1
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Schafer CT, Pauszek III RF, Gustavsson M, Handel TM, Millar DP. Distinct Activation Mechanisms of CXCR4 and ACKR3 Revealed by Single-Molecule Analysis of their Conformational Landscapes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.31.564925. [PMID: 37961571 PMCID: PMC10635023 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.31.564925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Canonical chemokine receptor CXCR4 and atypical receptor ACKR3 both respond to CXCL12 but induce different intracellular effector responses to regulate cell migration: CXCR4 couples to G proteins and arrestins, while ACKR3 is arrestin-biased. CXCR4 also signals only in response to CXCL12, whereas ACKR3 recruits β-arrestin in response to CXCL12, CXCL12 variants, and other peptides and proteins. To investigate the role of conformational dynamics in the distinct pharmacological behaviors of CXCR4 and ACKR3, we utilized single-molecule FRET. The data revealed that apo CXCR4 preferentially populates a high-FRET inactive state while apo ACKR3 shows little conformational preference, consistent with its promiscuous ligand recognition and propensity for activation. Markedly different conformational landscapes of the receptors in response to ligands suggest that activation of ACKR3 may be achieved by a broader distribution of conformational states than CXCR4. The dynamic properties of ACKR3 may also underly its inability to couple to G proteins, making it arrestin-biased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Schafer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Raymond F. Pauszek III
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David P. Millar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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2
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Chen Q, Schafer CT, Mukherjee S, Gustavsson M, Agrawal P, Yao XQ, Kossiakoff AA, Handel TM, Tesmer JJG. ACKR3-arrestin2/3 complexes reveal molecular consequences of GRK-dependent barcoding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.18.549504. [PMID: 37502840 PMCID: PMC10370059 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.18.549504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3, also known as CXCR7) is a scavenger receptor that regulates extracellular levels of the chemokine CXCL12 to maintain responsiveness of its partner, the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), CXCR4. ACKR3 is notable because it does not couple to G proteins and instead is completely biased towards arrestins. Our previous studies revealed that GRK2 and GRK5 install distinct distributions of phosphates (or "barcodes") on the ACKR3 carboxy terminal tail, but how these unique barcodes drive different cellular outcomes is not understood. It is also not known if arrestin2 (Arr2) and 3 (Arr3) bind to these barcodes in distinct ways. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of Arr2 and Arr3 in complex with ACKR3 phosphorylated by either GRK2 or GRK5. Unexpectedly, the finger loops of Arr2 and 3 directly insert into the detergent/membrane instead of the transmembrane core of ACKR3, in contrast to previously reported "core" GPCR-arrestin complexes. The distance between the phosphorylation barcode and the receptor transmembrane core regulates the interaction mode of arrestin, alternating between a tighter complex for GRK5 sites and heterogenous primarily "tail only" complexes for GRK2 sites. Arr2 and 3 bind at different angles relative to the core of ACKR3, likely due to differences in membrane/micelle anchoring at their C-edge loops. Our structural investigations were facilitated by Fab7, a novel Fab that binds both Arr2 and 3 in their activated states irrespective of receptor or phosphorylation status, rendering it a potentially useful tool to aid structure determination of any native GPCR-arrestin complex. The structures provide unprecedented insight into how different phosphorylation barcodes and arrestin isoforms can globally affect the configuration of receptor-arrestin complexes. These differences may promote unique downstream intracellular interactions and cellular responses. Our structures also suggest that the 100% bias of ACKR3 for arrestins is driven by the ability of arrestins, but not G proteins, to bind GRK-phosphorylated ACKR3 even when excluded from the receptor cytoplasmic binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Christopher T Schafer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637, USA
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Parth Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637, USA
| | - Xin-Qiu Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907-2054, USA
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3
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Jefferson RE, Oggier A, Füglistaler A, Camviel N, Hijazi M, Villarreal AR, Arber C, Barth P. Computational design of dynamic receptor-peptide signaling complexes applied to chemotaxis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2875. [PMID: 37208363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering protein biosensors that sensitively respond to specific biomolecules by triggering precise cellular responses is a major goal of diagnostics and synthetic cell biology. Previous biosensor designs have largely relied on binding structurally well-defined molecules. In contrast, approaches that couple the sensing of flexible compounds to intended cellular responses would greatly expand potential biosensor applications. Here, to address these challenges, we develop a computational strategy for designing signaling complexes between conformationally dynamic proteins and peptides. To demonstrate the power of the approach, we create ultrasensitive chemotactic receptor-peptide pairs capable of eliciting potent signaling responses and strong chemotaxis in primary human T cells. Unlike traditional approaches that engineer static binding complexes, our dynamic structure design strategy optimizes contacts with multiple binding and allosteric sites accessible through dynamic conformational ensembles to achieve strongly enhanced signaling efficacy and potency. Our study suggests that a conformationally adaptable binding interface coupled to a robust allosteric transmission region is a key evolutionary determinant of peptidergic GPCR signaling systems. The approach lays a foundation for designing peptide-sensing receptors and signaling peptide ligands for basic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Jefferson
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Oggier
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Füglistaler
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Camviel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mahdi Hijazi
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana Rico Villarreal
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Arber
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Barth
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Pance K, Gramespacher JA, Byrnes JR, Salangsang F, Serrano JAC, Cotton AD, Steri V, Wells JA. Modular cytokine receptor-targeting chimeras for targeted degradation of cell surface and extracellular proteins. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:273-281. [PMID: 36138170 PMCID: PMC9931583 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted degradation of cell surface and extracellular proteins via lysosomal delivery is an important means to modulate extracellular biology. However, these approaches have limitations due to lack of modularity, ease of development, restricted tissue targeting and applicability to both cell surface and extracellular proteins. We describe a lysosomal degradation strategy, termed cytokine receptor-targeting chimeras (KineTACs), that addresses these limitations. KineTACs are fully genetically encoded bispecific antibodies consisting of a cytokine arm, which binds its cognate cytokine receptor, and a target-binding arm for the protein of interest. We show that KineTACs containing the cytokine CXCL12 can use the decoy recycling receptor, CXCR7, to target a variety of target proteins to the lysosome for degradation. Additional KineTACs were designed to harness other CXCR7-targeting cytokines, CXCL11 and vMIPII, and the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor-targeting cytokine IL-2. Thus, KineTACs represent a general, modular, selective and simple genetically encoded strategy for inducing lysosomal delivery of extracellular and cell surface targets with broad or tissue-specific distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Pance
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,EpiBiologics, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Josef A Gramespacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,EpiBiologics, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - James R Byrnes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Salangsang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juan-Antonio C Serrano
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam D Cotton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Steri
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Kim Y, Lee J, Lee C, Lawler S. Role of senescent tumor cells in building a cytokine shield in the tumor microenvironment: mathematical modeling. J Math Biol 2022; 86:14. [PMID: 36512100 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence can induce dual effects (promotion or inhibition) on cancer progression. While immune cells naturally respond and migrate toward various chemotactic sources from the tumor mass, various factors including senescent tumor cells (STCs) in the tumor microenvironment may affect this chemotactic movement. In this work, we investigate the mutual interactions between the tumor cells and the immune cells that either inhibit or facilitate tumor growth by developing a mathematical model that consists of taxis-reaction-diffusion equations and receptor kinetics for the key players in the interaction network. We apply a mathematical model to a transwell Boyden chamber invasion assay used in the experiments to illustrate that STCs can play a pivotal role in negating immune attack through tight regulation of intra- and extra-cellular signaling molecules. In particular, we show that senescent tumor cells in cell cycle arrest can block intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ T cells by secreting a high level of CXCL12, which leads to significant reduction its receptors, CXCR4, on T cells, and thus impaired chemotaxis. The predictions of nonlinear responses to CXCL12 were in good agreement with experimental data. We tested several hypotheses on immune-tumor interactions under various biochemical conditions in the tumor microenvironment and developed new concepts for anti-tumor strategies targeting senescence induced immune impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Kim
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyoung Lee
- Department of Mathematics, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean Lawler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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6
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Pollak AJ, Zhao L, Vickers TA, Huggins IJ, Liang XH, Crooke ST. Insights into innate immune activation via PS-ASO-protein-TLR9 interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:8107-8126. [PMID: 35848907 PMCID: PMC9371907 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-CpG PS-ASOs can activate the innate immune system, leading to undesired outcomes. This response can vary—in part—as a function of 2′modifications and sequence. Here we investigated the molecular steps involved in the varied effects of PS-ASOs on the innate immune system. We found that pro-inflammatory PS-ASOs require TLR9 signaling based on the experimental systems used. However, the innate immunity of PS-ASOs does not correlate with their binding affinity with TLR9. Furthermore, the innate immune responses of pro-inflammatory PS-ASOs were reduced by coincubation with non-inflammatory PS-ASOs, suggesting that both pro-inflammatory and non-inflammatory PS-ASOs can interact with TLR9. We show that the kinetics of the PS-ASO innate immune responses can vary, which we speculate may be due to the existence of alternative PS-ASO binding sites on TLR9, leading to full, partial, or no activation of the pathway. In addition, we found that several extracellular proteins, including HMGB1, S100A8 and HRG, enhance the innate immune responses of PS-ASOs. Reduction of the binding affinity by reducing the PS content of PS-ASOs decreased innate immune responses, suggesting that PS-ASO–protein complexes may be sensed by TLR9. These findings thus provide critical information concerning how PS-ASOs can interact with and activate TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luyi Zhao
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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7
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Yen YC, Schafer CT, Gustavsson M, Eberle SA, Dominik PK, Deneka D, Zhang P, Schall TJ, Kossiakoff AA, Tesmer JJG, Handel TM. Structures of atypical chemokine receptor 3 reveal the basis for its promiscuity and signaling bias. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8063. [PMID: 35857509 PMCID: PMC9278869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Both CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) are activated by the chemokine CXCL12 yet evoke distinct cellular responses. CXCR4 is a canonical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), whereas ACKR3 is intrinsically biased for arrestin. The molecular basis for this difference is not understood. Here, we describe cryo-EM structures of ACKR3 in complex with CXCL12, a more potent CXCL12 variant, and a small-molecule agonist. The bound chemokines adopt an unexpected pose relative to those established for CXCR4 and observed in other receptor-chemokine complexes. Along with functional studies, these structures provide insight into the ligand-binding promiscuity of ACKR3, why it fails to couple to G proteins, and its bias toward β-arrestin. The results lay the groundwork for understanding the physiological interplay of ACKR3 with other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Christopher T. Schafer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefanie A. Eberle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pawel K. Dominik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dawid Deneka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Penglie Zhang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 835 Industrial Rd., Suite 600, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Thomas J. Schall
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 835 Industrial Rd., Suite 600, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Anthony A. Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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8
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Heng AHS, Han CW, Abbott C, McColl SR, Comerford I. Chemokine-Driven Migration of Pro-Inflammatory CD4 + T Cells in CNS Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817473. [PMID: 35250997 PMCID: PMC8889115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory CD4+ T helper (Th) cells drive the pathogenesis of many autoimmune conditions. Recent advances have modified views of the phenotype of pro-inflammatory Th cells in autoimmunity, extending the breadth of known Th cell subsets that operate as drivers of these responses. Heterogeneity and plasticity within Th1 and Th17 cells, and the discovery of subsets of Th cells dedicated to production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as GM-CSF have led to these advances. Here, we review recent progress in this area and focus specifically upon evidence for chemokine receptors that drive recruitment of these various pro-inflammatory Th cell subsets to sites of autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. We discuss expression of specific chemokine receptors by subsets of pro-inflammatory Th cells and highlight which receptors may be tractable targets of therapeutic interventions to limit pathogenic Th cell recruitment in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H S Heng
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caleb W Han
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caitlin Abbott
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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9
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A Scintillation Proximity Assay for Real-Time Kinetic Analysis of Chemokine–Chemokine Receptor Interactions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081317. [PMID: 35455996 PMCID: PMC9024993 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are extensively involved in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes, making them attractive drug targets. However, despite considerable efforts, there are very few approved drugs targeting this class of seven transmembrane domain receptors to date. In recent years, the importance of including binding kinetics in drug discovery campaigns was emphasized. Therefore, kinetic insight into chemokine–chemokine receptor interactions could help to address this issue. Moreover, it could additionally deepen our understanding of the selectivity and promiscuity of the chemokine–chemokine receptor network. Here, we describe the application, optimization and validation of a homogenous Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) for real-time kinetic profiling of chemokine–chemokine receptor interactions on the example of ACKR3 and CXCL12. The principle of the SPA is the detection of radioligand binding to receptors reconstituted into nanodiscs by scintillation light. No receptor modifications are required. The nanodiscs provide a native-like environment for receptors and allow for full control over bilayer composition and size. The continuous assay format enables the monitoring of binding reactions in real-time, and directly accounts for non-specific binding and potential artefacts. Minor adaptations additionally facilitate the determination of equilibrium binding metrics, making the assay a versatile tool for the study of receptor–ligand interactions.
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10
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Uricoli B, Birnbaum LA, Do P, Kelvin JM, Jain J, Costanza E, Chyong A, Porter CC, Rafiq S, Dreaden EC. Engineered Cytokines for Cancer and Autoimmune Disease Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002214. [PMID: 33690997 PMCID: PMC8651077 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine signaling is critical to a range of biological processes including cell development, tissue repair, aging, and immunity. In addition to acting as key signal mediators of the immune system, cytokines can also serve as potent immunotherapies with more than 20 recombinant products currently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved to treat conditions including hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and various cancers. Yet despite their biological importance and clinical utility, cytokine immunotherapies suffer from intrinsic challenges that limit their therapeutic potential including poor circulation, systemic toxicity, and low tissue- or cell-specificity. In the past decade in particular, methods have been devised to engineer cytokines in order to overcome such challenges and here, the myriad strategies are reviewed that may be employed in order to improve the therapeutic potential of cytokine and chemokine immunotherapies with applications in cancer and autoimmune disease therapy, as well as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. For clarity, these strategies are collected and presented as they vary across size scales, ranging from single amino acid substitutions, to larger protein-polymer conjugates, nano/micrometer-scale particles, and macroscale implants. Together, this work aims to provide readers with a timely view of the field of cytokine engineering with an emphasis on early-stage therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaggio Uricoli
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lacey A. Birnbaum
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priscilla Do
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James M. Kelvin
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Juhi Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Emma Costanza
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrew Chyong
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christopher C. Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarwish Rafiq
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology at Emory University School of Medicine
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erik C. Dreaden
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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11
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Latest update on chemokine receptors as therapeutic targets. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1385-1395. [PMID: 34060588 PMCID: PMC8286821 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine system plays a fundamental role in a diverse range of physiological processes, such as homeostasis and immune responses. Dysregulation in the chemokine system has been linked to inflammatory diseases and cancer, which renders chemokine receptors to be considered as therapeutic targets. In the past two decades, around 45 drugs targeting chemokine receptors have been developed, yet only three are clinically approved. The challenging factors include the limited understanding of aberrant chemokine signalling in malignant diseases, high redundancy of the chemokine system, differences between cell types and non-specific binding of the chemokine receptor antagonists due to the broad ligand-binding pockets. In recent years, emerging studies attempt to characterise the chemokine ligand–receptor interactions and the downstream signalling protein–protein interactions, aiming to fine tuning to the promiscuous interplay of the chemokine system for the development of precision medicine. This review will outline the updates on the mechanistic insights in the chemokine system and propose some potential strategies in the future development of targeted therapy.
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12
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Rosenberg EM, Herrington J, Rajasekaran D, Murphy JW, Pantouris G, Lolis EJ. The N-terminal length and side-chain composition of CXCL13 affect crystallization, structure and functional activity. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:1033-1049. [PMID: 33021505 PMCID: PMC7543660 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320011687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL13 is the cognate chemokine agonist of CXCR5, a class A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is essential for proper humoral immune responses. Using a `methionine scanning' mutagenesis method on the N-terminus of CXCL13, which is the chemokine signaling region, it was shown that minor length alterations and side-chain substitutions still result in CXCR5 activation. This observation indicates that the orthosteric pocket of CXCR5 can tolerate these changes without severely affecting the activity. The introduction of bulk on the ligand was well tolerated by the receptor, whereas a loss of contacts was less tolerated. Furthermore, two crystal structures of CXCL13 mutants were solved, both of which represent the first uncomplexed structures of the human protein. These structures were stabilized by unique interactions formed by the N-termini of the ligands, indicating that CXCL13 exhibits substantial N-terminal flexibility while the chemokine core domain remains largely unchanged. Additionally, it was observed that CXCL13 harbors a large degree of flexibility in the C-terminal extension of the ligand. Comparisons with other published structures of human and murine CXCL13 validate the relative rigidity of the core domain as well as the N- and C-terminal mobilities. Collectively, these mutants and their structures provide the field with additional insights into how CXCL13 interacts with CXCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Rosenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - James Herrington
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Deepa Rajasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - James W. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Georgios Pantouris
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elias J. Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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13
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Smit MJ, Schlecht-Louf G, Neves M, van den Bor J, Penela P, Siderius M, Bachelerie F, Mayor F. The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 Axis in the Tumor Microenvironment: Signaling, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Targeting. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:541-563. [PMID: 32956018 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3 and of their cognate ligand CXCL12 is detected in a wide range of tumors and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Yet, the molecular mechanisms by which the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis contributes to the pathogenesis are complex and not fully understood. To dissect the role of this axis in cancer, we discuss its ability to impinge on canonical and less conventional signaling networks in different cancer cell types; its bidirectional crosstalk, notably with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and other factors present in the TME; and the infiltration of immune cells that supporttumor progression. We discuss current and emerging avenues that target the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis. Coordinately targeting both RTKs and CXCR4/ACKR3 and/or CXCL12 is an attractive approach to consider in multitargeted cancer therapies. In addition, inhibiting infiltrating immune cells or reactivating the immune system along with modulating the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis in the TME has therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine J Smit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Maria Neves
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France.,Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jelle van den Bor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Siderius
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Stephens BS, Ngo T, Kufareva I, Handel TM. Functional anatomy of the full-length CXCR4-CXCL12 complex systematically dissected by quantitative model-guided mutagenesis. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaay5024. [PMID: 32665413 PMCID: PMC7437921 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because of their prominent roles in development, cancer, and HIV, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 have been the subject of numerous structural and functional studies, but the determinants of ligand binding, selectivity, and signaling are still poorly understood. Here, building on our latest structural model, we used a systematic mutagenesis strategy to dissect the functional anatomy of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex. Key charge swap mutagenesis experiments provided evidence for pairwise interactions between oppositely charged residues in the receptor and chemokine, confirming the accuracy of the predicted orientation of the chemokine relative to the receptor and providing insight into ligand selectivity. Progressive deletion of N-terminal residues revealed an unexpected contribution of the receptor N terminus to chemokine signaling. This finding challenges a longstanding "two-site" hypothesis about the essential features of the receptor-chemokine interaction in which the N terminus contributes only to binding affinity. Our results suggest that although the interaction of the chemokine N terminus with the receptor-binding pocket is the key driver of signaling, the signaling amplitude depends on the extent to which the receptor N terminus binds the chemokine. Together with systematic characterization of other epitopes, these data enable us to propose an experimentally consistent structural model for how CXCL12 binds CXCR4 and initiates signal transmission through the receptor transmembrane domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tony Ngo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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15
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Jaracz-Ros A, Bernadat G, Cutolo P, Gallego C, Gustavsson M, Cecon E, Baleux F, Kufareva I, Handel TM, Bachelerie F, Levoye A. Differential activity and selectivity of N-terminal modified CXCL12 chemokines at the CXCR4 and ACKR3 receptors. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1123-1135. [PMID: 32374043 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma0320-383rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play critical roles in numerous physiologic and pathologic processes through their action on seven-transmembrane (TM) receptors. The N-terminal domain of chemokines, which is a key determinant of signaling via its binding within a pocket formed by receptors' TM helices, can be the target of proteolytic processing. An illustrative case of this regulatory mechanism is the natural processing of CXCL12 that generates chemokine variants lacking the first two N-terminal residues. Whereas such truncated variants behave as antagonists of CXCR4, the canonical G protein-coupled receptor of CXCL12, they are agonists of the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7), suggesting the implication of different structural determinants in the complexes formed between CXCL12 and its two receptors. Recent analyses have suggested that the CXCL12 N-terminus first engages the TM helices of ACKR3 followed by the receptor N-terminus wrapping around the chemokine core. Here we investigated the first stage of ACKR3-CXCL12 interactions by comparing the activity of substituted or N-terminally truncated variants of CXCL12 toward CXCR4 and ACKR3. We showed that modification of the first two N-terminal residues of the chemokine (K1R or P2G) does not alter the ability of CXCL12 to activate ACKR3. Our results also identified the K1R variant as a G protein-biased agonist of CXCR4. Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes formed by ACKR3 either with CXCL12 or with the P2G variant identified interactions between the N-terminal 2-4 residues of CXCL12 and a pocket formed by receptor's TM helices 2, 6, and 7 as critical determinants for ACKR3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jaracz-Ros
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | | | - Pasquale Cutolo
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | - Carmen Gallego
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Jolla, Louisiana, California, USA
| | - Erika Cecon
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Baleux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Jolla, Louisiana, California, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Jolla, Louisiana, California, USA
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | - Angélique Levoye
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
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16
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Lau S, Feitzinger A, Venkiteswaran G, Wang J, Lewellis SW, Koplinski CA, Peterson FC, Volkman BF, Meier-Schellersheim M, Knaut H. A negative-feedback loop maintains optimal chemokine concentrations for directional cell migration. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:266-273. [PMID: 32042179 PMCID: PMC7809593 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattractant gradients frequently guide migrating cells. To achieve the most directional signal, such gradients should be maintained with concentrations around the dissociation constant (Kd)1-6 of the chemoreceptor. Whether this actually occurs in animals is unknown. Here we investigate whether a moving tissue, the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium, buffers its attractant in this concentration range to achieve robust migration. We find that the Cxcl12 (also known as Sdf1) attractant gradient ranges from 0 to 12 nM, values similar to the 3.4 nM Kd of its receptor Cxcr4. When we increase the Kd of Cxcl12 for Cxcr4, primordium migration is less directional. Furthermore, a negative-feedback loop between Cxcl12 and its clearance receptor Ackr3 (also known as Cxcr7) regulates the Cxcl12 concentrations. Breaking this negative feedback by blocking the phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of Ackr3 also results in less directional primordium migration. Thus, directed migration of the primordium is dependent on a close match between the Cxcl12 concentration and the Kd of Cxcl12 for Cxcr4, which is maintained by buffering of the chemokine levels. Quantitative modelling confirms the plausibility of this mechanism. We anticipate that buffering of attractant concentration is a general mechanism for ensuring robust cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lau
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Feitzinger
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gayatri Venkiteswaran
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen W Lewellis
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chad A Koplinski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Zhu S, Min Z, Qiao X, Chen S, Yang J, Zhang X, Liu X, Ran W, Lv R, Lin Y, Wang J. Expression profile-based screening for critical genes reveals S100A4, ACKR3 and CDH1 in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12754-12772. [PMID: 31895690 PMCID: PMC6949054 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel is a first-line anticancer drug widely used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by its side effects and the development of chemoresistance by the tumor. Using a gene differential expression microarray, we identified 449 genes differentially expressed in docetaxel-resistant DU145 and PC3 cell lines as compared to docetaxel-sensitive controls. Moreover, western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed altered expression of S100A4, ACKR3 and CDH1in clinical tumor samples. Cytoscape software was used to investigate the relationship between critical proteins and their signaling transduction networks. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that these signaling pathways were closely related to cellular proliferation, cell adhesion, cell migration and metastasis. In addition, ACKR3 knockout using the crispr/cas9 method andS100A4knockdownusing targeted shRNA exerted additive effects suppressing cancer cell proliferation and migration. This exploratory analysis provides information about potential candidate genes. It also provides new insight into the molecular mechanism underlying docetaxel-resistance in androgen-independent prostate cancer and highlights potential targets to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhu
- Key laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Chemoprevention, School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhixue Min
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xianli Qiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Chemoprevention, School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shengxian Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Chemoprevention, School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20040, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xigang Liu
- Key laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Ran
- Key laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Renguang Lv
- Key laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lin
- Key laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Infection and Immunization, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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18
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Quinn KE, Mackie DI, Caron KM. Emerging roles of atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) in normal development and physiology. Cytokine 2019; 109:17-23. [PMID: 29903572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) can initiate alternative signaling pathways rather than classical G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling has changed the paradigm of chemokine receptors and their roles in modulating chemotactic responses. The ACKR family has grown over the years, with discovery of new functions and roles in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. However, the extent to which these receptors regulate normal physiology is still continuously expanding. In particular, atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) has proven to be an important receptor in mediating normal biological functions, including cardiac development and migration of cortical neurons. In this review, we illustrate the versatile and intriguing role of ACKR3 in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Quinn
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 MasonFarm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA
| | - D I Mackie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 MasonFarm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA
| | - K M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 MasonFarm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA.
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19
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Gustavsson M, Dyer DP, Zhao C, Handel TM. Kinetics of CXCL12 binding to atypical chemokine receptor 3 reveal a role for the receptor N terminus in chemokine binding. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/598/eaaw3657. [PMID: 31506383 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines bind to membrane-spanning chemokine receptors, which signal through G proteins and promote cell migration. However, atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) does not appear to couple to G proteins, and instead of directly promoting cell migration, it regulates the extracellular concentration of chemokines that it shares with the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) CXCR3 and CXCR4, thereby influencing the responses of these receptors. Understanding how these receptors bind their ligands is important for understanding these different processes. Here, we applied association and dissociation kinetic measurements coupled to β-arrestin recruitment assays to investigate ACKR3:chemokine interactions. Our results showed that CXCL12 binding is unusually slow and driven by the interplay between multiple binding epitopes. We also found that the amino terminus of the receptor played a key role in chemokine binding and activation by preventing chemokine dissociation. It was thought that chemokines initially bind receptors through interactions between the globular domain of the chemokine and the receptor amino terminus, which then guides the chemokine amino terminus into the transmembrane pocket of the receptor to initiate signaling. On the basis of our kinetic data, we propose an alternative mechanism in which the amino terminus of the chemokine initially forms interactions with the extracellular loops and transmembrane pocket of the receptor, which is followed by the receptor amino terminus wrapping around the core of the chemokine to prolong its residence time. These data provide insight into how ACKR3 competes and cooperates with canonical GPCRs in its function as a scavenger receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA.
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20
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Mitoma H, Manto M. Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier During Neuroinflammatory and Neuroinfectious Diseases. NEUROIMMUNE DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121618 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the organ of highest metabolic demand, utilizing over 25% of total body glucose utilization via an enormous vasculature with one capillary every 73 μm, the brain evolves a barrier at the capillary and postcapillary venules to prevent toxicity during serum fluctuations in metabolites and hormones, to limit brain swelling during inflammation, and to prevent pathogen invasion. Understanding of neuroprotective barriers has since evolved to incorporate the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, and the presence of CNS lymphatics that allow leukocyte egress. Identification of the cellular and molecular participants in BBB function at the NVU has allowed detailed analyses of mechanisms that contribute to BBB dysfunction in various disease states, which include both autoimmune and infectious etiologies. This chapter will introduce some of the cellular and molecular components that promote barrier function but may be manipulated by inflammatory mediators or pathogens during neuroinflammation or neuroinfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium, Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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21
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Fang T, Li R, Li Z, Cho J, Guzman JS, Kamm RD, Ploegh HL. Remodeling of the Tumor Microenvironment by a Chemokine/Anti-PD-L1 Nanobody Fusion Protein. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2838-2844. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Zeyang Li
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | | | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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22
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García-Cuesta EM, Santiago CA, Vallejo-Díaz J, Juarranz Y, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. The Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 Axis in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:585. [PMID: 31507535 PMCID: PMC6718456 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These receptors are intimately involved in cell movement, and thus play a critical role in several physiological and pathological situations that require the precise regulation of cell positioning. CXCR4 is one of the most studied chemokine receptors and is involved in many functions beyond leukocyte recruitment. During embryogenesis, it plays essential roles in vascular development, hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, and nervous system organization. It has been also implicated in tumor progression and autoimmune diseases and, together with CD4, is one of the co-receptors used by the HIV-1 virus to infect immune cells. In contrast to other chemokine receptors that are characterized by ligand promiscuity, CXCR4 has a unique ligand-stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1, CXCL12). However, this ligand also binds ACKR3, an atypical chemokine receptor that modulates CXCR4 functions and is overexpressed in multiple cancer types. The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis constitutes a potential therapeutic target for a wide variety of inflammatory diseases, not only by interfering with cell migration but also by modulating immune responses. Thus far, only one antagonist directed against the ligand-binding site of CXCR4, AMD3100, has demonstrated clinical relevance. Here, we review the role of this ligand and its receptors in different autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. García-Cuesta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - César A. Santiago
- Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vallejo-Díaz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Department Cell Biology, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mario Mellado
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23
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Szpakowska M, Nevins AM, Meyrath M, Rhainds D, D'huys T, Guité-Vinet F, Dupuis N, Gauthier PA, Counson M, Kleist A, St-Onge G, Hanson J, Schols D, Volkman BF, Heveker N, Chevigné A. Different contributions of chemokine N-terminal features attest to a different ligand binding mode and a bias towards activation of ACKR3/CXCR7 compared with CXCR4 and CXCR3. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1419-1438. [PMID: 29272550 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chemokines and their receptors form an intricate interaction and signalling network that plays critical roles in various physiological and pathological cellular processes. The high promiscuity and apparent redundancy of this network makes probing individual chemokine/receptor interactions and functional effects, as well as targeting individual receptor axes for therapeutic applications, challenging. Despite poor sequence identity, the N-terminal regions of chemokines, which play a key role in their activity and selectivity, contain several conserved features. Thus far little is known regarding the molecular basis of their interactions with typical and atypical chemokine receptors or the conservation of their contributions across chemokine-receptor pairs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used a broad panel of chemokine variants and modified peptides derived from the N-terminal region of chemokines CXCL12, CXCL11 and vCCL2, to compare the contributions of various features to binding and activation of their shared receptors, the two typical, canonical G protein-signalling receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR3, as well as the atypical scavenger receptor CXCR7/ACKR3, which shows exclusively arrestin-dependent activity. KEY RESULTS We provide molecular insights into the plasticity of the ligand-binding pockets of these receptors, their chemokine binding modes and their activation mechanisms. Although the chemokine N-terminal region is a critical determinant, neither the most proximal residues nor the N-loop are essential for binding and activation of ACKR3, as distinct from binding and activation of CXCR4 and CXCR3. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest a different interaction mechanism between this atypical receptor and its ligands and illustrate its strong propensity to activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Max Meyrath
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - David Rhainds
- Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas D'huys
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Guité-Vinet
- Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nadine Dupuis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Arnaud Gauthier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Counson
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andrew Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Geneviève St-Onge
- Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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24
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Abstract
The remarkable growth of therapeutic peptide development in the past decade has led to a large number of market approvals and the market value is expected to hit $25 billion by 2018. This significant market increase is driven by the increasing incidences of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and technological advancements in peptide synthesis. For this reason, the search for bioactive peptides has also increased exponentially. Many bioactive peptides from food and nonfood sources have shown positive health effects yet, obstacles such as the need to implement efficient and cost-effective strategies for industrial scale production, good manufacturing practices as well as well-designed clinical trials to provide robust evidence for supporting health claims continue to exist. Several other factors such as the possibility of allergenicity, toxicity and the stability of biological functions of the peptides during gastrointestinal digestion would need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- a Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon , South Korea
| | - Byong H Lee
- a Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon , South Korea.,b Department of Microbiology/Immunology , McGill University , Montreal , QC , H3A 2B4 , Canada
| | - Deog H Oh
- a Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon , South Korea
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25
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Zheng Y, Han GW, Abagyan R, Wu B, Stevens RC, Cherezov V, Kufareva I, Handel TM. Structure of CC Chemokine Receptor 5 with a Potent Chemokine Antagonist Reveals Mechanisms of Chemokine Recognition and Molecular Mimicry by HIV. Immunity 2017. [PMID: 28636951 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CCR5 is the primary chemokine receptor utilized by HIV to infect leukocytes, whereas CCR5 ligands inhibit infection by blocking CCR5 engagement with HIV gp120. To guide the design of improved therapeutics, we solved the structure of CCR5 in complex with chemokine antagonist [5P7]CCL5. Several structural features appeared to contribute to the anti-HIV potency of [5P7]CCL5, including the distinct chemokine orientation relative to the receptor, the near-complete occupancy of the receptor binding pocket, the dense network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and the similarity of binding determinants with the FDA-approved HIV inhibitor Maraviroc. Molecular modeling indicated that HIV gp120 mimicked the chemokine interaction with CCR5, providing an explanation for the ability of CCR5 to recognize diverse ligands and gp120 variants. Our findings reveal that structural plasticity facilitates receptor-chemokine specificity and enables exploitation by HIV, and provide insight into the design of small molecule and protein inhibitors for HIV and other CCR5-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gye Won Han
- Bridge Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Bridge Institute, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Bridge Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Tracy M Handel
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Kufareva I, Gustavsson M, Zheng Y, Stephens BS, Handel TM. What Do Structures Tell Us About Chemokine Receptor Function and Antagonism? Annu Rev Biophys 2017; 46:175-198. [PMID: 28532213 PMCID: PMC5764094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and their cell surface G protein-coupled receptors are critical for cell migration, not only in many fundamental biological processes but also in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Recent X-ray structures of two chemokines complexed with full-length receptors provided unprecedented insight into the atomic details of chemokine recognition and receptor activation, and computational modeling informed by new experiments leverages these insights to gain understanding of many more receptor:chemokine pairs. In parallel, chemokine receptor structures with small molecules reveal the complicated and diverse structural foundations of small molecule antagonism and allostery, highlight the inherent physicochemical challenges of receptor:chemokine interfaces, and suggest novel epitopes that can be exploited to overcome these challenges. The structures and models promote unique understanding of chemokine receptor biology, including the interpretation of two decades of experimental studies, and will undoubtedly assist future drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Bryan S Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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27
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Benredjem B, Girard M, Rhainds D, St-Onge G, Heveker N. Mutational Analysis of Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7) Interaction with Its Chemokine Ligands CXCL11 and CXCL12. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:31-42. [PMID: 27875312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors do not mediate chemotaxis or G protein signaling, but they recruit arrestin. They also efficiently scavenge their chemokine ligands, thereby contributing to gradient maintenance and termination. ACKR3, also known as CXCR7, binds and degrades the constitutive chemokine CXCL12, which also binds the canonical receptor CXCR4, and CXCL11, which also binds CXCR3. Here we report comprehensive mutational analysis of the ACKR3 interaction with its chemokine ligands, using 30 substitution mutants. Readouts are radioligand binding competition, arrestin recruitment, and chemokine scavenging. Our results suggest different binding modes for both chemokines. CXCL11 depends on the ACKR3 N terminus and some extracellular loop (ECL) positions for primary binding, ECL residues mediate secondary binding and arrestin recruitment potency. CXCL12 binding required key residues Asp-1794.60 and Asp-2756.58 (residue numbering follows the Ballesteros-Weinstein scheme), with no evident involvement of N-terminal residues, suggesting an uncommon mode of receptor engagement. Mutation of residues corresponding to CRS2 in CXCR4 (positions Ser-1032.63 and Gln-3017.39) increased CXCL11 binding, but reduced CXCL12 affinity. Mutant Q301E7.39 did not recruit arrestin. Mutant K118A3.26 in ECL1 showed moderate baseline arrestin recruitment with ablation of ligand-induced responses. Substitutions that affected CXCL11 binding also diminished scavenging. However, detection of reduced CXCL12 scavenging by mutants with impaired CXCL12 affinity required drastically reduced receptor expression levels, suggesting that scavenging pathways can be saturated and that CXCL12 binding exceeds scavenging at higher receptor expression levels. Arrestin recruitment did not correlate with scavenging; although Q301E7.39 degraded chemokines in the absence of arrestin, S103D2.63 had reduced CXCL11 scavenging despite intact arrestin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besma Benredjem
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada and.,Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Mélanie Girard
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada and.,Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - David Rhainds
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada and.,Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Geneviève St-Onge
- Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada and .,Research Centre, Saint-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Canada
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28
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Pacitto R, Gaeta I, Swanson JA, Yoshida S. CXCL12-induced macropinocytosis modulates two distinct pathways to activate mTORC1 in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:683-692. [PMID: 28250113 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0316-141rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although growth factors and chemokines elicit different overall effects on cells-growth and chemotaxis, respectively-and activate distinct classes of cell-surface receptors, nonetheless, they trigger similar cellular activities and signaling pathways. The growth factor M-CSF and the chemokine CXCL12 both stimulate the endocytic process of macropinocytosis, and both activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a protein complex that regulates cell metabolism. Recent studies of signaling by M-CSF in macrophages identified a role for macropinocytosis in the activation of mTORC1, in which delivery of extracellular amino acids into lysosomes via macropinocytosis was required for activation of mTORC1. Here, we analyzed the regulation of macropinosome (MP) formation in response to CXCL12 and identified 2 roles for macropinocytosis in the activation of mTORC1. Within 5 min of adding CXCL12, murine macrophages increased ruffling, macropinocytosis and amino acid-dependent activation of mTORC1. Inhibitors of macropinocytosis blocked activation of mTORC1, and various isoform-specific inhibitors of type 1 PI3K and protein kinase C (PKC) showed similar patterns of inhibition of macropinocytosis and mTORC1 activity. However, unlike the response to M-CSF, Akt phosphorylation (pAkt) in response to CXCL12 required the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of macropinocytic cups. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy showed that phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), a product of PI3K and an upstream activator of Akt, localized to macropinocytic cups and that pAkt occurred primarily in cups. These results indicate that CXCL12 activates mTORC1 via 2 mechanisms: 1) that the macropinocytic cup localizes Akt signaling and 2) that MPs convey extracellular nutrients to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Pacitto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Isabella Gaeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joel A Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sei Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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29
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Kufareva I. Chemokines and their receptors: insights from molecular modeling and crystallography. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 30:27-37. [PMID: 27459124 PMCID: PMC5071139 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are small secreted proteins that direct cell migration in development, immunity, inflammation, and cancer. They do so by binding and activating specific G protein coupled receptors on the surface of migrating cells. Despite the importance of receptor:chemokine interactions, their structural basis remained unclear for a long time. In 2015, the first atomic resolution insights were obtained with the publication of X-ray structures for two distantly related receptors bound to chemokines. In conjunction with experiment-guided molecular modeling, the structures suggest a conserved receptor:chemokine complex architecture, while highlighting the diverse details and functional roles of individual interaction epitopes. Novel findings promote the development and detailed structural interpretation of the canonical two-site hypothesis of receptor:chemokine recognition, and suggest new avenues for pharmacological modulation of chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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30
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Signal transmission through the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) transmembrane helices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9928-33. [PMID: 27543332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601278113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The atomic-level mechanisms by which G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit extracellular ligand binding events through their transmembrane helices to activate intracellular G proteins remain unclear. Using a comprehensive library of mutations covering all 352 residues of the GPCR CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), we identified 41 amino acids that are required for signaling induced by the chemokine ligand CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1). CXCR4 variants with each of these mutations do not signal properly but remain folded, based on receptor surface trafficking, reactivity to conformationally sensitive monoclonal antibodies, and ligand binding. When visualized on the structure of CXCR4, the majority of these residues form a continuous intramolecular signaling chain through the transmembrane helices; this chain connects chemokine binding residues on the extracellular side of CXCR4 to G protein-coupling residues on its intracellular side. Integrated into a cohesive model of signal transmission, these CXCR4 residues cluster into five functional groups that mediate (i) chemokine engagement, (ii) signal initiation, (iii) signal propagation, (iv) microswitch activation, and (v) G protein coupling. Propagation of the signal passes through a "hydrophobic bridge" on helix VI that coordinates with nearly every known GPCR signaling motif. Our results agree with known conserved mechanisms of GPCR activation and significantly expand on understanding the structural principles of CXCR4 signaling.
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31
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Kleist AB, Getschman AE, Ziarek JJ, Nevins AM, Gauthier PA, Chevigné A, Szpakowska M, Volkman BF. New paradigms in chemokine receptor signal transduction: Moving beyond the two-site model. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:53-68. [PMID: 27106080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor (CKR) signaling forms the basis of essential immune cellular functions, and dysregulated CKR signaling underpins numerous disease processes of the immune system and beyond. CKRs, which belong to the seven transmembrane domain receptor (7TMR) superfamily, initiate signaling upon binding of endogenous, secreted chemokine ligands. Chemokine-CKR interactions are traditionally described by a two-step/two-site mechanism, in which the CKR N-terminus recognizes the chemokine globular core (i.e. site 1 interaction), followed by activation when the unstructured chemokine N-terminus is inserted into the receptor TM bundle (i.e. site 2 interaction). Several recent studies challenge the structural independence of sites 1 and 2 by demonstrating physical and allosteric links between these supposedly separate sites. Others contest the functional independence of these sites, identifying nuanced roles for site 1 and other interactions in CKR activation. These developments emerge within a rapidly changing landscape in which CKR signaling is influenced by receptor PTMs, chemokine and CKR dimerization, and endogenous non-chemokine ligands. Simultaneous advances in the structural and functional characterization of 7TMR biased signaling have altered how we understand promiscuous chemokine-CKR interactions. In this review, we explore new paradigms in CKR signal transduction by considering studies that depict a more intricate architecture governing the consequences of chemokine-CKR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Anthony E Getschman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Pierre-Arnaud Gauthier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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32
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Dorgham K, Cerini F, Gaertner H, Melotti A, Rossitto-Borlat I, Gorochov G, Hartley O. Generating Chemokine Analogs with Enhanced Pharmacological Properties Using Phage Display. Methods Enzymol 2016; 570:47-72. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Gustavsson M, Zheng Y, Handel TM. Production of Chemokine/Chemokine Receptor Complexes for Structural Biophysical Studies. Methods Enzymol 2015; 570:233-60. [PMID: 26921949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of methods for expression and purification of seven-transmembrane receptors has led to an increase in structural and biophysical data and greatly improved the understanding of receptor structure and function. For chemokine receptors, this has been highlighted by the determination of crystal structures of CXCR4 and CCR5 in complex with small-molecule antagonists, followed recently by two receptor/chemokine complexes; CXCR4 in complex with vMIP-II and US28 in complex with the CX3CL1. However, these studies cover only a few of the many chemokines and chemokine receptors and production of stable receptor/chemokine complexes remains a challenging task. Here, we present a method for producing purified complexes between chemokine receptors and chemokines by coexpression in Sf9 cells. Using the complex between atypical chemokine receptor 3 and its native chemokine CXCL12 as an example, we describe the virus production, protein expression, and purification process as well as reconstitution into different membrane mimics. This method provides an efficient way of producing pure receptor/chemokine complexes and has been used to successfully produce receptor/chemokine complexes for CXC as well as CC receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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