Role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF157 as a novel downstream effector linking PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways to the cell cycle

The Toxoplasma gondii F-Box Protein L2 Functions as a Repressor of Stage Specific Gene Expression

Toxoplasma gondii is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe and life-threatening infections in fetuses and immunocompromised patients. Felids are its only definitive hosts, and a wide range of animals, including humans, serve as intermediate hosts. When the transmissible bradyzoite stage is orally ingested by felids, they transform into merozoites that expand asexually, ultimately generating millions of gametes for the parasite sexual cycle. However, bradyzoites in intermediate hosts differentiate exclusively to disease-causing tachyzoites, which rapidly disseminate throughout the host. Though tachyzoites are well-studied, the molecular mechanisms governing transitioning between developmental stages are poorly understood. Each parasite stage can be distinguished by a characteristic transcriptional signature, with one signature being repressed during the other stages. Switching between stages require substantial changes in the proteome, which is achieved in part by ubiquitination. F-box proteins mediate protein poly-ubiquitination by recruiting substrates to SKP1, Cullin-1, F-Box protein E3 ubiquitin ligase (SCF-E3) complexes. We have identified an F-box protein named Toxoplasma gondii F-Box Protein L2 (TgFBXL2), which localizes to distinct perinucleolar sites. TgFBXL2 is stably engaged in an SCF-E3 complex that is surprisingly also associated with a COP9 signalosome complex that negatively regulates SCF-E3 function. At the cellular level, TgFBXL2-depleted parasites are severely defective in centrosome replication and daughter cell development. Most remarkable, RNAseq data show that TgFBXL2 conditional depletion induces the expression of stage-specific genes including a a large cohort of genes necessary for sexual commitment. Together, these data suggest that TgFBXL2 is a latent guardian of stage specific gene expression in Toxoplasma and poised to remove conflicting proteins in response to an unknown trigger of development.

A genetic variant in the immune-related gene ERAP1 affects colorectal cancer prognosis

BACKGROUND

Findings on the association of genetic factors and colorectal cancer (CRC) survival are limited and inconsistent, and revealing the mechanism underlying their prognostic roles is of great importance. This study aimed to explore the relationship between functional genetic variations and the prognosis of CRC and further reveal the possible mechanism.

METHODS

We first systematically performed expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Then, the Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to filter out the survival-related eQTL target genes of CRC patients in two public datasets (TCGA and GSE39582 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database). The seven most potentially functional eQTL single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with six survival-related eQTL target genes were genotyped in 907 Chinese CRC patients with clinical prognosis data. The regulatory mechanism of the survival-related SNP was further confirmed by functional experiments.

RESULTS

The rs71630754 regulating the expression of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 ( ERAP1 ) was significantly associated with the prognosis of CRC (additive model, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.88, P = 0.012). The results of dual-luciferase reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the A allele of the rs71630754 could increase the binding of transcription factor 3 (TCF3) and subsequently reduce the expression of ERAP1 . The results of bioinformatic analysis showed that lower expression of ERAP1 could affect the tumor immune microenvironment and was significantly associated with severe survival outcomes.

CONCLUSION

The rs71630754 could influence the prognosis of CRC patients by regulating the expression of the immune-related gene ERAP1 .

TRIAL REGISTRATION

No. NCT00454519 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ).

Toxoplasma gondii F-Box Protein L2 Silences Feline-Restricted Genes Necessary for Sexual Commitment

Toxoplasma gondii is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe and life-threatening infections in fetuses and immunocompromised patients. Felids are its only definitive hosts, and a wide range of animals, including humans, serve as intermediate hosts. When the transmissible bradyzoite stage is orally ingested by felids, they transform into merozoites that expand asexually, ultimately generating millions of gametes for the parasite sexual cycle. However, bradyzoites in intermediate hosts differentiate exclusively to disease-causing tachyzoites, which rapidly disseminate throughout the host. Though tachyzoites are well-studied, the molecular mechanisms governing transitioning between developmental stages are poorly understood. Each parasite stage can be distinguished by a characteristic transcriptional signature, with one signature being repressed during the other stages. Switching between stages requires substantial changes in the proteome, which is achieved in part by ubiquitination. F-box proteins mediate protein poly-ubiquitination by recruiting substrates to SKP1, Cullin-1, F-Box protein E3 ubiquitin ligase (SCF-E3) complexes. We have identified an F-box protein named Toxoplasma gondii F-Box Protein L2 (TgFBXL2), which localizes to distinct nuclear sites. TgFBXL2 is stably engaged in an SCF-E3 complex that is surprisingly also associated with a COP9 signalosome complex that negatively regulates SCF-E3 function. At the cellular level, TgFBXL2-depleted parasites are severely defective in centrosome replication and daughter cell development. Most remarkable, RNA seq data show that TgFBXL2 conditional depletion induces the expression of genes necessary for sexual commitment. We suggest that TgFBXL2 is a latent guardian of sexual stage development in Toxoplasma and poised to remove conflicting proteins in response to an unknown trigger of sexual development.

RNF157 attenuates CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune response by promoting HDAC1 ubiquitination and degradation

Background: CD4⁺ T cells play an important role in body development and homeostasis. Quantitative and functional changes in CD4⁺ T cells result in abnormal immune responses, which lead to inflammation, cancer, or autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Ubiquitination plays an essential role in the differentiation and functioning of CD4⁺ T cells. However, the function of several E3 ubiquitin ligases in CD4⁺ T cell differentiation and T cell-mediated pathological diseases remains unclear. Methods: RNA sequencing data were analyzed to identify the E3 ubiquitin ligases that participate in the pathogenesis of MS. Furthermore, conditional knockout mice were generated. Specifically, flow cytometry, qPCR, western blot, CO-IP and cell transfer adoptive experiments were performed. Results: In this study, we identified The RING finger 157 (RNF157) as a vital regulator of CD4⁺ T cell differentiation; it promoted Th1 differentiation but attenuated Th17 differentiation and CCR4 and CXCR3 expressions in CD4⁺ T cells, thereby limiting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis development. Mechanistically, RNF157 in CD4⁺ T cells targeted HDAC1 for K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation. Notably, RNF157 expression was significantly decreased and showed a significant negative correlation with RORγt expression in patients with MS. Conclusions: Our study highlights the critical role of RNF157 in regulating CD4⁺ T cell functions in autoimmune diseases and suggests RNF157 as a potential target in adaptive immune responses against MS and other autoimmune disorders.

High-Content RNAi Phenotypic Screening Unveils the Involvement of Human Ubiquitin-Related Enzymes in Late Cytokinesis

CEP55 is a central regulator of late cytokinesis and is overexpressed in numerous cancers. Its post-translationally controlled recruitment to the midbody is crucial to the structural coordination of the abscission sequence. Our recent evidence that CEP55 contains two ubiquitin-binding domains was the first structural and functional link between ubiquitin signaling and ESCRT-mediated severing of the intercellular bridge. So far, high-content screens focusing on cytokinesis have used multinucleation as the endpoint readout. Here, we report an automated image-based detection method of intercellular bridges, which we applied to further our understanding of late cytokinetic signaling by performing an RNAi screen of ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. A secondary validation confirmed four candidate genes, i.e., LNX2, NEURL, UCHL1 and RNF157, whose downregulation variably affects interconnected phenotypes related to CEP55 and its UBDs, as follows: decreased recruitment of CEP55 to the midbody, increased number of midbody remnants per cell, and increased frequency of intercellular bridges or multinucleation events. This brings into question the Notch-dependent or independent contributions of LNX2 and NEURL proteins to late cytokinesis. Similarly, the role of UCHL1 in autophagy could link its function with the fate of midbody remnants. Beyond the biological interest, this high-content screening approach could also be used to isolate anticancer drugs that act by impairing cytokinesis and CEP55 functions.

The roles of KLHL family members in human cancers

The Kelch-like (KLHL) family members consist of three domains: bric-a-brac, tramtrack, broad complex/poxvirus and zinc finger domain, BACK domain and Kelch domain, which combine and interact with Cullin3 to form an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Research has indicated that KLHL family members ubiquitinate target substrates to regulate physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis and progression. KLHL19, a member of the KLHL family, is associated with tumorigenesis and drug resistance. However, the regulation and cross talks of other KLHL family members, which also play roles in cancer, are still unclear. Our review mainly explores studies concerning the roles of other KLHL family members in tumor-related regulation to provide novel insights into KLHL family members.

Exosomal RNF157 mRNA from prostate cancer cells contributes to M2 macrophage polarization through destabilizing HDAC1

Background

Exosomes have been identified to mediate the transmission of RNAs among different cells in tumor microenvironment, thus affecting the progression of different diseases. However, exosomal messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have been rarely explored. RNF157 mRNA has been found to be up-regulated in PCa patients’ exosomes, but the role of exosomal RNF157 mRNA in PCa development remains unclear.

Methods

Online databases were utilized for predicting gene expression and binding correlation between different factors. RT-qPCR and western blot assays were respectively done to analyze RNA and protein expressions. Flow cytometry analysis was implemented to analyze M2 polarization.

Results

RNF157 expression was high in PCa tissues and cells. M2 polarization of macrophages was enhanced after co-culture with PCa cells or with exosomes released by PCa cells. Upon RNF157 knockdown in PCa cells, the extracted exosomes could not lead to the facilitated M2 polarization. Mechanistically, RNF157 could bind to HDAC1 and contribute to HDAC1 ubiquitination, which led to HDAC1 degradation and resulting in promoting M2 polarization of macrophages. Animal experiments validated that exosomal RNF157 accelerated PCa tumor growth through facilitating macrophage M2 polarization.

Conclusion

Exosome-mediated RNF157 mRNA from PCa cells results in M2 macrophage polarization via destabilizing HDAC1, consequently promoting PCa tumor progression.

The E3 Ligase RNF157 Inhibits Lens Epithelial Cell Apoptosis by Negatively Regulating p53 in Age-Related Cataracts

Purpose

Age-related cataract (ARC) is a major cause of vision impairment worldwide. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RING finger protein 157 (RNF157) is involved in regulating cell survival and downregulated in human cataractous lens samples. However, the function of RNF157 in cataracts remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of RNF157 in ARC.

Methods

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression of RNF157 in clinical lens capsules, rat cataract models, and oxidative stress cell models. Western blot analysis and flow cytometry were used to evaluate cell apoptosis. Co-IP assay, protein stability assay, and ubiquitination assay were used to detect the interaction between RNF157 and its substrate p53.

Results

The expression of RNF157 was downregulated in human cataract samples, UVB-induced rat cataract model, and H2O2-treated human lens epithelial cells (LECs). Ectopic expression of RNF157 protected LECs from H2O2-induced apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of RNF157 enhanced oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death. Moreover, silence of RNF157 in the rat ex vivo lens model exacerbated lens opacity. Mechanistically, RNF157 causes ubiquitination and degradation of the tumor antigen p53. Overexpression of p53 eliminated the antiapoptotic effects of RNF157, whereas p53 knockdown rescued RNF157 silencing-induced cell death.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed that reduced RNF157 expression promoted LEC apoptosis by upregulating p53 in cataracts, suggesting that the regulation of RNF157 expression may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for cataracts.

Angiotensin (ang) 1-7 inhibits ang II-induced atrial fibrosis through regulating the interaction of proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (c-Src) and Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1))

To verify whether Ang-(1-7) produces an antagonistic effect on Ang II-mediated atrial remodeling. Ang II–induced HL-1 cell model and a rat model of Ang II–induced atrial remodeling were constructed and intervened with Ang II Ang-(1-7), AngII +Ang-(1-7), Ang II+ c-Src specific inhibitor (SU6656), and Ang II + Ang-(1-7) + SSG (SHP-1/2 specific inhibitor, stibogluconate), respectively. The systolic blood pressure of the rat caudal artery was detected. And trial fibrosis was detected by Picrosirius red staining and Masson’s trichrome staining. Expressions of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1), Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), galectin-3, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen I/III were subjected to qPCR and western blot. Furthermore, SHP-1 binding to c-Src was verified by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Results showed that the expressions of TGF-β, TIMP1, MMP-2, CTGF, α-SMA, galectin-3, and collagen I were increased markedly in the Ang II intervention group, and the expressions of p-ERK1/2, p-Akt, and p-p38MAPK were also increased dramatically. Ang-(1-7) or SU6656 addition could inhibit the action of Ang II factor, thereby minimizing the expressions of the previously described genes and proteins. Simultaneously, SSG supplement reversed the antagonistic effect of Ang-(1-7) on Ang II, and the latter elevated the blood pressure and induced atrial fibrosis in rats. Ang-(1-7) could reverse the changes related to Ang II–induced atrial fibrosis in rats. In conclusion, Ang-(1-7) antagonized Ang II–induced atrial remodeling by regulating SHP-1 and c-Src, thereby affecting the MAPKs/Akt signaling pathway.

Machine learning compensates fold-change method and highlights oxidative phosphorylation in the brain transcriptome of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder causing 70% of dementia cases. However, the mechanism of disease development is still elusive. Despite the availability of a wide range of biological data, a comprehensive understanding of AD's mechanism from machine learning (ML) is so far unrealized, majorly due to the lack of needed data density. To harness the AD mechanism's knowledge from the expression profiles of postmortem prefrontal cortex samples of 310 AD and 157 controls, we used seven predictive operators or combinations of RapidMiner Studio operators to establish predictive models from the input matrix and to assign a weight to each attribute. Besides, conventional fold-change methods were also applied as controls. The identified genes were further submitted to enrichment analysis for KEGG pathways. The average accuracy of ML models ranges from 86.30% to 91.22%. The overlap ratio of the identified genes between ML and conventional methods ranges from 19.7% to 21.3%. ML exclusively identified oxidative phosphorylation genes in the AD pathway. Our results highlighted the deficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in AD and suggest that ML should be considered as complementary to the conventional fold-change methods in transcriptome studies.

Identification of human glucocorticoid response markers using integrated multi-omic analysis from a randomized crossover trial

Background:

Glucocorticoids are among the most commonly prescribed drugs, but there is no biomarker that can quantify their action. The aim of the study was to identify and validate circulating biomarkers of glucocorticoid action.

Methods:

In a randomized, crossover, single-blind, discovery study, 10 subjects with primary adrenal insufficiency (and no other endocrinopathies) were admitted at the in-patient clinic and studied during physiological glucocorticoid exposure and withdrawal. A randomization plan before the first intervention was used. Besides mild physical and/or mental fatigue and salt craving, no serious adverse events were observed. The transcriptome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and adipose tissue, plasma miRNAomic, and serum metabolomics were compared between the interventions using integrated multi-omic analysis.

Results:

We identified a transcriptomic profile derived from two tissues and a multi-omic cluster, both predictive of glucocorticoid exposure. A microRNA (miR-122-5p) that was correlated with genes and metabolites regulated by glucocorticoid exposure was identified (p=0.009) and replicated in independent studies with varying glucocorticoid exposure (0.01 ≤ p≤0.05).

Conclusions:

We have generated results that construct the basis for successful discovery of biomarker(s) to measure effects of glucocorticoids, allowing strategies to individualize and optimize glucocorticoid therapy, and shedding light on disease etiology related to unphysiological glucocorticoid exposure, such as in cardiovascular disease and obesity.

Funding:

The Swedish Research Council (Grant 2015-02561 and 2019-01112); The Swedish federal government under the LUA/ALF agreement (Grant ALFGBG-719531); The Swedish Endocrinology Association; The Gothenburg Medical Society; Wellcome Trust; The Medical Research Council, UK; The Chief Scientist Office, UK; The Eva Madura’s Foundation; The Research Foundation of Copenhagen University Hospital; and The Danish Rheumatism Association.

Clinical trial number:

NCT02152553.

Several diseases, including asthma, arthritis, some skin conditions, and cancer, are treated with medications called glucocorticoids, which are synthetic versions of human hormones. These drugs are also used to treat people with a condition call adrenal insufficiency who do not produce enough of an important hormone called cortisol. Use of glucocorticoids is very common, the proportion of people in a given country taking them can range from 0.5% to 21% of the population depending on the duration of the treatment. But, like any medication, glucocorticoids have both benefits and risks: people who take glucocorticoids for a long time have an increased risk of diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and death.

Because of the risks associated with taking glucocorticoids, it is very important for physicians to tailor the dose to each patient’s needs. Doing this can be tricky, because the levels of glucocorticoids in a patient’s blood are not a good indicator of the medication’s activity in the body. A test that can accurately measure the glucocorticoid activity could help physicians personalize treatment and reduce harmful side effects.

As a first step towards developing such a test, Chantzichristos et al. identified a potential way to measure glucocorticoid activity in patient’s blood. In the experiments, blood samples were collected from ten patients with adrenal insufficiency both when they were on no medication, and when they were taking a glucocorticoid to replace their missing hormones. Next, the blood samples were analyzed to determine which genes were turned on and off in each patient with and without the medication. They also compared small molecules in the blood called metabolites and tiny pieces of genetic material called microRNAs that turn genes on and off.

The experiments revealed networks of genes, metabolites, and microRNAs that are associated with glucocorticoid activity, and one microRNA called miR-122-5p stood out as a potential way to measure glucocorticoid activity. To verify this microRNA’s usefulness, Chantzichristos et al. looked at levels of miR-122-5p in people participating in three other studies and confirmed that it was a good indicator of the glucocorticoid activity.

More research is needed to confirm Chantzichristos et al.’s findings and to develop a test that can be used by physicians to measure glucocorticoid activity. The microRNA identified, miR-122-5p, has been previously linked to diabetes, so studying it further may also help scientists understand how taking glucocorticoids may increase the risk of developing diabetes and related diseases.

Phosphoproteomic strategies in cancer research: a minireview

Understanding the cellular processes is central to comprehend disease conditions and is also true for cancer research. Proteomic studies provide significant insight into cancer mechanisms and aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Phosphoproteome is one of the most studied complements of the whole proteome given its importance in the understanding of cellular processes such as signaling and regulations. Over the last decade, several new methods have been developed for phosphoproteome analysis. A significant amount of these efforts pertains to cancer research. The current use of powerful analytical instruments in phosphoproteomic approaches has paved the way for deeper and sensitive investigations. However, these methods and techniques need further improvements to deal with challenges posed by the complexity of samples and scarcity of phosphoproteins in the whole proteome, throughput and reproducibility. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the variety of steps used in phosphoproteomic methods applied in cancer research including the enrichment and fractionation strategies. This will allow researchers to evaluate and choose a better combination of steps for their phosphoproteome studies.

LINC00973 Induces Proliferation Arrest of Drug-Treated Cancer Cells by Preventing p21 Degradation

Overcoming drug resistance of cancer cells is the major challenge in molecular oncology. Here, we demonstrate that long non-coding RNA LINC00973 is up-regulated in normal and cancer cells of different origins upon treatment with different chemotherapeutics. Bioinformatics analysis shows that this is a consequence of DNA damage response pathway activation or mitotic arrest. Knockdown of LINC0973 decreases p21 levels, activates cellular proliferation of cancer cells, and suppresses apoptosis of drug-treated cells. We have found that LINC00973 strongly increases p21 protein content, possibly by blocking its degradation. Besides, we have found that ectopic over-expression of LINC00973 inhibits formation of the pro-survival p53-Ser15-P isoform, which preserves chromosome integrity. These results might open a new approach to the development of more efficient anti-cancer drugs.

The role of Anaphase Promoting Complex activation, inhibition and substrates in cancer development and progression

The Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC), a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase, facilitates mitotic and G1 progression, and is now recognized to play a role in maintaining genomic stability. Many APC substrates have been observed overexpressed in multiple cancer types, such as CDC20, the Aurora A and B kinases, and Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), suggesting APC activity is important for cell health. We performed BioGRID analyses of the APC coactivators CDC20 and CDH1, which revealed that at least 69 proteins serve as APC substrates, with 60 of them identified as playing a role in tumor promotion and 9 involved in tumor suppression. While these substrates and their association with malignancies have been studied in isolation, the possibility exists that generalized APC dysfunction could result in the inappropriate stabilization of multiple APC targets, thereby changing tumor behavior and treatment responsiveness. It is also possible that the APC itself plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis through its regulation of mitotic progression. In this review the connections between APC activity and dysregulation will be discussed with regards to cell cycle dysfunction and chromosome instability in cancer, along with the individual roles that the accumulation of various APC substrates may play in cancer progression.

UBR5 regulates proliferation and radiosensitivity in human laryngeal carcinoma via the p38/MAPK signaling pathway

Laryngeal carcinoma (LCC) is a common malignant tumor with low radiosensitivity and generally poor response rates. The ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5 (UBR5) has prognostic implications in several neoplasms; however, its role in LCC and radiotherapy sensitivity remains unknown. Immunohistochemistry and bioinformatics analyses were performed to measure UBR5 protein and mRNA expression in LCC and adjacent non-tumor tissues. The gene and protein expression of UBR5 in LCC and HuLa-PC cell lines were measured using quantitative PCR and western blot analyses. Following transfection with small interfering RNA or UBR5 overexpression plasmid in LCC cells, the proliferation, cell cycle distribution, invasion, migration and radiosensitivity of LCC cells were analyzed. UBR5-related lncRNA, targeted miRNA and protein-protein interaction networks were analyzed using bioinformatics. Finally, the expression of the p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was evaluated following UBR5 silencing in M2E cells treated with radiation. Increased UBR5 expression was observed in LCC tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues, and it was correlated with poor overall survival of LCC patients. After overexpression or silencing of UBR5 in M2E and M4E LCC cells, cell proliferation and radiosensitivity were significantly increased or decreased, respectively, compared with the control groups. The percentage of S phase cells decreased in the UBR5 si-RNA group compared with that in the control group, while overexpression of UBR5 exerted no effect on the cell cycle. In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 and p38 was decreased in the si-UBR5 combined with radiation groups. The level of phosphorylated p38 expression was increased after combination of si-UBR5 with radiation. The small molecule inhibitor of p38/MAPK signaling, SB203580, decreased the viability of UBR5-overexpressing cells and the survival fraction when cells were exposed to radiation. These findings demonstrated that UBR5 may be involved in regulating cell proliferation and sensitivity to radiotherapy in LCC via the p38/MAPK pathway, thereby highlighting its possible value for the development of new therapeutic strategies and targets for the treatment of this disease.

Elevated nuclear auto-antigenic sperm protein promotes melanoma progression by inducing cell proliferation

Background

Nuclear auto-antigenic sperm protein (NASP) has been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, its role in melanoma is still unclear.

Materials and methods

In the present study, we detected the mRNA and protein level of NASP in melanoma cell lines and tissues. Then the role of NASP was investigated by transfecting with NASP siRNAs. Finally, the prognosis of NASP was analyzed in 100 melanoma patients through Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses.

Results

We showed that NASP was significantly overexpressed in melanoma tissues, and unregulated NASP promoted melanoma cell proliferation via promoting cell cycle G1/S phase transition. Additionally, the expression of NASP was closely related to proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a widely accepted biomarker for cell proliferation. Clinically, we found that a high level of NASP predicated poor overall survival and high cumulative recurrence rates. Multivariate analysis revealed that NASP was a risk biomarker for predicting the prognosis of melanoma patients.

Conclusion

Elevated NASP plays an important role in melanoma cell proliferation and tumor progression, and it can be used as an independent prognostic biomarker for melanoma patients.