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Walker MF, Zhang J, Steiner W, Ku PI, Zhu JF, Michaelson Z, Yen YC, Lee A, Long AB, Casey MJ, Poddar A, Nelson IB, Arveseth CD, Nagel F, Clough R, LaPotin S, Kwan KM, Schulz S, Stewart RA, Tesmer JJG, Caspary T, Subramanian R, Ge X, Myers BR. GRK2 Kinases in the Primary Cilium Initiate SMOOTHENED-PKA Signaling in the Hedgehog Cascade. bioRxiv 2024:2023.05.10.540226. [PMID: 37214942 PMCID: PMC10197709 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction in development and disease, the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) SMOOTHENED (SMO) communicates with GLI transcription factors by binding the protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA-C) and physically blocking its enzymatic activity. Here we show that GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2) orchestrates this process during endogenous Hh pathway activation in the vertebrate primary cilium. Upon SMO activation, GRK2 rapidly relocalizes from the ciliary base to the shaft, triggering SMO phosphorylation and PKA-C interaction. Reconstitution studies reveal that GRK2 phosphorylation enables active SMO to bind PKA-C directly. Lastly, the SMO-GRK2-PKA pathway underlies Hh signal transduction in a range of cellular and in vivo models. Thus, GRK2 phosphorylation of ciliary SMO, and the ensuing PKA-C binding and inactivation, are critical initiating events for the intracellular steps in Hh signaling. More broadly, our study suggests an expanded role for GRKs in enabling direct GPCR interactions with diverse intracellular effectors.
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2
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Yen YC, Li Y, Chen CL, Klose T, Watts VJ, Dessauer CW, Tesmer JJG. Structure of adenylyl cyclase 5 in complex with Gβγ offers insights into ADCY5-related dyskinesia. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01263-0. [PMID: 38589608 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The nine different membrane-anchored adenylyl cyclase isoforms (AC1-9) in mammals are stimulated by the heterotrimeric G protein, Gαs, but their response to Gβγ regulation is isoform specific. In the present study, we report cryo-electron microscope structures of ligand-free AC5 in complex with Gβγ and a dimeric form of AC5 that could be involved in its regulation. Gβγ binds to a coiled-coil domain that links the AC transmembrane region to its catalytic core as well as to a region (C1b) that is known to be a hub for isoform-specific regulation. We confirmed the Gβγ interaction with both purified proteins and cell-based assays. Gain-of-function mutations in AC5 associated with human familial dyskinesia are located at the interface of AC5 with Gβγ and show reduced conditional activation by Gβγ, emphasizing the importance of the observed interaction for motor function in humans. We propose a molecular mechanism wherein Gβγ either prevents dimerization of AC5 or allosterically modulates the coiled-coil domain, and hence the catalytic core. As our mechanistic understanding of how individual AC isoforms are uniquely regulated is limited, studies such as this may provide new avenues for isoform-specific drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Hockmeyer Hall for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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3
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Chen CL, Syahirah R, Ravala SK, Yen YC, Klose T, Deng Q, Tesmer JJG. Molecular basis for Gβγ-mediated activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01265-y. [PMID: 38565696 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate by phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is critical for neutrophil chemotaxis and cancer metastasis. PI3Kγ is activated by Gβγ heterodimers released from G protein-coupled receptors responding to extracellular signals. Here we determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of Sus scrofa PI3Kγ-human Gβγ complexes in the presence of substrates/analogs, revealing two Gβγ binding sites: one on the p110γ helical domain and another on the p101 C-terminal domain. Comparison with PI3Kγ alone reveals conformational changes in the kinase domain upon Gβγ binding that are similar to Ras·GTP-induced changes. Assays of variants perturbing the Gβγ binding sites and interdomain contacts altered by Gβγ binding suggest that Gβγ recruits the enzyme to membranes and allosterically regulates activity via both sites. Studies of zebrafish neutrophil migration align with these findings, paving the way for in-depth investigation of Gβγ-mediated activation mechanisms in this enzyme family and drug development for PI3Kγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ramizah Syahirah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sandeep K Ravala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Chen CL, Syahirah R, Ravala SK, Yen YC, Klose T, Deng Q, Tesmer JJG. Molecular basis for Gβγ-mediated activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.04.539492. [PMID: 37205329 PMCID: PMC10187307 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of PIP2 to PIP3 by phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is a critical step in neutrophil chemotaxis and is essential for metastasis in many types of cancer. PI3Kγ is activated via directed interaction with Gβγ heterodimers released from cell-surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) responding to extracellular signals. To resolve how Gβγ activates PI3Kγ, we determined cryo-EM reconstructions of PI3Kγ-Gβγ complexes in the presence of various substrates/analogs, revealing two distinct Gβγ binding sites, one on the p110γ helical domain and one on the C-terminal domain of the p101 subunit. Comparison of these complexes with structures of PI3Kγ alone demonstrates conformational changes in the kinase domain upon Gβγ binding similar to those induced by Ras·GTP. Assays of variants perturbing the two Gβγ binding sites and interdomain contacts that change upon Gβγ binding suggest that Gβγ not only recruits the enzyme to membranes but also allosterically controls activity via both sites. Studies in a zebrafish model examining neutrophil migration are consistent with these results. These findings set the stage for future detailed investigation of Gβγ-mediated activation mechanisms in this enzyme family and will aid in developing drugs selective for PI3Kγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Chen
- Departments of Biological Sciences & Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University. 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ramizah Syahirah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University. 915 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Sandeep K Ravala
- Departments of Biological Sciences & Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University. 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Departments of Biological Sciences & Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University. 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University. 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University. 915 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology & Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences & Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University. 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Yen YC, Li Y, Chen CL, Klose T, Watts VJ, Dessauer CW, Tesmer JJG. Isoform Specific Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase 5 by Gβγ. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.02.539090. [PMID: 37205557 PMCID: PMC10187219 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The nine different membrane-anchored adenylyl cyclase isoforms (AC1-9) in mammals are stimulated by the heterotrimeric G protein Gαs, but their response to Gβγ regulation is isoform-specific. For example, AC5 is conditionally activated by Gβγ. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of ligand-free AC5 in complex with Gβγ and of a dimeric form of AC5 that could be involved in its regulation. Gβγ binds to a coiled-coil domain that links the AC transmembrane region to its catalytic core as well as to a region (C1b) that is known to be a hub for isoform-specific regulation. We confirmed the Gβγ interaction with both purified proteins and cell-based assays. The interface with Gβγ involves AC5 residues that are subject to gain-of-function mutations in humans with familial dyskinesia, indicating that the observed interaction is important for motor function. A molecular mechanism wherein Gβγ either prevents dimerization of AC5 or allosterically modulates the coiled-coil domain, and hence the catalytic core, is proposed. Because our mechanistic understanding of how individual AC isoforms are uniquely regulated is limited, studies such as this may provide new avenues for isoform-specific drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue CryoEM Facility, Suite 171, Hockmeyer Hall for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Yen YC, Schafer CT, Gustavsson M, Eberle SA, Dominik PK, Deneka D, Zhang P, Schall TJ, Kossiakoff AA, Tesmer JJG, Handel TM. Structures of atypical chemokine receptor 3 reveal the basis for its promiscuity and signaling bias. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn8063. [PMID: 35857509 PMCID: PMC9278869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Both CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) are activated by the chemokine CXCL12 yet evoke distinct cellular responses. CXCR4 is a canonical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), whereas ACKR3 is intrinsically biased for arrestin. The molecular basis for this difference is not understood. Here, we describe cryo-EM structures of ACKR3 in complex with CXCL12, a more potent CXCL12 variant, and a small-molecule agonist. The bound chemokines adopt an unexpected pose relative to those established for CXCR4 and observed in other receptor-chemokine complexes. Along with functional studies, these structures provide insight into the ligand-binding promiscuity of ACKR3, why it fails to couple to G proteins, and its bias toward β-arrestin. The results lay the groundwork for understanding the physiological interplay of ACKR3 with other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Christopher T. Schafer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefanie A. Eberle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pawel K. Dominik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dawid Deneka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Penglie Zhang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 835 Industrial Rd., Suite 600, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Thomas J. Schall
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 835 Industrial Rd., Suite 600, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Anthony A. Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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7
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Lendy EK, Yen YC, Cardenas EL, Brindisi M, Ghosh AK, Mesecar AD. Exploring the structural determinants for inhibitor selectivity towards the BACE protein family using structure-based molecular design. Biophys J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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8
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Yen YC, Kammeyer AM, Tirlangi J, Ghosh AK, Mesecar AD. A Structure-Based Discovery Platform for BACE2 and the Development of Selective BACE Inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:581-588. [PMID: 33544569 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to perform routine structure-guided drug design for selective BACE inhibitors has been limited because of the lack of robust platform for BACE2 expression, purification, and crystallization. To overcome this limitation, we developed a platform that produces 2-3 mg of pure BACE2 protein per liter of E. coli culture, and we used this protein to design macrocyclic compounds that potently and selectively inhibit BACE1 over BACE2. Compound 2 was found to potently inhibit BACE 1 (Ki = 5 nM) with a selectivity of 214-fold over BACE2. The X-ray crystal structures of unbound BACE2 (2.2 Å) and BACE2 bound to compound 3 (3.0 Å and Ki = 7 nM) were determined and compared to the X-ray structures of BACE1 revealing the S1-S3 subsite as a selectivity determinant. This platform should enable a more rapid development of new and selective BACE inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or type II diabetes.
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9
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Bouley RA, Weinberg ZY, Waldschmidt HV, Yen YC, Larsen SD, Puthenveedu MA, Tesmer JJG. A New Paroxetine-Based GRK2 Inhibitor Reduces Internalization of the μ-Opioid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:392-401. [PMID: 32234810 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) play a key role in terminating signals initiated by agonist-bound GPCRs. However, chronic stimulation of GPCRs, such as that which occurs during heart failure, leads to the overexpression of GRKs and maladaptive downregulation of GPCRs on the cell surface. We previously reported the discovery of potent and selective families of GRK inhibitors based on either the paroxetine or GSK180736A scaffold. A new inhibitor, CCG258747, which is based on paroxetine, demonstrates increased potency against the GRK2 subfamily and favorable pharmacokinetic parameters in mice. CCG258747 and the closely related compound CCG258208 also showed high selectivity for the GRK2 subfamily in a kinome panel of 104 kinases. We developed a cell-based assay to screen the ability of CCG258747 and 10 other inhibitors with different GRK subfamily selectivities and with either the paroxetine or GSK180736A scaffold to block internalization of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). CCG258747 showed the best efficacy in blocking MOR internalization among the compounds tested. Furthermore, we show that compounds based on paroxetine had much better cell permeability than those based on GSK180736A, which explains why GSK180736A-based inhibitors, although being potent in vitro, do not always show efficacy in cell-based assays. This study validates the paroxetine scaffold as the most effective for GRK inhibition in living cells, confirming that GRK2 predominantly drives internalization of MOR in the cell lines we tested and underscores the utility of high-resolution cell-based assays for assessment of compound efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are attractive targets for developing therapeutics for heart failure. We have synthesized a new GRK2 subfamily-selective inhibitor, CCG258747, which has nanomolar potency against GRK2 and excellent selectivity over other kinases. A live-cell receptor internalization assay was used to test the ability of GRK2 inhibitors to impart efficacy on a GRK-dependent process in cells. Our data indicate that CCG258747 blocked the internalization of the μ-opioid receptor most efficaciously because it has the ability to cross cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Bouley
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zara Y Weinberg
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Helen V Waldschmidt
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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10
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Yen YC, Kammeyer AM, Jensen KC, Tirlangi J, Ghosh AK, Mesecar AD. Development of an Efficient Enzyme Production and Structure-Based Discovery Platform for BACE1 Inhibitors. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4424-4435. [PMID: 31549827 PMCID: PMC7284891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 (Beta-site Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Cleaving Enzyme 1) is a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, efficient expression, purification, and crystallization systems are not well described or detailed in the literature nor are approaches for treatment of enzyme kinetic data for potent inhibitors well described. We therefore developed a platform for expression and purification of BACE1, including protein refolding from E.coli inclusion bodies, in addition to optimizing a reproducible crystallization procedure of BACE1 bound with inhibitors. We also report a detailed approach to the proper analysis of enzyme kinetic data for compounds that exhibit either rapid-equilibrium or tight-binding mechanisms. Our methods allow for the purification of ∼15 mg of BACE1 enzyme from 1 L of culture which is higher than reported yields in the current literature. To evaluate the data analysis approach developed here, a well-known potent inhibitor and two of its derivatives were tested, analyzed, and compared. The inhibitory constants (Ki) obtained from the kinetic studies are in agreement with dissociation constants (Kd) that were also determined using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments. The X-ray structures of these three compounds in complex with BACE1 were readily obtained and provide important insight into the structure and thermodynamics of the BACE1-inhibitor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Annalissa M. Kammeyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Katherine C. Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew D. Mesecar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States, Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States,Corresponding Author:. Tel.: (765) 494-1924
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11
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Yen YC, Lendy EK, Kovela S, Cárdenas EL, Reddy BS, Rao KV, Downs D, Huang X, Tang J, Mesecar AD. Cover Feature: Highly Selective and Potent Human β-Secretase 2 (BACE2) Inhibitors against Type 2 Diabetes: Design, Synthesis, X-ray Structure and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (ChemMedChem 5/2019). ChemMedChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Emma K. Lendy
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Emilio Leal Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Kalapala Venketeswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Deborah Downs
- Protein Studies Program; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA
| | - Xiangping Huang
- Protein Studies Program; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA
| | - Jordan Tang
- Protein Studies Program; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA
| | - Andrew D. Mesecar
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Yen YC, Lendy EK, Kovela S, Cárdenas EL, Reddy BS, Rao KV, Downs D, Huang X, Tang J, Mesecar AD. Highly Selective and Potent Human β-Secretase 2 (BACE2) Inhibitors against Type 2 Diabetes: Design, Synthesis, X-ray Structure and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:545-560. [PMID: 30637955 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of potent and highly selective β-secretase 2 (memapsin 1, beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 2, or BACE 2) inhibitors. BACE2 has been recognized as an exciting new target for type 2 diabetes. The X-ray structure of BACE1 bound to inhibitor 2 a {N3 -[(1S,2R)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-3-[[(1S,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-(isobutylcarbamoyl)propyl]amino]propyl]-5-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-N1 -[(1R)-1-phenylpropyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide} containing a hydroxyethylamine isostere was determined. Based on this structure, a computational docking study was performed which led to inhibitor 2 a-bound BACE2 models. These were used to optimize the potency and selectivity of inhibitors. A systematic structure-activity relationship study led to the identification of determinants of the inhibitors' potency and selectivity toward the BACE2 enzyme. Inhibitors 2 d [N3 -[(1S,2R)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-3-[[(1S,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-(isobutylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amino]propyl]-N1 -methyl-N1 -[(1R)-1-phenylpropyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide; Ki =0.031 nm, selectivity over BACE1: ≈174 000-fold] and 3 l [N1 -((2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-4-((3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)butan-2-yl)-N3 ,5-dimethyl-N3 -((R)-1-phenylethyl)isophthalamide; Ki =1.6 nm, selectivity over BACE1: >500-fold] displayed outstanding potency and selectivity. Inhibitor 3 l is nonpeptide in nature and may pave the way to the development of a new class of potent and selective BACE2 inhibitors with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Emma K Lendy
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Satish Kovela
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Emilio Leal Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kalapala Venketeswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Deborah Downs
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Xiangping Huang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jordan Tang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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13
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Ghosh AK, Ghosh K, Brindisi M, Lendy EK, Yen YC, Kumaragurubaran N, Huang X, Tang J, Mesecar AD. Design, synthesis, X-ray studies, and biological evaluation of novel BACE1 inhibitors with bicyclic isoxazoline carboxamides as the P3 ligand. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2605-2610. [PMID: 29970308 PMCID: PMC6085084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe the design, synthesis, X-ray studies, and biological evaluation of novel BACE1 inhibitors containing bicyclic isoxazoline carboxamides as the P3 ligand in combination with methyl cysteine, methylsulfonylalanine and Boc-amino alanine as P2 ligands. Inhibitor 3a displayed a BACE1 Ki value of 10.9 nM and EC50 of 343 nM. The X-ray structure of 3a bound to the active site of BACE1 was determined at 2.85 Å resolution. The structure revealed that the major molecular interactions between BACE1 and the bicyclic tetrahydrofuranyl isoxazoline heterocycle are van der Waals in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| | - Koena Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Emma K Lendy
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | | | - Xiangping Huang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, United States
| | - Jordan Tang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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14
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Yen YC, Cárdenas EL, Ella-Menye JR, Kumaragurubaran N, Huang X, Tang J, Mesecar AD. Design, synthesis, and X-ray structural studies of BACE-1 inhibitors containing substituted 2-oxopiperazines as P1'-P2' ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2432-2438. [PMID: 28427814 PMCID: PMC5479133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of a series of BACE1 inhibitors incorporating mono- and bicyclic 6-substituted 2-oxopiperazines as novel P1' and P2' ligands and isophthalamide derivative as P2-P3 ligands. Among mono-substituted 2-oxopiperazines, inhibitor 5a with N-benzyl-2-oxopiperazine and isophthalamide showed potent BACE1 inhibitory activity (Ki=2nM). Inhibitor 5g, with N-benzyl-2-oxopiperazine and substituted indole-derived P2-ligand showed a reduction in potency. The X-ray crystal structure of 5g-bound BACE1 was determined and used to design a set of disubstituted 2-oxopiperazines and bicyclic derivatives that were subsequently investigated. Inhibitor 6j with an oxazolidinone derivative showed a BACE1 inhibitory activity of 23nM and cellular EC50 of 80nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Emilio L Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jean-Rene Ella-Menye
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | | | - Xiangping Huang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, United States
| | - Jordan Tang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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15
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Ghosh AK, Reddy BS, Yen YC, Cardenas E, Rao KV, Downs D, Huang X, Tang J, Mesecar AD. Design of Potent and Highly Selective Inhibitors for Human β-Secretase 2 (Memapsin 1), a Target for Type 2 Diabetes. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3117-3122. [PMID: 27347366 PMCID: PMC4916918 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03718b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure-based design and syntheses of potent and highly selective BACE2 inhibitors are described.
Design, synthesis and evaluation of very potent and selective β-secretase 2 (memapsin 1, BACE 2) inhibitors are described. The inhibitors were designed specifically to interact with the S2′-site of β-secretase 2 to provide >170 000-fold selectivity over β-secretase (BACE 1) and >15 000-fold selectivity over cathepsin D. BACE 2 is implicated in type 2 diabetes. The studies serve as an important guide to selective BACE 2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Emilio Cardenas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Kalapala Venketeswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Deborah Downs
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 (USA)
| | - Xiangping Huang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 (USA)
| | - Jordan Tang
- Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 (USA)
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA); Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA); Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Yen YC, Xu X, Huang X, Devasamudram T, Bilcer G, Lei H, Koelsch G, Mesecar AD, Tang J. Structure-based design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel β-secretase inhibitors containing a pyrazole or thiazole moiety as the P3 ligand. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:668-72. [PMID: 25537272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel inhibitors bearing a pyrazole (compounds 3a-h) or a thiazole moiety (compounds 4a-e) as the P3 ligand. We have also explored Boc-β-amino-l-alanine as a novel P2 ligand. A number of inhibitors have displayed β-secretase inhibitory potency. Inhibitor 4c has shown potent BACE1 inhibitory activity, Ki=0.25nM, cellular EC50 of 194nM, and displayed good selectivity over BACE2. A model of 4c was created based upon the X-ray structure of 2-bound β-secretase which revealed critical interactions in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Xiangping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, United States
| | - Thippeswamy Devasamudram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States; CoMentis Inc, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Geoffrey Bilcer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States; CoMentis Inc, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Hui Lei
- CoMentis Inc, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Gerald Koelsch
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, United States; CoMentis Inc, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jordan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Protein Studies Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
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Sotnikov SV, Wittmann A, Yen YC, Wotjak C, Landgraf R, Czibere L. Central glucocorticoid system dysfunction in a mouse model of extreme anxiety: clinical implications. Pharmacopsychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1353301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Lee LY, Wu FH, Hsu CT, Shen SC, Yeh HY, Liao DC, Fang MJ, Liu NT, Yen YC, Dokládal L, Sýkorová E, Gelvin SB, Lin CS. Screening a cDNA library for protein-protein interactions directly in planta. Plant Cell 2012; 24:1746-59. [PMID: 22623495 PMCID: PMC3442567 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.097998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Screening cDNA libraries for genes encoding proteins that interact with a bait protein is usually performed in yeast. However, subcellular compartmentation and protein modification may differ in yeast and plant cells, resulting in misidentification of protein partners. We used bimolecular fluorescence complementation technology to screen a plant cDNA library against a bait protein directly in plants. As proof of concept, we used the N-terminal fragment of yellow fluorescent protein- or nVenus-tagged Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirE2 and VirD2 proteins and the C-terminal extension (CTE) domain of Arabidopsis thaliana telomerase reverse transcriptase as baits to screen an Arabidopsis cDNA library encoding proteins tagged with the C-terminal fragment of yellow fluorescent protein. A library of colonies representing ~2 × 10(5) cDNAs was arrayed in 384-well plates. DNA was isolated from pools of 10 plates, individual plates, and individual rows and columns of the plates. Sequential screening of subsets of cDNAs in Arabidopsis leaf or tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow-2 protoplasts identified single cDNA clones encoding proteins that interact with either, or both, of the Agrobacterium bait proteins, or with CTE. T-DNA insertions in the genes represented by some cDNAs revealed five novel Arabidopsis proteins important for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. We also used this cDNA library to confirm VirE2-interacting proteins in orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis) flowers. Thus, this technology can be applied to several plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ying Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392
| | - Fu-Hui Wu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Tran Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Shen
- Scientific Instrument Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - De-Chih Liao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jane Fang
- Core Facilities, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Tze Liu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392
| | - Ladislav Dokládal
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Sýkorová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanton B. Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392
| | - Choun-Sea Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Address correspondence to
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Yen YC, Sartori SB, Steiner A, Singewald N, Landgraf R. Pharmacology of neuropeptide S in a mouse model of extremes in anxiety-related behavior. Pharmacopsychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1240257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Yen YC, Liu CK, Lung FW, Chong MY. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2001; 17:190-7. [PMID: 11482130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the association and related factors of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Taiwan. We examined ApoE genotypes in 50 Chinese patients with AD and 50 age- and sex-matched controls. The patients met the criteria of probable AD of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) and AD of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV). There were 28 females and 22 males in the case and control groups. The mean age of onset of AD was 72. 62 years. The average interval between onset and research was 3.85 years. The frequency of ApoE epsilon 4 in the AD group was significantly higher than that in the controls (0.13 versus 0.02, p < 0.05). The odds ratio for AD in individuals with at least one ApoE epsilon 4 allele was 6.0 (95% CI 1.34 to 55.3, p < 0.001). The linear trend for AD in proportion to alleles of ApoE epsilon 4 was significant (chi 2 = 8.3, p = 0.004). The risk of ApoE epsilon 4 allele for the late-onset AD patients, males, or those who received less education was higher than that for the early-onset AD patients, females, or those who had received more education. The sensitivity of the epsilon 4 allele was 24%, the specificity 96%, the positive predictive value 86%, and the negative predictive value 56%. Our results supported that the ApoE epsilon 4 allele is related to AD in Taiwan. In addition, sex and education may play important roles in the presence of ApoE epsilon 4 allele. The epsilon 4 allele seemed helpful as an adjunct for diagnostic testing of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Military Kaohsiung General Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
The advent of radioligand binding studies has allowed the classification of receptor subtypes in various tissues. However, the presence of a receptor subtype in a heterogenous tissue does not insure that the receptor has a significant physiological role. beta 1- and beta 2-Adrenoceptors have been reported to coexist in the rabbit right atria. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the physiological role of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in catecholamine-induced chronotropic responses in the rabbit right atria through comparison of data from functional and radioligand binding studies. Rank order of potency was determined using isoproterenol, epinephrine and norepinephrine for both chronotropic and inotropic responses in the rabbit right atria and right ventricular papillary muscles, respectively. These studies indicated that the beta 1-adrenoceptor was primarily responsible for catecholamine-induced responses. Next, the beta 1-selective antagonist, atenolol, was found to inhibit the chronotropic responses of the nonselective beta-agonist, isoproterenol, and the beta 2-selective agonist, terbutaline, to the same extent. These data indicate that terbutaline produces its chronotropic effects in the rabbit right atria through stimulation of beta 1-, not beta 2-adrenoceptors. Finally, competition studies for [125I]iodocyanopindolol and the relatively selective beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonists (ICI 89406 and ICI 118551, respectively) indicated that the ratio of beta 1- to beta 2-adrenoceptor subtypes is 6:1. It is concluded that while both receptors may be present in the rabbit right atria, the beta 1-adrenoceptor is the predominant subtype both in density and physiological significance, while the beta 2-adrenoceptor plays little, if any role, in the chronotropic responses induced by catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Tenner
- Department of Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
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22
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Yen YC, Kong LX, Lee L, Zhang YQ, Li F, Cai BJ, Gao SY. Characteristics of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Xinjiang strain) in China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34:1179-82. [PMID: 2422968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus strains isolated from blood of patients during a hemorrhagic fever outbreak in 1968 in southern Xinjiang, China, from Hyalomma asiaticum and from sheep, were found to be identical or closely related to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (C-CHF) virus by complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests with convalescent sera of patients and with C-CHF reference antibody. The virus was inactivated by ether and acid. Viral synthesis was not suppressed by 5-iododeoxyuridine suggesting an RNA-containing genome. The buoyant density in sucrose was 1.16-1.18 g/cm3. The particle weight was estimated at 3.26 +/- 0.46 X 10(8). The diameter of the virus particles was 85-105 nm.
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Abstract
In pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone, containing the amino terminal 34 amino acids (bPTH-(1-34] in doses of 0.1-0.8 microgram/kg i.v. caused dose-related decrease in arterial blood pressure, increase in cardiac output and prominent reduction of total peripheral resistance. Marked increase of coeliac, coronary and renal blood flows and decrease of vascular resistances in these beds occurred. Mesenteric and iliac blood flows usually decreased. Changes in mesenteric resistance were minimal while iliac resistance increased substantially. The increase of renal blood flow was still obvious 10-20 min or longer after arterial blood pressure had returned to control levels. Mesenteric and iliac vasoconstriction were attributable to reflex increase in sympathetic activity since some decrease in resistances in these beds were seen in response to bPTH-(1-34) after ganglionic blockade. Renal vasodilation was not related to a prostaglandin mechanism as similar dilation occurred after prostaglandin synthesis inhibition with indomethacin. In summary, bPTH-(1-34) has prominant effects on the circulation, and does not affect all vascular beds similarly. The exact mechanism of the vasodilating action of bPTH remains to be elucidated.
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Abstract
Synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone fragment containing the N-terminal 1-34 amino acids (bPTH-(1-34) ) relaxed the guinea-pig trachea constricted with histamine in vitro. Peptides with bovine and human sequences purchased from Peninsula Laboratories and Beckman Bioproducts produced similar effects. Substitution of methionine in positions 8 and 18 by norleucine did not affect this property of bPTH-(1-34). However, when the methionines were oxidized by treating the peptide with hydrogen peroxide, the peptide could no longer produce relaxation in the trachea. Oxidation of the methionine-replaced analog did not affect the action of the peptide on the trachea. It seems that the methionines per se are not necessary, but once oxidized the conformation of the molecule may be sufficiently altered to affect its ability to relax the trachea. While propranolol can block the relaxing action of isoproterenol, this blocking agent produces no inhibition of the bPTH-(1-34) effect. This action of PTH on the trachea may be related to cAMP because isobutyryl-methylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, potentiates and imidazole, a phosphodiesterase stimulator, inhibits the trachea relaxing action of bPTH-(1-34).
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Yen YC, Chang PC, Tsai HS, Yang YK, Sun JY. [The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on adrenocortical function of rats]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 1965; 28:309-14. [PMID: 4287592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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