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Liao J, Huang Y, Sun F, Zheng C, Yao Y, Zhang C, Zhou C, Zhang X, Wu M, Chen G. Nf2-FAK signaling axis is critical for cranial bone ossification and regeneration. Nat Commun 2025; 16:2478. [PMID: 40075076 PMCID: PMC11903865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Skeletal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess self-renewal capacities and play a leading role in the craniofacial system. However, their engagement in controlling cranial bone development and regeneration remains largely unidentified. Herein, we discovered the neurofibromin 2 (Nf2)-encoded regulator Merlin, demonstrating indispensableness in the craniofacial system. Mice lacking Nf2 in MSCs exhibit malformed cranial bones, diminished proliferation, increased apoptosis, and more severe osteogenesis impairment. Mechanically, we substantiate that Nf2 physically interacts with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to preferentially mediate Erk1/2 and PI3K catalytic p110 subunit/Akt signaling. Meanwhile, Nf2-FAK disturbance in MSCs results in deficient migration, cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesion dynamics, and develops retarded regeneration of cranial bone defects. Collectively, our findings underscore an unrecognized scaffolding role for Nf2-FAK as upstream element in regulating PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 action in osteoblasts, and illuminate its essentialness in coordinating cell migration, osteogenic lineage development, cranial bone ossification and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguang Liao
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of New Technologies and Applications for Targeted Therapy of Major Diseases, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuping Huang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of New Technologies and Applications for Targeted Therapy of Major Diseases, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Fuju Sun
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of New Technologies and Applications for Targeted Therapy of Major Diseases, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chenggong Zheng
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of New Technologies and Applications for Targeted Therapy of Major Diseases, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yifeng Yao
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of New Technologies and Applications for Targeted Therapy of Major Diseases, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhe Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Orthopaedics & Skeletal Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
| | - Mengrui Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guiqian Chen
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of New Technologies and Applications for Targeted Therapy of Major Diseases, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Carvalho MI, Silva-Carvalho R, Prada J, Pinto C, Gregório H, Lobo L, Pires I, Queiroga FL. TGFβ in malignant canine mammary tumors: relation with angiogenesis, immunologic markers and prognostic role. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-12. [PMID: 39165025 PMCID: PMC11340227 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2390941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and FoxP3 regulatory T cells (Treg) are involved in human breast carcinogenesis. This topic is not well documented in canine mammary tumors (CMT). In this work, the tumoral TGFβ expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 67 malignant CMT and its correlation to previously determined FoxP3, VEGF, and CD31 markers and other clinicopathologic parameters was evaluated. The high levels of TGFβ were statistically significantly associated with skin ulceration, tumor necrosis, high histological grade of malignancy (HGM), presence of neoplastic intravascular emboli and presence of lymph node metastases. The observed levels of TGFβ were positively correlated with intratumoral FoxP3 (strong correlation), VEGF (weak correlation) and CD31 (moderate correlation). Tumors that presented a concurrent high expression of TGFβ/FoxP3, TGFβ/VEGF, and TGFβ/CD31 markers were statistically significantly associated with parameters of tumor malignancy (high HGM, presence of vascular emboli and nodal metastasis). Additionally, shorter overall survival (OS) time was statistically significantly associated with tumors with an abundant TGFβ expression and with concurrent high expression of TGFβ/FoxP3, TGFβ/VEGF, and TGFβ/CD31. The presence of lymph node metastasis increased 11 times the risk of disease-related death, arising as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in the multivariable analysis. In conclusion, TGFβ and Treg cells seem involved in tumor progression emerging as potential therapeutic targets for future immunotherapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Carvalho
- MVET Research in Veterinary Medicine. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University – Lisbon Centre, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silva-Carvalho
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Gregório
- Anicura Centro Hospitalar Veterinário, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Lobo
- MVET Research in Veterinary Medicine. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University – Lisbon Centre, Lisboa, Portugal
- Onevet Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Felisbina L. Queiroga
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Portugal
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Cheng WC, Chen PY, Zhang X, Chang YK, Tan KT, Lin TCC. 5,7,3',4'-Tetramethoxyflavone suppresses TGF-β1-induced activation of murine fibroblasts in vitro and ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38951964 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2371150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the use of 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF) to treat pulmonary fibrosis (PF), a chronic and fatal lung disease. In vitro and in vivo models were used to examine the impact of TMF on PF. METHODS NIH-3T3 (Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast) were exposed to transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF-β1) and treated with or without TMF. Cell growth was assessed using the MTT method, and cell migration was evaluated with the scratch wound assay. Protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes were analyzed by western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Downstream molecules affected by TGF-β1 were examined by western blotting. In vivo, mice with bleomycin-induced PF were treated with TMF, and lung tissues were analyzed with staining techniques. RESULTS The in vitro results showed that TMF had no significant impact on cell growth or migration. However, it effectively inhibited myofibroblast activation and ECM production induced by TGF-β1 in NIH-3T3 cells. This inhibition was achieved by suppressing various signaling pathways, including Smad, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT), and WNT/β-catenin. The in vivo experiments demonstrated the therapeutic potential of TMF in reducing PF induced by bleomycin in mice, and there was no significant liver or kidney toxicity observed. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TMF has the potential to effectively inhibit myofibroblast activation and could be a promising treatment for PF. TMF achieves this inhibitory effect by targeting TGF-β1/Smad and non-Smad pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Cheng
- Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei Ying Chen
- Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu-Kang Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Postbaccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kok-Tong Tan
- Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tim C C Lin
- Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Shi Q, Huang F, Wang Y, Liu H, Deng H, Chen YG. HER2 phosphorylation induced by TGF-β promotes mammary morphogenesis and breast cancer progression. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307138. [PMID: 38407425 PMCID: PMC10896696 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and HER2 signaling collaborate to promote breast cancer progression. However, their molecular interplay is largely unclear. TGF-β can activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we report that TGF-β enhances HER2 activation, leading to the activation of MAPK and AKT. This process depends on the TGF-β type I receptor TβRI kinase activity. TβRI phosphorylates HER2 at Ser779, promoting Y1248 phosphorylation and HER2 activation. Mice with HER2 S779A mutation display impaired mammary morphogenesis, reduced ductal elongation, and branching. Furthermore, wild-type HER2, but not S779A mutant, promotes TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and lung metastasis of breast cells. Increased HER2 S779 phosphorylation is observed in human breast cancers and positively correlated with the activation of HER2, MAPK, and AKT. Our findings demonstrate the crucial role of TGF-β-induced S779 phosphorylation in HER2 activation, mammary gland development, and the pro-oncogenic function of TGF-β in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoni Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huidong Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Jiang X, Yin S, Yin X, Wang Y, Fang T, Yang S, Bian X, Li G, Xue Y, Zhang L. A prognostic marker LTBP1 is associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition and can promote the progression of gastric cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:30. [PMID: 38358412 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
LTBP1 is closely related to TGF-β1 function as an essential component, which was unclear in gastric cancer (GC). Harbin Medical University (HMU)-GC cohort and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset were combined to form a training cohort to calculate the connection between LTBP1 mRNA expression, prognosis and clinicopathological features. The training cohort was also used to verify the biological function of LTBP1 and its relationship with immune microenvironment and chemosensitivity. In the tissue microarrays (TMAs), immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to observe LTBP1 protein expression. The correlation between LTBP1 protein expression level and prognosis was also analyzed, and a nomogram model was constructed. Western blotting (WB) was used in cell lines to assess LTBP1 expression. Transwell assays and CCK-8 were employed to assess LTBP1's biological roles. In compared to normal gastric tissues, LTBP1 expression was upregulated in GC tissues, and high expression was linked to a bad prognosis for GC patients. Based on a gene enrichment analysis, LTBP1 was primarily enriched in the TGF-β and EMT signaling pathways. Furthermore, high expression of LTBP1 in the tumor microenvironment was positively correlated with an immunosuppressive response. We also found that LTBP1 expression (p = 0.006) and metastatic lymph node ratio (p = 0.044) were independent prognostic risk factors for GC patients. The prognostic model combining LTBP1 expression and lymph node metastasis ratio reliably predicted the prognosis of GC patients. In vitro proliferation and invasion of MKN-45 GC cells were inhibited and their viability was decreased by LTBP1 knockout. LTBP1 plays an essential role in the development and progression of GC, and is a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinju Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shengjie Yin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Municipal Hospital of Chifeng, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianyi Fang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiulan Bian
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Zhou YM, Dong XR, Xu D, Tang J, Cui YL. Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine for interstitial lung disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116952. [PMID: 37487964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a chronic lung dysfunction disease with a poor prognosis and poor recovery. The clinically used therapeutic drugs, such as glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, have no significant therapeutic effect and are accompanied with severe side effects. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in exploring and applying natural herb components for treating ILD. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) possesses innate, non-toxic characteristics and offers advantages in preventing and treating pulmonary ailments. However, a comprehensive study of TCM on ILD therapy has not yet been reviewed. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the monomer components, total extracts, and prescriptions of TCM for ILD therapy, elucidating their molecular mechanisms to serve as a reference in treating ILD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature information was searched in the PubMed, Web of Science databases. The search keywords included 'interstitial lung disease', 'lung fibrosis' or 'pulmonary fibrosis', and 'traditional Chinese medicine', 'traditional herbal medicine', or 'herb medicine'. RESULTS The active components of single herbs, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and quinones, have potential therapeutic effects on ILD. The active extracts and prescriptions were also summarized and analyzed. The herbs, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Gancao), Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. Bunge. (Huangqi) and Angelicasinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Danggui), play significant roles in the treatment of ILD. The mechanisms involve the inhibition of inflammatory factor release, anti-oxidative injury, and interference with collagen production, etc. CONCLUSION: This review examines the therapeutic potential of TCM for ILD and elucidates its molecular mechanisms, demonstrating that mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, modulating the immune system, and promoting tissue repair are efficacious strategies for ILD therapy. The depth research will yield both theoretical and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Xin-Ran Dong
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Yuan-Lu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induced in Cancer Cells by Adhesion to Type I Collagen. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010198. [PMID: 36613638 PMCID: PMC9820580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process that is physiologically observed during development, wound healing, and cancer invasion. During EMT induction, cancer cells lose their epithelial properties owing to various tumor microenvironmental factors and begin to exhibit mesenchymal properties, such as loss of apical-basal polarity, weakened intercellular adhesion, and promotion of single cell migration. Several factors, including growth factor stimulation and adhesion to type I collagen (Col-I), induce EMT in cancer cells. Cells adhere to Col-I via specific receptors and induce EMT by activating outside-in signals. In vivo, Col-I molecules often form fibrils, which then assemble into supramolecular structures (gel form). Col-I also self-assembles in vitro under physiological conditions. Notably, Col-I can be used as a culture substrate in both gel and non-gel forms, and the gel formation state of Col-I affects cell fate. Although EMT can be induced in both forms of Col-I, the effects of gel formation on EMT induction remain unclear and somewhat inconsistent. Therefore, this study reviews the relationship between Col-I gel-forming states and EMT induction in cancer cells.
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Caldeira DDAF, Weiss DJ, Rocco PRM, Silva PL, Cruz FF. Mitochondria in Focus: From Function to Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782074. [PMID: 34887870 PMCID: PMC8649841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for cell metabolism, growth, and function. Mitochondria in lung cells have important roles in regulating surfactant production, mucociliary function, mucus secretion, senescence, immunologic defense, and regeneration. Disruption in mitochondrial physiology can be the central point in several pathophysiologic pathways of chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and asthma. In this review, we summarize how mitochondria morphology, dynamics, redox signaling, mitophagy, and interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum are involved in chronic lung diseases and highlight strategies focused on mitochondrial therapy (mito-therapy) that could be tested as a potential therapeutic target for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayene de Assis Fernandes Caldeira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Patricia Rieken Macêdo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Massimini M, Romanucci M, De Maria R, Della Salda L. An Update on Molecular Pathways Regulating Vasculogenic Mimicry in Human Osteosarcoma and Their Role in Canine Oncology. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722432. [PMID: 34631854 PMCID: PMC8494780 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine tumors are valuable comparative models for human counterparts, especially to explore novel biomarkers and to understand pathways and processes involved in metastasis. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a unique property of malignant cancer cells which promote metastasis. Thus, it represents an opportunity to investigate both the molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic targets of a crucial phenotypic malignant switch. Although this biological process has been largely investigated in different human cancer types, including osteosarcoma, it is still largely unknown in veterinary pathology, where it has been mainly explored in canine mammary tumors. The presence of VM in human osteosarcoma is associated with poor clinical outcome, reduced patient survival, and increased risk of metastasis and it shares the main pathways involved in other type of human tumors. This review illustrates the main findings concerning the VM process in human osteosarcoma, search for the related current knowledge in canine pathology and oncology, and potential involvement of multiple pathways in VM formation, in order to provide a basis for future investigations on VM in canine tumors.
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Zhan H, Sun X, Wang X, Gao Q, Yang M, Liu H, Zheng J, Gong X, Feng S, Chang X, Sun Y. LncRNA MEG3 Involved in NiO NPs-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via Regulating TGF-β1-Mediated PI3K/AKT Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:120-131. [PMID: 33895847 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) involves in fibrotic diseases, but its role in nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs)-induced pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the relationships among MEG3, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with NiO NPs twice a week for 9 weeks, and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549 cells) were exposed to NiO NPs for 24 h. The pathological alterations and increased hydroxyproline indicated that NiO NPs caused pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The up-regulated type I collagen (Col-I) suggested that NiO NPs-induced collagen deposition in A549 cells. Meanwhile, NiO NPs could significantly down-regulate MEG3, up-regulate TGF-β1 and activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. However, we found that the PI3K/AKT pathway activated by NiO NPs could be suppressed by 10 μM TGF-β1 inhibitor (SB431542) in A549 cells. The protein markers (Col-I, Fibronectin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin) of collagen deposition up-regulated by NiO NPs were reduced by 10 μM PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). Furthermore, we further found that overexpressed MEG3 inhibited the expression of TGF-β1, resulting in the inactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway and the reduction of collagen formation. In summary, our results validated that MEG3 could arrest NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Zhan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xingchang Sun
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Gansu Baoshihua Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinfa Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sanwei Feng
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Gansu Baoshihua Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuhong Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingbiao Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Fibrotic Diseases and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121666. [PMID: 33322749 PMCID: PMC7763058 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential in embryo development and maintaining normal homeostasis. Extensive evidence shows that TGF-β activation acts on several cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, to form a pro-fibrotic environment, ultimately leading to fibrotic diseases. TGF-β is stored in the matrix in a latent form; once activated, it promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition and regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and remodeling in fibrosis. TGF-β signaling can also promote cancer progression through its effects on the tumor microenvironment. In cancer, TGF-β contributes to the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that have different molecular and cellular properties from activated or fibrotic fibroblasts. CAFs promote tumor progression and chronic tumor fibrosis via TGF-β signaling. Fibrosis and CAF-mediated cancer progression share several common traits and are closely related. In this review, we consider how TGF-β promotes fibrosis and CAF-mediated cancer progression. We also discuss recent evidence suggesting TGF-β inhibition as a defense against fibrotic disorders or CAF-mediated cancer progression to highlight the potential implications of TGF-β-targeted therapies for fibrosis and cancer.
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12
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Chang HH, Chen IL, Wang YL, Chang MC, Tsai YL, Lan WC, Wang TM, Yeung SY, Jeng JH. Regulation of the regenerative activity of dental pulp stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) of children by TGF-β1 is associated with ALK5/Smad2, TAK1, p38 and MEK/ERK signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21253-21272. [PMID: 33148869 PMCID: PMC7695363 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) regulates wound healing/regeneration and aging processes. Dental pulp stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are cell sources for treatment of age-related disorders. We studied the effect of TGF-β1 on SHED and related signaling. SHED were treated with TGF-β1 with/without pretreatment/co-incubation by SB431542, U0126, 5Z-7-oxozeaenol or SB203580. Sircol collagen assay, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, RT-PCR, western blotting and PathScan phospho-ELISA were used to measure the effects. We found that SHED expressed ALK1, ALK3, ALK5, TGF-RII, betaglycan and endoglin mRNA. TGF-β1 stimulated p-Smad2, p-TAK1, p-ERK, p-p38 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression. It enhanced proliferation and collagen content of SHED that were attenuated by SB431542, 5Z-7-oxozeaenol and SB203580, but not U0126. TGF-β1 (0.5-1 ng/ml) stimulated ALP of SHED, whereas 5-10 ng/ml TGF-β1 suppressed ALP. SB431542 reversed the effects of TGF-β1. However, 5Z-7-oxozeaenol, SB203580 and U0126 only reversed the stimulatory effect of TGF-β1 on ALP. Four inhibitors attenuated TGF-β1-induced COX-2 expression. TGF-β1-stimulated TIMP-1 and N-cadherin was inhibited by SB431542 and 5Z-7-oxozeaenol. These results indicate that TGF-β1 affects SHED by differential regulation of ALK5/Smad2/3, TAK1, p38 and MEK/ERK. TGF-β1 and SHED could potentially be used for tissue engineering/regeneration and treatment of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hua Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Il-Ly Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chi Chang
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Tsai
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Lan
- Department of Oral Hygiene Care, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Mei Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yuet Yeung
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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13
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Alyaseer AAA, de Lima MHS, Braga TT. The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Process During the Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:883. [PMID: 32508821 PMCID: PMC7251178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is considered a complex form of tissue damage commonly present in the end stage of many diseases. It is also related to a high percentage of death, whose predominant characteristics are an excessive and abnormal deposition of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts -derived extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process in which epithelial cells gradually change to mesenchymal ones, is a major contributor in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. The key mediator of EMT is a multifunctional cytokine called transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that acts as the main inducer of the ECM assembly and remodeling through the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, which ultimately forms a complex with Smad4 and translocates into the nucleus. On the other hand, the bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7), a member of the TGF family, reverses EMT by directly counteracting TGF-β induced Smad-dependent cell signaling. NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3), in turn, acts as cytosolic sensors of microbial and self-derived molecules and forms an immune complex called inflammasome in the context of inflammatory commitments. NLRP3 inflammasome assembly is triggered by extracellular ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS), potassium efflux, calcium misbalance, and lysosome disruption. Due to its involvement in multiple diseases, NLRP3 has become one of the most studied pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Nevertheless, the role of NLRP3 in fibrosis development has not been completely elucidated. In this review, we described the relation of the previously mentioned fibrosis pathway with the NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation, especially EMT-related pathways. For now, it is suggested that the EMT happens independently from the oligomerization of the whole inflammasome complex, requiring just the presence of the NLRP3 receptor and the ASC protein to trigger the EMT events, and we will present different pieces of research that give controversial point of views.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tarcio Teodoro Braga
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.,Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz-Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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Kang JH, Jung MY, Choudhury M, Leof EB. Transforming growth factor beta induces fibroblasts to express and release the immunomodulatory protein PD-L1 into extracellular vesicles. FASEB J 2019; 34:2213-2226. [PMID: 31907984 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902354r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is an enigmatic protein with various roles in healthy tissue homeostasis/development as well as the development or progression of cancer, wound healing, fibrotic disorders, and immune modulation, to name a few. As TGFβ is causal to various fibroproliferative disorders featuring localized or systemic tissue/organ fibrosis as well as the activated stroma observed in various malignancies, characterizing the pathways and players mediating its action is fundamental. In the current study, we found that TGFβ induces the expression of the immunoinhibitory molecule Programed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in human and murine fibroblasts in a Smad2/3- and YAP/TAZ-dependent manner. Furthermore, PD-L1 knockdown decreased the TGFβ-dependent induction of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen Iα1 (colIα1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and cell migration/wound healing. In addition to an endogenous role for PD-L1 in profibrotic TGFβ signaling, TGFβ stimulated-human lung fibroblast-derived PD-L1 into extracellular vesicles (EVs) capable of inhibiting T cell proliferation in response to T cell receptor stimulation and mediating fibroblast cell migration. These findings provide new insights and potential targets for a variety of fibrotic and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Han Kang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mi-Yeon Jung
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Malay Choudhury
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Edward B Leof
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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15
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Kang JH, Jung MY, Leof EB. B7-1 drives TGF-β stimulated pancreatic carcinoma cell migration and expression of EMT target genes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222083. [PMID: 31483844 PMCID: PMC6726221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-1 proteins are routinely expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC) and within the innate immune system. They function to establish a biologically optimal and dynamic balance between immune activation and inhibition or self-tolerance. Interactions between B7-1 and its receptors, which include CD28, CTLA4 and PD-L1, contribute to both stimulatory as well as inhibitory or homeostatic regulation. In the current study, we investigated whether the tumor-promoting actions of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) disrupted this equilibrium in pancreatic cancer to promote malignant progression and an enhanced means to evade immune detection. The data show that B7-1 is (i) upregulated following treatment of pancreatic carcinoma cells with TGF-β; (ii) induced by TGF-β via both Smad2/3-dependent and independent pathways; (iii) required for pancreatic tumor cell in vitro migration/invasion; and (iv) necessary for TGF-β regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through induction of Snail family members. Results from the proposed studies provide valuable insights into mechanisms whereby TGF-β regulates both the innate immune response and intrinsic properties of pancreatic tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Han Kang
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mi-Yeon Jung
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Edward B. Leof
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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16
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Zeng Z, Wang Q, Yang X, Ren Y, Jiao S, Zhu Q, Guo D, Xia K, Wang Y, Li C, Wang W. Qishen granule attenuates cardiac fibrosis by regulating TGF-β /Smad3 and GSK-3β pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 62:152949. [PMID: 31102891 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological progress of cardiovascular disease resulting from the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/SMADs pathway is a canonical signaling pathway which directly induces expressions of ECM related genes. Qishen Granule (QSG), a traditional Chinese formula developed from Zhen-Wu Decoration for heart failure (HF), has been proven to have definite therapeutic effects on cardiac fibrosis. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. PURPOSE To investigate the effects of QSG on TGF-β pathway and the downstream mediators including Smad3 and Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β. METHODS HF model was induced by ligation of left coronary artery on male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Rat were randomly divided into four groups including sham group, model group, QSG group and Fosinopril control group. Rats in each group were treated for 28 days, and 2D echocardiography was adopted to evaluate the heart function. The degree of cardiac fibrosis was assessed by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Masson's trichrome and Picrosirius red (PSR) staining. Contents of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ were assessed by immunohistochemical method. Expressions of genes and proteins in TGF-β/SMADs and PI3K-GSK-3 signaling pathways were detected by Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot respectively. TGF-β1-treated cardiac fibroblasts of neonatal SD rats were adopted for in vitro studies. RESULTS 28 days after the surgery, cardiac ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) values in the model group showed a remarkable decrease, indicating the induction of HF model. QSG and Fosinopril elevated the EF and FS values, demonstrating cardio-protective effects. Pathological staining and immunohistochemistry showed that the contents of collagen I and III dramatically increased in the cardiac tissue of the model group compared with the sham group while QSG treatment reduced collagen contents. Furthermore, expressions of TGF-β1, p-Smad3 and p-GSK-3β were significantly decreased in the QSG treatment group compared with the model group, suggesting that the QSG may attenuate cardiac fibrosis through regulating TGF-β/Smad3 pathway. In vitro study further showed that the productions of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) of cardiac fibroblasts were significantly increased by incubation with TGF-β1. QSG could markedly reduce the secretion of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ and α-SMA expression. Protein expressions of p-Smad3, PI3K, p-Akt and p-GSK-3β were significantly up-regulated by stimulation of TGF-β1. Treatment with QSG could suppress the activity of Smad3 and PI3K-GSK-3β signaling pathway in cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSION QSG improves cardiac function through inhibiting cardiac fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic effects are potentially mediated by the inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and the phosphorylation of GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; Institute Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yinglu Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shihong Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Dongqing Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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17
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Burke MJ, Walmsley R, Munsey TS, Smith AJ. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors cause dysfunction in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:178-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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miR-542-5p Attenuates Fibroblast Activation by Targeting Integrin α6 in Silica-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123717. [PMID: 30467286 PMCID: PMC6320929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is a very serious occupational disease and it features pathological manifestations of inflammatory infiltration, excessive proliferation of fibroblasts and massive depositions of the extracellular matrix in the lungs. Recent studies described the roles of a variety of microRNAs (miRNAs) in fibrotic diseases. Here, we aimed to explore the potential mechanism of miR-542-5p in the activation of lung fibroblasts. To induce a pulmonary fibrosis mouse model, silica suspension and the miR-542-5p agomir were administered to mice by intratracheal instillation and tail vein injection. We found that miR-542-5p was significantly decreased in mouse fibrotic lung tissues and up-regulation of miR-542-5p visually attenuated a series of fibrotic lesions, including alveolar structural damage, alveolar interstitial thickening and silica-induced nodule formation. The down-regulation of miR-542-5p was also observed in mouse fibroblast (NIH-3T3) treated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). The proliferation and migration ability of NIH-3T3 cells were also inhibited by the transfection of miR-542-5p mimic. Integrin α6 (Itga6), reported as a cell surface protein associated with fibroblast proliferation, was confirmed to be a direct target of miR-542-5p. The knockdown of Itga6 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of FAK/PI3K/AKT. In conclusion, miR-542-5p has a potential function for reducing the proliferation of fibroblasts and inhibiting silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which might be partially realized by directly binding to Itga6. Our data suggested that miR-542-5p might be a new therapeutic target for silicosis or other pulmonary fibrosis.
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19
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Kim S, Ham S, Yang K, Kim K. Protein kinase CK2 activation is required for transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1811-1826. [PMID: 30171795 PMCID: PMC6165993 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is overexpressed in advanced cancers and promotes tumorigenesis by inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enhances invasiveness and metastasis. Although we previously reported that EMT could be induced by increasing CK2 activity alone, it is not known whether CK2 also plays an essential role in TGFβ‐induced EMT. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether TGFβ signaling could activate CK2 and, if so, whether such activation is required for TGFβ‐induced EMT. We found that CK2 is activated by TGFβ treatment, and that activity peaks at 48 h after treatment. CK2 activation is dependent on TGFβ receptor (TGFBR) I kinase activity, but independent of SMAD4. Inhibition of CK2 activation through the use of either a CK2 inhibitor or shRNA against CSNK2A1 inhibited TGFβ‐induced EMT. TGFβ signaling decreased CK2β but did not affect CK2α protein levels, resulting in a quantitative imbalance between the catalytic α and regulatory β subunits, thereby increasing CK2 activity. The decrease in CK2β expression was dependent on TGFBRI kinase activity and the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. The E3 ubiquitin ligases responsible for TGFβ‐induced CK2β degradation were found to be CHIP and WWP1. Okadaic acid (OA) pretreatment protected CK2β from TGFβ‐induced degradation, suggesting that dephosphorylation of CK2β by an OA‐sensitive phosphatase might be required for CK2 activation in TGFβ‐induced EMT. Collectively, our results suggest CK2 as a therapeutic target for the prevention of EMT and metastasis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongrak Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Ham
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyungmi Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kunhong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Seoul, Korea
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Caja L, Dituri F, Mancarella S, Caballero-Diaz D, Moustakas A, Giannelli G, Fabregat I. TGF-β and the Tissue Microenvironment: Relevance in Fibrosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29701666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051294.pmid:29701666;pmcid:pmc5983604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine essential for the induction of the fibrotic response and for the activation of the cancer stroma. Strong evidence suggests that a strong cross-talk exists among TGF-β and the tissue extracellular matrix components. TGF-β is stored in the matrix as part of a large latent complex bound to the latent TGF-β binding protein (LTBP) and matrix binding of latent TGF-β complexes, which is required for an adequate TGF-β function. Once TGF-β is activated, it regulates extracellular matrix remodelling and promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, which is essential in fibrotic processes. This cytokine also acts on other cell types present in the fibrotic and tumour microenvironment, such as epithelial, endothelial cells or macrophages and it contributes to the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. Furthermore, TGF-β exerts anti-tumour activity by inhibiting the host tumour immunosurveillance. Aim of this review is to update how TGF-β and the tissue microenvironment cooperate to promote the pleiotropic actions that regulate cell responses of different cell types, essential for the development of fibrosis and tumour progression. We discuss recent evidences suggesting the use of TGF-β chemical inhibitors as a new line of defence against fibrotic disorders or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Caja
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Serena Mancarella
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Daniel Caballero-Diaz
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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Caja L, Dituri F, Mancarella S, Caballero-Diaz D, Moustakas A, Giannelli G, Fabregat I. TGF-β and the Tissue Microenvironment: Relevance in Fibrosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051294. [PMID: 29701666 PMCID: PMC5983604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine essential for the induction of the fibrotic response and for the activation of the cancer stroma. Strong evidence suggests that a strong cross-talk exists among TGF-β and the tissue extracellular matrix components. TGF-β is stored in the matrix as part of a large latent complex bound to the latent TGF-β binding protein (LTBP) and matrix binding of latent TGF-β complexes, which is required for an adequate TGF-β function. Once TGF-β is activated, it regulates extracellular matrix remodelling and promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, which is essential in fibrotic processes. This cytokine also acts on other cell types present in the fibrotic and tumour microenvironment, such as epithelial, endothelial cells or macrophages and it contributes to the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. Furthermore, TGF-β exerts anti-tumour activity by inhibiting the host tumour immunosurveillance. Aim of this review is to update how TGF-β and the tissue microenvironment cooperate to promote the pleiotropic actions that regulate cell responses of different cell types, essential for the development of fibrosis and tumour progression. We discuss recent evidences suggesting the use of TGF-β chemical inhibitors as a new line of defence against fibrotic disorders or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Caja
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Serena Mancarella
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Daniel Caballero-Diaz
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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Elaskalani O, Falasca M, Moran N, Berndt MC, Metharom P. The Role of Platelet-Derived ADP and ATP in Promoting Pancreatic Cancer Cell Survival and Gemcitabine Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9100142. [PMID: 29064388 PMCID: PMC5664081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets have been demonstrated to be vital in cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an important step in metastasis. Markers of EMT are associated with chemotherapy resistance. However, the association between the development of chemoresistance, EMT, and the contribution of platelets to the process, is still unclear. Here we report that platelets regulate the expression of (1) human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and (2) cytidine deaminase (CDD), markers of gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Human ENT1 (hENT1) is known to enable cellular uptake of gemcitabine while CDD deactivates gemcitabine. Knockdown experiments demonstrate that Slug, a mesenchymal transcriptional factor known to be upregulated during EMT, regulates the expression of hENT1 and CDD. Furthermore, we demonstrate that platelet-derived ADP and ATP regulate Slug and CDD expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, we demonstrate that pancreatic cancer cells express the purinergic receptor P2Y12, an ADP receptor found mainly on platelets. Thus ticagrelor, a P2Y12 inhibitor, was used to examine the potential therapeutic effect of an ADP receptor antagonist on cancer cells. Our data indicate that ticagrelor negated the survival signals initiated in cancer cells by platelet-derived ADP and ATP. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a novel role of platelets in modulating chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, we propose ADP/ATP receptors as additional potential drug targets for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Elaskalani
- Platelet Research Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Niamh Moran
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Michael C Berndt
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Pat Metharom
- Platelet Research Laboratory, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
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23
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Kuki K, Yamaguchi N, Iwasawa S, Takakura Y, Aoyama K, Yuki R, Nakayama Y, Kuga T, Hashimoto Y, Tomonaga T, Yamaguchi N. Enhancement of TGF-β-induced Smad3 activity by c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of its coactivator SKI-interacting protein (SKIP). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1045-1051. [PMID: 28666867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
c-Abl is a non-receptor-type tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Furthermore, although c-Abl is involved in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, its molecular functions in TGF-β signaling are not fully understood. Here, we found that c-Abl phosphorylates SKI-interacting protein (SKIP), a nuclear cofactor of the transcription factor Smad3. The c-Abl inhibitor imatinib suppressed TGF-β-induced expression of Smad3 targets as well as SKIP/Smad3 interaction. TGF-β-stimulation induced tyrosine phosphorylation of SKIP, and this phosphorylation was suppressed by imatinib. Tyr292, Tyr430, and Tyr433 residues in SKIP were shown to be involved in c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation. Phosphomimetic glutamic acid substitution at Tyr292 in SKIP enhanced, whereas its phospho-dead phenylalanine substitution attenuated TGF-β-induced SKIP/Smad3 interaction. Moreover, the phosphomimetic mutant of SKIP augmented transcriptional activity of Smad3. Taken together, these results suggest that c-Abl phosphorylates SKIP mainly at Tyr292 and promotes SKIP/Smad3 interaction for the full activation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Kuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Shuto Iwasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuki Takakura
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Aoyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ryuzaburo Yuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kuga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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24
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Andrianifahanana M, Hernandez DM, Yin X, Kang JH, Jung MY, Wang Y, Yi ES, Roden AC, Limper AH, Leof EB. Profibrotic up-regulation of glucose transporter 1 by TGF-β involves activation of MEK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 pathways. FASEB J 2016; 30:3733-3744. [PMID: 27480571 PMCID: PMC5067255 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β plays a central role in the pathogenesis of fibroproliferative disorders. Defining the exact underlying molecular basis is therefore critical for the development of viable therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that expression of the facilitative glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is induced by TGF-β in fibroblast lines and primary cells and is required for the profibrotic effects of TGF-β. In addition, enhanced GLUT1 expression is observed in fibrotic areas of lungs of both patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and mice that are subjected to a fibrosis-inducing bleomycin treatment. By using pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that up-regulation of GLUT1 occurs via the canonical Smad2/3 pathway and requires autocrine activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases, platelet-derived and epidermal growth factor receptors. Engagement of the common downstream effector PI3K subsequently triggers activation of the MEK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2, which cooperate in regulating GLUT1 expression. Of note, inhibition of GLUT1 activity and/or expression is shown to impair TGF-β-driven fibrogenic processes, including cell proliferation and production of profibrotic mediators. These findings provide new perspectives on the interrelation of metabolism and profibrotic TGF-β signaling and present opportunities for potential therapeutic intervention.-Andrianifahanana, M., Hernandez, D. M., Yin, X., Kang, J.-H., Jung, M.-Y., Wang, Y., Yi, E. S., Roden, A. C., Limper, A. H., Leof, E. B. Profibrotic up-regulation of glucose transporter 1 by TGF-β involves activation of MEK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahefatiana Andrianifahanana
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Danielle M Hernandez
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xueqian Yin
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeong-Han Kang
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mi-Yeon Jung
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Youli Wang
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anja C Roden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward B Leof
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA;
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25
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Mercer PF, Woodcock HV, Eley JD, Platé M, Sulikowski MG, Durrenberger PF, Franklin L, Nanthakumar CB, Man Y, Genovese F, McAnulty RJ, Yang S, Maher TM, Nicholson AG, Blanchard AD, Marshall RP, Lukey PT, Chambers RC. Exploration of a potent PI3 kinase/mTOR inhibitor as a novel anti-fibrotic agent in IPF. Thorax 2016; 71:701-11. [PMID: 27103349 PMCID: PMC4975851 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most rapidly progressive and fatal of all fibrotic conditions with no curative therapies. Common pathomechanisms between IPF and cancer are increasingly recognised, including dysfunctional pan-PI3 kinase (PI3K) signalling as a driver of aberrant proliferative responses. GSK2126458 is a novel, potent, PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor which has recently completed phase I trials in the oncology setting. Our aim was to establish a scientific and dosing framework for PI3K inhibition with this agent in IPF at a clinically developable dose. Methods We explored evidence for pathway signalling in IPF lung tissue and examined the potency of GSK2126458 in fibroblast functional assays and precision-cut IPF lung tissue. We further explored the potential of IPF patient-derived bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells to serve as pharmacodynamic biosensors to monitor GSK2126458 target engagement within the lung. Results We provide evidence for PI3K pathway activation in fibrotic foci, the cardinal lesions in IPF. GSK2126458 inhibited PI3K signalling and functional responses in IPF-derived lung fibroblasts, inhibiting Akt phosphorylation in IPF lung tissue and BAL derived cells with comparable potency. Integration of these data with GSK2126458 pharmacokinetic data from clinical trials in cancer enabled modelling of an optimal dosing regimen for patients with IPF. Conclusions Our data define PI3K as a promising therapeutic target in IPF and provide a scientific and dosing framework for progressing GSK2126458 to clinical testing in this disease setting. A proof-of-mechanism trial of this agent is currently underway. Trial registration number NCT01725139, pre-clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Mercer
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah V Woodcock
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica D Eley
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manuela Platé
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michal G Sulikowski
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pascal F Durrenberger
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Linda Franklin
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yim Man
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Robin J McAnulty
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andy D Blanchard
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Richard P Marshall
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Pauline T Lukey
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
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26
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Huang CY, Huang XP, Zhu JY, Chen ZG, Li XJ, Zhang XH, Huang S, He JB, Lian F, Zhao YN, Wu GB. miR-128-3p suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation by regulating PIK3R1 and is correlated with the prognosis of HCC patients. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2889-98. [PMID: 25962360 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-128-3p was recently reported to be deregulated in several types of cancer. However, the biological function and potential mechanisms of miR-128-3p in HCC remain unknown. In the present study, we found that miR-128-3p was frequently downregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR analysis. Moreover, functional assays showed that overexpression of miR-128-3p markedly suppressed HCC cell proliferation by inducing G1 phase cell arrest and migration. Mechanistically, miR-128-3p was confirmed to regulate PIK3R1 (p85α) expression thereby suppressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway activation using qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Furthermore, correlation analysis and Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed an inverse correlation between miR-128-3p and p85α as well as a shorter disease-free survival (DFS) period after HCC resection in patients with low miR-128-3p expression. Hence, we conclude that miR-128-3p, which is frequently downregulated in HCC, inhibits HCC progression by regulating PIK3R1 and PI3K/AKT activation, and is a prognostic marker for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ping Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Ye Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Jian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Hui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bo He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Fang Lian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Nong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Bin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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27
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Berberine inhibits Smad and non-Smad signaling cascades and enhances autophagy against pulmonary fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:1015-31. [PMID: 25877860 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibroproliferative lung disorder of unknown aetiology. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-mediated Smad and non-Smad signaling cascades are considered as central players in accelerating pulmonary fibrosis. We earlier reported berberine's amelioration against TGF-β1-mediated pro-fibrotic effects in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The present study aimed to determine the regulatory role of berberine on abrogated Smad 2/3 and FAK-dependent PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling cascades in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Male Wistar rats were subjected to single intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (2.5 U/kg) on day 0, and berberine treatments were provided in either preventive or therapeutic modes, respectively. Berberine mitigated the elevated expression of fibrotic markers, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, collagens I and III and reversed bleomycin-induced ultrastructural alterations in the lungs. Berberine inhibited the bleomycin-induced raise in p-Smad 2/3 and enhanced Smad 7 expression. Berberine blocked the activation of FAK and PI3K/Akt against bleomycin-induced dysregulation, with subsequent raise in PTEN expression. In addition, by inhibiting p-mTOR, berberine stimulated autophagy as evidenced by increase in Beclin-1, LC3-II levels with enhanced autophagosome formation. Cumulatively, through targeted inhibition of dysregulated Smad and FAK-dependent PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling axis, berberine attenuated the fibrotic insults of bleomycin. KEY MESSAGE Berberine inhibits Smad 2/3 activation and enhances Smad 7 in bleomycin-induced rat lungs. Bleomycin-induced activation of FAK is inhibited by berberine. Berberine inhibits bleomycin-induced activation of PI3K/Akt cascade. Berberine inhibits mTOR activation to enhance autophagy and suppresses fibrotic markers.
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28
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Transforming growth factor Beta family: insight into the role of growth factors in regulation of fracture healing biology and potential clinical applications. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:137823. [PMID: 25709154 PMCID: PMC4325469 DOI: 10.1155/2015/137823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family forms a group of three isoforms, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, with their structure formed by interrelated dimeric polypeptide chains. Pleiotropic and redundant functions of the TGF-β family concern control of numerous aspects and effects of cell functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and migration, in all tissues of the human body. Amongst many cytokines and growth factors, the TGF-β family is considered a group playing one of numerous key roles in control of physiological phenomena concerning maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in the bone tissue. By breaking the continuity of bone tissue, a spread-over-time and complex bone healing process is initiated, considered a recapitulation of embryonic intracartilaginous ossification. This process is a cascade of local and systemic phenomena spread over time, involving whole cell lineages and various cytokines and growth factors. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies in various models analysing cytokines and growth factors' involvement have shown that TGF-β has a leading role in the fracture healing process. This paper sums up current knowledge on the basis of available literature concerning the role of the TGF-β family in the fracture healing process.
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29
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Ferulic acid suppresses activation of hepatic stellate cells through ERK1/2 and Smad signaling pathways in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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30
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Huang XP, Hou J, Shen XY, Huang CY, Zhang XH, Xie YA, Luo XL. MicroRNA-486-5p, which is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, suppresses tumor growth by targeting PIK3R1. FEBS J 2014; 282:579-94. [PMID: 25475121 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated microRNAs and their roles in carcinogenesis and cancer progression have attracted much attention. In previous studies conducted in our laboratory, the Illumina Solexa massively parallel signature sequencing of miRNomes in nontumor and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues revealed that miR-486-5p was significantly downregulated in HCC, but its role in HCC development remains unknown. In this study, miR-486-5p levels in HCC tissues and matched control tissues, and in seven HCC cell lines (QGY-7701, QGY-7703, QGY-7404, SMMC-7721, Huh7, HepG2, and PCL/PRF/5) and human normal liver cells (HL-7702), were tested by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. We found that the level of miR-486-5p was significantly decreased in HCC tissue and in all seven HCC cell lines. Overexpression of miR-486-5p markedly suppressed HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, and inhibited HCC growth in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-486-5p was confirmed to directly target PIK3R1 expression, thereby suppressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathway activation, by dual luciferase reporter assay and real-time quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. In addition, PIK3R1 knockdown mimicked the effects of miR-486-5p overexpression by inhibiting HCC growth, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, correlation analysis, Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazard models showed an inverse correlation between miR-486-5p and PIK3R1, as well as a shorter time to recurrence after HCC resection, in patients with lower miR-486-5p expression. Hence, we conclude that miR-486-5p, which is frequently downregulated in HCC, inhibits HCC progression by targeting PIK3R1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ping Huang
- Research department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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31
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JIN DANJUAN, FANG YANTIAN, LI ZHENGYANG, CHEN ZONGYOU, XIANG JIANBIN. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated microRNAs in colorectal cancer and drug-targeted therapies (Review). Oncol Rep 2014; 33:515-25. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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32
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Role of the adjacent stroma cells in prostate cancer development and progression: synergy between TGF-β and IGF signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:502093. [PMID: 25089270 PMCID: PMC4095744 DOI: 10.1155/2014/502093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review postulates the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I/IGF-II) signaling in stromal cells during prostate carcinogenesis and progression. It is known that stromal cells have a reciprocal relationship to the adjacent epithelial cells in the maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the prostate. An interaction between TGF-β and IGF signaling occupies a central part in this stromal-epithelial interaction. An increase in TGF-β and IGF signaling will set off the imbalance of this relationship and will lead to cancer development. A continuous input from TGF-β and IGF in the tumor microenvironment will result in cancer progression. Understanding of these events can help prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of prostate cancer.
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33
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Imatinib treatment causes substantial transcriptional changes in adult Schistosoma mansoni in vitro exhibiting pleiotropic effects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2923. [PMID: 24921634 PMCID: PMC4055459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosome parasites cause schistosomiasis, one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. For decades Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug widely used for controlling schistosomiasis. The absence of a vaccine and fear of PZQ resistance have motivated the search for alternatives. Studies on protein kinases (PKs) demonstrated their importance for diverse physiological processes in schistosomes. Among others two Abl tyrosine kinases, SmAbl1 and SmAbl2, were identified in Schistosoma mansoni and shown to be transcribed in the gonads and the gastrodermis. SmAbl1 activity was blocked by Imatinib, a known Abl-TK inhibitor used in human cancer therapy (Gleevec/Glivec). Imatinib exhibited dramatic effects on the morphology and physiology of adult schistosomes in vitro causing the death of the parasites. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show modeling data supporting the targeting of SmAbl1/2 by Imatinib. A biochemical assay confirmed that SmAbl2 activity is also inhibited by Imatinib. Microarray analyses and qRT-PCR experiments were done to unravel transcriptional processes influenced by Imatinib in adult schistosomes in vitro demonstrating a wide influence on worm physiology. Surface-, muscle-, gut and gonad-associated processes were affected as evidenced by the differential transcription of e.g. the gynecophoral canal protein gene GCP, paramyosin, titin, hemoglobinase, and cathepsins. Furthermore, transcript levels of VAL-7 and egg formation-associated genes such as tyrosinase 1, p14, and fs800-like were affected as well as those of signaling genes including a ribosomal protein S6 kinase and a glutamate receptor. Finally, a comparative in silico analysis of the obtained microarray data sets and previous data analyzing the effect of a TGFβR1 inhibitor on transcription provided first evidence for an association of TGFβ and Abl kinase signaling. Among others GCP and egg formation-associated genes were identified as common targets. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The data affirm broad negative effects of Imatinib on worm physiology substantiating the role of PKs as interesting targets.
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34
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Principe DR, Doll JA, Bauer J, Jung B, Munshi HG, Bartholin L, Pasche B, Lee C, Grippo PJ. TGF-β: duality of function between tumor prevention and carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:djt369. [PMID: 24511106 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mechanisms underlying tumor progression have remained elusive, particularly in relation to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Although TGF-β initially inhibits epithelial growth, it appears to promote the progression of advanced tumors. Defects in normal TGF-β pathways partially explain this paradox, which can lead to a cascade of downstream events that drive multiple oncogenic pathways, manifesting as several key features of tumorigenesis (uncontrolled proliferation, loss of apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, sustained angiogenesis, evasion of immune surveillance, and metastasis). Understanding the mechanisms of TGF-β dysregulation will likely reveal novel points of convergence between TGF-β and other pathways that can be specifically targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Principe
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (DRP, JB, BJ) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (HGM), Department of Surgery, Division of GI Surgical Oncology (DRP, PJG), and Department of Urology (CL), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Biomedical Engineering. McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (DRP); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (JAD); UMR INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (LB); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (BP); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA (CL)
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35
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Bettahi I, Sun H, Gao N, Wang F, Mi X, Chen W, Liu Z, Yu FSX. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of differentially expressed genes in diabetic, healing corneal epithelial cells: hyperglycemia-suppressed TGFβ3 expression contributes to the delay of epithelial wound healing in diabetic corneas. Diabetes 2014; 63:715-27. [PMID: 24306208 PMCID: PMC3900551 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) may develop corneal complications and delayed wound healing. The aims of this study are to characterize the molecular signatures and biological pathways leading to delayed epithelial wound healing and to delineate the involvement of TGFβ3 therein. Genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis revealed 1,888 differentially expressed genes in the healing epithelia of normal (NL) versus type 1 DM rat corneas. Gene ontology and enrichment analyses indicated TGFβ signaling as a major altered pathway. Among three TGFβ isoforms, TGF-β1 and β3 were upregulated in response to wounding in NL corneal epithelial cells (CECs), whereas the latter was greatly suppressed by hyperglycemia in rat type 1 and 2 and mouse type 1 DM models. Functional analysis indicated that TGF-β3 contributed to wound healing in NL corneas. Moreover, exogenously added TGF-β3 accelerated epithelial wound closure in type 2 rat and type 1 mouse DM corneas via Smad and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways, autoregulation, and/or upregulation of Serpine1, a well-known TGFβ target gene. Taken together, our study for the first time provides a comprehensive list of genes differentially expressed in the healing CECs of NL versus diabetic corneas and suggests the therapeutic potential of TGF-β3 for treating corneal and skin wounds in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Bettahi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Haijing Sun
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Feng Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Xiaofan Mi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Weiping Chen
- Genomic Core Laboratory of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Xiamen Eye Center, Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fu-Shin X. Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
- Corresponding author: Fu-Shin X. Yu,
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36
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Mierke CT. The role of focal adhesion kinase in the regulation of cellular mechanical properties. Phys Biol 2013; 10:065005. [PMID: 24304934 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of mechanical properties is necessary for cell invasion into connective tissue or intra- and extravasation through the endothelium of blood or lymph vessels. Cell invasion is important for the regulation of many healthy processes such as immune response reactions and wound healing. In addition, cell invasion plays a role in disease-related processes such as tumor metastasis and autoimmune responses. Until now the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in regulating mechanical properties of cells and its impact on cell invasion efficiency is still not well known. Thus, this review focuses on mechanical properties regulated by FAK in comparison to the mechano-regulating protein vinculin. Moreover, it points out the connection between cancer cell invasion and metastasis and FAK by showing that FAK regulates cellular mechanical properties required for cellular motility. Furthermore, it sheds light on the indirect interaction of FAK with vinculin by binding to paxillin, which then impairs the binding of paxillin to vinculin. In addition, this review emphasizes whether FAK fulfills regulatory functions similar to vinculin. In particular, it discusses the differences and the similarities between FAK and vinculin in regulating the biomechanical properties of cells. Finally, this paper highlights that both focal adhesion proteins, vinculin and FAK, synergize their functions to regulate the mechanical properties of cells such as stiffness and contractile forces. Subsequently, these mechanical properties determine cellular invasiveness into tissues and provide a source sink for future drug developments to inhibit excessive cell invasion and hence, metastases formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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37
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Focal adhesion kinase mediates atrial fibrosis via the AKT/S6K signaling pathway in chronic atrial fibrillation patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3200-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Andrianifahanana M, Wilkes MC, Gupta SK, Rahimi RA, Repellin CE, Edens M, Wittenberger J, Yin X, Maidl E, Becker J, Leof EB. Profibrotic TGFβ responses require the cooperative action of PDGF and ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases. FASEB J 2013; 27:4444-54. [PMID: 23913859 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) has significant profibrotic activity both in vitro and in vivo. This reflects its capacity to stimulate fibrogenic mediators and induce the expression of other profibrotic cytokines such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF/ErbB) ligands. Here we address both the mechanisms by which TGFβ induced ErbB ligands and the physiological significance of inhibiting multiple TGFβ-regulated processes. The data document that ErbB ligand induction requires PDGF receptor (PDGFR) mediation and engages a positive autocrine/paracrine feedback loop via ErbB receptors. Whereas PDGFRs are essential for TGFβ-stimulated ErbB ligand up-regulation, TGFβ-specific signals are also required for ErbB receptor activation. Subsequent profibrotic responses are shown to involve the cooperative action of PDGF and ErbB signaling. Moreover, using a murine treatment model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis we found that inhibition of TGFβ/PDGF and ErbB pathways with imatinib plus lapatinib, respectively, not only prevented myofibroblast gene expression to a greater extent than either drug alone, but also essentially stabilized gas exchange (oxygen saturation) as an overall measure of lung function. These observations provide important mechanistic insights into profibrotic TGFβ signaling and indicate that targeting multiple cytokines represents a possible strategy to ameliorate organ fibrosis dependent on TGFβ.
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39
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Hsu YL, Wu CY, Hung JY, Lin YS, Huang MS, Kuo PL. Galectin-1 promotes lung cancer tumor metastasis by potentiating integrin α6β4 and Notch1/Jagged2 signaling pathway. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1370-81. [PMID: 23389289 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major cancer, leading in both incidence and mortality in the world, and metastasis underlies the majority of lung cancer-related deaths. Galectin-1, a glycan-binding protein, has been shown to be overexpressed in lung cancer and involved in tumor-mediated immune suppression. However, the functional role of galectin-1 in lung cancer per se remains unknown. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of galectin-1 in a low-metastatic CL1-0 lung cancer cell line promotes its migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Conversely, we also show that suppression of galectin-1 expression in highly invasive CL1-5 and A549 cells inhibits migration and invasion of lung cancer cell and causes a mesenchymal-epithelial transition. These effects may be transduced by increasing the expression of integrin α6β4 and Notch1/Jagged2, which in turn co-operates in the phosphorylation of AKT. The effects of galectin-1 on cancer progression are reduced when integrin β4 and Notch1 are absent. Further study has indicated that galectin-1 knockdown prevents the spread of highly metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma in vivo. Our study suggests that galectin-1 represents a crucial regulator of lung cancer metastasis. Thus, the detection and targeted treatment of galectin-1-expressing cancer serves as a new therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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40
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Redondo S, Navarro-Dorado J, Ramajo M, Medina Ú, Tejerina T. The complex regulation of TGF-β in cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2012; 8:533-9. [PMID: 23028232 PMCID: PMC3446857 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s28041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine with many and complex effects in cell and tissue physiology. This is made possible by a very complex and interwoven signaling system, whose regulation continues to be the focus of a growing line of research. This complex regulation translates to a key role in cardiovascular physiology, hemostasis, and the blood–vessel interface. In accordance with this, the TGF-β1 pathway appears to be deregulated in related disorders, such as atherosclerotic vascular disease and myeloproliferative syndromes. It is expected that the growing amount of experimental and clinical research will yield medical advances in the applications of knowledge of the TGF-β1 pathway to diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Redondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Nakerakanti S, Trojanowska M. The Role of TGF-β Receptors in Fibrosis. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:156-62. [PMID: 22802914 PMCID: PMC3396054 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in defining TGF-β signaling pathways have provided a new level of understanding of the role of this pleiotropic growth factor in the development of fibrosis. Here, we review selected topics related to the profibrotic role of TGF-β . We will discuss new insights into the mechanisms of ligand activation and the contribution of Erk1/2 MAPK, PI3K/FAK, and Endoglin/Smad1 signaling pathways to the process of fibrosis. There is growing evidence of the disease-specific alterations of the downstream components of the TGF-β signaling pathway that may be explored for the future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashidhar Nakerakanti
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Lee C, Zhang Q, Zi X, Dash A, Soares MB, Rahmatpanah F, Jia Z, McClelland M, Mercola D. TGF-β mediated DNA methylation in prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2012; 1:78-88. [PMID: 25133096 PMCID: PMC4131550 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2012.05.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all tumors harbor a defective negative feedback loop of signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation, including DNA methylation, are fundamental to normal cellular function and also play a major role in carcinogenesis. Recent evidence demonstrated that TGF-β signaling mediates cancer development and progression. Many key events in TGF-β signaling in cancer included auto-induction of TGF-β1 and increased expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), suggesting that DNA methylation plays a significant role in cancer development and progression. In this review, we performed an extensive survey of the literature linking TGF-β signaling to DNA methylation in prostate cancer. It appeared that almost all DNA methylated genes detected in prostate cancer are directly or indirectly related to TGF-β signaling. This knowledge has provided a basis for our future directions of prostate cancer research and strategies for prevention and therapy for prostate cancer.
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Salama SA, Diaz-Arrastia CR, Kilic GS, Kamel MW. 2-Methoxyestradiol causes functional repression of transforming growth factor β3 signaling by ameliorating Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways in immortalized uterine fibroid cells. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:178-84. [PMID: 22579131 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and the mechanism of action of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME(2)) on transforming growth factor (TGF) β3-induced profibrotic response in immortalized human uterine fibroid smooth muscle (huLM) cells. DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENTS(S) Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS(S) Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) huLM cells were treated with TGF-β3 (5 ηg/mL) in the presence or absence of specific Smad3 inhibitor SIS3 (1 μmol/L), inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt (LY294002, 10 μmol/L), or 2ME(2) (0.5 μmol/L), and the expression of collagen (Col) type I(αI), Col III(αI), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. The effect of 2ME(2) on Smad-microtubule binding was evaluated by coimmunoprecipitation. RESULT(S) Our data revealed that TGF-β3-induced fibrogenic response in huLM is mediated by both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. 2ME(2) abrogates TGF-β3-induced expression of Col I(αI), Col III(αI), PAI-1, CTGF, and α-SMA. Molecularly, 2ME(2) ameliorates TGF-β3-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. In addition, 2ME(2) inhibits TGF-β3-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION(S) TGF-β3-induced profibrotic response in fibroid cells is mediated by Smad-dependent and Smad-independent PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. 2ME(2) inhibits TGF-β3 profibrotic effects in huLM cells by ameliorating both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama A Salama
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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44
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Yan X, Zhang J, Sun Q, Tuazon PT, Wu X, Traugh JA, Chen YG. p21-Activated kinase 2 (PAK2) inhibits TGF-β signaling in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells by interfering with the receptor-Smad interaction. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13705-12. [PMID: 22393057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.346221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) plays a variety of cellular functions mainly through the Smad pathway. Phosphorylation of the carboxyl SXS motif in R-Smads (Smad2 and Smad3) by the type I receptor TβRI is a key step for their activation. It has been reported that the serine/threonine kinase PAK2 (p21-activated kinase 2) can mediate TGF-β signaling in mesenchymal cells. Here, we report that PAK2 restricts TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 activation and transcriptional responsiveness in MDCK epithelial cells. Mechanistically, PAK2 associates with Smad2 and Smad3 in a kinase activity-dependent manner and blocks their activation. PAK2 phosphorylates Smad2 at Ser-417, which is adjacent to the L3 loop that contributes to the TβRI-R-Smad association. Consistently, substitution of Ser-417 with glutamic acid attenuates the interaction of Smad2 with TβRI. Together, our results indicate that PAK2 negatively modulate TGF-β signaling by attenuating the receptor-Smad interaction and thus Smad activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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45
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Horowitz JC, Ajayi IO, Kulasekaran P, Rogers DS, White JB, Townsend SK, White ES, Nho RS, Higgins PDR, Huang SK, Sisson TH. Survivin expression induced by endothelin-1 promotes myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:158-69. [PMID: 22041029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis of the lungs and other organs is characterized by the accumulation of myofibroblasts, effectors of wound-repair that are responsible for the deposition and organization of new extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to tissue injury. During the resolution phase of normal wound repair, myofibroblast apoptosis limits the continued deposition of ECM. Mounting evidence suggests that myofibroblasts from fibrotic wounds acquire resistance to apoptosis, but the mechanisms regulating this resistance have not been fully elucidated. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a soluble peptide strongly associated with fibrogenesis, decreases myofibroblast susceptibility to apoptosis through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH kinase (PI3K)/AKT. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) also promotes myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis through PI3K/AKT-dependent and -independent mechanisms, although the role of FAK in ET-1 mediated resistance to apoptosis has not been explored. The goal of this study was to investigate whether FAK contributes to ET-1 mediated myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis and to examine potential mechanisms downstream of FAK and PI3K/AKT by which ET-1 regulates myofibroblast survival. Here, we show that ET-1 regulates myofibroblast survival by Rho/ROCK-dependent activation of FAK. The anti-apoptotic actions of FAK are, in turn, dependent on activation of PI3K/AKT and the subsequent increased expression of Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. Collectively, these studies define a novel mechanism by which ET-1 promotes myofibroblast resistance to apoptosis through upregulation of Survivin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Bhattacharyya S, Wei J, Varga J. Understanding fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: shifting paradigms, emerging opportunities. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 8:42-54. [PMID: 22025123 PMCID: PMC3954787 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis in multiple organs is a prominent pathological finding and distinguishing hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Findings during the past 5 years have contributed to a more complete understanding of the complex cellular and molecular underpinning of fibrosis in SSc. Fibroblasts, the principal effector cells, are activated in the profibrotic cellular milieu by cytokines and growth factors, developmental pathways, endothelin 1 and thrombin. Innate immune signaling via Toll-like receptors, matrix-generated biomechanical stress signaling via integrins, hypoxia and oxidative stress seem to be implicated in perpetuating the process. Beyond chronic fibroblast activation, fibrosis represents a failure to terminate tissue repair, coupled with an expanded population of mesenchymal cells originating from bone marrow and transdifferentiation of epithelial cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. In addition, studies have identified intrinsic alterations in SSc fibroblasts resulting from epigenetic changes, as well as altered microRNA expression that might underlie the cell-autonomous, persistent activation phenotype of these cells. Precise characterization of the deregulated extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways, mediators and cellular differentiation programs that contribute to fibrosis in SSc will facilitate the development of selective, targeted therapeutic strategies. Effective antifibrotic therapy will ultimately involve novel compounds and repurposing of drugs that are already approved for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, McGaw M300, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Torres VE, Leof EB. Fibrosis, regeneration, and aging: playing chess with evolution. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1393-6. [PMID: 21757767 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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