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1239-58. [PMID: 27357615 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most serious and prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide, complications of which can decrease significantly the quality of life and contribute to premature death. Resistance to insulin is a predominant pathophysiological factor of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important negative factor of insulin signal and a potent therapeutic target in T2D patients. This review highlights recent advances (2012-2015) in research related to the role of PTP1B in signal transduction processes implicated in pathophysiology of T2D, and novel PTP1B inhibitors with an emphasis on their chemical structures and modes of action.
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11
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Liu M, Wang L, Sun X, Zhao X. Investigating the impact of Asp181 point mutations on interactions between PTP1B and phosphotyrosine substrate. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5095. [PMID: 24865376 PMCID: PMC4035576 DOI: 10.1038/srep05095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key negative regulator of insulin and leptin signaling, which suggests that it is an attractive therapeutic target in type II diabetes and obesity. The aim of this research is to explore residues which interact with phosphotyrosine substrate can be affected by D181 point mutations and lead to increased substrate binding. To achieve this goal, molecular dynamics simulations were performed on wild type (WT) and two mutated PTP1B/substrate complexes. The cross-correlation and principal component analyses show that point mutations can affect the motions of some residues in the active site of PTP1B. Moreover, the hydrogen bond and energy decomposition analyses indicate that apart from residue 181, point mutations have influence on the interactions of substrate with several residues in the active site of PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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13
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Kulkarni RA, Vellore NA, Bliss MR, Stanford SM, Falk MD, Bottini N, Baron R, Barrios AM. Substrate selection influences molecular recognition in a screen for lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1640-7. [PMID: 23956195 PMCID: PMC3874405 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Assay design is an important variable that influences the outcome of an inhibitor screen. Here, we have investigated the hypothesis that protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors with improved biological activity could be identified from a screen by using a biologically relevant peptide substrate, rather than traditional phosphotyrosine mimetic substrates. A 2000-member library of drugs and drug-like compounds was screened for inhibitors of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP) by using both a peptide substrate (Ac-ARLIEDNE-pCAP-TAREG-NH₂, peptide 1) and a small-molecule phosphotyrosine mimetic substrate (difluoromethyl umbelliferyl phosphate, DiFMUP). The results demonstrate that compounds that inhibited enzyme activity on the peptide substrate had greater biological activity than compounds that only inhibited enzyme activity on DiFMUP. Finally, epigallocatechin-3,5-digallate was identified as the most potent inhibitor of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase activity to date, with an IC₅₀ of 50 nM and significant activity in T-cells. Molecular docking simulations provided a first model for binding of this potent inhibitor to LYP; this will constitute the platform for ongoing lead optimization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadeem A. Vellore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Matthew R. Bliss
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Stephanie M. Stanford
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Matthew D. Falk
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Riccardo Baron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Amy M. Barrios
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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Abstract
With the recent discovery of a unique class of dual-specificity phosphatases that dephosphorylate glucans, we report an in vitro assay tailored for the detection of phosphatase activity against phosphorylated glucans. We demonstrate that, in contrast to a general phosphatase assay using a synthetic substrate, only phosphatases that possess glucan phosphatase activity liberate phosphate from the phosphorylated glucan amylopectin using the described assay. This assay is simple and cost-effective, providing reproducible results that clearly establish the presence or absence of glucan phosphatase activity. The assay described will be a useful tool in characterizing emerging members of the glucan phosphatase family.
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15
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Varshney K, Gupta S, Rahuja N, Rawat AK, Singh N, Tamarkar AK, Srivastava AK, Saxena AK. Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship and Docking Studies of Substituted Aryl Thiazolyl Phenylsulfonamides as Potential Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1185-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Smejkal GB, Rivas-Morello C, Chang JHR, Freeman E, Trachtenberg AJ, Lazarev A, Ivanov AR, Kuo WP. Thermal stabilization of tissues and the preservation of protein phosphorylation states for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2206-15. [PMID: 21792998 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
2-DE is typically capable of discriminating proteins differing by a single phosphorylation or dephosphorylation event. However, a reliable representation of protein phosphorylation states as they occur in vivo requires that both phosphatases and kinases are rapidly and completely inactivated. Thermal stabilization of mouse cerebral cortex homogenates effectively inactivated these enzymes, as evidenced by comparison with unstabilized tissues where abscissal pI shifts were a common feature in 2-D gels. Of the 588 matched proteins separated on 2-D gels comparing stabilized and unstabilized tissues, 53 proteins exhibited greater than twofold differences in spot volume (ANOVA, p<0.05). Phosphoprotein-specific staining was corroborated by the identification of 16 phosphoproteins by nano-LC MS/MS and phosphotyrosine kinase activity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Smejkal
- Harvard Catalyst, The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center, Laboratory for Innovative Translational Technologies, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Wu HY, Tseng VS, Chen LC, Chang HY, Chuang IC, Tsay YG, Liao PC. Identification of Tyrosine-Phosphorylated Proteins Associated with Lung Cancer Metastasis using Label-Free Quantitative Analyses. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4102-12. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1006153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, and Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung
| | - Vincent S. Tseng
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, and Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung
| | - Lien-Chin Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, and Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung
| | - Hui-Yin Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, and Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung
| | - I-Chi Chuang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, and Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung
| | - Yeou-Guang Tsay
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, and Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, and Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung
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Huang YY, Kuo CC, Chu CY, Huang YH, Hu YL, Lin JJ, Lo LC. Development of activity-based probes with tunable specificity for protein tyrosine phosphatase subfamilies. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Protein tyrosine phosphatases PTP-1B and TC-PTP play nonredundant roles in macrophage development and IFN-gamma signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:9368-72. [PMID: 19474293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812109106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of tyrosine phosphorylation depends on the fine balance between kinase and phosphatase activities. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) and T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP) are 2 closely related phosphatases known to control cytokine signaling. We studied the functional redundancy of PTP-1B and TC-PTP by deleting 1 or both copies of these genes by interbreeding TC-PTP and PTP-1B parental lines. Our results indicate that the double mutant (tcptp(-/-)ptp1b(-/-)) is lethal at day E9.5-10.5 of embryonic development with constitutive phosphorylation of Stat1. Mice heterozygous for TC-PTP on a PTP-1B-deficient background (tcptp(+/-)ptp1b(-/-)) developed signs of inflammation. Macrophages from these animals were highly sensitive to IFN-gamma, as demonstrated by increased Stat1 phosphorylation and nitric oxide production. In addition, splenic T cells demonstrated increased IFN-gamma secretion capacity. Mice with deletions of single copies of TC-PTP and PTP-1B (tcptp(+/-)ptp1b(+/-)) exhibited normal development, confirming that these genes are not interchangeable. Together, these data indicate a nonredundant role for PTP-1B and TC-PTP in the regulation of IFN signaling.
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22
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Mitra S, Barrios AM. Identifying selective protein tyrosine phosphatase substrates and inhibitors from a fluorogenic, combinatorial peptide library. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1216-9. [PMID: 18412190 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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23
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Bharatham K, Bharatham N, Kwon YJ, Lee KW. Molecular dynamics simulation study of PTP1B with allosteric inhibitor and its application in receptor based pharmacophore modeling. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2008; 22:925-33. [PMID: 18685809 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-008-9229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), has paved a new path to design specific inhibitors for PTP1B, which is an important drug target for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity. The PTP1B1-282-allosteric inhibitor complex crystal structure lacks alpha7 (287-298) and moreover there is no available 3D structure of PTP1B1-298 in open form. As the interaction between alpha7 and alpha6-alpha3 helices plays a crucial role in allosteric inhibition, alpha7 was modeled to the PTP1B1-282 in open form complexed with an allosteric inhibitor (compound-2) and a 5 ns MD simulation was performed to investigate the relative orientation of the alpha7-alpha6-alpha3 helices. The simulation conformational space was statistically sampled by clustering analyses. This approach was helpful to reveal certain clues on PTP1B allosteric inhibition. The simulation was also utilized in the generation of receptor based pharmacophore models to include the conformational flexibility of the protein-inhibitor complex. Three cluster representative structures of the highly populated clusters were selected for pharmacophore model generation. The three pharmacophore models were subsequently utilized for screening databases to retrieve molecules containing the features that complement the allosteric site. The retrieved hits were filtered based on certain drug-like properties and molecular docking simulations were performed in two different conformations of protein. Thus, performing MD simulation with alpha7 to investigate the changes at the allosteric site, then developing receptor based pharmacophore models and finally docking the retrieved hits into two distinct conformations will be a reliable methodology in identifying PTP1B allosteric inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Bharatham
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
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24
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Hussain M, Ahmed V, Hill B, Ahmed Z, Taylor SD. A re-examination of the difluoromethylenesulfonic acid group as a phosphotyrosine mimic for PTP1B inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6764-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Specific inhibitors of the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 identified by high-throughput docking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7275-80. [PMID: 18480264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710468105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 is a positive regulator of growth factor signaling. Gain-of-function mutations in several types of leukemia define Shp2 as a bona fide oncogene. We performed a high-throughput in silico screen for small-molecular-weight compounds that bind the catalytic site of Shp2. We have identified the phenylhydrazonopyrazolone sulfonate PHPS1 as a potent and cell-permeable inhibitor, which is specific for Shp2 over the closely related tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and PTP1B. PHPS1 inhibits Shp2-dependent cellular events such as hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF)-induced epithelial cell scattering and branching morphogenesis. PHPS1 also blocks Shp2-dependent downstream signaling, namely HGF/SF-induced sustained phosphorylation of the Erk1/2 MAP kinases and dephosphorylation of paxillin. Furthermore, PHPS1 efficiently inhibits activation of Erk1/2 by the leukemia-associated Shp2 mutant, Shp2-E76K, and blocks the anchorage-independent growth of a variety of human tumor cell lines. The PHPS compound class is therefore suitable for further development of therapeutics for the treatment of Shp2-dependent diseases.
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26
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Wan ZK, Lee J, Xu W, Erbe DV, Joseph-McCarthy D, Follows BC, Zhang YL. Monocyclic thiophenes as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors: Capturing interactions with Asp48. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4941-5. [PMID: 16806920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of monocyclic thiophenes was designed and synthesized as PTP1B inhibitors. Guided by X-ray co-crystal structural information and computational modeling, rational design led to key interactions with Asp48 and improved inhibitory potency against PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Kui Wan
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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27
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Asante-Appiah E, Patel S, Desponts C, Taylor JM, Lau C, Dufresne C, Therien M, Friesen R, Becker JW, Leblanc Y, Kennedy BP, Scapin G. Conformation-assisted Inhibition of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase-1B Elicits Inhibitor Selectivity over T-cell Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8010-5. [PMID: 16407290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511827200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PTP-1B represents an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Given the role that protein phosphatases play in the regulation of many biologically relevant processes, inhibitors against PTP-1B must be not only potent, but also selective. It has been extremely difficult to synthesize inhibitors that are selective over the highly homologous TCPTP. We have successfully exploited the conservative Leu119 to Val substitution between the two enzymes to synthesize a PTP-1B inhibitor that is an order of magnitude more selective over TCPTP. Structural analyses of PTP-1B/inhibitor complexes show a conformation-assisted inhibition mechanism as the basis for selectivity. Such an inhibitory mechanism may be applicable to other homologous enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Asante-Appiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire, Dorval, Quebec H9R 4P8, Canada.
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28
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Torres E, Rosen MK. Protein-tyrosine Kinase and GTPase Signals Cooperate to Phosphorylate and Activate Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP)/Neuronal WASP. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:3513-20. [PMID: 16293614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509416200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine kinases and Rho GTPases regulate many cellular processes, including the reorganization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and its homolog neuronal WASP (N-WASP) are effectors of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 and provide a direct link between activated membrane receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. WASP and N-WASP are also regulated by a large number of other activators, including protein-tyrosine kinases, phosphoinositides, and Src homology 3-containing adaptor proteins, and can therefore serve as signal integrators inside cells. Here we show that Cdc42 and the Src family kinase Lck cooperate at two levels to enhance WASP activation. First, autoinhibition in N-WASP decreases the efficiency (kcat/Km) of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the GTPase binding domain by 30- and 40-fold, respectively, and this effect is largely reversed by Cdc42. Second, Cdc42 and the Src homology 3-Src homology 2 module of Lck cooperatively stimulate the activity of phosphorylated WASP, with coupling energy of approximately 2.4 kcal/mol between the two activators. These combined effects provide mechanisms for high specificity in WASP activation by coincident GTPase and kinase signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Torres
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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29
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Klopfenstein SR, Evdokimov AG, Colson AO, Fairweather NT, Neuman JJ, Maier MB, Gray JL, Gerwe GS, Stake GE, Howard BW, Farmer JA, Pokross ME, Downs TR, Kasibhatla B, Peters KG. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolinyl sulfamic acids as phosphatase PTP1B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1574-8. [PMID: 16386905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening of the P&GP corporate repository against several protein tyrosine phosphatases identified the sulfamic acid moiety as potential phosphotyrosine mimetic. Incorporation of the sulfamic acid onto a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold provided a promising starting point for PTP1B inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Klopfenstein
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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30
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Montalibet J, Skorey K, McKay D, Scapin G, Asante-Appiah E, Kennedy BP. Residues distant from the active site influence protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor binding. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:5258-66. [PMID: 16332678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511546200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Regions of protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B that are distant from the active site yet affect inhibitor binding were identified by a novel library screen. This screen was based on the observation that expression of v-Src in yeast leads to lethality, which can be rescued by the coexpression of PTP1B. However, this rescue is lost when yeast are grown in the presence of PTP1B inhibitors. To identify regions of PTP1B (amino acids 1-400, catalytic domain plus 80-amino acid C-terminal tail) that can affect the binding of the difluoromethyl phosphonate (DFMP) inhibitor 7-bromo-6-difluoromethylphosphonate 3-naphthalenenitrile, a library coexpressing PTP1B mutants and v-Src was generated, and the ability of yeast to grow in the presence of the inhibitor was evaluated. PTP1B inhibitor-resistant mutations were found to concentrate on helix alpha7 and its surrounding region, but not in the active site. No resistant amino acid substitutions were found to occur in the C-terminal tail, suggesting that this region has little effect on active-site inhibitor binding. An in-depth characterization of a resistant substitution localizing to region alpha7 (S295F) revealed that this change minimally affected enzyme catalytic activity, but significantly reduced the potency of a panel of structurally diverse DFMP PTP1B inhibitors. This loss of inhibitor potency was found to be due to the difluoro moiety of these inhibitors because only the difluoro inhibitors were shifted. For example, the inhibitor potency of a monofluorinated or non-fluorinated analog of one of these DFMP inhibitors was only minimally affected. Using this type of library screen, which can scan the nearly full-length PTP1B sequence (catalytic domain and C-terminal tail) for effects on inhibitor binding, we have been able to identify novel regions of PTP1B that specifically affect the binding of DFMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Montalibet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire, Quebec H9R 4P8, Canada
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31
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Skorey K, Waddleton D, Therien M, Leriche T. Enzyme occupancy measurement of intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B using photoaffinity probes. Anal Biochem 2005; 349:49-61. [PMID: 16360107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is believed to be one of the enzymes involved in down-regulating the insulin receptor and is a drug target for the treatment of type II diabetes. To better understand the in vitro and in vivo behavior of PTP1B inhibitors, a cell-based assay to directly measure enzyme occupancy of PTP1B by inhibitors using photoaffinity labeling was developed. Two photoaffinity probes were synthesized containing the photolabile diazirine moiety. These photoprobes were specific for PTP1B and T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase over CD45, with the most potent photoprobe having an IC(50) value of 0.2nM for PTP1B. Activation of the photoprobes with a 40-W UV lamp in the presence of purified AspTyrLysAspAspAspAspLys (Flag)-PTP1B formed a 1:1 irreversible adduct with the enzyme. The photolabeling was competed by known PTP1B inhibitors, vanadate, and the peptide inhibitor N-benzoyl-l-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-l-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]l-phenylalanineamide (BzN-EJJ-amide). In HepG2 (human hepatoma cell line) cells, endogenous PTP1B was labeled by the UV-activated photoprobes in both lysed and intact cells. Enzyme occupancy measurements were conducted with a series of PTP1B inhibitors using the photoprobe affinity assay. Several compounds were shown to bind to endogenous PTP1B in the HepG2 intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Skorey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Que., Canada H9H 3L1.
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32
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity are characterised by insulin and leptin resistance. Studies suggest that these may be due to defects in the insulin and leptin signalling pathways. Over the last decade, a considerable body of evidence has been amassed indicating that protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is involved in the downregulation of insulin and leptin signalling. Consequently, compounds that inhibit PTP1B have potential as therapeutics for treating Type 2 diabetes and obesity. This review covers recent advances in PTP1B inhibitors with an emphasis on recent attempts to create potent, selective and cell-permeable small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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33
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Levin N, Ghosh SS. Antiobesity therapeutics targeting energy expenditure. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.12.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Lu Z, Zhang C, Zhai Z. Nucleoplasmin regulates chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2778-83. [PMID: 15699357 PMCID: PMC549441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405374102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chromatin condensation is one of the hallmarks of apoptosis, its relationship with DNA fragmentation has been controversial. We show here that apoptotic chromatin condensation is regulated by nucleoplasmin, a protein that decondenses sperm chromatin during male pronuclear assembly. In Xenopus egg extracts, nucleoplasmin is tyrosine-dephosphorylated during apoptosis. This dephosphorylation inactivates the chromatin decondensation activity of nucleoplasmin and leads to its exclusion from the chromatin. Inhibition of tyrosine dephosphorylation prevents apoptotic chromatin condensation but not DNA fragmentation. Studies with mutant proteins indicate that dephosphorylation of nucleoplasmin at Tyr-124 regulates chromatin condensation through changes in the interaction of nucleoplasmin with chromatin and the loss of its chromatin decondensation activity. These results show that chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation are independent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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35
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Montalibet J, Kennedy BP. Using yeast to screen for inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1807-14. [PMID: 15450946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been proposed as a novel therapy to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. In order to identify novel PTP1B inhibitors, we have developed a robust screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae where growth is dependent on PTP1B catalytic activity. This was based on the observation that overexpression of v-Src, a tyrosine kinase, in yeast leads to lethality through mitotic dysfunction and this lethality can be reversed by co-expression of PTP1B. The expression levels of v-Src and PTP1B were optimized to obtain a balance between robust growth and sensitivity to inhibitors. Screening was carried out in 96-well plates and growth of the liquid culture measured by absorbance at 600 nm. Initial characterization was performed using vanadate as well as some novel PTP1B inhibitors. Vanadate specifically inhibited PTP1B-dependent growth in a dose dependent manner with an EC50 of 0.92 +/- 0.07 mM. This simple yeast growth interference assay has the potential for use as a high throughput screen for PTP1B inhibitors in sample collections or crude mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Montalibet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Post Office Box 1005, Pointe-Claire, Que., Canada H9R 4P8
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36
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Dufresne C, Roy P, Wang Z, Asante-Appiah E, Cromlish W, Boie Y, Forghani F, Desmarais S, Wang Q, Skorey K, Waddleton D, Ramachandran C, Kennedy BP, Xu L, Gordon R, Chan CC, Leblanc Y. The development of potent non-peptidic PTP-1B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1039-42. [PMID: 15013019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The SAR from our peptide libraries was exploited to design a series of potent deoxybenzoin PTP-1B inhibitors. The introduction of an ortho bromo substituent next to the difluoromethylphosphonate warhead gave up to 20-fold increase in potency compared to the desbromo analogues. In addition, these compounds were orally bioavailable and active in the animal models of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Dufresne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe-Claire, Dorval, Canada H9R 4P8.
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37
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Wälchli S, Espanel X, Harrenga A, Rossi M, Cesareni G, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R. Probing protein-tyrosine phosphatase substrate specificity using a phosphotyrosine-containing phage library. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:311-8. [PMID: 14578355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307617200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play important, highly dynamic roles in signaling. Currently about 90 different PTP genes have been described. The enzymes are highly regulated at all levels of expression, and it is becoming increasingly clear that substrate specificity of the PTP catalytic domains proper contributes considerably to PTP functionality. To investigate PTP substrate selectivity, we have set up a procedure to generate phage libraries that presents randomized, phosphotyrosine-containing peptides. Phages that expressed suitable substrates were selected by immobilized, substrate-trapping GST-PTP fusion proteins. After multiple rounds of selection, positive clones were confirmed by SPOT analysis, dephosphorylation by wild-type enzyme, and Km determinations. We have identified distinct consensus substrate motifs for PTP1B, Sap-1, PTP-beta, SHP1, and SHP2. Our results confirm substrate specificity for individual PTPs at the peptide level. Such consensus sequences may be useful both for identifying potential PTP substrates and for the development of peptidomimetic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Wälchli
- Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, CH-1228 Geneva, Switzerland
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Romsicki Y, Scapin G, Beaulieu-Audy V, Patel S, Becker JW, Kennedy BP, Asante-Appiah E. Functional characterization and crystal structure of the C215D mutant of protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:29009-15. [PMID: 12748196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303817200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the C215D active-site mutant of protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and solved the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the apoenzyme to a resolution of 1.6 A. The mutant enzyme displayed maximal catalytic activity at pH approximately 4.5, which is significantly lower than the pH optimum of 6 for wild-type PTP-1B. Although both forms of the enzyme exhibited identical Km values for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate at pH 4.5 and 6, the kcat values of C215D were approximately 70- and approximately 7000-fold lower than those of wild-type PTP-1B, respectively. Arrhenius plots revealed that the mutant and wild-type enzymes displayed activation energies of 61 +/- 1 and 18 +/- 2 kJ/mol, respectively, at their pH optima. Unlike wild-type PTP-1B, C215D-mediated p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis was inactivated by 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane, suggesting a direct involvement of Asp215 in catalysis. Increasing solvent microviscosity with sucrose (up to 40% (w/v)) caused a significant decrease in kcat/Km of the wild-type enzyme, but did not alter the catalytic efficiency of the mutant protein. Structurally, the apoenzyme was identical to wild-type PTP-1B, aside from the flexible WPD loop region, which was in both "open" and "closed" conformations. At physiological pH, the C215D mutant of PTP-1B should be an effective substrate-trapping mutant that can be used to identify cellular substrates of PTP-1B. In addition, because of its insensitivity to oxidation, this mutant may be used for screening fermentation broth and other natural products to identify inhibitors of PTP-1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Romsicki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire, Dorval, Quebec H9R 4P8, Canada
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Romsicki Y, Kennedy BP, Asante-Appiah E. Purification and characterization of T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase reveals significant functional homology to protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 414:40-50. [PMID: 12745253 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a protocol for rapid purification of T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) and the structurally related protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) from bacterial cells. The pH profile for TCPTP was bell-shaped with an optimum of 5.5. The catalytic domain and full-length versions of TCPTP bound a potent inhibitor with affinities similar to those of PTP-1B. The K(m) values for the catalytic domains of TCPTP and PTP-1B increased with increasing ionic strength, whereas the k(cat) values remained unchanged. Arrhenius plots revealed that TCPTP and PTP-1B possess similar activation energies of 25.3+/-1.2 and 18.4+/-3.0 kJ/mol, respectively. Increasing solvent microviscosity (up to 40% (w/v) sucrose) did not affect k(cat)/K(m) of either enzyme. However, high sucrose concentrations protected both enzymes from thermal inactivation. These studies show that, although they share a 72% amino acid sequence identity within their catalytic domains, TCPTP and PTP-1B are functionally very similar in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Romsicki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Que., Canada H9R 4P8
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40
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Sun JP, Fedorov AA, Lee SY, Guo XL, Shen K, Lawrence DS, Almo SC, Zhang ZY. Crystal structure of PTP1B complexed with a potent and selective bidentate inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:12406-14. [PMID: 12547827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212491200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been implicated as an important regulator in several signaling pathways including those initiated by insulin and leptin. Potent and specific PTP1B inhibitors could serve as useful tools in elucidating the physiological functions of PTP1B and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. We have determined the crystal structure of PTP1B in complex with compound 2, the most potent and selective PTP1B inhibitor reported to date. The structure at 2.15-A resolution reveals that compound 2 simultaneously binds to the active site and a unique proximal noncatalytic site formed by Lys-41, Arg-47, and Asp-48. The structural data are further corroborated by results from kinetic analyses of the interactions of PTP1B and its site-directed mutants with compound 2 and several of its variants. Although many of the residues important for interactions between PTP1B and compound 2 are not unique to PTP1B, the combinations of all contact residues differ between PTP isozymes, which provide a structural basis for potent and selective PTP1B inhibition. Our data further suggest that potent, yet highly selective, PTP1B inhibitory agents can be acquired by targeting the area defined by residues Lys-41, Arg-47, and Asp-48, in addition to the previously identified second aryl phosphate-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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41
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Espanel X, Huguenin-Reggiani M, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R. The SPOT technique as a tool for studying protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate specificities. Protein Sci 2002; 11:2326-34. [PMID: 12237455 PMCID: PMC2373693 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0213402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is restricted by their substrate specificities. The analysis of PTP specificity was greatly helped by the discovery that "substrate-trapping" PTP mutants, such as PTP-1B D181A, stably and specifically bind their substrates. We have set up a PTP substrate specificity assay based on the SPOT technique, which involves the microsynthesis of (phospho)peptides on membranes. To validate this approach, substrate trapping PTP-1B was tested on its cognate ligand, the autophosphorylated insulin receptor (IR). On SPOT membranes, IR peptides with phosphotyrosine 1163 were efficiently bound by PTP1B D181A, and dephosphorylated by PTP-1B. Phosphotyrosine 1163 was preferred over the neighboring 1158 and 1162 phosphotyrosines. PTP-1B also recognized IR-like motifs in Trk autophosphorylation domains, and STAT 5 phosphopeptides. Using a gridded 20-by-20 SPOT library, we show that peptides with the YZM motif (Z: phosphotyrosine) are the strongest ligands for PTP-1B D181A, but not the optimal substrates for dephosphorylation by wild-type PTP1B. In addition we show that PTP-1B and PTP-beta dephosphorylation efficiency is strongly modulated by the introduction of phospho-serine or phospho-threonine in their cognate phospho-tyrosine substrates. Altogether our data illustrate that the SPOT technique is a highly efficient tool for the study of PTP substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Espanel
- Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 14, chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
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42
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Johnson TO, Ermolieff J, Jirousek MR. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002; 1:696-709. [PMID: 12209150 DOI: 10.1038/nrd895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity has elevated the medical need for new agents to treat these disease states. Resistance to the hormones insulin and leptin are hallmarks of both type 2 diabetes and obesity. Drugs that can ameliorate this resistance should be effective in treating type 2 diabetes and possibly obesity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is thought to function as a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signal transduction. This article reviews PTP1B as a novel target for type 2 diabetes, and looks at the challenges in developing small-molecule inhibitors of this phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore O Johnson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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