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Xiao Z, Wang X, Pan X, Xie J, Xu H. Mitochondrial iron dyshomeostasis and its potential as a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114614. [PMID: 38007207 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal iron accumulation has been implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Understanding how iron damages dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD is particularly important for developing targeted neurotherapeutic strategies for the disease. However, it is still not fully understood how excess iron contributes to the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. There has been increased attention on mitochondrial iron dyshomeostasis, iron-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in PD. Therefore, this review begins with a brief introduction to describe cellular iron metabolism and the dysregulation of iron metabolism in PD. Then we provide an update on how iron is delivered to mitochondria and induces the damage of dopaminergic neurons in PD. In addition, we also summarize new research progress on iron-dependent ferroptosis in PD and mitochondria-localized proteins involved in ferroptosis. This will provide new insight into potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial iron dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuening Pan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Huamin Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Josifovska S, Panov S, Hadzi-Petrushev N, Mitrokhin V, Kamkin A, Stojchevski R, Avtanski D, Mladenov M. Positive Tetrahydrocurcumin-Associated Brain-Related Metabolomic Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093734. [PMID: 37175144 PMCID: PMC10179939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a metabolite of curcumin (CUR). It shares many of CUR's beneficial biological activities in addition to being more water-soluble, chemically stable, and bioavailable compared to CUR. However, its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. This paper addresses the preventive role of THC on various brain dysfunctions as well as its effects on brain redox processes, traumatic brain injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease in various animal or cell culture models. In addition to its strong antioxidant properties, the effects of THC on the reduction of amyloid β aggregates are also well documented. The therapeutic potential of THC to treat patterns of mitochondrial brain dysmorphic dysfunction is also addressed and thoroughly reviewed, as is evidence from experimental studies about the mechanism of mitochondrial failure during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. THC treatment also results in a dose-dependent decrease in ERK-mediated phosphorylation of GRASP65, which prevents further compartmentalization of the Golgi apparatus. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is possibly the most involved mechanism in the anti-apoptotic effect of THC. Overall, studies in various animal models of different brain disorders suggest that THC can be used as a dietary supplement to protect against traumatic brain injury and even improve brain function in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We suggest further preclinical studies be conducted to demonstrate the brain-protective, anti-amyloid, and anti-Parkinson effects of THC. Application of the methods used in the currently reviewed studies would be useful and should help define doses and methods of THC administration in different disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Josifovska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sasho Panov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Vadim Mitrokhin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Radoslav Stojchevski
- Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Dimiter Avtanski
- Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Mitko Mladenov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Yi M, Li J, Jian S, Li B, Huang Z, Shu L, Zhang Y. Quantitative and causal analysis for inflammatory genes and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119315. [PMID: 36926335 PMCID: PMC10011457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dysfunction of immune system and inflammation contribute to the Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Cytokines, oxidative stress, neurotoxin and metabolism associated enzymes participate in neuroinflammation in PD and the genes involved in them have been reported to be associated with the risk of PD. In our study, we performed a quantitative and causal analysis of the relationship between inflammatory genes and PD risk. Methods Standard process was performed for quantitative analysis. Allele model (AM) was used as primary outcome analysis and dominant model (DM) and recessive model (RM) were applied to do the secondary analysis. Then, for those genes significantly associated with the risk of PD, we used the published GWAS summary statistics for Mendelian Randomization (MR) to test the causal analysis between them. Results We included 36 variants in 18 genes for final pooled analysis. As a result, IL-6 rs1800795, TNF-α rs1799964, PON1 rs854560, CYP2D6 rs3892097, HLA-DRB rs660895, BST1 rs11931532, CCDC62 rs12817488 polymorphisms were associated with the risk of PD statistically with the ORs ranged from 0.66 to 3.19 while variants in IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, MnSOD, NFE2L2, CYP2E1, NOS1, NAT2, ABCB1, HFE and MTHFR were not related to the risk of PD. Besides, we observed that increasing ADP-ribosyl cyclase (coded by BST1) had causal effect on higher PD risk (OR[95%CI] =1.16[1.10-1.22]) while PON1(coded by PON1) shown probably protective effect on PD risk (OR[95%CI] =0.81[0.66-0.99]). Conclusion Several polymorphisms from inflammatory genes of IL-6, TNF-α, PON1, CYP2D6, HLA-DRB, BST1, CCDC62 were statistically associated with the susceptibility of PD, and with evidence of causal relationships for ADP-ribosyl cyclase and PON1 on PD risk, which may help understand the mechanisms and pathways underlying PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Yi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shijie Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Binbin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zini Huang
- Bangor College, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Shu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Birth Defect Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang XL, Feng ST, Wang YT, Zhang NN, Guo ZY, Yan X, Yuan YH, Wang ZZ, Chen NH, Zhang Y. Mangiferin, a natural glucoxilxanthone, inhibits mitochondrial dynamin-related protein 1 and relieves aberrant mitophagic proteins in mice model of Parkinson's disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154281. [PMID: 35752080 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease featured to mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is an important regulator of mitochondrial fission and subsequent mitophagy. Mangiferin (MGF) is a glucosyl xanthone mainly derived from Mangifera indica L., possessing multifaceted properties, e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enhancement of cognitive ability. Besides, it can cross the blood-brain barrier, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect. However, so far, MGF's effect in balancing mitochondrial homeostasis via regulation of Drp1 level and mitophagic pathway in PD remains rarely reported. PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of MGF against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD and examine the possible mechanisms. METHODS We utilized C57BL/6 mice exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP); Behavioral parameters, containing the open field test, balance beam, pole test, and rotarod test, assessed the locomotor activity; immunohistochemistry assessed the number of TH-positive neurons; transmission electron microscopy detected ultrastructural mitochondrial morphology in the dopaminergic neuron; complex I enzymatic activity microplate assay kit measured the mitochondrial complex I activity; ATP determination kit measured ATP levels in mitochondria isolated from cells or striatal tissues; western blot measured the levels of Drp1 and mitophagic proteins. RESULTS We observed that MGF could mitigate motor deficiency and improve the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra of MPTP-induced PD mice. Furthermore, MGF not only ameliorated mitochondrial ultrastructure, but also improved mitochondrial ATP content. Within mitochondria, MGF could reduce Drp1 expression and reverse the expressions of mitophagic proteins, including PINK1, Parkin, NIX, BNIP3, FUNDC1, and p62. CONCLUSION Present study indicates that MGF benefits mitochondrial networks by recovering mitochondrial ultrastructure and ATP contents, reducing mitochondrial Drp1, and modulating mitophagic proteins in the MPTP-induced PD mice model, which revealed a novel acting mechanism of MGF in PD's treatment.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/therapeutic use
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopaminergic Neurons
- Dynamins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Parkinson Disease/drug therapy
- Parkinson Disease/metabolism
- Xanthones/pharmacology
- Xanthones/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Le Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Si-Tong Feng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian-Nong-Tan Street, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian-Nong-Tan Street, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian-Nong-Tan Street, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian-Nong-Tan Street, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian-Nong-Tan Street, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing 102488, China.
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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Mechanistic Insights Expatiating the Redox-Active-Metal-Mediated Neuronal Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020678. [PMID: 35054862 PMCID: PMC8776156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complicated and incapacitating neurodegenerative malady that emanates following the dopaminergic (DArgic) nerve cell deprivation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). The etiopathogenesis of PD is still abstruse. Howbeit, PD is hypothesized to be precipitated by an amalgamation of genetic mutations and exposure to environmental toxins. The aggregation of α-synucelin within the Lewy bodies (LBs), escalated oxidative stress (OS), autophagy-lysosome system impairment, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) impairment, mitochondrial abnormality, programmed cell death, and neuroinflammation are regarded as imperative events that actively participate in PD pathogenesis. The central nervous system (CNS) relies heavily on redox-active metals, particularly iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), in order to modulate pivotal operations, for instance, myelin generation, synthesis of neurotransmitters, synaptic signaling, and conveyance of oxygen (O2). The duo, namely, Fe and Cu, following their inordinate exposure, are viable of permeating across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and moving inside the brain, thereby culminating in the escalated OS (through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-reliant pathway), α-synuclein aggregation within the LBs, and lipid peroxidation, which consequently results in the destruction of DArgic nerve cells and facilitates PD emanation. This review delineates the metabolism of Fe and Cu in the CNS, their role and disrupted balance in PD. An in-depth investigation was carried out by utilizing the existing publications obtained from prestigious medical databases employing particular keywords mentioned in the current paper. Moreover, we also focus on decoding the role of metal complexes and chelators in PD treatment. Conclusively, metal chelators hold the aptitude to elicit the scavenging of mobile/fluctuating metal ions, which in turn culminates in the suppression of ROS generation, and thereby prelude the evolution of PD.
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Li B, Yang S, Ye J, Chu S, Chen N, An Z. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 deficiency promotes neuroinflammation in dopaminergic neurons in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136222. [PMID: 34500002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates an association between flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) and neurodegeneration, including Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the details of this association are unclear. We previously showed that the level of Fmo1 mRNA is decreased in an in vitro rotenone model of parkinsonism. To further explore the potential involvement of FMO1 deficiency in parkinsonism, we generated Fmo1 knockout (KO) mice and examined the survival of dopaminergic neurons and relative changes. Fmo1 KO mice exhibited loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, decreased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and Parkin proteins, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β and IL6) in the nigrostriatal region. Moreover, the protein levels of PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and p62, and the Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II/I ratio were not significantly altered in Fmo1 KO mice (P > 0.05). FMO1 deficiency promotes neuroinflammation in dopaminergic neurons in mice, thus may plays a potential pathological role in dopaminergic neuronal loss. These findings may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongtinan Road, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongtinan Road, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Junrui Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jia2 nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jia2 nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jia2 nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhuoling An
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongtinan Road, Beijing 100020, China.
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Behl T, Madaan P, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Chigurupati S, Alrashdi I, Bungau SG. Elucidating the Neuroprotective Role of PPARs in Parkinson's Disease: A Neoteric and Prospective Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10161. [PMID: 34576325 PMCID: PMC8467926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the utmost frequently emerging neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) must be comprehended through the forfeit of dopamine (DA)-generating nerve cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). The etiology and pathogenesis underlying the emergence of PD is still obscure. However, expanding corroboration encourages the involvement of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of PD. The destruction of numerous cellular components, namely oxidative stress, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction, autophagy-lysosome system dysfunction, neuroinflammation and programmed cell death, and mitochondrial dysfunction partake in the pathogenesis of PD. Present-day pharmacotherapy can alleviate the manifestations, but no therapy has been demonstrated to cease disease progression. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-directed transcription factors pertaining to the class of nuclear hormone receptors (NHR), and are implicated in the modulation of mitochondrial operation, inflammation, wound healing, redox equilibrium, and metabolism of blood sugar and lipids. Numerous PPAR agonists have been recognized to safeguard nerve cells from oxidative destruction, inflammation, and programmed cell death in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, various investigations suggest that regular administration of PPAR-activating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (ibuprofen, indomethacin), and leukotriene receptor antagonists (montelukast) were related to the de-escalated evolution of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review elucidates the emerging evidence enlightening the neuroprotective outcomes of PPAR agonists in in vivo and in vitro models experiencing PD. Existing articles up to the present were procured through PubMed, MEDLINE, etc., utilizing specific keywords spotlighted in this review. Furthermore, the authors aim to provide insight into the neuroprotective actions of PPAR agonists by outlining the pharmacological mechanism. As a conclusion, PPAR agonists exhibit neuroprotection through modulating the expression of a group of genes implicated in cellular survival pathways, and may be a propitious target in the therapy of incapacitating neurodegenerative diseases like PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Piyush Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz 616, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz 616, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim Alrashdi
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Mantas I, Vallianatou T, Yang Y, Shariatgorji M, Kalomoiri M, Fridjonsdottir E, Millan MJ, Zhang X, Andrén PE, Svenningsson P. TAAR1-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Tyramine in Interaction With Glutamate Underlie Central Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:16-27. [PMID: 33579534 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) exert therapeutic actions by elevating extracellular levels of monoamines in the brain. Irreversible MAOIs cause serious hypertensive crises owing to peripheral accumulation of tyramine, but the role of tyramine in the central effects of MAOIs remains elusive, an issue addressed herein. To achieve robust inhibition of MAOA/B, the clinically used antidepressant tranylcypromine (TCP) was employed. METHODS Behavioral, histological, mass spectrometry imaging, and biosensor-mediated measures of glutamate were conducted with MAOIs in wild-type and TAAR1-knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS Both antidepressant and locomotion responses to TCP were enhanced in TAAR1-KO mice. A recently developed fluoromethylpyridinium-based mass spectrometry imaging method revealed robust accumulation of striatal tyramine on TCP administration. Furthermore, tyramine accumulation was higher in TAAR1-KO versus wild-type mice, suggesting a negative feedback mechanism for TAAR1 in sensing tyramine levels. Combined histoenzymological and immunohistological studies revealed hitherto unknown TAAR1 localization in brain areas projecting to the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. Using an enzyme-based biosensor technology, we found that both TCP and tyramine reduced glutamate release in the substantia nigra in wild-type but not in TAAR1-KO mice. Moreover, glutamate measures in freely moving animals treated with TCP demonstrated that TAAR1 prevents glutamate accumulation in the substantia nigra during hyperlocomotive states. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that tyramine, in interaction with glutamate, is involved in centrally mediated behavioral, transcriptional, and neurochemical effects of MAOIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mantas
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Theodosia Vallianatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yunting Yang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammadreza Shariatgorji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Kalomoiri
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elva Fridjonsdottir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation-CNS, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Paris, France
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per E Andrén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Inhibition of dynamin-related protein 1 ameliorates the mitochondrial ultrastructure via PINK1 and Parkin in the mice model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174262. [PMID: 34146589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of the nigrostriatal neurons. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a key regulator mediating mitochondrial fission and affecting mitophagy in neurons. It has been reported that the inhibition of Drp1 may be beneficial to PD. However, the role of Drp1 and mitophagy in PD remains elusive. Therefore, in this research, we investigated the role of Drp1 and the underlying mechanisms in the mice model of PD. We used the dynasore, a GTPase inhibitor, to inhibit the expression of Drp1. We found that inhibition of Drp1 could ameliorate the motor deficits and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the mice of the PD model. But Drp1 inhibition did not affect mitochondria number and morphological parameters. Moreover, suppression of Drp1 up-regulated the mitochondrial expressions of PINK1 and Parkin while not affected the expressions of NIX and BNIP3. Conclusively, our findings suggest that the inhibition of Drp1 ameliorated the mitochondrial ultrastructure at least via regulating PINK1 and Parkin in the mice of the PD model. This study also implicates that inhibition of Drp1 might impact mitophagy and recover mitochondrial homeostasis in PD.
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11
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Razali K, Othman N, Mohd Nasir MH, Doolaanea AA, Kumar J, Ibrahim WN, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Mohamed WMY. The Promise of the Zebrafish Model for Parkinson's Disease: Today's Science and Tomorrow's Treatment. Front Genet 2021; 12:655550. [PMID: 33936174 PMCID: PMC8082503 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.655550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly is Parkinson's disease (PD). Its etiology is unclear and there are no available disease-modifying medicines. Therefore, more evidence is required concerning its pathogenesis. The use of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is the basis of most animal models of PD. MPTP is metabolized by monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) to MPP + and induces the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in mammals. Zebrafish have been commonly used in developmental biology as a model organism, but owing to its perfect mix of properties, it is now emerging as a model for human diseases. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are cheap and easy to sustain, evolve rapidly, breed transparent embryos in large amounts, and are readily manipulated by different methods, particularly genetic ones. Furthermore, zebrafish are vertebrate species and mammalian findings obtained from zebrafish may be more applicable than those derived from genetic models of invertebrates such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. The resemblance cannot be taken for granted, however. The goal of the present review article is to highlight the promise of zebrafish as a PD animal model. As its aminergic structures, MPTP mode of action, and PINK1 roles mimic those of mammalians, zebrafish seems to be a viable model for studying PD. The roles of zebrafish MAO, however, vary from those of the two types of MAO present in mammals. The benefits unique to zebrafish, such as the ability to perform large-scale genetic or drug screens, should be exploited in future experiments utilizing zebrafish PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairiah Razali
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Noratikah Othman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir
- Central Research and Animal Facility (CREAM), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Abd Almonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Wael M. Y. Mohamed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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12
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Measurement of baseline locomotion and other behavioral traits in a common marmoset model of Parkinson's disease established by a single administration regimen of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: providing reference data for efficacious preclinical evaluations. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:45-60. [PMID: 31625972 PMCID: PMC6964884 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Baseline locomotion and behavioral traits in the common marmoset Parkinson's disease model were examined to provide basic information for preclinical evaluations of medical treatments. A single regimen of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine at a cumulative dose of 5 mg/kg as the free base over three consecutive days was administered subcutaneously to 10 marmosets. Data obtained from these marmosets were compared to pre-1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine levels or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine free marmosets. After the single regimen, reduced daily locomotion, a measure of immobility (a primary sign of Parkinsonism), was observed for more than a year. A moving tremor was also observed by visual inspection during this period. When apomorphine (0.13 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered, either right or left circling behavior was observed in a cylindrical chamber in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine marmosets, suggestive of unequal neural damage between the two brain hemispheres to different extents. MRI revealed that T1 relaxation time in the right substantia nigra correlated with right circling in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine marmosets. Histology was supportive of dopaminergic neural loss in the striatum. These results increase our understanding of the utility and limitations of the Parkinson's disease model in marmosets with a single 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine regimen, and provide reference data for efficacious preclinical evaluations.
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13
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An efficient neuron-astrocyte differentiation protocol from human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors to assess chemical-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:107-116. [PMID: 32931842 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell neuronal differentiation models provide promising in vitro tools for the prediction of developmental neurotoxicity of chemicals. Such models mimic essential elements of human relevant neuronal development, including the differentiation of a variety of brain cell types and their neuronal network formation as evidenced by specific gene and protein biomarkers. However, the reproducibility and lengthy culture duration of cell models present drawbacks and delay regulatory implementation. Here we present a relatively short and robust protocol to differentiate H9-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into a neuron-astrocyte co-culture. When frozen-stored NPCs were re-cultured and induced into neuron-astrocyte differentiation, they showed gene- and protein expression typical for these cells, and most notably they exhibited spontaneous electrical activity within three days of culture as measured by a multi-well micro-electrode array. Modulating the ratio of astrocytes and neurons through different growth factors including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) did not compromise the ability to develop spontaneous electrical activity. This robust neuronal differentiation model may serve as a functional component of a testing strategy for unravelling mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity.
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14
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β-Naphthoflavone and Ethanol Reverse Mitochondrial Dysfunction in A Parkinsonian Model of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113955. [PMID: 32486438 PMCID: PMC7312836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) is a parkinsonian-inducing toxin that promotes neurodegeneration of dopaminergic cells by directly targeting complex I of mitochondria. Recently, it was reported that some Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, such as CYP 2D6 or 2E1, may be involved in the development of this neurodegenerative disease. In order to study a possible role for CYP induction in neurorepair, we designed an in vitro model where undifferentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated with the CYP inducers β-naphthoflavone (βNF) and ethanol (EtOH) before and during exposure to the parkinsonian neurotoxin, MPP+. The toxic effect of MPP+ in cell viability was rescued with both βNF and EtOH treatments. We also report that this was due to a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, restoration of mitochondrial fusion kinetics, and mitochondrial membrane potential. These treatments also protected complex I activity against the inhibitory effects caused by MPP+, suggesting a possible neuroprotective role for CYP inducers. These results bring new insights into the possible role of CYP isoenzymes in xenobiotic clearance and central nervous system homeostasis.
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15
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Curcumin-Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Human Umbilical Cord and Their Effects on MPTP-Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease: A New Biological Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:4636397. [PMID: 32148518 PMCID: PMC7048946 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4636397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell activated by curcumin (hUC-MSCs-CUR) on Parkinson's disease (PD). hUC-MSCs can differentiate into many types of adult tissue cells including dopaminergic (DA) neurons. CUR could protect DA neurons from apoptosis induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Therefore, we used the hUC-MSCs activated by CUR for the treatment of PD in an animal model. Methods The hUC-MSCs-CUR was transplanted into the MPTP-induced PD mouse models via the tail vein. We found that hUC-MSCs-CUR significantly improved the motor ability, increased the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine (DA), and Bcl-2 levels, and reduced nitric oxide synthase, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3 expression in PD mice. The supernatant of hUC-MSCs-CUR (CM-CUR) was used to stimulate the SH-SY5Y cellular model of PD; cell proliferation, differentiation, TH, and neuronal-specific marker microtubular-associated protein 2 (MAP2) expressions were examined. Results Our data showed that CM-CUR significantly promoted cell proliferation and gradually increased TH and MAP2 expression in SH-SY5Y PD cells. The beneficial effects could be associated with significant increase of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the hUC-MSCs-CUR, which secretes many cytokines and growth factors beneficial for PD treatment. Conclusions Transplantation of hUC-MSCs-CUR could show promise for improving the motor recovery of PD.
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16
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Feng ST, Wang ZZ, Yuan YH, Wang XL, Sun HM, Chen NH, Zhang Y. Dynamin-related protein 1: A protein critical for mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, and neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2020; 151:104553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Chattopadhyay M, Chowdhury AR, Feng T, Assenmacher CA, Radaelli E, Guengerich FP, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrially targeted cytochrome P450 2D6 is involved in monomethylamine-induced neuronal damage in mouse models. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10336-10348. [PMID: 31113867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major human disease associated with degeneration of the central nervous system. Evidence suggests that several endogenously formed 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-mimicking chemicals that are metabolic conversion products, especially β-carbolines and isoquinolines, act as neurotoxins that induce PD or enhance progression of the disease. We have demonstrated previously that mitochondrially targeted human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), supported by mitochondrial adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase, can efficiently catalyze the conversion of MPTP to the toxic 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion. In this study, we show that the mitochondrially targeted CYP2D6 can efficiently catalyze MPTP-mimicking compounds, i.e. 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, and 9-methyl-norharmon, suspected to induce PD in humans. Our results reveal that activity and respiration in mouse brain mitochondrial complex I are significantly affected by these toxins in WT mice but remain unchanged in Cyp2d6 locus knockout mice, indicating a possible role of CYP2D6 in the metabolism of these compounds both in vivo and in vitro These metabolic effects were minimized in the presence of two CYP2D6 inhibitors, quinidine and ajmalicine. Neuro-2a cells stably expressing predominantly mitochondrially targeted CYP2D6 were more sensitive to toxin-mediated respiratory dysfunction and complex I inhibition than cells expressing predominantly endoplasmic reticulum-targeted CYP2D6. Exposure to these toxins also induced the autophagic marker Parkin and the mitochondrial fission marker Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) in differentiated neurons expressing mitochondrial CYP2D6. Our results show that monomethylamines are converted to their toxic cationic form by mitochondrially directed CYP2D6 and result in neuronal degradation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrittika Chattopadhyay
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Anindya Roy Chowdhury
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ting Feng
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- the Department of Pathobiology, MJR-VHUP, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- the Department of Pathobiology, MJR-VHUP, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,
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18
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Baez-Jurado E, Rincón-Benavides MA, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Guio-Vega G, Ashraf GM, Sahebkar A, Echeverria V, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Molecular mechanisms involved in the protective actions of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in brain cells. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:44-64. [PMID: 30223003 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic selective modulators of the estrogen receptors (SERMs) have shown to protect neurons and glial cells against toxic insults. Among the most relevant beneficial effects attributed to these compounds are the regulation of inflammation, attenuation of astrogliosis and microglial activation, prevention of excitotoxicity and as a consequence the reduction of neuronal cell death. Under pathological conditions, the mechanism of action of the SERMs involves the activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and G protein-coupled receptor for estrogens (GRP30). These receptors trigger neuroprotective responses such as increasing the expression of antioxidants and the activation of kinase-mediated survival signaling pathways. Despite the advances in the knowledge of the pathways activated by the SERMs, their mechanism of action is still not entirely clear, and there are several controversies. In this review, we focused on the molecular pathways activated by SERMs in brain cells, mainly astrocytes, as a response to treatment with raloxifene and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - M A Rincón-Benavides
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - O Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - V Echeverria
- Universidad San Sebastián, Fac. Cs de la Salud, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - G E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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19
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Wu KC, Lin CJ. The regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters by inflammation: Evidences in inflammatory diseases and age-related disorders. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 27:48-59. [PMID: 30648594 PMCID: PMC9298621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and membrane transporters play important roles in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes that determine the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Inflammation has been shown to regulate the expression and function of these drug-processing proteins. Given that inflammation is a common feature of many diseases, in this review, the general mechanisms for inflammation-mediated regulation of DMEs and transporters are described. Also, evidences regarding the aberrant expression of these drug-processing proteins in several inflammatory diseases and age-related disorders are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Caldwell KA, Thies JL, Caldwell GA. No Country for Old Worms: A Systematic Review of the Application of C. elegans to Investigate a Bacterial Source of Environmental Neurotoxicity in Parkinson's Disease. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8040070. [PMID: 30380609 PMCID: PMC6315381 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While progress has been made in discerning genetic associations with Parkinson's disease (PD), identifying elusive environmental contributors necessitates the application of unconventional hypotheses and experimental strategies. Here, we provide an overview of studies that we conducted on a neurotoxic metabolite produced by a species of common soil bacteria, Streptomyces venezuelae (S. ven), indicating that the toxicity displayed by this bacterium causes stress in diverse cellular mechanisms, such as the ubiquitin proteasome system and mitochondrial homeostasis. This dysfunction eventually leads to age and dose-dependent neurodegeneration in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Notably, dopaminergic neurons have heightened susceptibility, but all of the neuronal classes eventually degenerate following exposure. Toxicity further extends to human SH-SY5Y cells, which also degenerate following exposure. Additionally, the neurons of nematodes expressing heterologous aggregation-prone proteins display enhanced metabolite vulnerability. These mechanistic analyses collectively reveal a unique metabolomic fingerprint for this bacterially-derived neurotoxin. In considering that epidemiological distinctions in locales influence the incidence of PD, we surveyed soils from diverse regions of Alabama, and found that exposure to ~30% of isolated Streptomyces species caused worm dopaminergic neurons to die. In addition to aging, one of the few established contributors to PD appears to be a rural lifestyle, where exposure to soil on a regular basis might increase the risk of interaction with bacteria producing such toxins. Taken together, these data suggest that a novel toxicant within the Streptomyces genus might represent an environmental contributor to the progressive neurodegeneration that is associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Nathan Shock Center for Research on the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Thies
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Guy A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Nathan Shock Center for Research on the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Fernandez-Abascal J, Ripullone M, Valeri A, Leone C, Valoti M. β-Naphtoflavone and Ethanol Induce Cytochrome P450 and Protect towards MPP⁺ Toxicity in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113369. [PMID: 30373287 PMCID: PMC6274691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes vary their expression depending on the brain area, the cell type, and the presence of drugs. Some isoforms are involved in detoxification and/or toxic activation of xenobiotics in central nervous system. However, their role in brain metabolism and neurodegeneration is still a subject of debate. We have studied the inducibility of CYP isozymes in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, treated with β-naphtoflavone (β-NF) or ethanol (EtOH) as inducers, by qRT-PCR, Western blot (WB), and metabolic activity assays. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize the isoforms in mitochondria and/or endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed to study the role of CYPs during methylphenyl pyridine (MPP+) exposure. EtOH increased mRNA and protein levels of CYP2D6 by 73% and 60% respectively. Both β-NF and EtOH increased CYP2E1 mRNA (4- and 1.4-fold, respectively) and protein levels (64% both). The 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation and dextromethorphan O-demethylation was greater in treatment samples than in controls. Furthermore, both treatments increased by 22% and 18%, respectively, the cell viability in MPP+-treated cells. Finally, CYP2D6 localized at mitochondria and ER. These data indicate that CYP is inducible in SH-SY5Y cells and underline this in vitro system for studying the role of CYPs in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Fernandez-Abascal
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Mariantonia Ripullone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Aurora Valeri
- Molecular Horizon srl, Via Montelino 32, Bettona, 06084 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cosima Leone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Wang TS, Lin CP, Chen YP, Chao MR, Li CC, Liu KL. CYP450-mediated mitochondrial ROS production involved in arecoline N-oxide-induced oxidative damage in liver cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:1029-1038. [PMID: 29964313 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IARC has classified the betel nut as a human environmental carcinogen. Previous studies have found that arecoline (AR) is the major alkaloid present in the saliva of betel quid chewers. Saliva contains a large content of AR which has been further shown to cause mutation of oral mucosa cells, resulting in oral cancer. Whereas, to date, there are only few studies reported the hepatotoxicity associated with arecoline and betel nut chewing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of AR and its oxidative metabolite, arecoline N-oxide (ARNO), in normal liver cell lines. METHODS The cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects were detected by crystal violet staining, alkaline comet assay, and Salmonella mutagenicity test, respectively. Measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was determined using the H2-DCFDA assay. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that ARNO exerted higher cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and mutagenicity than its parent compound arecoline in liver cells. Antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine, Trolox, and penicillamine, strongly protected liver cells from ARNO-induced DNA damage and ROS production. Furthermore, co-treatment with Mito-TEMPO also effectively blocked ARNO-induced ROS production in liver cells. Besides antioxidants, co-treatment with 1-aminobenzotriazole and methimazole nearly completely suppressed ARNO-induced ROS production in liver cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that arecoline ingested from the habit of chewing betel quid can be primarily oxidized to ARNO, thereby enhancing its toxicity through increased ROS production. Considering the excellent protective effects of both mitochondria-targeted antioxidant and CYP450 inhibitor on ARNO-induced ROS production in liver cells, mitochondria CYP450-mediated metabolism of ARNO may be a key mechanism. Collectively, our results provide novel cellular evidence for the positive connection between habitual betel quid chewing and the risk for liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Shing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Li
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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δ-Opioid Receptor Activation Attenuates the Oligomer Formation Induced by Hypoxia and/or α-Synuclein Overexpression/Mutation Through Dual Signaling Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3463-3475. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Bahdoudi S, Ghouili I, Hmiden M, do Rego JL, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Chuquet J, do Rego JC, Marcher AB, Mandrup S, Vaudry H, Tonon MC, Amri M, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Vaudry D. Neuroprotective effects of the gliopeptide ODN in an in vivo model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2075-2091. [PMID: 29264673 PMCID: PMC11105203 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons through apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms. The octadecaneuropeptide (ODN) is a diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI)-derived peptide, expressed by astrocytes, which protects neurons against oxidative cell damages and apoptosis in an in vitro model of PD. The present study reveals that a single intracerebroventricular injection of 10 ng ODN 1 h after the last administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) prevented the degeneration of DA neurons induced by the toxin in the substantia nigra pars compacta of mice, 7 days after treatment. ODN-mediated neuroprotection was associated with a reduction of the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive reactive astrocytes and a strong inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as interleukins 1β and 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, ODN blocked the inhibition of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and the stimulation of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and caspase-3, induced by MPTP in the substantia nigra pars compacta. ODN also decreased or even in some cases abolished MPTP-induced oxidative damages, overproduction of reactive oxygen species and accumulation of lipid oxidation products in DA neurons. Furthermore, DBI knockout mice appeared to be more vulnerable than wild-type animals to MPTP neurotoxicity. Taken together, these results show that the gliopeptide ODN exerts a potent neuroprotective effect against MPTP-induced degeneration of nigrostriatal DA neurons in mice, through mechanisms involving downregulation of neuroinflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic processes. ODN may, thus, reduce neuronal damages in PD and other cerebral injuries involving oxidative neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Bahdoudi
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Science of Tunis, UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Ghouili
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Science of Tunis, UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mansour Hmiden
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Science of Tunis, UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Luc do Rego
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Behavioral Analysis Platform (SCAC), Normandy University, 76183, Rouen, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Julien Chuquet
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jean-Claude do Rego
- Behavioral Analysis Platform (SCAC), Normandy University, 76183, Rouen, France
| | - Ann-Britt Marcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Mohamed Amri
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Science of Tunis, UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Science of Tunis, UR/11ES09, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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Kim H, Perentis RJ, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA. Gene-by-environment interactions that disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis cause neurodegeneration in C. elegans Parkinson's models. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:555. [PMID: 29748634 PMCID: PMC5945629 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disorder where environmental factors interact with genetic susceptibility. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondria have a central role in the progression of neurodegeneration in sporadic and/or genetic forms of PD. We previously reported that exposure to a secondary metabolite from the soil bacterium, Streptomyces venezuelae, results in age- and dose-dependent dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans and human SH-SY5Y neurons. Initial characterization of this environmental factor indicated that neurodegeneration occurs through a combination of oxidative stress, mitochondrial complex I impairment, and proteostatic disruption. Here we present extended evidence to elucidate the interaction between this bacterial metabolite and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of DA neurodegeneration. We demonstrate that it causes a time-dependent increase in mitochondrial fragmentation through concomitant changes in the gene expression of mitochondrial fission and fusion components. In particular, the outer mitochondrial membrane fission and fusion genes, drp-1 (a dynamin-related GTPase) and fzo-1 (a mitofusin homolog), are up- and down-regulated, respectively. Additionally, eat-3, an inner mitochondrial membrane fusion component, an OPA1 homolog, is also down regulated. These changes are associated with a metabolite-induced decline in mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced DA neurodegeneration that is dependent on PINK-1 function. Genetic analysis also indicates an association between the cell death pathway and drp-1 following S. ven exposure. Metabolite-induced neurotoxicity can be suppressed by DA-neuron-specific RNAi knockdown of eat-3. AMPK activation by 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside (AICAR) ameliorated metabolite- or PINK-1-induced neurotoxicity; however, it enhanced neurotoxicity under normal conditions. These studies underscore the critical role of mitochondrial dynamics in DA neurodegeneration. Moreover, given the largely undefined environmental components of PD etiology, these results highlight a response to an environmental factor that defines distinct mechanisms underlying a potential contributor to the progressive DA neurodegeneration observed in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Rylee J Perentis
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Guy A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.,Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kim A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA. .,Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights recent advances in the investigation of genetic factors for antipsychotic response and side effects. RECENT FINDINGS Antipsychotics prescribed to treat psychotic symptoms are variable in efficacy and propensity for causing side effects. The major side effects include tardive dyskinesia, antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG), and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis (CIA). Several promising associations of polymorphisms in genes including HSPG2, CNR1, and DPP6 with tardive dyskinesia have been reported. In particular, a functional genetic polymorphism in SLC18A2, which is a target of recently approved tardive dyskinesia medication valbenazine, was associated with tardive dyskinesia. Similarly, several consistent findings primarily from genes modulating energy homeostasis have also been reported (e.g. MC4R, HTR2C). CIA has been consistently associated with polymorphisms in the HLA genes (HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B). The association findings between glutamate system genes and antipsychotic response require additional replications. SUMMARY The findings to date are promising and provide us a better understanding of the development of side effects and response to antipsychotics. However, more comprehensive investigations in large, well characterized samples will bring us closer to clinically actionable findings.
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Roles of Cytochrome P450 in Metabolism of Ethanol and Carcinogens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1032:15-35. [PMID: 30362088 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are involved in the metabolism of carcinogens, as well as drugs, steroids, vitamins, and other classes of chemicals. P450s also oxidize ethanol, in particular P450 2E1. P450 2E1 oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde and then to acetic acid, roles also played by alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. The role of P450 2E1 in cancer is complex in that P450 2E1 is also induced by ethanol, P450 2E1 is involved in the bioactivation and detoxication of a number of chemical carcinogens, and ethanol is an inhibitor of P450 2E1. Contrary to some literature, P450 2E1 expression and induction itself does not cause global oxidative stress in vivo, as demonstrated in studies using isoniazid treatment and gene deletion studies with rats and mice. However, a major fraction of P450 2E1 is localized in liver mitochondria instead of the endoplasmic reticulum, and studies with site-directed rat P450 2E1 mutants and natural human P450 2E1 N-terminal variants have shown that P450 2E1 localized in mitochondria is catalytically active and more proficient in producing reactive oxygen species and damage. The role of the mitochondrial oxidative stress in ethanol toxicity is still under investigation, as is the mechanism of altered electron transport to P450s that localize inside mitochondria instead of their typical endoplasmic reticulum environment.
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Ur Rasheed MS, Mishra AK, Singh MP. Cytochrome P450 2D6 and Parkinson's Disease: Polymorphism, Metabolic Role, Risk and Protection. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3353-3361. [PMID: 28871472 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 is one of the most highly active, oxidative and polymorphic enzymes known to metabolize Parkinsonian toxins and clinically established anti-Parkinson's disease (PD) drugs. Albeit CYP2D6 gene is not present in rodents, its orthologs perform almost the similar function with imprecise substrate and inhibitor specificity. CYP2D6 expression and catalytic activity are found to be regulated at every stage of the central dogma except replication as well as at the epigenetic level. CYP2D6 gene codes for a set of alternate splice variants that give rise to a range of enzymes possessing variable catalytic activity. Case-control studies, meta-analysis and systemic reviews covering CYP2D6 polymorphism and PD risk have demonstrated that poor metabolizer phenotype possesses a considerable genetic susceptibility. Besides, ultra-rapid metabolizer offers protection against the risk in some populations while lack of positive or inverse association is also reported in other inhabitants. CYP2D6 polymorphisms resulting into deviant protein products with differing catalytic activity could lead to inter-individual variations, which could be explained to certain extent on the basis of sample size, life style factors, food habits, ethnicity and tools used for statistical analysis across various studies. Current article describes the role played by polymorphic CYP2D6 in the metabolism of anti-PD drugs/Parkinsonian toxins and how polymorphisms determine PD risk or protection. Moreover, CYP2D6 orthologs and their roles in rodent models of Parkinsonism have also been mentioned. Finally, a perspective on inconsistency in the findings and futuristic relevance of CYP2D6 polymorphisms in disease diagnosis and treatment has also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sami Ur Rasheed
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.
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29
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Anwarullah, Aslam M, Badshah M, Abbasi R, Sultan A, Khan K, Ahmad N, von Engelhardt J. Further evidence for the association of CYP2D6*4 gene polymorphism with Parkinson's disease: a case control study. Genes Environ 2017; 39:18. [PMID: 28680508 PMCID: PMC5493842 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-017-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental risk factors play an important role for the susceptibility to sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). It was hypothesized that a splice variant of the CYP2D6 gene (CYP2D6*4 allele) is associated with PD because it alters the ability to metabolize toxins and in particular neurotoxins. CYP2D6 codes for the drug metabolizing enzyme debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase. The CYP2D6*4 variant results in an undetectable enzyme activity and consequently in a reduction in metabolism of some toxins. METHODS Some of agricultural chemicals have neurotoxic potential and CYP2D6 is involved in their detoxification. Thus, we conducted a case control study to investigate the association of the CYP2D6*4 with PD in a Pakistani subpopulation that is known to be exposed to high levels of some agricultural pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. RESULTS We found a significantly higher allele and genotype frequency of the CYP2D6*4 variant in 174 sporadic PD patients when compared to 200 controls. In addition, there was a trend to an earlier age of PD onset and a tremor dominant phenotype in CYP2D6*4 variant carriers. CONCLUSION Our data provide further evidence that a poor metabolizer status may increase the risk to develop PD especially in populations that are exposed to environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarullah
- Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mazhar Badshah
- Department of Neurology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashda Abbasi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneesa Sultan
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kafaitullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jakob von Engelhardt
- Synaptic Signalling and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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30
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Schildknecht S, Di Monte DA, Pape R, Tieu K, Leist M. Tipping Points and Endogenous Determinants of Nigrostriatal Degeneration by MPTP. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:541-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Herraiz T. N-methyltetrahydropyridines and pyridinium cations as toxins and comparison with naturally-occurring alkaloids. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:23-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Toselli F, Dodd PR, Gillam EMJ. Emerging roles for brain drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in neuropsychiatric conditions and responses to drugs. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:379-404. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1221960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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33
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Lanning RK, Zai CC, Müller DJ. Pharmacogenetics of tardive dyskinesia: an updated review of the literature. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1339-51. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.16.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious and potentially irreversible side effect of long-term exposure to antipsychotic medication characterized by involuntary trunk, limb and orofacial muscle movements. Various mechanisms have been proposed for the etiopathophysiology of antipsychotic-induced TD in schizophrenia patients with genetic factors playing a prominent role. Earlier association studies have focused on polymorphisms in CYP2D6, dopamine-, serotonin-, GABA- and glutamate genes. This review highlights recent advances in the genetic investigation of TD. Recent promising findings were obtained with the HSPG2, DPP6, MTNR1A, SLC18A2, PIP5K2A and CNR1 genes. More research, including collection of well-characterized samples, enhancement of genome-wide strategies, gene–gene interaction and epigenetic analyses, is needed before genetic tests with clinical utility can be made available for TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Lanning
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clement C Zai
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Alam G, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP, Lu L, Williams RW, Jones BC. MPTP neurotoxicity is highly concordant between the sexes among BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains. Neurotoxicology 2016; 55:40-47. [PMID: 27182044 PMCID: PMC5051270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuing our previous work in which we showed wide-ranging strain differences in MPTP neurotoxicity in male mice among ten BXD recombinant inbred strains, we replicated our work in females from nine of the same strains. Mice received a single s.c. injection of 12.5mg/kg MPTP or saline. Forty-eight hours later the striatum was dissected for neurochemical analysis. Striatal dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, DOPAC and HVA, striatal serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite, 5-HIAA, were analyzed using HPLC. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocytic protein that increases during the astroglial response to neural injury, were measured using ELISA. There were wide genetic variations in the DA, DOPAC, HVA, TH and GFAP responses to MPTP. We also performed principal component analysis (PCA) on the difference values, saline minus MPTP, for DA, DOPAC, HVA and TH and mapped the dominant principal component to a suggestive QTL on chromosome 1 at the same location that we observed previously for males. Moreover, there were significant correlations between the sexes for the effect of MPTP on DA, HVA, and TH. Our findings suggest that the systems genetic approach as utilized here can help researchers understand the role of sex in individual differences. The same approach can pave the way to understand and pinpoint the genetic bases for individual differences in pathology attributable to toxicants. Such systems genetics approach has broad implications for elucidating gene-environment contributions to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical School, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Diane B Miller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert W Williams
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical School, Rootstown, OH, United States; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
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35
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Jiao Y, Dou Y, Lockwood G, Pani A, Jay Smeyne R. Acute Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or Paraquat on Core Temperature in C57BL/6J Mice. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:389-401. [PMID: 25633843 PMCID: PMC4923733 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: MPTP and paraquat are two compounds that have been used to model Parkinson’s disease in mice. Previous studies in two non-traditional strains of mice have shown that a single dose of MPTP can induce changes in body temperature, while the effects of paraquat have not been examined. Examination of body temperature is important since small fluctuations in an animal’s core temperature can significantly affect drug metabolism, and if significant enough can even culminate in an animal’s death. Objective: To determine how external heating can alter the survival of C57BL/6J mice following MPTP administration. Methods: In this study, we examine the effects of MPTP (4×20 mg/kg, 2 hours apart) and paraquat (2×10 mg/kg/week for 3 weeks) on core temperature of C57BL/6J mice. Correlations of purine and catecholamine levels were also done in mice treated with MPTP. Results: We find that MPTP induces a significant hypothermia in C57BL/6J mice that reduces their core temperature below the limit of fatal hypothermia. Unlike MPTP, paraquat did not induce a significant hypothermia. Placement of animals on heating pads significantly abrogates the loss of core temperature. In both heated and non-heated conditions, mice treated with MPTP showed a significant depletion of ATP within 2 hours of administration in both striatum and SN that started to recover 2 hours after MPTP administration was complete. Striatal DA and DOPAC are significantly reduced starting 4–6 hours after MPTP. Conclusions: The fatal hypothermic effects of MPTP can be abrogated through use of external heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jiao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yuchen Dou
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Georgina Lockwood
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Amar Pani
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard Jay Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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The Effect of MSCs Derived from the Human Umbilical Cord Transduced by Fibroblast Growth Factor-20 on Parkinson's Disease. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5016768. [PMID: 27274736 PMCID: PMC4871973 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5016768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is a potential therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease (PD). Mesenchymal stem cells derived from the human umbilical cord (hUC-MSCs) give priority to PD patients because of multiple advantages. The appropriate gene transduction of hUC-MSC before transplantation is a promising procedure for cell therapy. Fibroblast growth factor-20 (FGF-20) has been shown to protect dopaminergic neurons against a range of toxic insults in vitro. In this study, the hUC-MSCs were gene transduced with FGF-20, and then we transplanted them into the PD mice model. The results showed that MSC-FGF-20 treatment obviously improved the behavior of PD, accompanied by the increase of tyrosine carboxylase- (TH-) positive cell and dopamine (DA). Furtherly, immunohistochemistry disclosed that MSC-FGF-20 obviously promoted the degradation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that controls genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, highly expressed in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic regions in PD patients. Therefore, MSC-FGF-20 has a potential for improving PD, closely related to the degradation of NF-κB.
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Shen W, Yu J, Ge J, Zhang R, Cheng F, Li X, Fan Y, Yu S, Liu B, Zhu Q. Light-Up Probes Based on Fluorogens with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics for Monoamine Oxidase-A Activity Study in Solution and in Living Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:927-935. [PMID: 26666866 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIEgens) have emerged as a powerful and versatile platform for the development of novel biosensors. In this study, a series of water-soluble fluorescent probes based on tetraphenylethylene (TPE) were designed and synthesized for the detection of monoamine oxidases (MAOs) based on specific interactions between the probes and the proteins. Among the six probes developed, t-TPEM displays a significant fluorescence increase upon introduction of MAOs. Of particular significance is that the fluorescence of t-TPEM in the presence of MAO-A is 21-fold higher than other proteins including MAO-B. Lineweaver-Burk plots reveal that t-TPEM acts as an uncompetitive inhibitor of MAO-A with Ki = 17.1 μM, which confirms its good binding affinity toward MAO-A. Furthermore, a cell imaging experiment reveals that t-TPEM is able to selectively monitor the activity of MAO-A which is localized in mitochondria of MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhua Central Hospital , Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Jiajun Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Science Drive 4 117585, Singapore
| | - Feng Cheng
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhua Central Hospital , Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Shian Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhua Central Hospital , Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Science Drive 4 117585, Singapore
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Schildknecht S, Pape R, Meiser J, Karreman C, Strittmatter T, Odermatt M, Cirri E, Friemel A, Ringwald M, Pasquarelli N, Ferger B, Brunner T, Marx A, Möller HM, Hiller K, Leist M. Preferential Extracellular Generation of the Active Parkinsonian Toxin MPP+ by Transporter-Independent Export of the Intermediate MPDP+. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1001-16. [PMID: 26413876 PMCID: PMC4649766 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is among the most widely used neurotoxins for inducing experimental parkinsonism. MPTP causes parkinsonian symptoms in mice, primates, and humans by killing a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons. Extrapolations of data obtained using MPTP-based parkinsonism models to human disease are common; however, the precise mechanism by which MPTP is converted into its active neurotoxic metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP(+)), has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to address two unanswered questions related to MPTP toxicology: (1) Why are MPTP-converting astrocytes largely spared from toxicity? (2) How does MPP(+) reach the extracellular space? RESULTS In MPTP-treated astrocytes, we discovered that the membrane-impermeable MPP(+), which is generally assumed to be formed inside astrocytes, is almost exclusively detected outside of these cells. Instead of a transporter-mediated export, we found that the intermediate, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium (MPDP(+)), and/or its uncharged conjugate base passively diffused across cell membranes and that MPP(+) was formed predominately by the extracellular oxidation of MPDP(+) into MPP(+). This nonenzymatic extracellular conversion of MPDP(+) was promoted by O2, a more alkaline pH, and dopamine autoxidation products. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Our data indicate that MPTP metabolism is compartmentalized between intracellular and extracellular environments, explain the absence of toxicity in MPTP-converting astrocytes, and provide a rationale for the preferential formation of MPP(+) in the extracellular space. The mechanism of transporter-independent extracellular MPP(+) formation described here indicates that extracellular genesis of MPP(+) from MPDP is a necessary prerequisite for the selective uptake of this toxin by catecholaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina Pape
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes Meiser
- Metabolomics Junior Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | | | - Tobias Strittmatter
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Meike Odermatt
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Erica Cirri
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anke Friemel
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Noemi Pasquarelli
- CNS Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Boris Ferger
- CNS Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Heiko M. Möller
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Metabolomics Junior Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Li XX, Wang Y, Zheng QC, Zhang HX. Detoxification of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) by cytochrome P450 enzymes: A theoretical investigation. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 154:21-8. [PMID: 26544505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two types of detoxification routes, N-demethylation to form 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (PTP) and aromatic hydroxylation to generate 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP-OH), for 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mediated by Compound I (Cpd I) of cytochrome P450 are investigated theoretically using hybrid density functional calculations. Quantum chemical results reveal that for the N-demethylation, the initial C-H bond activation is achieved via a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism. This is followed by a subsequent O-rebound to yield the carbinolamine intermediate. Due to the nature of pericyclic reaction, the generated carbinolamine decomposes in a non-enzymatic aqueous environment with the assistance of water molecules, forming amine and hydrated formaldehyde. For the aromatic hydroxylation, an initial addition of Cpd I to the substrate occurs mainly through a side-on approach with a subsequent proton shuttle to form the phenol product. A comparison of the energy barriers for both routes indicates that the N-demethylation (7.5/5.7kcal/mol for the quartet/doublet state in solvent) is thermodynamically more favorable than the aromatic hydroxylation process (14.9/14.8kcal/mol for the quartet/doublet state in solvent). This trend is in good agreement with the experimental product distribution, viz., the N-demethylation product PTP is more than the aromatic hydroxylation product MPTP-OH. Taken together, these observations not only enrich our knowledge on the mechanistic details of the N-dealkylation and the aromatic hydroxylation by P450s, but also provide certain insights into the metabolism of other analogous toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Chuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Hagihira Y, Murayama N, Shimizu M, Inoue T, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Marmoset cytochrome P450 2D8 in livers and small intestines metabolizes typical human P450 2D6 substrates, metoprolol, bufuralol and dextromethorphan. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:766-72. [PMID: 25801057 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1019595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Although the New World non-human primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), is a potentially useful animal model, comprehensive understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes is insufficient. 2. A cDNA encoding a novel cytochrome P450 (P450) 2D8 was identified in marmosets. The amino acid sequence deduced from P450 2D8 cDNA showed a high sequence identity (83-86%) with other primate P450 2Ds. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marmoset P450 2D8 was closely clustered with human P450 2D6, unlike P450 2Ds of miniature pig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse or rat. 3. Marmoset P450 2D8 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the liver and small intestine among the tissues types analyzed, whereas marmoset P450 2D6 mRNA was expressed predominantly in the liver where P450 2D protein was detected by immunoblotting. 4. By metabolic assays using marmoset P450 2D8 protein heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, although P450 2D8 exhibits lower catalytic efficiency compared to marmoset and human P450 2D6 enzymes, P450 2D8 mediated O-demethylations of metoprolol and dextromethorphan and bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation. 5. These results suggest that marmoset P450 2D8 (also expressed in the extrahepatic tissues) has potential roles in drug metabolism in a similar manner to those of human and marmoset P450 2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- a Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
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Ford KA, Ryslik G, Sodhi J, Halladay J, Diaz D, Dambach D, Masuda M. Computational predictions of the site of metabolism of cytochrome P450 2D6 substrates: comparative analysis, molecular docking, bioactivation and toxicological implications. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:291-319. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1047026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Inoue T, Murayama N, Shimizu M, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Activation and deactivation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine by cytochrome P450 enzymes and flavin-containing monooxygenases in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:735-42. [PMID: 25735838 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces Parkinson-like syndromes in common marmosets, other primates, and humans. MPTP is metabolically activated to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ions (MPDP(+) and MPP(+), respectively) by desaturation reactions. MPTP is deactivated to 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (PTP) by N-demethylation and is also deactivated to MPTP N-oxide. The roles of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) in the oxidative metabolism of MPTP-treated marmosets are not yet fully clarified. This study aimed to elucidate P450- and FMO-dependent MPTP metabolism in marmoset liver and brain. Rates of MPTP N-oxygenation in liver microsomes were similar to those in brain microsomes from 11 individual marmosets (substrate concentration, 50 μM) and were correlated with rates of benzydamine N-oxygenation (r = 0.75, P < 0.05); the reactions were inhibited by methimazole (10 μM). MPTP N-oxygenation was efficiently mediated by recombinantly expressed marmoset FMO3. Rates of PTP formation by MPTP N-demethylation in marmoset liver microsomes were correlated with bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation rates (r = 0.77, P < 0.01) and were suppressed by quinidine (1 μM), thereby indicating the importance of marmoset CYP2D6 in PTP formation. MPTP transformations to MPDP(+) and MPP(+) were efficiently catalyzed by recombinant marmoset CYP2D6 and human CYP1A2. These results indicated the contributions of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes to MPTP oxidation, especially marmoset FMO3 in deactivation (N-oxygenation) and marmoset CYP2D6 for both MPTP deactivation and MPTP activation to MPDP(+) and MPP(+). These findings provide a foundation for understanding MPTP metabolism and for the successful production of preclinical marmoset models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.I., E.S.); and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.I., E.S.); and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.I., E.S.); and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.I., E.S.); and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.I., E.S.); and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.I., E.S.); and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (T.I., E.S.); and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
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Sharpe MA, Han J, Baskin AM, Baskin DS. Design and synthesis of a MAO-B-selectively activated prodrug based on MPTP: a mitochondria-targeting chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of human malignant gliomas. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:621-8. [PMID: 25677185 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, including glioblastomas, are extremely difficult to treat. The median survival for glioblastoma patients with optimal therapeutic intervention is 15 months. We developed a novel MAO-B-selectively activated prodrug, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)propanamide (MP-MUS), for the treatment of gliomas based on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The design of neutral MP-MUS involved the use of a seeker molecule capable of binding to mitochondrial MAO-B, which is up-regulated ≥fourfold in glioma cells. Once the binding occurs, MP-MUS is converted into a positively charged moiety, P(+) -MUS, which accumulates inside mitochondria at a theoretical maximal value of 1000:1 gradient. The LD50 of MP-MUS against glioma cells is 75 μM, which is two- to threefold more potent than temozolomide, a primary drug for gliomas. Importantly, MP-MUS was found to be selectively toxic toward glioma cells. In the concentration range of 150-180 μM MP-MUS killed 90-95 % of glioma cells, but stimulated the growth of normal human astrocytes. Moreover, maturation of MP-MUS is highly dependent on MAO-B, and inhibition of MAO-B activity with selegiline protected human glioma cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn A Sharpe
- Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030 (USA)
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Jackson-Lewis V, Lester D, Kozina E, Przedborski S, Smeyne RJ. From Man to Mouse. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F. In vitro models for neurotoxicology research. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:801-842. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system has a highly complex organization, including many cell types with multiple functions, with an intricate anatomy and unique structural and functional characteristics; the study of its (dys)functionality following exposure to xenobiotics, neurotoxicology, constitutes an important issue in neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - João Paulo Capela
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
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46
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Bi Y, Zhuang X, Zhu H, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S. Studies on metabolites and metabolic pathways of bulleyaconitine A in rat liver microsomes using LC-MSncombined with specific inhibitors. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:1027-34. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Bi
- National Centre of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhuang
- National Centre of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Zhu
- National Centre of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Centre of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Centre of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Liu
- National Centre of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
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Effects of partial inhibition of respiratory complex I on H2O 2 production by isolated brain mitochondria in different respiratory states. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2419-30. [PMID: 25287903 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize the effects of partial inhibition of respiratory complex I by rotenone on H2O2 production by isolated rat brain mitochondria in different respiratory states. Flow cytometric analysis of membrane potential in isolated mitochondria indicated that rotenone leads to uniform respiratory inhibition when added to a suspension of mitochondria. When mitochondria were incubated in the presence of a low concentration of rotenone (10 nm) and NADH-linked substrates, oxygen consumption was reduced from 45.9 ± 1.0 to 26.4 ± 2.6 nmol O2 mg(-1) min(-1) and from 7.8 ± 0.3 to 6.3 ± 0.3 nmol O2 mg(-1) min(-1) in respiratory states 3 (ADP-stimulated respiration) and 4 (resting respiration), respectively. Under these conditions, mitochondrial H2O2 production was stimulated from 12.2 ± 1.1 to 21.0 ± 1.2 pmol H2O2 mg(-1) min(-1) and 56.5 ± 4.7 to 95.0 ± 11.1 pmol H2O2 mg(-1) min(-1) in respiratory states 3 and 4, respectively. Similar results were observed when comparing mitochondrial preparations enriched with synaptic or nonsynaptic mitochondria or when 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) was used as a respiratory complex I inhibitor. Rotenone-stimulated H2O2 production in respiratory states 3 and 4 was associated with a high reduction state of endogenous nicotinamide nucleotides. In succinate-supported mitochondrial respiration, where most of the mitochondrial H2O2 production relies on electron backflow from complex II to complex I, low rotenone concentrations inhibited H2O2 production. Rotenone had no effect on mitochondrial elimination of micromolar concentrations of H2O2. The present results support the conclusion that partial complex I inhibition may result in mitochondrial energy crisis and oxidative stress, the former being predominant under oxidative phosphorylation and the latter under resting respiration conditions.
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Wu JC, Tsai ML, Lai CS, Wang YJ, Ho CT, Pan MH. Chemopreventative effects of tetrahydrocurcumin on human diseases. Food Funct 2014; 5:12-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Effects of the neurotoxin MPTP and pargyline protection on extracellular energy metabolites and dopamine levels in the striatum of freely moving rats. Brain Res 2013; 1538:159-71. [PMID: 24080403 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin MPTP is known to induce dopamine release and depletion of ATP in the striatum of rats. Therefore, we studied the changes induced by MPTP and pargyline protection both on striatal dopamine release and on extracellular energy metabolites in freely moving rats, using dual asymmetric-flow microdialysis. A dual microdialysis probe was inserted in the right striatum of rats. MPTP (25mg/kg, 15mg/kg, 10mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered for three consecutive days. MAO-B inhibitor pargyline (15mg/kg) was systemically administered before neurotoxin administration. The first MPTP dose induced an increase in dialysate dopamine and a decrease of DOPAC levels in striatal dialysate. After the first neurotoxin administration, increases in striatal glucose, lactate, pyruvate, lactate/pyruvate (L/P) and lactate/glucose (L/G) ratios were observed. Subsequent MPTP administrations showed a progressive reduction of dopamine, glucose and pyruvate levels with a concomitant further increase in lactate levels and L/P and L/G ratios. At day 1, pargyline pre-treatment attenuated the MPTP-induced changes in all studied analytes. Starting from day 2, pargyline prevented the depletion of dopamine, glucose and pyruvate while reduced the increase of lactate, L/P ratio and L/G ratio. These in vivo results suggest a pargyline neuroprotection role against the MPTP-induced energetic impairment consequent to mitochondrial damage. This neuroprotective effect was confirmed by TH immunostaining of the substantia nigra.
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Herraiz T, Guillén H, Galisteo J. Metabolite profile resulting from the activation/inactivation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 2-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline by oxidative enzymes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:248608. [PMID: 23984327 PMCID: PMC3745933 DOI: 10.1155/2013/248608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic enzymes are involved in the activation/deactivation of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyiridine (MPTP) neurotoxin and its naturally occurring analogs 2-methyltetrahydro-β-carbolines. The metabolic profile and biotransformation of these protoxins by three enzymes, monoamine oxidase (MAO), cytochrome P450, and heme peroxidases (myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase), were investigated and compared. The metabolite profile differed among the enzymes investigated. MAO and heme peroxidases activated these substances to toxic pyridinium and β-carbolinium species. MAO catalyzed the oxidation of MPTP to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium cation (MPDP(+)), whereas heme peroxidases catalyzed the oxidation of MPDP(+) to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) and of 2-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline to 2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-β-carbolinium cation (2-Me-3,4-DH β C(+)). These substances were inactivated by cytochrome P450 2D6 through N-demethylation and aromatic hydroxylation (MPTP) and aromatic hydroxylation (2-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline). In conclusion, the toxicological effects of these protoxins might result from a balance between the rate of their activation to toxic products (i.e., N-methylpyridinium-MPP(+) and MPDP(+)- and N-methyl--β--carbolinium- βC(+)-) by MAO and heme peroxidases and the rate of inactivation (i.e., N-demethylation, aromatic hydroxylation) by cytochrome P450 2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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