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Dubey KK, Kumar A, Baldia A, Rajput D, Kateriya S, Singh R, Nikita, Tandon R, Mishra YK. Biomanufacturing of glycosylated antibodies: Challenges, solutions, and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108267. [PMID: 37813174 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, recombinant protein production has been done in several expression hosts of bacteria, fungi, and majorly CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells; few have high production costs and are susceptible to harmful toxin contamination. Green algae have the potential to produce recombinant proteins in a more sustainable manner. Microalgal diversity leads to offer excellent opportunities to produce glycosylated antibodies. An antibody with humanized glycans plays a crucial role in cellular communication that works to regulate cells and molecules, to control disease, and to stimulate immunity. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand the role of abiotic factors (light, temperature, pH, etc.) in the production of bioactive molecules and molecular mechanisms of product synthesis from microalgae which would lead to harnessing the potential of algal bio-refinery. However, the potential of microalgae as the source of bio-refinery has been less explored. In the present review, omics approaches for microalgal engineering, methods of humanized glycoproteins production focusing majorly on N-glycosylation pathways, light-based regulation of glycosylation machinery, and production of antibodies with humanized glycans in microalgae with a major emphasis on modulation of post-translation machinery of microalgae which might play a role in better understanding of microalgal potential as a source for antibody production along with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Biomanufacturing and Process Development Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Biomanufacturing and Process Development Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anshu Baldia
- Biomanufacturing and Process Development Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Deepanshi Rajput
- Biomanufacturing and Process Development Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajani Singh
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nikita
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alison 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark.
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Hykollari A, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Negative-mode mass spectrometry in the analysis of invertebrate, fungal, and protist N-glycans. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:945-963. [PMID: 33955035 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The approaches for analysis of N-glycans have radically altered in the last 20 years or so. Due to increased sensitivity, mass spectrometry has become the predominant method in modern glycomics. Here, we summarize recent studies showing that the improved resolution and detection by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has contributed greatly to the discovery of a large range of anionic and zwitterionic N-glycan structures across the different kingdoms of life, whereby MALDI-TOF MS in negative mode is less widely performed than in positive mode. However, its use enables the detection of key fragments indicative of certain sugar modifications such as sulfate, (methyl) phosphate, phosphoethanolamine, (methyl)aminoethylphosphonate, glucuronic, and sialic acid, thereby enabling certain isobaric glycan variations to be distinguished. As we also discuss in this review, complementary approaches such as negative-mode electrospray ionization-MS/MS, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance MS, and ion mobility MS yield, respectively, cross-linkage fragments, high accuracy masses, and isomeric information, thus adding other components to complete the jigsaw puzzle when defining unusual glycan modifications from lower organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Wien, Austria
- VetCore Facility for Research, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Wien, Austria
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Laroche C. Exopolysaccharides from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Diversity of Strains, Production Strategies, and Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050336. [PMID: 35621987 PMCID: PMC9148076 DOI: 10.3390/md20050336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that can produce/accumulate biomolecules with industrial interest. Among these molecules, EPSs are macromolecular polysaccharidic compounds that present biological activities and physico-chemical properties, allowing to consider their valorization in diverse commercial markets, such as cosmetic, therapeutic, nutraceutic, or hydrocolloids areas. The number of microalgae and cyanobacteria strains described to produce such EPSs has increased in recent years as, among the 256 producing strains gathered in this review, 86 were published in the last 10 years (~33%). Moreover, with the rise of research on microalgae EPSs, a variety of monosaccharides compositions have been discovered, highlighting the versatility of these organisms. If some production strategies can be applied to increase EPS production yields, it appears that case by case studies are needed to promote EPS synthesis by a strain, as many responses exist. This paper proposes an up-to-date state of the art of the diversity of microalgae and cyanobacteria EPS-producing strains, associated to the variability of compositions. The strategies for the production and extraction of the polymers are also discussed. Finally, an overview of the biological activities and physico-chemical properties allow one to consider their use on several commercial markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Laroche
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Přerovská T, Jindřichová B, Henke S, Yvin JC, Ferrieres V, Burketová L, Lipovová P, Nguema-Ona E. Arabinogalactan Protein-Like Proteins From Ulva lactuca Activate Immune Responses and Plant Resistance in an Oilseed Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893858. [PMID: 35668790 PMCID: PMC9164130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds isolated from macroalgae are promising, ecofriendly, and multifunctional bioinoculants, which have been tested and used in agriculture. Ulvans, for instance, one of the major polysaccharides present in Ulva spp. cell walls, have been tested for their plant growth-promoting properties as well as their ability to activate plant immune defense, on a large variety of crops. Recently, we have characterized for the first time an arabinogalactan protein-like (AGP-like) from Ulva lactuca, which exhibits several features associated to land plant AGPs. In land plant, AGPs were shown to play a role in several plant biological functions, including cell morphogenesis, reproduction, and plant-microbe interactions. Thus, isolated AGP-like proteins may be good candidates for either the plant growth-promoting properties or the activation of plant immune defense. Here, we have isolated an AGP-like enriched fraction from Ulva lactuca and we have evaluated its ability to (i) protect oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cotyledons against Leptosphaeria maculans, and (ii) its ability to activate immune responses. Preventive application of the Ulva AGP-like enriched fraction on oilseed rape, followed by cotyledon inoculation with the fungal hemibiotroph L. maculans, resulted in a major reduction of infection propagation. The noticed reduction correlated with an accumulation of H2O2 in treated cotyledons and with the activation of SA and ET signaling pathways in oilseed rape cotyledons. In parallel, an ulvan was also isolated from Ulva lactuca. Preventive application of ulvan also enhanced plant resistance against L. maculans. Surprisingly, reduction of infection severity was only observed at high concentration of ulvan. Here, no such significant changes in gene expression and H2O2 production were observed. Together, this study indicates that U. lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins exhibit promising elicitor activity and that plant eliciting properties of Ulva extract, might result not only from an ulvan-originated eliciting activities, but also AGP-like originated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Barbora Jindřichová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
| | - Vincent Ferrieres
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
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Toustou C, Walet-Balieu ML, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Houdou M, Lerouge P, Foulquier F, Bardor M. Towards understanding the extensive diversity of protein N-glycan structures in eukaryotes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:732-748. [PMID: 34873817 PMCID: PMC9300197 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N‐glycosylation is an important post‐translational modification of proteins that has been highly conserved during evolution and is found in Eukaryota, Bacteria and Archaea. In eukaryotes, N‐glycan processing is sequential, involving multiple specific steps within the secretory pathway as proteins travel through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In this review, we first summarize the different steps of the N‐glycan processing and further describe recent findings regarding the diversity of N‐glycan structures in eukaryotic clades. This comparison allows us to explore the different regulation mechanisms of N‐glycan processing among eukaryotic clades. Recent findings regarding the regulation of protein N‐glycosylation are highlighted, especially the regulation of the biosynthesis of complex‐type N‐glycans through manganese and calcium homeostasis and the specific role of transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165) for which homologous sequences have been identified in several eukaryotic clades. Further research will be required to characterize the function of TMEM165 homologous sequences in different eukaryotic clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Toustou
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Laure Walet-Balieu
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marine Houdou
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France.,Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France.,Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
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Xie X, Du H, Chen J, Aslam M, Wang W, Chen W, Li P, Du H, Liu X. Global Profiling of N-Glycoproteins and N-Glycans in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:779307. [PMID: 34925422 PMCID: PMC8678454 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.779307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification in all eukaryotes, but little is known about the N-glycoproteins and N-glycans in microalgae. Here, N-glycoproteomic and N-glycomic approaches were used to unveil the N-glycoproteins and N-glycans in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In total, 863 different N-glycopeptides corresponding to 639 N-glycoproteins were identified from P. tricornutum. These N-glycoproteins participated in a variety of important metabolic pathways in P. tricornutum. Twelve proteins participating in the N-glycosylation pathway were identified as N-glycoproteins, indicating that the N-glycosylation of these proteins might be important for the protein N-glycosylation pathway. Subsequently, 69 N-glycans corresponding to 59 N-glycoproteins were identified and classified into high mannose and hybrid type N-glycans. High mannose type N-glycans contained four different classes, such as Man-5, Man-7, Man-9, and Man-10 with a terminal glucose residue. Hybrid type N-glycan harbored Man-4 with a terminal GlcNAc residue. The identification of N-glycosylation on nascent proteins expanded our understanding of this modification at a N-glycoproteomic scale, the analysis of N-glycan structures updated the N-glycan database in microalgae. The results obtained from this study facilitate the elucidation of the precise function of these N-glycoproteins and are beneficial for future designing the microalga to produce the functional humanized biopharmaceutical N-glycoproteins for the clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jichen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water & Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Wanna Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weizhou Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Hua Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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A Novel Three-Step Extraction Strategy for High-Value Products from Red Algae Porphyridium purpureum. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092164. [PMID: 34574272 PMCID: PMC8471847 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The microalga Porphyridium accumulates high-value compounds such as phycoerythrin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polysaccharides, and thus, the extraction of these compounds could significantly expand the value of Porphyridium biomass. In the present study, a novel fractional extraction strategy based on the characteristics of these compounds was established using cold water, 95% ethanol, and hot water. The yield of phycoerythrin, lipids, and polysaccharides was 63.3, 74.3, and 75.2%, respectively. The phycoerythrin exhibited excellent fluorescence characteristics but had low purity. The crude lipid was dark with poor fluidity. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol containing C20:5 and C20:4 were the most abundant glycerolipids, while glucose, xylose, and galactose constituted the intracellular polysaccharides that had covalently bound to proteins (8.01%), uronic acid (4.13%), and sulfate (8.31%). Compared with polysaccharides and crude lipids, crude phycoerythrin showed the best antioxidant activity. Overall, the three-step fractional extraction process was feasible for Porphyridium; however, further purification is necessary for downstream applications.
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Sirohi R, Joun J, Choi HI, Gaur VK, Sim SJ. Algal glycobiotechnology: omics approaches for strain improvement. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:163. [PMID: 34419059 PMCID: PMC8379821 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae has the capability to replace petroleum-based fuels and is a promising option as an energy feedstock because of its fast growth, high photosynthetic capacity and remarkable ability to store energy reserve molecules in the form of lipids and starch. But the commercialization of microalgae based product is difficult due to its high processing cost and low productivity. Higher accumulation of these molecules may help to cut the processing cost. There are several reports on the use of various omics techniques to improve the strains of microalgae for increasing the productivity of desired products. To effectively use these techniques, it is important that the glycobiology of microalgae is associated to omics approaches to essentially give rise to the field of algal glycobiotechnology. In the past few decades, lot of work has been done to improve the strain of various microalgae such as Chlorella, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Botryococcus braunii etc., through genome sequencing and metabolic engineering with major focus on significantly increasing the productivity of biofuels, biopolymers, pigments and other products. The advancements in algae glycobiotechnology have highly significant role to play in innovation and new developments for the production algae-derived products as above. It would be highly desirable to understand the basic biology of the products derived using -omics technology together with biochemistry and biotechnology. This review discusses the potential of different omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) to improve the yield of desired products through algal strain manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Joun
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Ii Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea.
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Liu X, Xie X, Du H, Sanganyado E, Wang W, Aslam M, Chen J, Chen W, Liang H. Bioinformatic analysis and genetic engineering approaches for recombinant biopharmaceutical glycoproteins production in microalgae. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Přerovská T, Henke S, Bleha R, Spiwok V, Gillarová S, Yvin JC, Ferrières V, Nguema-Ona E, Lipovová P. Arabinogalactan-like Glycoproteins from Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) Show Unique Features Compared to Land Plants AGPs. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:619-635. [PMID: 33338254 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) encompass a diverse group of plant cell wall proteoglycans, which play an essential role in plant development, signaling, plant-microbe interactions, and many others. Although they are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and extensively studied, they remain largely unexplored in the lower plants, especially in seaweeds. Ulva species have high economic potential since various applications were previously described including bioremediation, biofuel production, and as a source of bioactive compounds. This article presents the first experimental confirmation of AGP-like glycoproteins in Ulva species and provides a simple extraction protocol of Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins, their partial characterization and unique comparison to scarcely described Solanum lycopersicum AGPs. The reactivity with primary anti-AGP antibodies as well as Yariv reagent showed a great variety between Ulva lactuca and Solanum lycopersicum AGP-like glycoproteins. While the amino acid analysis of the AGP-like glycoproteins purified by the β-d-glucosyl Yariv reagent showed a similarity between algal and land plant AGP-like glycoproteins, neutral saccharide analysis revealed unique glycosylation of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins. Surprisingly, arabinose and galactose were not the most prevalent monosaccharides and the most outstanding was the presence of 3-O-methyl-hexose, which has never been described in the AGPs. The exceptional structure of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins implies a specialized adaptation to the marine environment and might bring new insight into the evolution of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Bleha
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Gillarová
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
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Behnke J, Cohen AM, LaRoche J. N-linked glycosylation enzymes in the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica exhibit a diel cycle in transcript abundance and favor for NXT-type sites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3227. [PMID: 33547363 PMCID: PMC7864949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a posttranslational modification affecting protein folding and function. The N-linked glycosylation pathway in algae is poorly characterized, and further knowledge is needed to understand the cell biology of algae and the evolution of N-linked glycosylation. This study investigated the N-linked glycosylation pathway in Thalassiosira oceanica, an open ocean diatom adapted to survive at growth-limiting iron concentrations. Here we identified and annotated the genes coding for the essential enzymes involved in the N-linked glycosylation pathway of T. oceanica. Transcript levels for genes coding for calreticulin, oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT1), and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) under high- and low-iron growth conditions revealed diel transcription patterns with a significant decrease of calreticulin and OST transcripts under iron-limitation. Solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycosylated peptides (SPEG) revealed 118 N-linked glycosylated peptides from cells grown in high- and low-iron growth conditions. The identified peptides had 81% NXT-type motifs, with X being any amino acids except proline. The presence of N-linked glycosylation sites in the iron starvation-induced protein 1a (ISIP1a) confirmed its predicted topology, contributing to the biochemical characterization of ISIP1 proteins. Analysis of extensive oceanic gene databases showed a global distribution of calreticulin, OST, and UGGT, reinforcing the importance of glycosylation in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Behnke
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Biology, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO BOX 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Alejandro M. Cohen
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, 1344 Summer Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Julie LaRoche
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Biology, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO BOX 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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Harvey DJ. NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF N-LINKED GLYCANS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:586-679. [PMID: 32329121 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans from glycoproteins are complex, branched structures whose structural determination presents many analytical problems. Mass spectrometry, usually conducted in positive ion mode, often requires extensive sample manipulation, usually by derivatization such as permethylation, to provide the necessary structure-revealing fragment ions. The newer but, so far, lesser used negative ion techniques, on the contrary, provide a wealth of structural information not present in positive ion spectra that greatly simplify the analysis of these compounds and can usually be conducted without the need for derivatization. This review describes the use of negative ion mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of N-linked glycans and emphasises the many advantages that can be gained by this mode of operation. Biosynthesis and structures of the compounds are described followed by methods for release of the glycans from the protein. Methods for ionization are discussed with emphasis on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and methods for producing negative ions from neutral compounds. Acidic glycans naturally give deprotonated species under most ionization conditions. Fragmentation of negative ions is discussed next with particular reference to those ions that are diagnostic for specific features such as the branching topology of the glycans and substitution positions of moieties such as fucose and sulfate, features that are often difficult to identify easily by conventional techniques such as positive ion fragmentation and exoglycosidase digestions. The advantages of negative over positive ions for this structural work are emphasised with an example of a series of glycans where all other methods failed to produce a structure. Fragmentation of derivatized glycans is discussed next, both with respect to derivatives at the reducing terminus of the molecules, and to methods for neutralization of the acidic groups on sialic acids to both stabilize them for MALDI analysis and to produce the diagnostic fragments seen with the neutral glycans. The use of ion mobility, combined with conventional mass spectrometry is described with emphasis on its use to extract clean glycan spectra both before and after fragmentation, to separate isomers and its use to extract additional information from separated fragment ions. A section on applications follows with examples of the identification of novel structures from lower organisms and tables listing the use of negative ions for structural identification of specific glycoproteins, glycans from viruses and uses in the biopharmaceutical industry and in medicine. The review concludes with a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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13
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Mócsai R, Figl R, Sützl L, Fluch S, Altmann F. A first view on the unsuspected intragenus diversity of N-glycans in Chlorella microalgae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:184-196. [PMID: 32031706 PMCID: PMC7383745 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella microalgae are increasingly used for various purposes such as fatty acid production, wastewater processing, or as health-promoting food supplements. A mass spectrometry-based survey of N-glycan structures of strain collection specimens and 80 commercial Chlorella products revealed a hitherto unseen intragenus diversity of N-glycan structures. Differing numbers of methyl groups, pentoses, deoxyhexoses, and N-acetylglucosamine culminated in c. 100 different glycan masses. Thirteen clearly discernible glycan-type groups were identified. Unexpected features included the occurrence of arabinose, of different and rare types of monosaccharide methylation (e.g. 4-O-methyl-N-acetylglucosamine), and substitution of the second N-acetylglucosamine. Analysis of barcode ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences established a phylogenetic tree that essentially went hand in hand with the grouping obtained by glycan patterns. This brief prelude to microalgal N-glycans revealed a fabulous wealth of undescribed structural features that finely differentiated Chlorella-like microalgae, which are notoriously poor in morphological attributes. In light of the almost identical N-glycan structural features that exist within vertebrates or land plants, the herein discovered diversity is astonishing and argues for a selection pressure only explicable by a fundamental functional role of these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Mócsai
- Department of ChemistryVienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Department of ChemistryVienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food TechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
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Lucas PL, Mathieu-Rivet E, Song PCT, Oltmanns A, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Plasson C, Afonso C, Hippler M, Lerouge P, Mati-Baouche N, Bardor M. Multiple xylosyltransferases heterogeneously xylosylate protein N-linked glycans in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:230-245. [PMID: 31777161 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, little information is available regarding the N-glycosylation pathway in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Recent investigation demonstrated that C. reinhardtii synthesizes linear oligomannosides. Maturation of these oligomannosides results in N-glycans that are partially methylated and carry one or two xylose residues. One xylose residue was demonstrated to be a core β(1,2)-xylose. Recently, N-glycoproteomic analysis performed on glycoproteins secreted by C. reinhardtii demonstrated that the xylosyltransferase A (XTA) was responsible for the addition of the core β(1,2)-xylose. Furthermore, another xylosyltransferase candidate named XTB was suggested to be involved in the xylosylation in C. reinhardtii. In the present study, we focus especially on the characterization of the structures of the xylosylated N-glycans from C. reinhardtii taking advantage of insertional mutants of XTA and XTB, and of the XTA/XTB double-mutant. The combination of mass spectrometry approaches allowed us to identify the major N-glycan structures bearing one or two xylose residues. They confirm that XTA is responsible for the addition of the core β(1,2)-xylose, whereas XTB is involved in the addition of the xylose residue onto the linear branch of the N-glycan as well as in the partial addition of the core β(1,2)-xylose suggesting that this transferase exhibits a low substrate specificity. Analysis of the double-mutant suggests that an additional xylosyltransferase is involved in the xylosylation process in C. reinhardtii. Additional putative candidates have been identified in the C. reinhardtii genome. Altogether, these results pave the way for a better understanding of the C. reinhardtii N-glycosylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Lucas
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, SFR NORVEGE, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, SFR NORVEGE, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe C T Song
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Plate-Forme de Protéomique PISSARO, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Oltmanns
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Carole Plasson
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, SFR NORVEGE, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, Rouen, France
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, SFR NORVEGE, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Narimane Mati-Baouche
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, SFR NORVEGE, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, SFR NORVEGE, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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Barolo L, Abbriano RM, Commault AS, George J, Kahlke T, Fabris M, Padula MP, Lopez A, Ralph PJ, Pernice M. Perspectives for Glyco-Engineering of Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals from Microalgae. Cells 2020; 9:E633. [PMID: 32151094 PMCID: PMC7140410 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae exhibit great potential for recombinant therapeutic protein production, due to lower production costs, immunity to human pathogens, and advanced genetic toolkits. However, a fundamental aspect to consider for recombinant biopharmaceutical production is the presence of correct post-translational modifications. Multiple recent studies focusing on glycosylation in microalgae have revealed unique species-specific patterns absent in humans. Glycosylation is particularly important for protein function and is directly responsible for recombinant biopharmaceutical immunogenicity. Therefore, it is necessary to fully characterise this key feature in microalgae before these organisms can be established as industrially relevant microbial biofactories. Here, we review the work done to date on production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals in microalgae, experimental and computational evidence for N- and O-glycosylation in diverse microalgal groups, established approaches for glyco-engineering, and perspectives for their application in microalgal systems. The insights from this review may be applied to future glyco-engineering attempts to humanize recombinant therapeutic proteins and to potentially obtain cheaper, fully functional biopharmaceuticals from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Barolo
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Raffaela M. Abbriano
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Audrey S. Commault
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Jestin George
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Michele Fabris
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- School of Life Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia;
| | - Angelo Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Peter J. Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway Campus, Ultimo NSW 2007, Sydney, Australia; (R.M.A.); (A.S.C.); (J.G.); (T.K.); (M.F.); (P.J.R.)
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Mathieu-Rivet E, Mati-Baouche N, Walet-Balieu ML, Lerouge P, Bardor M. N- and O-Glycosylation Pathways in the Microalgae Polyphyletic Group. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609993. [PMID: 33391324 PMCID: PMC7773692 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The term microalga refers to various unicellular and photosynthetic organisms representing a polyphyletic group. It gathers numerous species, which can be found in cyanobacteria (i.e., Arthrospira) as well as in distinct eukaryotic groups, such as Chlorophytes (i.e., Chlamydomonas or Chlorella) and Heterokonts (i.e., diatoms). This phylogenetic diversity results in an extraordinary variety of metabolic pathways, offering large possibilities for the production of natural compounds like pigments or lipids that can explain the ever-growing interest of industrials for these organisms since the middle of the last century. More recently, several species have received particular attention as biofactories for the production of recombinant proteins. Indeed, microalgae are easy to grow, safe and cheap making them attractive alternatives as heterologous expression systems. In this last scope of applications, the glycosylation capacity of these organisms must be considered as this post-translational modification of proteins impacts their structural and biological features. Although these mechanisms are well known in various Eukaryotes like mammals, plants or insects, only a few studies have been undertaken for the investigation of the protein glycosylation in microalgae. Recently, significant progresses have been made especially regarding protein N-glycosylation, while O-glycosylation remain poorly known. This review aims at summarizing the recent data in order to assess the state-of-the art knowledge in glycosylation processing in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrice Lerouge
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Muriel Bardor,
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N-glycans of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris are of the oligomannosidic type but highly methylated. Sci Rep 2019; 9:331. [PMID: 30674946 PMCID: PMC6344472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae of the genus Chlorella vulgaris are candidates for the production of lipids for biofuel production. Besides that, Chlorella vulgaris is marketed as protein and vitamin rich food additive. Its potential as a novel expression system for recombinant proteins inspired us to study its asparagine-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) by mass spectrometry, chromatography and gas chromatography. Oligomannosidic N-glycans with up to nine mannoses were the structures found in culture collection strains as well as several commercial products. These glycans co-eluted with plant N-glycans in the highly shape selective porous graphitic carbon chromatography. Thus, Chlorella vulgaris generates oligomannosidic N-glycans of the structural type known from land plants and animals. In fact, Man5 (Man5GlcNAc2) served as substrate for GlcNAc-transferase I and a trace of an endogenous structure with terminal GlcNAc was seen. The unusual more linear Man5 structure recently found on glycoproteins of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii occurred - if at all - in traces only. Notably, a majority of the oligomannosidic glycans was multiply O-methylated with 3-O-methyl and 3,6-di-O-methyl mannoses at the non-reducing termini. This modification has so far been neither found on plant nor vertebrate N-glycans. It's possible immunogenicity raises concerns as to the use of C. vulgaris for production of pharmaceutical glycoproteins.
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Lucas PL, Dumontier R, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Mareck A, Afonso C, Lerouge P, Mati-Baouche N, Bardor M. User-friendly extraction and multistage tandem mass spectrometry based analysis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in microalgae. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:107. [PMID: 30534192 PMCID: PMC6280548 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein N-glycosylation is initiated within the endoplasmic reticulum through the synthesis of a lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLO) precursor. This precursor is then transferred en bloc on neo-synthesized proteins through the action of the oligosaccharyltransferase giving birth to glycoproteins. The N-linked glycans bore by the glycoproteins are then processed into oligomannosides prior to the exit of the glycoproteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and its entrance into the Golgi apparatus. In this compartment, the N-linked glycans are further maturated in complex type N-glycans. This process has been well studied in a lot of eukaryotes including higher plants. In contrast, little information regarding the LLO precursor and synthesis of N-linked glycans is available in microalgae. METHODS In this report, a user-friendly extraction method combining microsomal enrichment and solvent extractions followed by purification steps is described. This strategy is aiming to extract LLO precursor from microalgae. Then, the oligosaccharide moiety released from the extracted LLO were analyzed by multistage tandem mass spectrometry in two models of microalgae namely the green microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum. RESULTS The validity of the developed method was confirmed by the analysis of the oligosaccharide structures released from the LLO of two xylosyltransferase mutants of C. reinhardtii confirming that this green microalga synthesizes a linear Glc3Man5GlcNAc2 identical to the one of the wild-type cells. In contrast, the analysis of the oligosaccharide released from the LLO of the diatom P. tricornutum demonstrated for the first time a Glc2Man9GlcNAc2 structure. CONCLUSION The method described in this article allows the fast, non-radioactive and reliable multistage tandem mass spectrometry characterization of oligosaccharides released from LLO of microalgae including the ones belonging to the Phaeodactylaceae and Chlorophyceae classes, respectively. The method is fully adaptable for extracting and characterizing the LLO oligosaccharide moiety from microalgae belonging to other phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Lucas
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Univ, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Rodolphe Dumontier
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Univ, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Alain Mareck
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Univ, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, Normandie Univ, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Univ, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Muriel Bardor
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Univ, 76000 Rouen, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75000 Paris, France
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Ruiz-May E, Sørensen I, Fei Z, Zhang S, Domozych DS, Rose JKC. The Secretome and N-Glycosylation Profiles of the Charophycean Green Alga, Penium margaritaceum, Resemble Those of Embryophytes. Proteomes 2018; 6:E14. [PMID: 29561781 PMCID: PMC6027541 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretome can be defined as the population of proteins that are secreted into the extracellular environment. Many proteins that are secreted by eukaryotes are N-glycosylated. However, there are striking differences in the diversity and conservation of N-glycosylation patterns between taxa. For example, the secretome and N-glycosylation structures differ between land plants and chlorophyte green algae, but it is not clear when this divergence took place during plant evolution. A potentially valuable system to study this issue is provided by the charophycean green algae (CGA), which is the immediate ancestors of land plants. In this study, we used lectin affinity chromatography (LAC) coupled with mass spectrometry to characterize the secretome including secreted N-glycoproteins of Penium margaritaceum, which is a member of the CGA. The identified secreted proteins and N-glycans were compared to those known from the chlorophyte green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the model land plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, to establish their evolutionary context. Our approach allowed the identification of cell wall proteins and proteins modified with N-glycans that are identical to those of embryophytes, which suggests that the P. margaritaceum secretome is more closely related to those of land plants than to those of chlorophytes. The results of this study support the hypothesis that many of the proteins associated with plant cell wall modification as well as other extracellular processes evolved prior to the colonization of terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Ruiz-May
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Congregación el Haya, CP 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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20
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Schulze S, Oltmanns A, Machnik N, Liu G, Xu N, Jarmatz N, Scholz M, Sugimoto K, Fufezan C, Huang K, Hippler M. N-Glycoproteomic Characterization of Mannosidase and Xylosyltransferase Mutant Strains of Chlamydomonasreinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1952-1964. [PMID: 29288232 PMCID: PMC5841687 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
At present, only little is known about the enzymatic machinery required for N-glycosylation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, leading to the formation of N-glycans harboring Xyl and methylated Man. This machinery possesses new enzymatic features, as C. reinhardtii N-glycans are independent of β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. Here we have performed comparative N-glycoproteomic analyses of insertional mutants of mannosidase 1A (IM Man1A ) and xylosyltransferase 1A (IM XylT1A ). The disruption of man1A affected methylation of Man and the addition of terminal Xyl. The absence of XylT1A led to shorter N-glycans compared to the wild type. The use of a IM Man1A xIM XylT1A double mutant revealed that the absence of Man1A suppressed the IM XylT1A phenotype, indicating that the increased N-glycan trimming is regulated by core β1,2-Xyl and is dependent on Man1A activity. These data point toward an enzymatic cascade in the N-glycosylation pathway of C. reinhardtii with interlinked roles of Man1A and XylT1A. The results described herein represent the first step toward a functional characterization of the enzymatic N-glycosylation machinery in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulze
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Anne Oltmanns
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Nick Machnik
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Gai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Nannan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Niklas Jarmatz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Kazuhiko Sugimoto
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Christian Fufezan
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster 48143, Germany
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21
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Schulze S, Urzica E, Reijnders MJMF, van de Geest H, Warris S, Bakker LV, Fufezan C, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Schaap PJ, Peters SA, Hippler M. Identification of methylated GnTI-dependent N-glycans in Botryococcus brauni. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1361-1369. [PMID: 28737213 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals and vascular plants, microalgae show a high diversity in the N-glycan structures of complex N-glycoproteins. Although homologues for β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnTI), a key enzyme in the formation of complex N-glycans, have been identified in several algal species, GnTI-dependent N-glycans have not been detected so far. We have performed an N-glycoproteomic analysis of the hydrocarbon oils accumulating green microalgae Botryococcus braunii. Thereby, the analysis of intact N-glycopeptides allowed the determination of N-glycan compositions. Furthermore, insights into the role of N-glycosylation in B. braunii were gained from functional annotation of the identified N-glycoproteins. In total, 517 unique N-glycosylated peptides have been identified, including intact N-glycopeptides that harbored N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) at the nonreducing end. Surprisingly, these GnTI-dependent N-glycans were also found to be modified with (di)methylated hexose. The identification of GnTI-dependent N-glycans in combination with N-glycan methylation in B. braunii revealed an uncommon type of N-glycan processing in this microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulze
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Eugen Urzica
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Maarten J M F Reijnders
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6703 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Henri van de Geest
- Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Warris
- Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Linda V Bakker
- Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Fufezan
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6703 HB, the Netherlands
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, 12163, Germany
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6703 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Sander A Peters
- Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
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22
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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23
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Levy-Ontman O, Fisher M, Shotland Y, Tekoah Y, Malis Arad S. Insight into glucosidase II from the red marine microalga Porphyridium sp. (Rhodophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:1075-87. [PMID: 26987003 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of proteins is one of the most important post-translational modifications that occur in various organisms, and is of utmost importance for protein function, stability, secretion, and loca-lization. Although the N-linked glycosylation pathway of proteins has been extensively characterized in mammals and plants, not much information is available regarding the N-glycosylation pathway in algae. We studied the α 1,3-glucosidase glucosidase II (GANAB) glycoenzyme in a red marine microalga Porphyridium sp. (Rhodophyta) using bioinformatic and biochemical approaches. The GANAB-gene was found to be highly conserved evolutionarily (compo-sed of all the common features of α and β subunits) and to exhibit similar motifs consistent with that of homolog eukaryotes GANAB genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed its wide distribution across an evolutionarily vast range of organisms; while the α subunit is highly conserved and its phylogenic tree is similar to the taxon evolutionary tree, the β subunit is less conserved and its pattern somewhat differs from the taxon tree. In addition, the activity of the red microalgal GANAB enzyme was studied, including functional and biochemical characterization using a bioassay, indicating that the enzyme is similar to other eukaryotes ortholog GANAB enzymes. A correlation between polysaccharide production and GANAB activity, indicating its involvement in polysaccharide biosynthesis, is also demonstrated. This study represents a valuable contribution toward understanding the N-glycosylation and polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways in red microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat Levy-Ontman
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, 8410001, Israel
| | - Merav Fisher
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Yoram Shotland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, 8410001, Israel
| | - Yoram Tekoah
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Protalix Biotherapeutics, Carmiel, 2161401, Israel
| | - Shoshana Malis Arad
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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24
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Burg A, Oshrat LO. Salt Effect on the Antioxidant Activity of Red Microalgal Sulfated Polysaccharides in Soy-Bean Formula. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6425-39. [PMID: 26492255 PMCID: PMC4626698 DOI: 10.3390/md13106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides produced by microalgae, which are known to exhibit various biological activities, may potentially serve as natural antioxidant sources. To date, only a few studies have examined the antioxidant bioactivity of red microalgal polysaccharides. In this research, the effect of different salts on the antioxidant activities of two red microalgal sulfated polysaccharides derived from Porphyridium sp. and Porphyridium aerugineum were studied in a soy bean-based infant milk formula. Salt composition and concentration were both shown to affect the polysaccharides' antioxidant activity. It can be postulated that the salt ions intefer with the polysaccharide chains' interactions and alter their structure, leading to a new three-dimensional structure that better exposes antiooxidant sites in comparison to the polysaccharide without salt supplement. Among the cations that were studied, Ca(2+) had the strongest enhancement effect on antioxidant activities of both polysaccharides. Understanding the effect of salts on polysaccharides' stucture, in addition to furthering knowledge on polysaccharide bioactivities, may also shed light on the position of the antioxidant active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Burg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Basel/Bialik sts., Beer-Sheva 8410001, Israel.
| | - Levy-Ontman Oshrat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Basel/Bialik sts., Beer-Sheva 8410001, Israel.
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25
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Vanier G, Hempel F, Chan P, Rodamer M, Vaudry D, Maier UG, Lerouge P, Bardor M. Biochemical Characterization of Human Anti-Hepatitis B Monoclonal Antibody Produced in the Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139282. [PMID: 26437211 PMCID: PMC4593558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent actually the major class of biopharmaceuticals. They are produced recombinantly using living cells as biofactories. Among the different expression systems currently available, microalgae represent an emerging alternative which displays several biotechnological advantages. Indeed, microalgae are classified as generally recognized as safe organisms and can be grown easily in bioreactors with high growth rates similarly to CHO cells. Moreover, microalgae exhibit a phototrophic lifestyle involving low production costs as protein expression is fueled by photosynthesis. However, questions remain to be solved before any industrial production of algae-made biopharmaceuticals. Among them, protein heterogeneity as well as protein post-translational modifications need to be evaluated. Especially, N-glycosylation acquired by the secreted recombinant proteins is of major concern since most of the biopharmaceuticals including mAbs are N-glycosylated and it is well recognized that glycosylation represent one of their critical quality attribute. In this paper, we assess the quality of the first recombinant algae-made mAbs produced in the diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We are focusing on the characterization of their C- and N-terminal extremities, their signal peptide cleavage and their post-translational modifications including N-glycosylation macro- and microheterogeneity. This study brings understanding on diatom cellular biology, especially secretion and intracellular trafficking of proteins. Overall, it reinforces the positioning of P. tricornutum as an emerging host for the production of biopharmaceuticals and prove that P. tricornutum is suitable for producing recombinant proteins bearing high mannose-type N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Vanier
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale Equipe d’Accueil 4358, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Végétale Agronomie Sol Innovation, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Franziska Hempel
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Chan
- PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | - David Vaudry
- PISSARO Proteomic Platform, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Uwe G. Maier
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale Equipe d’Accueil 4358, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Végétale Agronomie Sol Innovation, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale Equipe d’Accueil 4358, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Végétale Agronomie Sol Innovation, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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26
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Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM. Review/N-glycans: The making of a varied toolbox. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:67-83. [PMID: 26398792 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation is one of the most crucial, prevalent, and complex co- and post-translational protein modifications. It plays a pivotal role in protein folding, quality control, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) as well as in protein sorting, protein function, and in signal transduction. Furthermore, glycosylation modulates many important biological processes including growth, development, morphogenesis, and stress signaling processes. As a consequence, aberrant or altered N-glycosylation is often associated with reduced fitness, diseases, and disorders. The initial steps of N-glycan synthesis at the cytosolic side of the ER membrane and in the lumen of the ER are highly conserved. In contrast, the final N-glycan processing in the Golgi apparatus is organism-specific giving rise to a wide variety of carbohydrate structures. Despite our vast knowledge on N-glycans in yeast and mammals, the modus operandi of N-glycan signaling in plants is still largely unknown. This review will elaborate on the N-glycosylation biosynthesis pathway in plants but will also critically assess how N-glycans are involved in different signaling cascades, either active during normal development or upon abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaä Lannoo
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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27
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Harvey DJ, Edgeworth M, Krishna BA, Bonomelli C, Allman SA, Crispin M, Scrivens JH. Fragmentation of negative ions from N-linked carbohydrates: part 6. Glycans containing one N-acetylglucosamine in the core. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2008-18. [PMID: 25132301 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Negative ion collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of N-glycans contain many diagnostic ions that provide more structural information than positive ion spectra. EndoH or endoS release of glycans from glycoproteins, as used by many investigators, cleaves glycans between the GlcNAc residues of the chitobiose core leaving the glycan without the reducing-terminal GlcNAc residue. However, their negative ion CID spectra do not appear to have been studied in detail. This paper examines the CID and ion mobility properties of these endoH-released glycans to determine if the missing GlcNAc influences the production of diagnostic fragment ions. METHODS N-Glycans were released from ribonuclease B, ovalbumin and gp120 with endoH to give high-mannose and hybrid glycans, and from IgG with endoS to produce biantennary complex glycans, all missing the reducing-terminal GlcNAc residue. Negative ion CID and travelling wave ion mobility spectra were recorded with a Waters Synapt G2 mass spectrometer using nanospray sample introduction. RESULTS The majority of glycans yielded CID spectra exhibiting the same diagnostic fragments, which were equivalently informative, as the fully released structures. However, the ability of ion mobility to separate isomers was generally found to be inferior to its use with the full glycans despite the smaller nature of the compounds. The exception was the partial resolution of a pair of biantennary monogalactosylated glycans from IgG where, as chloride adducts, slight separation of the isomers was observed. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the CID spectra of endoH- and endoS-released glycans are as useful as the corresponding spectra of the intact glycans (as released by PNGase F) in providing structural information on N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK; Department of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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28
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Mathieu-Rivet E, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Vanier G, Ovide C, Burel C, Lerouge P, Bardor M. Protein N-glycosylation in eukaryotic microalgae and its impact on the production of nuclear expressed biopharmaceuticals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:359. [PMID: 25183966 PMCID: PMC4135232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are currently used for the production of food compounds. Recently, few microalgae species have been investigated as potential biofactories for the production of biopharmaceuticals. Indeed in this context, microalgae are cheap, classified as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) organisms and can be grown easily. However, problems remain to be solved before any industrial production of microalgae-made biopharmaceuticals. Among them, post-translational modifications of the proteins need to be considered. Especially, N-glycosylation acquired by the secreted recombinant proteins is of major concern since most of the biopharmaceuticals are N-glycosylated and it is well recognized that glycosylation represent one of their critical quality attribute. Therefore, the evaluation of microalgae as alternative cell factory for biopharmaceutical productions thus requires to investigate their N-glycosylation capability in order to determine to what extend it differs from their human counterpart and to determine appropriate strategies for remodeling the microalgae glycosylation into human-compatible oligosaccharides. Here, we review the secreted recombinant proteins which have been successfully produced in microalgae. We also report on recent bioinformatics and biochemical data concerning the structure of glycans N-linked to proteins from various microalgae phyla and comment the consequences on the glycan engineering strategies that may be necessary to render those microalgae-made biopharmaceuticals compatible with human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UPRES EA 4358, Normandie Université, IRIB, VASIMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UPRES EA 4358, Normandie Université, IRIB, VASIMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Gaëtan Vanier
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UPRES EA 4358, Normandie Université, IRIB, VASIMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Clément Ovide
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UPRES EA 4358, Normandie Université, IRIB, VASIMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Carole Burel
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UPRES EA 4358, Normandie Université, IRIB, VASIMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UPRES EA 4358, Normandie Université, IRIB, VASIMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, UPRES EA 4358, Normandie Université, IRIB, VASIMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
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29
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Genes involved in the endoplasmic reticulum N-glycosylation pathway of the red microalga Porphyridium sp.: a bioinformatic study. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2305-26. [PMID: 24514561 PMCID: PMC3958852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications that influence protein polymorphism, including protein structures and their functions. Although this important biological process has been extensively studied in mammals, only limited knowledge exists regarding glycosylation in algae. The current research is focused on the red microalga Porphyridium sp., which is a potentially valuable source for various applications, such as skin therapy, food, and pharmaceuticals. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and processing of N-glycans remain undefined in this species, and the mechanism(s) of their genetic regulation is completely unknown. In this study, we describe our pioneering attempt to understand the endoplasmic reticulum N-Glycosylation pathway in Porphyridium sp., using a bioinformatic approach. Homology searches, based on sequence similarities with genes encoding proteins involved in the ER N-glycosylation pathway (including their conserved parts) were conducted using the TBLASTN function on the algae DNA scaffold contigs database. This approach led to the identification of 24 encoded-genes implicated with the ER N-glycosylation pathway in Porphyridium sp. Homologs were found for almost all known N-glycosylation protein sequences in the ER pathway of Porphyridium sp.; thus, suggesting that the ER-pathway is conserved; as it is in other organisms (animals, plants, yeasts, etc.).
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30
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Mathieu-Rivet E, Scholz M, Arias C, Dardelle F, Schulze S, Le Mauff F, Teo G, Hochmal AK, Blanco-Rivero A, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Fufezan C, Burel C, Lerouge P, Martinez F, Bardor M, Hippler M. Exploring the N-glycosylation pathway in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii unravels novel complex structures. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3160-83. [PMID: 23912651 PMCID: PMC3820931 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.028191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green unicellular eukaryotic model organism for studying relevant biological and biotechnological questions. The availability of genomic resources and the growing interest in C. reinhardtii as an emerging cell factory for the industrial production of biopharmaceuticals require an in-depth analysis of protein N-glycosylation in this organism. Accordingly, we used a comprehensive approach including genomic, glycomic, and glycoproteomic techniques to unravel the N-glycosylation pathway of C. reinhardtii. Using mass-spectrometry-based approaches, we found that both endogenous soluble and membrane-bound proteins carry predominantly oligomannosides ranging from Man-2 to Man-5. In addition, minor complex N-linked glycans were identified as being composed of partially 6-O-methylated Man-3 to Man-5 carrying one or two xylose residues. These findings were supported by results from a glycoproteomic approach that led to the identification of 86 glycoproteins. Here, a combination of in-source collision-induced dissodiation (CID) for glycan fragmentation followed by mass tag-triggered CID for peptide sequencing and PNGase F treatment of glycopeptides in the presence of (18)O-labeled water in conjunction with CID mass spectrometric analyses were employed. In conclusion, our data support the notion that the biosynthesis and maturation of N-linked glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus occur via a GnT I-independent pathway yielding novel complex N-linked glycans that maturate differently from their counterparts in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Martin Scholz
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | - Carolina Arias
- ‖Comisión Docente de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Edificio de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavien Dardelle
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Stefan Schulze
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | - François Le Mauff
- ‡‡Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Gavin Teo
- ‡‡Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Ana Karina Hochmal
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | - Amaya Blanco-Rivero
- ‖Comisión Docente de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Edificio de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- §§Université de Rouen, Laboratoire COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, INSA de Rouen, 1 Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Christian Fufezan
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | - Carole Burel
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Flor Martinez
- ‖Comisión Docente de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Edificio de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Muriel Bardor
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Michael Hippler
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
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31
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Highly valuable microalgae: biochemical and topological aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:781-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The past decade has seen a surge in the interest in microalgae culture for biodiesel production and other applications as renewable biofuels as an alternative to petroleum transport fuels. The development of new technologies for the culture of these photosynthetic microorganisms and improved knowledge of their biochemical composition has spurred innovation in the field of high-value biomolecules. These developments are only economically viable if all the microalgae fractions are valorized in a biorefinery strategy. Achieving this objective requires an understanding of microalgae content and the cellular localization of the main biomolecular families in order to develop efficient harvest and sequential recovery technologies. This review summarizes the state of the art in microalgae compositions and topologies using some examples of the main industrially farmed microalgae.
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Staudacher E. Methylation--an uncommon modification of glycans. Biol Chem 2013; 393:675-85. [PMID: 22944672 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A methyl (Me) group on a sugar residue is a rarely reported event. Until now, this type of modification has been found in the animal kingdom only in worms and molluscs, whereas it is more frequently present in some species of bacteria, fungi, algae and plants, but not in mammals. The monosaccharides involved as well as the positions of the Me groups on the sugar vary with species. Methylation appears to play a role in some recognition events, but details are still unknown. This review summarises the current knowledge on methylation of sugars in all types of organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Schiller B, Hykollari A, Yan S, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Complicated N-linked glycans in simple organisms. Biol Chem 2013; 393:661-73. [PMID: 22944671 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although countless genomes have now been sequenced, the glycomes of the vast majority of eukaryotes still present a series of unmapped frontiers. However, strides are being made in a few groups of invertebrate and unicellular organisms as regards their N-glycans and N-glycosylation pathways. Thereby, the traditional classification of glycan structures inevitably approaches its boundaries. Indeed, the glycomes of these organisms are rich in surprises, including a multitude of modifications of the core regions of N-glycans and unusual antennae. From the actually rather limited glycomic information we have, it is nevertheless obvious that the biotechnological, developmental and immunological relevance of these modifications, especially in insect cell lines, model organisms and parasites means that deciphering unusual glycomes is of more than just academic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schiller
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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Schiller B, Makrypidi G, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Paschinger K, Walochnik J, Wilson IBH. Exploring the unique N-glycome of the opportunistic human pathogen Acanthamoeba. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43191-204. [PMID: 23139421 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans play key roles in host-pathogen interactions; thus, knowing the N-glycomic repertoire of a pathogen can be helpful in deciphering its methods of establishing and sustaining a disease. Therefore, we sought to elucidate the glycomic potential of the facultative amoebal parasite Acanthamoeba. This is the first study of its asparagine-linked glycans, for which we applied biochemical tools and various approaches of mass spectrometry. An initial glycomic screen of eight strains from five genotypes of this human pathogen suggested, in addition to the common eukaryotic oligomannose structures, the presence of pentose and deoxyhexose residues on their N-glycans. A more detailed analysis was performed on the N-glycans of a genotype T11 strain (4RE); fractionation by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometric analyses indicated the presence of a novel mannosylfucosyl modification of the reducing terminal core as well as phosphorylation of mannose residues, methylation of hexose and various forms of pentosylation. The largest N-glycan in the 4RE strain contained two N-acetylhexosamine, thirteen hexose, one fucose, one methyl, and two pentose residues; however, in this and most other strains analyzed, glycans with compositions of Hex(8-9)HexNAc(2)Pnt(0-1) tended to dominate in terms of abundance. Although no correlation between pathogenicity and N-glycan structure can be proposed, highly unusual structures in this facultative parasite can be found which are potential virulence factors or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schiller
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences), A-1190 Wien, Austria
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Mamedov T, Yusibov V. Green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possess endogenous sialylated N-glycans. FEBS Open Bio 2011; 1:15-22. [PMID: 23650571 PMCID: PMC3642053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Green algae have a great potential as biofactories for the production of proteins. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a representative of eukaryotic microalgae, has been extensively used as a model organism to study light-induced gene expression, chloroplast biogenesis, photosynthesis, light perception, cell–cell recognition, and cell cycle control. However, little is known about the glycosylation machinery and N-linked glycan structures of green algae. In this study, we performed mass spectrometry analysis of N-linked oligosaccharides released from total extracts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and demonstrated that C. reinhardtii algae possess glycoproteins with mammalian-like sialylated N-linked oligosaccharides. These findings suggest that C. reinhardtii may be an attractive system for expression of target proteins.
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Key Words
- 2-AB, 2-aminobenzamide
- CST, CMP-sialic acid transporter
- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HPLC-FLD, high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- MALDI-TOF-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry analysis
- N-Glycan structure
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- RCA, Ricinus communis agglutinin
- SDS–PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- Sialic acid
- TBS, Tris-buffered saline
- hEPO, human erythropoietin
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarlan Mamedov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE, USA
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Paschinger K, Hykollari A, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Greenwell P, Leitsch D, Walochnik J, Wilson IBH. The N-glycans of Trichomonas vaginalis contain variable core and antennal modifications. Glycobiology 2011; 22:300-13. [PMID: 21983210 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonad species are widespread unicellular flagellated parasites of vertebrates which interact with their hosts through carbohydrate-lectin interactions. In the past, some data have been accumulated regarding their lipo(phospho)glycans, a major glycoconjugate on their cell surfaces; on the other hand, other than biosynthetic aspects, few details about their N-linked oligosaccharides are known. In this study, we present both mass spectrometric and high-performance liquid chromatography data about the N-glycans of different strains of Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasite of the human reproductive tract. The major structure in all strains examined is a truncated oligomannose form (Man(5)GlcNAc(2)) with α1,2-mannose residues, compatible with a previous bioinformatic examination of the glycogenomic potential of T. vaginalis. In addition, dependent on the strain, N-glycans modified by pentose residues, phosphate or phosphoethanolamine and terminal N-acetyllactosamine (Galβ1,4GlcNAc) units were found. The modification of N-glycans by N-acetyllactosamine in at least some strains is shared with the lipo(phospho)glycan and may represent a further interaction partner for host galectins, thereby playing a role in binding of the parasite to host epithelia. On the other hand, the variation in glycosylation between strains may be the result of genetic diversity within this species.
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