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Reis J, Gorgulla C, Massari M, Marchese S, Valente S, Noce B, Basile L, Törner R, Cox H, Viennet T, Yang MH, Ronan MM, Rees MG, Roth JA, Capasso L, Nebbioso A, Altucci L, Mai A, Arthanari H, Mattevi A. Targeting ROS production through inhibition of NADPH oxidases. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1540-1550. [PMID: 37884805 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are transmembrane enzymes that are devoted to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In cancers, dysregulation of NOX enzymes affects ROS production, leading to redox unbalance and tumor progression. Consequently, NOXs are a drug target for cancer therapeutics, although current therapies have off-target effects: there is a need for isoenzyme-selective inhibitors. Here, we describe fully validated human NOX inhibitors, obtained from an in silico screen, targeting the active site of Cylindrospermum stagnale NOX5 (csNOX5). The hits are validated by in vitro and in cellulo enzymatic and binding assays, and their binding modes to the dehydrogenase domain of csNOX5 studied via high-resolution crystal structures. A high-throughput screen in a panel of cancer cells shows activity in selected cancer cell lines and synergistic effects with KRAS modulators. Our work lays the foundation for the development of inhibitor-based methods for controlling the tightly regulated and highly localized ROS sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Reis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Gorgulla
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marta Massari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Marchese
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Noce
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Basile
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ricarda Törner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huel Cox
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thibault Viennet
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moon Hee Yang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lucia Capasso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Lazzaro Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Jeon J, Lee H, Jeon MS, Kim SJ, Choi C, Kim KW, Yang DJ, Lee S, Bae YS, Choi WI, Jung J, Eyun SI, Yang S. Blockade of Activin Receptor IIB Protects Arthritis Pathogenesis by Non-Amplification of Activin A-ACVR2B-NOX4 Axis Pathway. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205161. [PMID: 36950748 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although activin receptor IIB (ACVR2B) is emerging as a novel pathogenic receptor, its ligand and assembled components (or assembly) are totally unknown in the context of osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. The present results suggest that upregulation of ACVR2B and its assembly could affect osteoarthritic cartilage destruction. It is shown that the ACVR2B ligand, activin A, regulates catabolic factor expression through ACVR2B in OA development. Activin A Tg mice (Col2a1-Inhba) exhibit enhanced cartilage destruction, whereas heterozygous activin A KO mice (Inhba+/- ) show protection from cartilage destruction. In silico analysis suggests that the Activin A-ACVR2B axis is involved in Nox4-dependent ROS production. Activin A Tg:Nox4 KO (Col2a1-Inhba:Nox4-/- ) mice show inhibition of experimental OA pathogenesis. NOX4 directly binds to the C-terminal binding site on ACVR2B-ACVR1B and amplifies the pathogenic signal for cartilage destruction through SMAD2/3 signaling. Together, the findings reveal that the ACVR2B assembly, which comprises Activin A, ACVR2B, ACVR1B, Nox4, and AP-1-induced HIF-2α, accelerates OA development. Furthermore, it is shown that shRNA-mediated ACVR2B knockdown or trapping ligands of ACVR2B abrogate OA development by competitively disrupting the ACVR2B-Activin A interaction. These results suggest that the ACVR2B assembly is required to amplify osteoarthritic cartilage destruction and could be a potential therapeutic target in efforts to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seung Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jung Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Uijeongbu, 11765, Republic of Korea
| | - Cham Choi
- MicroCT Applications, 3rd floor, 11, Sumyeong-ro 1-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Biological Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Biological Science, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Choi
- Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Il Eyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Targeting NOX4 disrupts the resistance of papillary thyroid carcinoma to chemotherapeutic drugs and lenvatinib. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:177. [PMID: 35396551 PMCID: PMC8990679 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Advanced differentiated thyroid cancer cells are subjected to extreme nutritional starvation which contributes to develop resistance to treatments; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Cells were subjected to serum deprivation by culture in medium containing 0.5% fetal bovine serum. A CCK8 assay, cell death Detection ELISAPLUS kit, and PI staining were conducted to determine cell viability, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle, respectively. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) knockdown–stable cell lines were generated by lentivirus-mediated shRNA knockdown in BCPAP cells and TPC-1 cells. Etoposide and doxorubicin, two chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as lenvatinib were utilized to determine the effect of NOX4 on drug resistance. Lenvatinib-resistant BCPAP cells (LRBCs) were established to confirm this effect. The underlining mechanisms of NOX4 under starvation were explored using western blot. Finally, GLX351322, an inhibitor targeting NOX4, was used to inhibit NOX4-derived ROS in vitro and detect its effect on drug resistance of tumor cells in vivo. NOX4 is overexpressed under serum deprivation in BCPAP or TPC-1 cells. NOX4 knockdown impairs cell viability, increases cell apoptosis, extends G1 phase during cell cycle and modulates the level of energy-associated metabolites in starved cells. When the starved cells or LRBCs are treated with chemotherapeutic drugs or Lenvatinib, NOX4 knockdown inhibits cell viability and aggravates cell apoptosis depending on NOX4-derived ROS production. Mechanistically, starvation activates TGFβ1/SMAD3 signal, which mediates NOX4 upregulation. The upregulated NOX4 then triggers ERKs and PI3K/AKT pathway to influence cell apoptosis. GLX351322, a NOX4-derived ROS inhibitor, has an inhibitory effect on cell growth in vitro and the growth of BCPAP-derived even LRBCs-derived xenografts in vivo. These findings highlight NOX4 and NOX4-derived ROS as a potential therapeutic target in resistance to PTC.
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Alves-Lopes R, Neves KB, Strembitska A, Harvey AP, Harvey KY, Yusuf H, Haniford S, Hepburn RT, Dyet J, Beattie W, Haddow L, McAbney J, Graham D, Montezano AC. Osteoprotegerin regulates vascular function through syndecan-1 and NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2429-2444. [PMID: 34668009 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenic factors, such as osteoprotegerin (OPG), are protective against vascular calcification. However, OPG is also positively associated with cardiovascular damage, particularly in pulmonary hypertension, possibly through processes beyond effects on calcification. In the present study, we focused on calcification-independent vascular effects of OPG through activation of syndecan-1 and NADPH oxidases (Noxs) 1 and 4. Isolated resistance arteries from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, exposed to exogenous OPG, studied by myography exhibited endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction. OPG decreased nitric oxide (NO) production, eNOS activation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in endothelial cells. In VSMCs, OPG increased ROS production, H2O2/peroxynitrite levels and activation of Rho kinase and myosin light chain. OPG vascular and redox effects were also inhibited by the syndecan-1 inhibitor synstatin (SSNT). Additionally, heparinase and chondroitinase abolished OPG effects on VSMCs-ROS production, confirming syndecan-1 as OPG molecular partner and suggesting that OPG binds to heparan/chondroitin sulphate chains of syndecan-1. OPG-induced ROS production was abrogated by NoxA1ds (Nox1 inhibitor) and GKT137831 (dual Nox1/Nox4 inhibitor). Tempol (SOD mimetic) inhibited vascular dysfunction induced by OPG. In addition, we studied arteries from Nox1 and Nox4 knockout (KO) mice. Nox1 and Nox4 KO abrogated OPG-induced vascular dysfunction. Vascular dysfunction elicited by OPG is mediated by a complex signalling cascade involving syndecan-1, Nox1 and Nox4. Our data identify novel molecular mechanisms beyond calcification for OPG, which may underlie vascular injurious effects of osteogenic factors in conditions such as hypertension and/or diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/enzymology
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- NADPH Oxidase 1/genetics
- NADPH Oxidase 1/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 4/genetics
- NADPH Oxidase 4/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Osteoprotegerin/toxicity
- Oxidative Stress
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Syndecan-1/metabolism
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Karla Bianca Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | | | - Adam P Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Katie Y Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Hiba Yusuf
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Susan Haniford
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Ross T Hepburn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Jennifer Dyet
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Wendy Beattie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Laura Haddow
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - John McAbney
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
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Taylor JP, Tse HM. The role of NADPH oxidases in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102159. [PMID: 34627721 PMCID: PMC8487856 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. There are seven enzymes in the NOX family: NOX1-5 and dual oxidase (DUOX) 1-2. NOX enzymes in humans play important roles in diverse biological functions and vary in expression from tissue to tissue. Importantly, NOX2 is involved in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including regulation of type I interferons, the inflammasome, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and cell signaling. DUOX1 and DUOX2 play important roles in innate immune defenses at epithelial barriers. This review discusses the role of NOX enzymes in normal physiological processes as well as in disease. NOX enzymes are important in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and have also been implicated in acute lung injury caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Targeting NOX enzymes directly or through scavenging free radicals may be useful therapies for autoimmunity and acute lung injury where oxidative stress contributes to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhuang L, Olszewski K, Gan B. NADPH debt drives redox bankruptcy: SLC7A11/xCT-mediated cystine uptake as a double-edged sword in cellular redox regulation. Genes Dis 2021; 8:731-745. [PMID: 34522704 PMCID: PMC8427322 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11; also known as xCT) plays a key role in antioxidant defense by mediating cystine uptake, promoting glutathione synthesis, and maintaining cell survival under oxidative stress conditions. Recent studies showed that, to prevent toxic buildup of highly insoluble cystine inside cells, cancer cells with high expression of SLC7A11 (SLC7A11high) are forced to quickly reduce cystine to more soluble cysteine, which requires substantial NADPH supply from the glucose-pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) route, thereby inducing glucose- and PPP-dependency in SLC7A11high cancer cells. Limiting glucose supply to SLC7A11high cancer cells results in significant NADPH “debt”, redox “bankruptcy”, and subsequent cell death. This review summarizes our current understanding of NADPH-generating and -consuming pathways, discusses the opposing role of SLC7A11 in protecting cells from oxidative stress–induced cell death such as ferroptosis but promoting glucose starvation–induced cell death, and proposes the concept that SLC7A11-mediated cystine uptake acts as a double-edged sword in cellular redox regulation. A detailed understanding of SLC7A11 in redox biology may identify metabolic vulnerabilities in SLC7A11high cancer for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Zhuang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas, MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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The new organic nitrate 2-nitrate-1,3-diocthanoxypropan (NDOP) induces nitric oxide production and vasorelaxation via activation of inward-rectifier potassium channels (K IR). Nitric Oxide 2020; 104-105:61-69. [PMID: 33038483 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases are coupled to decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and there is a constant search for novel and better NO-donors. Here we synthesized and characterized the cardiovascular effects of the new organic nitrate 2-nitrate-1,3-dioctanoxypropan (NDOP). METHODS A combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments was performed in C57BL/6 mice and Wistar rats. Thus, the ability of NDOP in donating NO in a cell-free system and in vascular smooth muscles cells (VSMC) and its ability to induce vasorelaxation in aortic rings from mice were evaluated. In addition, changes in blood pressure and heart rate to different doses of NDOP were evaluated in conscious rats. Finally, acute pre-clinical toxicity to oral administration of NDOP was assessed in mice. RESULTS In cell-free system, NDOP increased NO levels, which was dependent on xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). NDOP also increased NO levels in VSMC, which was not influenced by endothelial NO synthase. Furthermore, incubation with the XOR inhibitor febuxostat blunted the vasorelaxation in aortic ring preparations. In conscious rats, NDOP elicited dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure accompanied with increased heart rate. In vessel preparations, NDOP (10-8-10-3 mol/L) induced endothelium-independent vasorelaxation, which was inhibited by the NO scavengers 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide and hydroxocobalamin or by inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase using H- [1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one. To investigate if NDOP acts through potassium channels, selective blockers were used. Inhibition of BKCa, Kv or KATP subtypes of potassium channels had no effect, but inhibition of inward-rectifier potassium channels (KIR) significantly reduced NDOP-mediated vasorelaxation. Lastly, NDOP showed low toxicity (LD50 ~5000 mg/kg). CONCLUSION Bioactivation of NDOP involves functional XOR, and this new organic nitrate elicits vasorelaxation via NO-cGMP-PKG signaling and activation of KIR channels. Future studies should further characterize the underlying mechanism and evaluate the therapeutic benefits of chronic NDOP treatment in relevant cardiovascular disease models.
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Abstract
Significance: The primary function of NADPH oxidases (NOX1-5 and dual oxidases DUOX1/2) is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). If inadequately regulated, NOX-associated ROS can promote oxidative stress, aberrant signaling, and genomic instability. Correspondingly, NOX isoforms are known to be overexpressed in multiple malignancies, thus constituting potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Recent Advances: Multiple genetic studies aimed at suppressing the expression of NOX proteins in cellular and animal models of cancer have provided support for the notion that NOXs play a pro-tumorigenic role. Further, large drug screens and rational design efforts have yielded inhibitor compounds, such as the diphenylene iodonium (DPI) analog series developed by our group, with increased selectivity and potency over "first generation" NOX inhibitors such as apocynin and DPI. Critical Issues: The precise role of NOX enzymes in tumor biology remains poorly defined. The tumorigenic properties of NOXs vary with cancer type, and precise tools, such as selective inhibitors, are needed to deconvolute NOX contribution to cancer development. Most NOX inhibitors developed to date are unspecific, and/or their mechanistic and pharmacological characteristics are not well defined. A lack of high-resolution crystal structures for NOX functional domains has hindered the development of potent and selective inhibitors. Future Directions: In-depth studies of NOX interactions with the tumor microenvironment (e.g., cytokines, cell-surface antigens) will help identify new approaches for NOX inhibition in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Konaté
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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NADPH oxidases: Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential in age-associated pulmonary fibrosis. Redox Biol 2020; 33:101541. [PMID: 32360174 PMCID: PMC7251244 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been associated with a number of human fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Although oxidative stress is associated with both fibrosis and aging, the precise cellular sources(s) of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to the disease pathogenesis remain poorly understood. NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are an evolutionarily conserved family, where their only known function is the production of ROS. A growing body of evidence supports a link between excessive Nox-derived ROS and numerous chronic diseases (including fibrotic disease), which is most prevalent among the elderly population. In this review, we examine the evidence for Nox isoforms in the pathogenesis of IPF, and the potential to target this enzyme family for the treatment of IPF and related fibrotic disorders. A better understanding of the Nox-mediated redox imbalance in aging may be critical to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for age-associated fibrotic disorders. Strategies aimed at specifically blocking the source(s) of ROS through Nox inhibition may prove to be more effective as anti-fibrotic therapies, as compared to antioxidant approaches. This review also discusses the potential of Nox-targeting therapeutics currently in development.
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10
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Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling Promotes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Stabilization in Sonic Hedgehog-Driven Cerebellar Progenitor Cell Proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00268-18. [PMID: 30692272 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00268-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar development is a highly regulated process involving numerous factors acting with high specificity, both temporally and by location. Part of this process involves extensive proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) induced by Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling, but downstream effectors of mitogenic signaling are still being elucidated. Using primary CGNP cultures, a well-established model for SHH-driven proliferation, we show that SHH-treated CGNPs feature high levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), which is known to promote glycolysis, stemness, and angiogenesis. In CGNPs cultured under normoxic conditions, HIF1α is posttranslationally stabilized in a manner dependent upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX), both of which are also upregulated in these cells. Inhibition of NOX activity resulted in HIF1α destabilization and reduced levels of cyclin D2, a marker of CGNP proliferation. As CGNPs are the putative cells of origin for the SHH subtype of medulloblastoma and aberrant SHH signaling is implicated in other neoplasms, these studies may also have future relevance in the context of cancer. Taken together, our findings suggest that a better understanding of nonhypoxic HIF1α stabilization through NOX-induced ROS generation can provide insights into normal cell proliferation in cerebellar development and SHH-driven cell proliferation in cancers with aberrant SHH signaling.
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Ceccon M, Millana Fananas E, Massari M, Mattevi A, Magnani F. Engineering stability in NADPH oxidases: A common strategy for enzyme production. Mol Membr Biol 2019; 34:67-76. [PMID: 30307338 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2018.1535141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are membrane enzymes whose sole function is the generation of reactive oxygen species. Humans have seven NOX isoenzymes that feature distinct functions in immune response and cell signaling but share the same catalytic core comprising a FAD-binding dehydrogenase domain and a heme-binding transmembrane domain. We previously described a mutation that stabilizes the dehydrogenase domain of a prokaryotic homolog of human NOX5. The thermostable mutant exhibited a large 19 °C increase in the apparent melting temperature (app Tm) and a much tighter binding of the FAD cofactor, which allowed the crystallization and structure determination of the domain holo-form. Here, we analyze the transferability of this mutation onto prokaryotic and eukaryotic full-length NOX enzymes. We found that the mutation exerts a significative stabilizing effect on the full-length NOX5 from both Cylindrospermum stagnale (app Tm increase of 8 °C) and Homo sapiens (app ΔTm of 2 °C). Enhanced thermal stability resulted in more homogeneous preparations of the bacterial NOX5 with less aggregation problems. Moreover, we also found that the mutation increases the overall expression of recombinant human NOX4 and NOX5 in mammalian cells. Such a 2-5-fold increase is mainly due to the lowered cell toxicity, which leads to higher biomasses. Because of the high sequence identity of the catalytic core within this family of enzymes, this strategy can be a general tool to boost the production of all NOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ceccon
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | | | - Marta Massari
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Francesca Magnani
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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12
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Abstract
Assays based on ectopic expression of NOX NADPH oxidase subunits in heterologous mammalian cells are an important approach for investigating features of this family of enzymes. These model systems have been used to analyze the biosynthesis and functional domains of NOX enzyme components as well as their regulation and cellular activities. This chapter provides an overview of the basic principles and applications of heterologous whole cell assays in studying NOX NADPH oxidases.
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13
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NADPH Oxidases and Mitochondria in Vascular Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051327. [PMID: 29710840 PMCID: PMC5983750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Oxidative stress caused by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or by reduced expression of antioxidant enzymes is a major contributor to the progression of vascular senescence, pathologic remodeling of the vascular wall, and disease. Both oxidative stress and inflammation promote the development of senescence, a process by which cells stop proliferating and become dysfunctional. This review focuses on the role of the mitochondria and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases Nox1 and Nox4 in vascular senescence, and their contribution to the development of atherosclerosis. Recent findings are reviewed, supporting a critical role of the mitochondrial regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), the inflammatory gene nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), zinc, the zinc transporters (ZnTs) ZnT3 and ZnT10, and angiotensin II (Ang II) in mitochondrial function, and their role in telomere stability, which provides new mechanistic insights into a previously proposed unified theory of aging.
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14
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O'Neill S, Mathis M, Kovačič L, Zhang S, Reinhardt J, Scholz D, Schopfer U, Bouhelal R, Knaus UG. Quantitative interaction analysis permits molecular insights into functional NOX4 NADPH oxidase heterodimer assembly. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8750-8760. [PMID: 29674345 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions critically regulate many biological systems, but quantifying functional assembly of multipass membrane complexes in their native context is still challenging. Here, we combined modeling-assisted protein modification and information from human disease variants with a minimal-size fusion tag, split-luciferase-based approach to probe assembly of the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-p22phox enzyme, an integral membrane complex with unresolved structure, which is required for electron transfer and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Integrated analyses of heterodimerization, trafficking, and catalytic activity identified determinants for the NOX4-p22phox interaction, such as heme incorporation into NOX4 and hot spot residues in transmembrane domains 1 and 4 in p22phox Moreover, their effect on NOX4 maturation and ROS generation was analyzed. We propose that this reversible and quantitative protein-protein interaction technique with its small split-fragment approach will provide a protein engineering and discovery tool not only for NOX research, but also for other intricate membrane protein complexes, and may thereby facilitate new drug discovery strategies for managing NOX-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O'Neill
- From the Conway Institute and.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland and
| | - Magalie Mathis
- the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lidija Kovačič
- From the Conway Institute and.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland and
| | - Suisheng Zhang
- From the Conway Institute and.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland and
| | - Jürgen Reinhardt
- the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrich Schopfer
- the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rochdi Bouhelal
- the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- From the Conway Institute and .,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland and
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15
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Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 plays a key role in angiogenesis by regulating hydrogen peroxide generated by NADPH oxidase 4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:1567-1572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Meitzler JL, Makhlouf HR, Antony S, Wu Y, Butcher D, Jiang G, Juhasz A, Lu J, Dahan I, Jansen-Dürr P, Pircher H, Shah AM, Roy K, Doroshow JH. Decoding NADPH oxidase 4 expression in human tumors. Redox Biol 2017; 13:182-195. [PMID: 28578276 PMCID: PMC5458090 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is a redox active, membrane-associated protein that contributes to genomic instability, redox signaling, and radiation sensitivity in human cancers based on its capacity to generate H2O2 constitutively. Most studies of NOX4 in malignancy have focused on the evaluation of a small number of tumor cell lines and not on human tumor specimens themselves; furthermore, these studies have often employed immunological tools that have not been well characterized. To determine the prevalence of NOX4 expression across a broad range of solid tumors, we developed a novel monoclonal antibody that recognizes a specific extracellular region of the human NOX4 protein, and that does not cross-react with any of the other six members of the NOX gene family. Evaluation of 20 sets of epithelial tumors revealed, for the first time, high levels of NOX4 expression in carcinomas of the head and neck (15/19 patients), esophagus (12/18 patients), bladder (10/19 patients), ovary (6/17 patients), and prostate (7/19 patients), as well as malignant melanoma (7/15 patients) when these tumors were compared to histologically-uninvolved specimens from the same organs. Detection of NOX4 protein upregulation by low levels of TGF-β1 demonstrated the sensitivity of this new probe; and immunofluorescence experiments found that high levels of endogenous NOX4 expression in ovarian cancer cells were only demonstrable associated with perinuclear membranes. These studies suggest that NOX4 expression is upregulated, compared to normal tissues, in a well-defined, and specific group of human carcinomas, and that its expression is localized on intracellular membranes in a fashion that could modulate oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Meitzler
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hala R Makhlouf
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Donna Butcher
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Guojian Jiang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Agnes Juhasz
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiamo Lu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Iris Dahan
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Haymo Pircher
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Gandara ACP, Torres A, Bahia AC, Oliveira PL, Schama R. Evolutionary origin and function of NOX4-art, an arthropod specific NADPH oxidase. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:92. [PMID: 28356077 PMCID: PMC5372347 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH oxidases (NOX) are ROS producing enzymes that perform essential roles in cell physiology, including cell signaling and antimicrobial defense. This gene family is present in most eukaryotes, suggesting a common ancestor. To date, only a limited number of phylogenetic studies of metazoan NOXes have been performed, with few arthropod genes. In arthropods, only NOX5 and DUOX genes have been found and a gene called NOXm was found in mosquitoes but its origin and function has not been examined. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of this gene family in arthropods. A thorough search of genomes and transcriptomes was performed enabling us to browse most branches of arthropod phylogeny. RESULTS We have found that the subfamilies NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod groups. We also show that a NOX gene, closely related to NOX4 and previously found only in mosquitoes (NOXm), can also be found in other taxonomic groups, leading us to rename it as NOX4-art. Although the accessory protein p22-phox, essential for NOX1-4 activation, was not found in any of the arthropods studied, NOX4-art of Aedes aegypti encodes an active protein that produces H2O2. Although NOX4-art has been lost in a number of arthropod lineages, it has all the domains and many signature residues and motifs necessary for ROS production and, when silenced, H2O2 production is considerably diminished in A. aegypti cells. CONCLUSIONS Combining all bioinformatic analyses and laboratory work we have reached interesting conclusions regarding arthropod NOX gene family evolution. NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod lineages but it seems that a NOX2-like gene was lost in the ancestral lineage leading to Ecdysozoa. The NOX4-art gene originated from a NOX4-like ancestor and is functional. Although no p22-phox was observed in arthropods, there was no evidence of neo-functionalization and this gene probably produces H2O2 as in other metazoan NOX4 genes. Although functional and present in the genomes of many species, NOX4-art was lost in a number of arthropod lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Paiva Gandara
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - André Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Bahia
- Instituto de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Schama
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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18
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Wang W, Wu QH, Sui Y, Wang Y, Qiu X. Rutin protects endothelial dysfunction by disturbing Nox4 and ROS-sensitive NLRP3 inflammasome. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 86:32-40. [PMID: 27936392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High glucose induced endothelial dysfunction is blamed for initiation of vascular complication in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rutin has been described in possessing comprehensive pharmacological activities, but the mechanism involved in endothelial protection through regulating oxidative stress and damage is still ambiguous. In the present study, rutin was evaluated in high glucose stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and high glucose diet-treated SD rats were applied to explored the molecular mechanism in rutin counteracting oxidative stress and damage. Firstly, 30 and 100μM rutin effectively increased HUVECs viability in high glucose challenge. Then we found that rutin could dose-dependently reduced high glucose mediated mRNA and protein expressions of Nox4. With Nox4 and Nox2 inhibitors, we further confirm that Nox4, but not Nox2, was responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in high glucose environment. Moreover, rutin and Nox4 inhibitor significantly ameliorated ROS generation and TXNIP, NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β proteins expression in vivo. Furthermore, rutin substantially recovered nitric oxide production in HUVECs under high glucose condition. However, rutin could not inhibited inflammasome protein expressions and improved nitric oxide production in Nox4-overexpressed HUVECs under high glucose challenges. Finally, we found that rutin restored phenylephrine-mediated contractions and acetylcholine induced relaxations in aortic tissue of high glucose diet treated rats. In vitro, expressions of TXNIP, NLRP3, and caspase-1 in aortic tissue of high glucose diet treated rats were decreased under rutin administration. In summary, rutin may protect endothelial dysfunction through inhibiting Nox4 responsive oxidative stress and ROS-sensitive NLRP3 signaling pathway under high glucose stress both in vivo and vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zaozhuang, Zaozhuang, 277100, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zaozhuang, Zaozhuang, 277100, China
| | - Yong Sui
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zaozhuang, Zaozhuang, 277100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zaozhuang, Zaozhuang, 277100, China
| | - Xin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zaozhuang, Zaozhuang, 277100, China.
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19
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Kim HJ, Magesh V, Lee JJ, Kim S, Knaus UG, Lee KJ. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 increases cancer cell invasion by modulating hydrogen peroxide generated via NADPH oxidase 4. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16287-303. [PMID: 25915537 PMCID: PMC4599270 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the role of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) in the production of ROS and tumor invasion. UCH-L1 was found to increase cellular ROS levels and promote cell invasion. Silencing UCH-L1, as well as inhibition of H2O2 generation by catalase or by DPI, a NOX inhibitor, suppressed the migration potential of B16F10 cells, indicating that UCH-L1 promotes cell migration by up-regulating H2O2 generation. Silencing NOX4, which generates H2O2, with siRNA eliminated the effect of UCH-L1 on cell migration. On the other hand, NOX4 overexpressed in HeLa cells happens to be ubiquitinated, and NOX4 following deubiquitination by UCH-L1, restored H2O2-generating activity. These in vitro findings are consistent with the results obtained in vivo with catalase (−/−) C57BL/6J mice. When H2O2 and UCH-L1 levels were independently varied in these animals, the former by infecting with H2O2-scavenging adenovirus-catalase, and the latter by overexpressing or silencing UCH-L1, pulmonary metastasis of B16F10 cells overexpressing UCH-L1 increased significantly in catalase (−/−) mice. In contrast, invasion did not increase when UCH-L1 was silenced in the B16F10 cells. These findings indicate that H2O2 levels regulated by UCH-L1 are necessary for cell invasion to occur and demonstrate that UCH-L1 promotes cell invasion by up-regulating H2O2 via deubiquitination of NOX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Venkataraman Magesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kong-Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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O'Neill S, Brault J, Stasia MJ, Knaus UG. Genetic disorders coupled to ROS deficiency. Redox Biol 2015; 6:135-156. [PMID: 26210446 PMCID: PMC4550764 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the redox balance between generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for health. Disturbances such as continuously elevated ROS levels will result in oxidative stress and development of disease, but likewise, insufficient ROS production will be detrimental to health. Reduced or even complete loss of ROS generation originates mainly from inactivating variants in genes encoding for NADPH oxidase complexes. In particular, deficiency in phagocyte Nox2 oxidase function due to genetic variants (CYBB, CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4) has been recognized as a direct cause of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited immune disorder. More recently, additional diseases have been linked to functionally altered variants in genes encoding for other NADPH oxidases, such as for DUOX2/DUOXA2 in congenital hypothyroidism, or for the Nox2 complex, NOX1 and DUOX2 as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. A comprehensive overview of novel developments in terms of Nox/Duox-deficiency disorders is presented, combined with insights gained from structure-function studies that will aid in predicting functional defects of clinical variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O'Neill
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Brault
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Jose Stasia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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21
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Altenhöfer S, Radermacher KA, Kleikers PWM, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors: Selectivity and Mechanisms for Target Engagement. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:406-27. [PMID: 24383718 PMCID: PMC4543484 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress, an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production versus consumption, may be involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. The only known enzymes solely dedicated to ROS generation are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases with their catalytic subunits (NOX). After the clinical failure of most antioxidant trials, NOX inhibitors are the most promising therapeutic option for diseases associated with oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES Historical NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenylene iodonium, are un-specific and not isoform selective. Novel NOX inhibitors stemming from rational drug discovery approaches, for example, GKT137831, ML171, and VAS2870, show improved specificity for NADPH oxidases and moderate NOX isoform selectivity. Along with NOX2 docking sequence (NOX2ds)-tat, a peptide-based inhibitor, the use of these novel small molecules in animal models has provided preliminary in vivo evidence for a pathophysiological role of specific NOX isoforms. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss whether novel NOX inhibitors enable reliable validation of NOX isoforms' pathological roles and whether this knowledge supports translation into pharmacological applications. Modern NOX inhibitors have increased the evidence for pathophysiological roles of NADPH oxidases. However, in comparison to knockout mouse models, NOX inhibitors have limited isoform selectivity. Thus, their use does not enable clear statements on the involvement of individual NOX isoforms in a given disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-selective NOX inhibitors and biologicals will enable reliable validation of specific NOX isoforms in disease models other than the mouse. Finally, GKT137831, the first NOX inhibitor in clinical development, is poised to provide proof of principle for the clinical potential of NOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela W M Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
ROS (reactive oxygen species) have long been regarded as a series of destructive molecules that have a detrimental effect on cell homoeostasis. In support of this are the myriad antioxidant defence systems nearly all eukaryotic cells have that are designed to keep the levels of ROS in check. However, research data emerging over the last decade have demonstrated that ROS can influence a range of cellular events in a manner similar to that seen for traditional second messenger molecules such as cAMP. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) appears to be the main ROS with such signalling properties, and this molecule has been shown to affect a wide range of cellular functions. Its localized synthesis by the Nox (NADPH oxidase) family of enzymes and how these enzymes are regulated is of particular interest to those who work in the field of tumour biology.
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23
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Guo S, Chen X. The human Nox4: gene, structure, physiological function and pathological significance. J Drug Target 2015; 23:888-96. [PMID: 25950600 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1036276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. NADPH oxidase (Nox), a multicomponent enzyme, has been identified as one of the key sources of ROS. Nox4, one of the seven members of Nox family (Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2), has been extensively investigated in recent years. Its unique structures result in the constitutive generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the main product. As a key oxygen sensor, Nox4-derived H2O2 plays diverse roles in cell proliferation, migration and death. Increased expression of Nox4 in cancer has been observed, which participates in metastasis, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Expression of Nox4 in endothelial cells actively mediated endothelial activation, dysfunction and injury, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and among others. This article explores the experimental studies related to the gene, structure, physiological function and pathological significance of Nox4. As Nox4 might serve as a potential target for the therapy of cardiovascular diseases and cancer, the Nox4 inhibitor is also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
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24
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Chuong Nguyen MV, Lardy B, Paclet MH, Rousset F, Berthier S, Baillet A, Grange L, Gaudin P, Morel F. [NADPH oxidases, Nox: new isoenzymes family]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:43-52. [PMID: 25658730 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases, Nox, are a family of isoenzymes, composed of seven members, whose sole function is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although Nox catalyze the same enzymatic reaction, they acquired from a common ancestor during evolution, specificities related to their tissue expression, subcellular localization, activation mechanisms and regulation. Their functions could vary depending on the pathophysiological state of the tissues. Indeed, ROS are not only bactericidal weapons in phagocytes but also essential cellular signaling molecules and their overproduction is involved in chronic diseases and diseases of aging. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the function of Nox and the emergence of Nox inhibitors, require a thorough knowledge of their nature and structure. The objectives of this review are to highlight, in a structure/function approach, the main similar and differentiated properties shared by the human Nox isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Vu Chuong Nguyen
- GREPI (groupe de recherche et d'étude du processus inflammatoire), université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France EFS Rhône-Alpes, 29, avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Bernard Lardy
- GREPI (groupe de recherche et d'étude du processus inflammatoire), université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France EFS Rhône-Alpes, 29, avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France - DBTP (département de biochimie, toxicologie et pharmacologie), institut de biologie et pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Paclet
- GREPI (groupe de recherche et d'étude du processus inflammatoire), université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France EFS Rhône-Alpes, 29, avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France - DBTP (département de biochimie, toxicologie et pharmacologie), institut de biologie et pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, France
| | - Francis Rousset
- GREPI (groupe de recherche et d'étude du processus inflammatoire), université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France EFS Rhône-Alpes, 29, avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Sylvie Berthier
- GREPI (groupe de recherche et d'étude du processus inflammatoire), université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France EFS Rhône-Alpes, 29, avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Athan Baillet
- GREPI (groupe de recherche et d'étude du processus inflammatoire), université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France EFS Rhône-Alpes, 29, avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France - Clinique universitaire de rhumatologie, Hôpital Sud, CHU de Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Grange
- GREPI (groupe de recherche et d'étude du processus inflammatoire), université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France EFS Rhône-Alpes, 29, avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France - Clinique universitaire de rhumatologie, Hôpital Sud, CHU de Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Gaudin
- GREPI (groupe de recherche et d'étude du processus inflammatoire), université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France EFS Rhône-Alpes, 29, avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France - Clinique universitaire de rhumatologie, Hôpital Sud, CHU de Grenoble, France
| | - Françoise Morel
- GREPI (groupe de recherche et d'étude du processus inflammatoire), université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France EFS Rhône-Alpes, 29, avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
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Brandes RP, Weissmann N, Schröder K. Nox family NADPH oxidases: Molecular mechanisms of activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:208-26. [PMID: 25157786 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Numerous homologue-specific mechanisms control the activity of this enzyme family involving calcium, free fatty acids, protein-protein interactions, intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, or sumoylation. After a brief review on the classic pathways of Nox activation, this article will focus on novel mechanisms of homologue-specific activity control and on cell-specific aspects which govern Nox activity. From these findings of the recent years it must be concluded that the activity control of Nox enzymes is much more complex than anticipated. Moreover, depending on the cellular activity state, Nox enzymes are selectively activated or inactivated. The complex upstream signaling aspects of these events make the development of "intelligent" Nox inhibitors plausible, which selectively attenuate disease-related Nox-mediated ROS formation without altering physiological signaling ROS. This approach might be of relevance for Nox-mediated tissue injury in ischemia-reperfusion and inflammation and also for chronic Nox overactivation as present in cancer initiation and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- ECCPS, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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26
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Choi J, Corder NLB, Koduru B, Wang Y. Oxidative stress and hepatic Nox proteins in chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:267-84. [PMID: 24816297 PMCID: PMC4099059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major etiologic agent of HCC. A majority of HCV infections lead to chronic infection that can progress to cirrhosis and, eventually, HCC and liver failure. A common pathogenic feature present in HCV infection, and other conditions leading to HCC, is oxidative stress. HCV directly increases superoxide and H2O2 formation in hepatocytes by elevating Nox protein expression and sensitizing mitochondria to reactive oxygen species generation while decreasing glutathione. Nitric oxide synthesis and hepatic iron are also elevated. Furthermore, activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 of host immune cells is likely to exacerbate oxidative stress in HCV-infected patients. Key mechanisms of HCC include genome instability, epigenetic regulation, inflammation with chronic tissue injury and sustained cell proliferation, and modulation of cell growth and death. Oxidative stress, or Nox proteins, plays various roles in these mechanisms. Nox proteins also function in hepatic fibrosis, which commonly precedes HCC, and Nox4 elevation by HCV is mediated by transforming growth factor β. This review summarizes mechanisms of oncogenesis by HCV, highlighting the roles of oxidative stress and hepatic Nox enzymes in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Choi
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Nicole L B Corder
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Bhargav Koduru
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yiyan Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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27
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Bernard K, Hecker L, Luckhardt TR, Cheng G, Thannickal VJ. NADPH oxidases in lung health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2838-53. [PMID: 24093231 PMCID: PMC4026303 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The evolution of the lungs and circulatory systems in vertebrates ensured the availability of molecular oxygen (O2; dioxygen) for aerobic cellular metabolism of internal organs in large animals. O2 serves as the physiologic terminal acceptor of mitochondrial electron transfer and of the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of oxidoreductases to generate primarily water and reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. RECENT ADVANCES The purposeful generation of ROS by Nox family enzymes suggests important roles in normal physiology and adaptation, most notably in host defense against invading pathogens and in cellular signaling. CRITICAL ISSUES However, there is emerging evidence that, in the context of chronic stress and/or aging, Nox enzymes contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of lung diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Here, we review evolving functions of Nox enzymes in normal lung physiology and emerging pathophysiologic roles in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bernard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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28
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Bai G, Hock TD, Logsdon N, Zhou Y, Thannickal VJ. A far-upstream AP-1/Smad binding box regulates human NOX4 promoter activation by transforming growth factor-β. Gene 2014; 540:62-7. [PMID: 24560583 PMCID: PMC4009368 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is a member of the NADPH oxidase gene family that regulates cellular differentiation, innate immunity and tissue fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) is known to induce expression of NOX4 mRNA in mesenchymal cells. However, the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of NOX4 are not well understood. In this study, we examined the transcriptional regulation of NOX4 in human lung fibroblasts by TGF-β1. Five promoter-reporter constructs containing DNA fragments of 0.74kb, 1.35kb, 1.84kb, 3.97kb and 4.76kb upstream from the transcriptional start site (TSS) of the human NOX4 gene were generated and their relative responsiveness to TGF-β1 analyzed. TGF-β1-induced NOX4 gene promoter activation requires a region between -3.97kb and -4.76kb. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a 15bp AP-1/Smad binding element in this region. Mutation or deletion of either the AP-1 or the Smad element attenuated TGF-β1 responsiveness of the -4.76kb NOX4 promoter. Furthermore, insertion of this AP-1/Smad box conferred TGF-β1 inducibility to the non-responsive -3.97kb NOX4 promoter construct. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that phospho-Smad3 and cJun associate with this element in a TGF-β1-inducible manner. These results demonstrate that the AP-1/Smad box located between 3.97kb and 4.76kb upstream of the TSS site of the NOX4 promoter is essential for NOX4 gene transcription induced by TGF-β1 in human lung fibroblasts. Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of NOX4 gene expression, informing novel therapeutic approaches to interfere with upregulation of NOX4 in diseases characterized by activation of the TGF-β1/NOX4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxing Bai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Thomas D Hock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Naomi Logsdon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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29
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Woolley JF, Corcoran A, Groeger G, Landry WD, Cotter TG. Redox-regulated growth factor survival signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013. [PMID: 23198948 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Once the thought of as unwanted byproducts of cellular respiration in eukaryotes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to facilitate essential physiological roles. It is now understood that ROS are critical mediators of intracellular signaling. Control of signal transduction downstream of growth factor receptors by ROS is a complex process whose details are only recently coming to light. RECENT ADVANCES Indeed, recent evidence points to control of signal propagation by ROS at multiple levels in the typical cascade. Growth factor stimulation activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Noxs) at the membrane, producing superoxide in the extracellular matrix, which is catalyzed to the membrane-permeable hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that mediates intracellular signaling events. CRITICAL ISSUES The potential for H2O2, however, to disrupt cellular functions by damaging proteins and nucleic acids demands that its levels are kept in check by receptor-associated peroxiredoxins. This interplay of Nox and peroxiredoxin activity moderates levels of H2O2 sufficiently to modify signaling partners locally. Among the best studied of these partners are redox-controlled phosphatases that are inactivated by H2O2. Phosphatases regulate signal propagation downstream of receptors, and thus their inactivation allows a further level of control. Transmission of information further downstream to targets such as transcription factors, themselves regulated by ROS, completes this pathway. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Thus, signal propagation or attenuation can be dictated by ROS at multiple points. Given the complex nature of these processes, we envisage the emerging trends in the field of redox signaling in the context of growth factor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Woolley
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Bioscience Research Institute, University College , Cork, Ireland
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30
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Vázquez-Medina JP, Popovich I, Thorwald MA, Viscarra JA, Rodriguez R, Sonanez-Organis JG, Lam L, Peti-Peterdi J, Nakano D, Nishiyama A, Ortiz RM. Angiotensin receptor-mediated oxidative stress is associated with impaired cardiac redox signaling and mitochondrial function in insulin-resistant rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H599-607. [PMID: 23771688 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00101.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Activation of angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) contributes to NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived oxidative stress during metabolic syndrome. However, the specific role of AT1 in modulating redox signaling, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress in the heart remains more elusive. To test the hypothesis that AT1 activation increases oxidative stress while impairing redox signaling and mitochondrial function in the heart during diet-induced insulin resistance in obese animals, Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (n = 8/group) were treated with the AT1 blocker (ARB) olmesartan for 6 wk. Cardiac Nox2 protein expression increased 40% in OLETF compared with age-matched, lean, strain-control Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats, while mRNA and protein expression of the H₂O₂-producing Nox4 increased 40-100%. ARB treatment prevented the increase in Nox2 without altering Nox4. ARB treatment also normalized the increased levels of protein and lipid oxidation (nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal) and increased the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 by 30% and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPx) by 50-70%. Citrate synthase (CS) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities decreased 60-70%, whereas cardiac succinate levels decreased 35% in OLETF compared with LETO, suggesting that mitochondrial function in the heart is impaired during obesity-induced insulin resistance. ARB treatment normalized CS and SDH activities, as well as succinate levels, while increasing AMPK and normalizing Akt, suggesting that AT1 activation also impairs cellular metabolism in the diabetic heart. These data suggest that the cardiovascular complications associated with metabolic syndrome may result from AT1 receptor-mediated Nox2 activation leading to impaired redox signaling, mitochondrial activity, and dysregulation of cellular metabolism in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pablo Vázquez-Medina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California
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31
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Nikiforova AB, Fadeev RS, Kruglov AG. Rapid fluorescent visualization of multiple NAD(P)H oxidoreductases in homogenate, permeabilized cells, and tissue slices. Anal Biochem 2013; 440:189-96. [PMID: 23747529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular NAD(P)H oxidoreductases are a class of diverse enzymes that are the key players in a number of vital processes. The method we present and validate here is based on the ability of many NAD(P)H oxidoreductases to reduce the superoxide probe lucigenin, which is structurally similar to flavins, to its highly fluorescent water-insoluble derivative dimethylbiacridene. Two modifications of the method are proposed: (i) an express method for tissue homogenate and permeabilized cells in suspensions and (ii) a standard procedure for cells in culture and acute thin tissue slices. The method allows one to assess, visualize, and localize, using fluorescent markers of cellular compartments, multiple NADH and NADPH oxidoreductase activities. The application of selective inhibitors (e.g., VAS2870, a NOX2 inhibitor; plumbagin, a NOX4 inhibitor) allows one to distinguish and compare specific NAD(P)H oxidoreductase activities in cells and tissues and to attribute them to known enzymes. The method is simple, rapid, and flexible. It can be easily adapted to a variety of tasks. It will be useful for investigations of the role of various NAD(P)H oxidoreductases in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Nikiforova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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32
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Nauseef WM. Detection of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by cellular NADPH oxidases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:757-67. [PMID: 23660153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent recognition that isoforms of the cellular NADPH-dependent oxidases, collectively known as the NOX protein family, participate in a wide range of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in both the animal and plant kingdoms has stimulated interest in the identification, localization, and quantitation of their products in biological settings. Although several tools for measuring oxidants released extracellularly are available, the specificity and selectivity of the methods for reliable analysis of intracellular oxidants have not matched the enthusiasm for studying NOX proteins. SCOPE OF REVIEW Focusing exclusively on superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide produced by NOX proteins, this review describes the ideal probe for analysis of O2(-) and H2O2 generated extracellularly and intracellularly by NOX proteins. An overview of the components, organization, and topology of NOX proteins provides a rationale for applying specific probes for use and a context in which to interpret results and thereby construct plausible models linking NOX-derived oxidants to biological responses. The merits and shortcomings of methods currently in use to assess NOX activity are highlighted, and those assays that provide quantitation of superoxide or H2O2 are contrasted with those intended to examine spatial and temporal aspects of NOX activity. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Although interest in measuring the extracellular and intracellular products of the NOX protein family is great, robust analytical probes are limited. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The widespread involvement of NOX proteins in many biological processes requires rigorous approaches to the detection, localization, and quantitation of the oxidants produced. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA.
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Vázquez-Medina JP, Soñanez-Organis JG, Rodriguez R, Viscarra JA, Nishiyama A, Crocker DE, Ortiz RM. Prolonged fasting activates Nrf2 in post-weaned elephant seals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:2870-8. [PMID: 23619404 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elephant seals naturally experience prolonged periods of absolute food and water deprivation (fasting). In humans, rats and mice, prolonged food deprivation activates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and increases oxidative damage. In elephant seals, prolonged fasting activates RAS without increasing oxidative damage likely due to an increase in antioxidant defenses. The mechanism leading to the upregulation of antioxidant defenses during prolonged fasting remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated whether prolonged fasting activates the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, which controls the expression of antioxidant genes, and if such activation is potentially mediated by systemic increases in RAS. Blood and skeletal muscle samples were collected from seals fasting for 1, 3, 5 and 7 weeks. Nrf2 activity and nuclear content increased by 76% and 167% at week 7. Plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) were 5000% and 250% higher at week 7 than at week 1. Phosphorylation of Smad2, an effector of Ang II and TGF signaling, increased by 120% at week 7 and by 84% in response to intravenously infused Ang II. NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) mRNA expression, which is controlled by smad proteins, increased 430% at week 7, while Nox4 protein expression, which can activate Nrf2, was 170% higher at week 7 than at week 1. These results demonstrate that prolonged fasting activates Nrf2 in elephant seals and that RAS stimulation can potentially result in increased Nox4 through Smad phosphorylation. The results also suggest that Nox4 is essential to sustain the hormetic adaptive response to oxidative stress in fasting seals.
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Strategies Aimed at Nox4 Oxidase Inhibition Employing Peptides from Nox4 B-Loop and C-Terminus and p22 (phox) N-Terminus: An Elusive Target. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:842827. [PMID: 23606947 PMCID: PMC3626398 DOI: 10.1155/2013/842827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is the most abundant Nox isoform in systemic vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, its function in the vascular tissue is not entirely known. The literature describes a pathophysiological role for Nox4 in cardiovascular disease; however, some studies have reported that it has a protective role. To date, specific Nox4 inhibitors are not available; hence, the development of a pharmacologic tool to assess Nox4's pathophysiological role garners intense interest. In this study, we selected peptides corresponding to regions in the Nox4 oxidase complex critical to holoenzyme activity and postulated their utility as specific competitive inhibitors. Previous studies in our laboratory yielded selective inhibition of Nox2 using this strategy. We postulated that peptides mimicking the Nox4 B-loop and C-terminus and regions on p22phox inhibit Nox4 activity. To test our hypothesis, the inhibitory activity of Nox4 B-loop and C-terminal peptides as well as N-terminal p22phox peptides was assessed in a reconstituted Nox4 system. Our findings demonstrate that Nox4 inhibition is not achieved by preincubation with this comprehensive array of peptides derived from previously identified active regions. These findings suggest that Nox4 exists in a tightly assembled and active conformation which, unlike other Noxes, cannot be disrupted by conventional means.
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35
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Corcoran A, Cotter TG. Redox regulation of protein kinases. FEBS J 2013; 280:1944-65. [PMID: 23461806 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been long regarded as by-products of a cascade of reactions stemming from cellular oxygen metabolism, which, if they accumulate to toxic levels, can have detrimental effects on cellular biomolecules. However, more recently, the recognition of ROS as mediators of cellular communications has led to their classification as signalling mediators in their own right. The prototypic redox-regulated targets downstream of ROS are the protein tyrosine phosphatases, and the wealth of research that has focused on this area has come to shape our understanding of how redox-signalling contributes to and facilitates protein tyrosine phosphorylation signalling cascades. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that there is more to this system than simply the negative regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Identification of redox-sensitive kinases such as Src led to the slow emergence of a role for redox regulation of tyrosine kinases. A flow of evidence, which has increased exponentially in recent times as a result of the development of new methods for the detection of oxidative modifications, demonstrates that, by concurrent oxidative activation of tyrosine kinases, ROS fine tune the duration and amplification of the phosphorylation signal. A more thorough understanding of the complex regulatory mechanism of redox-modification will allow targeting of both the production of ROS and their downstream effectors for therapeutic purposes. The present review assesses the most relevant recent literature that demonstrates a role for kinase regulation by oxidation, highlights the most significant findings and proposes future directions for this crucial area of redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Corcoran
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
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36
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Chen F, Yu Y, Qian J, Wang Y, Cheng B, Dimitropoulou C, Patel V, Chadli A, Rudic RD, Stepp DW, Catravas JD, Fulton DJR. Opposing actions of heat shock protein 90 and 70 regulate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase stability and reactive oxygen species production. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2989-99. [PMID: 23023377 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive reactive oxygen species contribute to vascular dysfunction. We have previously shown that heat shock protein (Hsp90) inhibitors potently suppress Nox 1 to 3 and 5, and the goals of this study were to identify how molecular chaperones regulate Nox function. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro, protein expression of Nox 1 to 2, 5 was decreased by Hsp90 inhibitors in multiple cell types (human pulmonary artery endothelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and human saphenous vein). In mice treated with Hsp90 inhibitors, Nox1 expression was reduced in lung along with reduced reactive oxygen species from leukocytes. Elevated reactive oxygen species production in obese (db/db) aorta was suppressed by Hsp90 inhibition. Hsp90 inhibitors did not alter Nox5 micro RNA levels, and proteasome inhibition prevented Nox2 and 5 protein degradation and increased ubiquitin incorporation. Inhibition of Hsp90 upregulated the expression of Hsp70 and Hsp70-bound Nox2, 5 and promoted degradation. Silencing Hsp70 prevented Hsp90 inhibitor-mediated degradation of Nox5. The Hsp70-regulated ubiquitin ligase, carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP), also bound Nox5 and promoted increased Nox5 ubiquitination and degradation. The chaperone binding and ubiquitination domains of CHIP were required, and the silencing of CHIP blunted Hsp90 inhibitor-mediated degradation of Nox2 and 5. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Hsp90 binds to and regulates Nox protein stability. These actions are opposed by Hsp70 and CHIP, which promote the ubiquitination and degradation of Nox proteins and reduce reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Altenhöfer S, Kleikers PWM, Radermacher KA, Scheurer P, Rob Hermans JJ, Schiffers P, Ho H, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. The NOX toolbox: validating the role of NADPH oxidases in physiology and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2327-43. [PMID: 22648375 PMCID: PMC3383958 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cellular signals but also disease triggers; their relative excess (oxidative stress) or shortage (reductive stress) compared to reducing equivalents are potentially deleterious. This may explain why antioxidants fail to combat diseases that correlate with oxidative stress. Instead, targeting of disease-relevant enzymatic ROS sources that leaves physiological ROS signaling unaffected may be more beneficial. NADPH oxidases are the only known enzyme family with the sole function to produce ROS. Of the catalytic NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX), NOX4 is the most widely distributed isoform. We provide here a critical review of the currently available experimental tools to assess the role of NOX and especially NOX4, i.e. knock-out mice, siRNAs, antibodies, and pharmacological inhibitors. We then focus on the characterization of the small molecule NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS2870, in vitro and in vivo, its specificity, selectivity, and possible mechanism of action. Finally, we discuss the validation of NOX4 as a potential therapeutic target for indications including stroke, heart failure, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela W. M. Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A. Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - J. J. Rob Hermans
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Schiffers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Ho
- National Stroke Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harald H. H. W. Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Gao HM, Zhou H, Hong JS. NADPH oxidases: novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:295-303. [PMID: 22503440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key pathologic factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases (AD, PD). The failure of free-radical-scavenging antioxidants in clinical trials pinpoints an urgent need to identify and to block major sources of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. As a major superoxide-producing enzyme complex in activated phagocytes, phagocyte NADPH oxidase (PHOX) is essential for host defense. However, recent preclinical evidence has underscored a pivotal role of overactivated PHOX in chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Deficiency in PHOX subunits mitigates neuronal damage induced by diverse insults/stresses relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. More importantly, suppression of PHOX activity correlates with reduced neuronal impairment in models of neurodegenerative diseases. The discovery of PHOX and non-phagocyte NADPH oxidases in astroglia and neurons further reinforces the crucial role of NADPH oxidases in oxidative stress-mediated chronic neurodegeneration. Thus, proper modulation of NADPH oxidase activity might hold therapeutic potential for currently incurable neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Gao
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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