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Comerford I, McColl SR. Atypical chemokine receptors in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01025-5. [PMID: 38714818 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is a fundamental component of innate and adaptive immune responses as it governs the recruitment and localization of these motile cells, which is crucial for immune cell priming, effector functions, memory responses and immune regulation. This complex cellular trafficking system is controlled to a large extent via highly regulated production of secreted chemokines and the restricted expression of their membrane-tethered G-protein-coupled receptors. The activity of chemokines and their receptors is also regulated by a subfamily of molecules known as atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), which are chemokine receptor-like molecules that do not couple to the classical signalling pathways that promote cell migration in response to chemokine ligation. There has been a great deal of progress in understanding the biology of these receptors and their functions in the immune system in the past decade. Here, we describe the contribution of the various ACKRs to innate and adaptive immune responses, focussing specifically on recent progress. This includes recent findings that have defined the role for ACKRs in sculpting extracellular chemokine gradients, findings that broaden the spectrum of chemokine ligands recognized by these receptors, candidate new additions to ACKR family, and our increasing understanding of the role of these receptors in shaping the migration of innate and adaptive immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2
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Hicks C, Gardner J, Eiger DS, Camarda ND, Pham U, Dhar S, Rodriguez H, Chundi A, Rajagopal S. ACKR3 Proximity Labeling Identifies Novel G protein- and β-arrestin-independent GPCR Interacting Proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.27.577545. [PMID: 38410489 PMCID: PMC10896341 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.27.577545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The canonical paradigm of GPCR signaling recognizes G proteins and β-arrestins as the two primary transducers that promote GPCR signaling. Recent evidence suggests the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) does not couple to G proteins, and β-arrestins are dispensable for some of its functions. Here, we employed proximity labeling to identify proteins that interact with ACKR3 in cells devoid of β-arrestin. We identified proteins involved in the endocytic machinery and evaluated a subset of proteins conserved across several GPCR-based proximity labeling experiments. We discovered that the bone morphogenic protein 2-inducible kinase (BMP2K) interacts with many different GPCRs with varying dependency on β-arrestin. Together, our work highlights the existence of modulators that can act independently of G proteins and β-arrestins to regulate GPCR signaling and provides important evidence for other targets that may regulate GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Hicks
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julia Gardner
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dylan Scott Eiger
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Camarda
- Genetics, Molecular, and Cellular Biology Program, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Uyen Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Saisha Dhar
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Anand Chundi
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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3
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Lindsay HG, Hendrix CJ, Gonzalez Murcia JD, Haynie C, Weber KS. The Role of Atypical Chemokine Receptors in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16493. [PMID: 38003682 PMCID: PMC10671188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammation provides protection in acute situations but results in significant damage to the nervous system if chronic. Overexpression of chemokines within the brain results in the recruitment and activation of glial and peripheral immune cells which can propagate a cascading inflammatory response, resulting in neurodegeneration and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. Recent work has identified the role of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) in neurodegenerative conditions. ACKRs are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that do not follow canonical G protein signaling, but regulate inflammatory responses by modulating chemokine abundance, location, and availability. This review summarizes what is known about the four ACKRs and three putative ACKRs within the brain, highlighting their known expression and discussing the current understanding of each ACKR in the context of neurodegeneration. The ability of ACKRs to alter levels of chemokines makes them an appealing therapeutic target for neurodegenerative conditions. However, further work is necessary to understand the expression of several ACKRs within the neuroimmune system and the effectiveness of targeted drug therapies in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter G. Lindsay
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Colby J. Hendrix
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | - Christopher Haynie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - K. Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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4
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Schafer CT, Chen Q, Tesmer JJG, Handel TM. Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 "Senses" CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Activation Through GPCR Kinase Phosphorylation. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:174-186. [PMID: 37474305 PMCID: PMC11033958 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) is an arrestin-biased receptor that regulates extracellular chemokine levels through scavenging. The scavenging process restricts the availability of the chemokine agonist CXCL12 for the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 and requires phosphorylation of the ACKR3 C-terminus by GPCR kinases (GRKs). ACKR3 is phosphorylated by GRK2 and GRK5, but the mechanisms by which these kinases regulate the receptor are unresolved. Here we determined that GRK5 phosphorylation of ACKR3 results in more efficient chemokine scavenging and β-arrestin recruitment than phosphorylation by GRK2 in HEK293 cells. However, co-activation of CXCR4-enhanced ACKR3 phosphorylation by GRK2 through the liberation of Gβγ, an accessory protein required for efficient GRK2 activity. The results suggest that ACKR3 "senses" CXCR4 activation through a GRK2-dependent crosstalk mechanism, which enables CXCR4 to influence the efficiency of CXCL12 scavenging and β-arrestin recruitment to ACKR3. Surprisingly, we also found that despite the requirement for phosphorylation and the fact that most ligands promote β-arrestin recruitment, β-arrestins are dispensable for ACKR3 internalization and scavenging, suggesting a yet-to-be-determined function for these adapter proteins. Since ACKR3 is also a receptor for CXCL11 and opioid peptides, these data suggest that such crosstalk may also be operative in cells with CXCR3 and opioid receptor co-expression. Additionally, kinase-mediated receptor cross-regulation may be relevant to other atypical and G protein-coupled receptors that share common ligands. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The atypical receptor ACKR3 indirectly regulates CXCR4-mediated cell migration by scavenging their shared agonist CXCL12. Here, we show that scavenging and β-arrestin recruitment by ACKR3 are primarily dependent on phosphorylation by GRK5. However, we also show that CXCR4 co-activation enhances the contribution of GRK2 by liberating Gβγ. This phosphorylation crosstalk may represent a common feedback mechanism between atypical and G protein-coupled receptors with shared ligands for regulating the efficiency of scavenging or other atypical receptor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Schafer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.T.S., T.M.H.) and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Q.C., J.J.G.T.)
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.T.S., T.M.H.) and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Q.C., J.J.G.T.)
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.T.S., T.M.H.) and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Q.C., J.J.G.T.)
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.T.S., T.M.H.) and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Q.C., J.J.G.T.)
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5
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Melgrati S, Gerken OJ, Artinger M, Radice E, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, D’Uonnolo G, Antonello P, Thelen S, Pelczar P, Legler DF, Thelen M. GPR182 is a broadly scavenging atypical chemokine receptor influencing T-independent immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242531. [PMID: 37554323 PMCID: PMC10405735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses highly depend on the effective trafficking of immune cells into and within secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) scavenge chemokines to eliminate them from the extracellular space, thereby generating gradients that guide leukocytes. In contrast to canonical chemokine receptors, ACKRs do not induce classical intracellular signaling that results in cell migration. Recently, the closest relative of ACKR3, GPR182, has been partially deorphanized as a potential novel ACKR. We confirm and extend previous studies by identifying further ligands that classify GPR182 as a broadly scavenging chemokine receptor. We validate the "atypical" nature of the receptor, wherein canonical G-protein-dependent intracellular signaling is not activated following ligand stimulation. However, β-arrestins are required for ligand-independent internalization and chemokine scavenging whereas the C-terminus is in part dispensable. In the absence of GPR182 in vivo, we observed elevated chemokine levels in the serum but also in SLO interstitium. We also reveal that CXCL13 and CCL28, which do not bind any other ACKR, are bound and efficiently scavenged by GPR182. Moreover, we found a cooperative relationship between GPR182 and ACKR3 in regulating serum CXCL12 levels, and between GPR182 and ACKR4 in controlling CCL20 levels. Furthermore, we unveil a new phenotype in GPR182-KO mice, in which we observed a reduced marginal zone (MZ), both in size and in cellularity, and thus in the T-independent antibody response. Taken together, we and others have unveiled a novel, broadly scavenging chemokine receptor, which we propose should be named ACKR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Melgrati
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver J. Gerken
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marc Artinger
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Egle Radice
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giulia D’Uonnolo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Paola Antonello
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- University of Basel, Center for Transgenic Models, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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6
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Melgrati S, Radice E, Ameti R, Hub E, Thelen S, Pelczar P, Jarrossay D, Rot A, Thelen M. Atlas of the anatomical localization of atypical chemokine receptors in healthy mice. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002111. [PMID: 37159457 PMCID: PMC10198502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) scavenge chemokines and can contribute to gradient formation by binding, internalizing, and delivering chemokines for lysosomal degradation. ACKRs do not couple to G-proteins and fail to induce typical signaling induced by chemokine receptors. ACKR3, which binds and scavenges CXCL12 and CXCL11, is known to be expressed in vascular endothelium, where it has immediate access to circulating chemokines. ACKR4, which binds and scavenges CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL22, and CCL25, has also been detected in lymphatic and blood vessels of secondary lymphoid organs, where it clears chemokines to facilitate cell migration. Recently, GPR182, a novel ACKR-like scavenger receptor, has been identified and partially deorphanized. Multiple studies point towards the potential coexpression of these 3 ACKRs, which all interact with homeostatic chemokines, in defined cellular microenvironments of several organs. However, an extensive map of ACKR3, ACKR4, and GPR182 expression in mice has been missing. In order to reliably detect ACKR expression and coexpression, in the absence of specific anti-ACKR antibodies, we generated fluorescent reporter mice, ACKR3GFP/+, ACKR4GFP/+, GPR182mCherry/+, and engineered fluorescently labeled ACKR-selective chimeric chemokines for in vivo uptake. Our study on young healthy mice revealed unique and common expression patterns of ACKRs in primary and secondary lymphoid organs, small intestine, colon, liver, and kidney. Furthermore, using chimeric chemokines, we were able to detect distinct zonal expression and activity of ACKR4 and GPR182 in the liver, which suggests their cooperative relationship. This study provides a broad comparative view and a solid stepping stone for future functional explorations of ACKRs based on the microanatomical localization and distinct and cooperative roles of these powerful chemokine scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Melgrati
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Egle Radice
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rafet Ameti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elin Hub
- Centre for Microvascular Research, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- University of Basel, Center for Transgenic Models, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Antal Rot
- Centre for Microvascular Research, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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7
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Schafer CT, Chen Q, Tesmer JJG, Handel TM. Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 'Senses' CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Activation Through GPCR Kinase Phosphorylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.25.530029. [PMID: 36865154 PMCID: PMC9980177 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.25.530029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) is an arrestin-biased receptor that regulates extracellular chemokine levels through scavenging. The scavenging action mediates the availability of the chemokine CXCL12 for the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 and requires phosphorylation of the ACKR3 C-terminus by GPCR kinases (GRKs). ACKR3 is phosphorylated by GRK2 and GRK5, but the mechanisms by which these kinases regulate the receptor are unresolved. Here we mapped the phosphorylation patterns and determined that GRK5 phosphorylation of ACKR3 dominates β-arrestin recruitment and chemokine scavenging over GRK2. Co-activation of CXCR4 significantly enhanced phosphorylation by GRK2 through the liberation of Gβγ. These results suggest that ACKR3 'senses' CXCR4 activation through a GRK2-dependent crosstalk mechanism. Surprisingly, we also found that despite the requirement for phosphorylation, and the fact that most ligands promote β-arrestin recruitment, β-arrestins are dispensable for ACKR3 internalization and scavenging, suggesting a yet to be determined function for these adapter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Schafer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Present address: Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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8
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Shroka TM, Kufareva I, Salanga CL, Handel TM. The dual-function chemokine receptor CCR2 drives migration and chemokine scavenging through distinct mechanisms. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabo4314. [PMID: 36719944 PMCID: PMC10091583 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a dual-function receptor. Similar to other G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, it promotes monocyte infiltration into tissues in response to the chemokine CCL2, and, like atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), it scavenges chemokine from the extracellular environment. CCR2 therefore mediates CCL2-dependent signaling as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and also limits CCL2 signaling as a scavenger receptor. We investigated the mechanisms underlying CCR2 scavenging, including the involvement of intracellular proteins typically associated with GPCR signaling and internalization. Using CRISPR knockout cell lines, we showed that CCR2 scavenged by constitutively internalizing to remove CCL2 from the extracellular space and recycling back to the cell surface for further rounds of ligand sequestration. This process occurred independently of G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), β-arrestins, and clathrin, which is distinct from other "professional" chemokine scavenger receptors that couple to GRKs, β-arrestins, or both. These findings set the stage for understanding the molecular regulators that determine CCR2 scavenging and may have implications for drug development targeting this therapeutically important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Shroka
- Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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9
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Szpakowska M, D’Uonnolo G, Luís R, Alonso Bartolomé A, Thelen M, Legler DF, Chevigné A. New pairings and deorphanization among the atypical chemokine receptor family - physiological and clinical relevance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133394. [PMID: 37153591 PMCID: PMC10157204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) form a small subfamily of receptors (ACKR1-4) unable to trigger G protein-dependent signaling in response to their ligands. They do, however, play a crucial regulatory role in chemokine biology by capturing, scavenging or transporting chemokines, thereby regulating their availability and signaling through classical chemokine receptors. ACKRs add thus another layer of complexity to the intricate chemokine-receptor interaction network. Recently, targeted approaches and screening programs aiming at reassessing chemokine activity towards ACKRs identified several new pairings such as the dimeric CXCL12 with ACKR1, CXCL2, CXCL10 and CCL26 with ACKR2, the viral broad-spectrum chemokine vCCL2/vMIP-II, a range of opioid peptides and PAMP-12 with ACKR3 as well as CCL20 and CCL22 with ACKR4. Moreover, GPR182 (ACKR5) has been lately proposed as a new promiscuous atypical chemokine receptor with scavenging activity notably towards CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL12 and CXCL13. Altogether, these findings reveal new degrees of complexity of the chemokine network and expand the panel of ACKR ligands and regulatory functions. In this minireview, we present and discuss these new pairings, their physiological and clinical relevance as well as the opportunities they open for targeting ACKRs in innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giulia D’Uonnolo
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rafael Luís
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Ana Alonso Bartolomé
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics,Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Andy Chevigné,
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10
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Yen YC, Schafer CT, Gustavsson M, Eberle SA, Dominik PK, Deneka D, Zhang P, Schall TJ, Kossiakoff AA, Tesmer JJG, Handel TM. Structures of atypical chemokine receptor 3 reveal the basis for its promiscuity and signaling bias. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8063. [PMID: 35857509 PMCID: PMC9278869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Both CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) are activated by the chemokine CXCL12 yet evoke distinct cellular responses. CXCR4 is a canonical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), whereas ACKR3 is intrinsically biased for arrestin. The molecular basis for this difference is not understood. Here, we describe cryo-EM structures of ACKR3 in complex with CXCL12, a more potent CXCL12 variant, and a small-molecule agonist. The bound chemokines adopt an unexpected pose relative to those established for CXCR4 and observed in other receptor-chemokine complexes. Along with functional studies, these structures provide insight into the ligand-binding promiscuity of ACKR3, why it fails to couple to G proteins, and its bias toward β-arrestin. The results lay the groundwork for understanding the physiological interplay of ACKR3 with other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Christopher T. Schafer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefanie A. Eberle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pawel K. Dominik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dawid Deneka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Penglie Zhang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 835 Industrial Rd., Suite 600, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Thomas J. Schall
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 835 Industrial Rd., Suite 600, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Anthony A. Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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11
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Hopkins BE, Masuho I, Ren D, Iyamu ID, Lv W, Malik N, Martemyanov KA, Schiltz GE, Miller RJ. Effects of Small Molecule Ligands on ACKR3 Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:128-138. [PMID: 35809897 PMCID: PMC9393849 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines such as stromal derived factor 1 and their G protein coupled receptors are well-known regulators of the development and functions of numerous tissues. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) has two receptors: C-X-C chemokine motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3). ACKR3 has been described as an atypical “biased” receptor because it does not appear to signal through G proteins and, instead, signals solely through the β-arrestin pathway. In support of this conclusion, we have shown that ACKR3 is unable to signal through any of the known mammalian Gα isoforms and have generated a comprehensive map of the Gα activation by CXCL12/CXCR4. We also synthesized a series of small molecule ligands which acted as selective agonists for ACKR3 as assessed by their ability to recruit β-arrestin to the receptor. Using select point mutations, we studied the molecular characteristics that determine the ability of small molecules to activate ACKR3 receptors, revealing a key role for the deeper binding pocket composed of residues in the transmembrane domains of ACKR3. The development of more selective ACKR3 ligands should allow us to better appreciate the unique roles of ACKR3 in the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3-signaling axis and better understand the structural determinants for ACKR3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, United States
| | - Dongjun Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Iredia D Iyamu
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Wei Lv
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Neha Malik
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, United States
| | | | - Gary E Schiltz
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, United States
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12
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Kleist AB, Jenjak S, Sente A, Laskowski LJ, Szpakowska M, Calkins MM, Anderson EI, McNally LM, Heukers R, Bobkov V, Peterson FC, Thomas MA, Chevigné A, Smit MJ, McCorvy JD, Babu MM, Volkman BF. Conformational selection guides β-arrestin recruitment at a biased G protein-coupled receptor. Science 2022; 377:222-228. [PMID: 35857540 PMCID: PMC9574477 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins to coordinate diverse cellular processes, but the structural dynamics driving this process are poorly understood. Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are intrinsically biased GPCRs that engage β-arrestins but not G proteins, making them a model system for investigating the structural basis of β-arrestin recruitment. Here, we performed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on 13CH3-ε-methionine-labeled ACKR3, revealing that β-arrestin recruitment is associated with conformational exchange at key regions of the extracellular ligand-binding pocket and intracellular β-arrestin-coupling region. NMR studies of ACKR3 mutants defective in β-arrestin recruitment identified an allosteric hub in the receptor core that coordinates transitions among heterogeneously populated and selected conformational states. Our data suggest that conformational selection guides β-arrestin recruitment by tuning receptor dynamics at intracellular and extracellular regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shawn Jenjak
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andrija Sente
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lauren J Laskowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maggie M Calkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Emilie I Anderson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lisa M McNally
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Bobkov
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Monica A Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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13
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D'Uonnolo G, Reynders N, Meyrath M, Abboud D, Uchański T, Laeremans T, Volkman BF, Janji B, Hanson J, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A. The Extended N-Terminal Domain Confers Atypical Chemokine Receptor Properties to CXCR3-B. Front Immunol 2022; 13:868579. [PMID: 35720349 PMCID: PMC9198273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 plays a critical role in immune cell recruitment and activation. CXCR3 exists as two main isoforms, CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B, resulting from alternative splicing. Although the two isoforms differ only by the presence of an N-terminal extension in CXCR3-B, they have been attributed divergent functional effects on cell migration and proliferation. CXCR3-B is the more enigmatic isoform and the mechanisms underlying its function and signaling remain elusive. We therefore undertook an in-depth cellular and molecular comparative study of CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B, investigating their activation at different levels of the signaling cascades, including G protein coupling, β-arrestin recruitment and modulation of secondary messengers as well as their downstream gene response elements. We also compared the subcellular localization of the two isoforms and their trafficking under resting and stimulated conditions along with their ability to internalize CXCR3-related chemokines. Here, we show that the N-terminal extension of CXCR3-B drastically affects receptor features, modifying its cellular localization and preventing G protein coupling, while preserving β-arrestin recruitment and chemokine uptake capacities. Moreover, we demonstrate that gradual truncation of the N terminus leads to progressive recovery of surface expression and G protein coupling. Our study clarifies the molecular basis underlying the divergent effects of CXCR3 isoforms, and emphasizes the β-arrestin-bias and the atypical nature of CXCR3-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D'Uonnolo
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nathan Reynders
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Max Meyrath
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dayana Abboud
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Uchański
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Bassam Janji
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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14
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A Scintillation Proximity Assay for Real-Time Kinetic Analysis of Chemokine–Chemokine Receptor Interactions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081317. [PMID: 35455996 PMCID: PMC9024993 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are extensively involved in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes, making them attractive drug targets. However, despite considerable efforts, there are very few approved drugs targeting this class of seven transmembrane domain receptors to date. In recent years, the importance of including binding kinetics in drug discovery campaigns was emphasized. Therefore, kinetic insight into chemokine–chemokine receptor interactions could help to address this issue. Moreover, it could additionally deepen our understanding of the selectivity and promiscuity of the chemokine–chemokine receptor network. Here, we describe the application, optimization and validation of a homogenous Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) for real-time kinetic profiling of chemokine–chemokine receptor interactions on the example of ACKR3 and CXCL12. The principle of the SPA is the detection of radioligand binding to receptors reconstituted into nanodiscs by scintillation light. No receptor modifications are required. The nanodiscs provide a native-like environment for receptors and allow for full control over bilayer composition and size. The continuous assay format enables the monitoring of binding reactions in real-time, and directly accounts for non-specific binding and potential artefacts. Minor adaptations additionally facilitate the determination of equilibrium binding metrics, making the assay a versatile tool for the study of receptor–ligand interactions.
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15
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Atypical Roles of the Chemokine Receptor ACKR3/CXCR7 in Platelet Pathophysiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020213. [PMID: 35053329 PMCID: PMC8773869 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The manifold actions of the pro-inflammatory and regenerative chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1α are executed through the canonical GProteinCoupledReceptor CXCR4, and the non-canonical ACKR3/CXCR7. Platelets express CXCR4, ACKR3/CXCR7, and are a vital source of CXCL12/SDF-1α themselves. In recent years, a regulatory impact of the CXCL12-CXCR4-CXCR7 axis on platelet biogenesis, i.e., megakaryopoiesis, thrombotic and thrombo-inflammatory actions have been revealed through experimental and clinical studies. Platelet surface expression of ACKR3/CXCR7 is significantly enhanced following myocardial infarction (MI) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, and is also associated with improved functional recovery and prognosis. The therapeutic implications of ACKR3/CXCR7 in myocardial regeneration and improved recovery following an ischemic episode, are well documented. Cardiomyocytes, cardiac-fibroblasts, endothelial lining of the blood vessels perfusing the heart, besides infiltrating platelets and monocytes, all express ACKR3/CXCR7. This review recapitulates ligand induced differential trafficking of platelet CXCR4-ACKR3/CXCR7 affecting their surface availability, and in regulating thrombo-inflammatory platelet functions and survival through CXCR4 or ACKR3/CXCR7. It emphasizes the pro-thrombotic influence of CXCL12/SDF-1α exerted through CXCR4, as opposed to the anti-thrombotic impact of ACKR3/CXCR7. Offering an innovative translational perspective, this review also discusses the advantages and challenges of utilizing ACKR3/CXCR7 as a potential anti-thrombotic strategy in platelet-associated cardiovascular disorders, particularly in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients post-MI.
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16
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Differential Involvement of ACKR3 C-Tail in β-Arrestin Recruitment, Trafficking and Internalization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030618. [PMID: 33799570 PMCID: PMC8002179 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike classical GPCRs, this receptor does not activate G proteins in most cell types but recruits β-arrestins upon activation. ACKR3 plays an important role in cancer and vascular diseases. As recruitment of β-arrestins is triggered by phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of GPCRs, we studied the role of different potential phosphorylation sites within the ACKR3 C-tail to further delineate the molecular mechanism of internalization and trafficking of this GPCR. Methods: We used various bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based sensors and techniques in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293T cells expressing WT or phosphorylation site mutants of ACKR3 to measure CXCL12-induced recruitment of β-arrestins and G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), receptor internalization and trafficking. Results: Upon CXCL12 stimulation, ACKR3 recruits both β-arrestin 1 and 2 with equivalent kinetic profiles. We identified interactions with GRK2, 3 and 5, with GRK2 and 3 being important for β-arrestin recruitment. Upon activation, ACKR3 internalizes and recycles back to the cell membrane. We demonstrate that β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor is mainly determined by a single cluster of phosphorylated residues on the C-tail of ACKR3, and that residue T352 and in part S355 are important residues for β-arrestin1 recruitment. Phosphorylation of the C-tail appears essential for ligand-induced internalization and important for differential β-arrestin recruitment. GRK2 and 3 play a key role in receptor internalization. Moreover, ACKR3 can still internalize when β-arrestin recruitment is impaired or in the absence of β-arrestins, using alternative internalization pathways. Our data indicate that distinct residues within the C-tail of ACKR3 differentially regulate CXCL12-induced β-arrestin recruitment, ACKR3 trafficking and internalization.
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17
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CXCL10 Is an Agonist of the CC Family Chemokine Scavenger Receptor ACKR2/D6. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051054. [PMID: 33801414 PMCID: PMC7958614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 plays an important role in the tumour microenvironment. It has long been considered as a scavenger of inflammatory chemokines exclusively from the CC family. In this study, we identified the CXC chemokine CXCL10 as a new strong agonist ligand for ACKR2. CXCL10 is known to drive the infiltration of immune cells into the tumour bed and was previously reported to bind to CXCR3 only. We demonstrated that ACKR2 acts as a scavenger reducing the availability of CXCL10 for CXCR3. Our study sheds new light on the complexity of the chemokine network and the potential role of CXCL10 regulation by ACKR2 in tumour immunology. Abstract Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are important regulators of chemokine functions. Among them, the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 (also known as D6) has long been considered as a scavenger of inflammatory chemokines exclusively from the CC family. In this study, by using highly sensitive β-arrestin recruitment assays based on NanoBiT and NanoBRET technologies, we identified the inflammatory CXC chemokine CXCL10 as a new strong agonist ligand for ACKR2. CXCL10 is known to play an important role in the infiltration of immune cells into the tumour bed and was previously reported to bind to CXCR3 only. We demonstrated that ACKR2 is able to internalize and reduce the availability of CXCL10 in the extracellular space. Moreover, we found that, in contrast to CC chemokines, CXCL10 activity towards ACKR2 was drastically reduced by the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4 or CD26) N-terminal processing, pointing to a different receptor binding pocket occupancy by CC and CXC chemokines. Overall, our study sheds new light on the complexity of the chemokine network and the potential role of CXCL10 regulation by ACKR2 in many physiological and pathological processes, including tumour immunology. Our data also testify that systematic reassessment of chemokine-receptor pairing is critically needed as important interactions may remain unexplored.
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18
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The G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases (GRKs) in Chemokine Receptor-Mediated Immune Cell Migration: From Molecular Cues to Physiopathology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010075. [PMID: 33466410 PMCID: PMC7824814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) have long been known to regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, their more recently characterized functions as scaffolds and signalling adapters underscore that this small family of proteins governs a larger array of physiological functions than originally suspected. This review explores how GRKs contribute to the complex signalling networks involved in the migration of immune cells along chemokine gradients sensed by cell surface GPCRs. We outline emerging evidence indicating that the coordinated docking of several GRKs on an active chemokine receptor determines a specific receptor phosphorylation barcode that will translate into distinct signalling and migration outcomes. The guidance cues for neutrophil migration are emphasized based on several alterations affecting GRKs or GPCRs reported to be involved in pathological conditions.
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19
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Lee C, Viswanathan G, Choi I, Jassal C, Kohlmann T, Rajagopal S. Beta-Arrestins and Receptor Signaling in the Vascular Endothelium. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010009. [PMID: 33374806 PMCID: PMC7824595 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is the innermost layer of blood vessels and is a key regulator of vascular tone. Endothelial function is controlled by receptor signaling through G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases and receptor serine-threonine kinases. The β-arrestins, multifunctional adapter proteins, have the potential to regulate all of these receptor families, although it is unclear as to whether they serve to integrate signaling across all of these different axes. Notably, the β-arrestins have been shown to regulate signaling by a number of receptors important in endothelial function, such as chemokine receptors and receptors for vasoactive substances such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and prostaglandins. β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathways have been shown to play central roles in pathways that control vasodilation, cell proliferation, migration, and immune function. At this time, the physiological impact of this signaling has not been studied in detail, but a deeper understanding of it could lead to the development of novel therapies for the treatment of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Gayathri Viswanathan
- Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.V.); (I.C.)
| | - Issac Choi
- Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.V.); (I.C.)
| | - Chanpreet Jassal
- College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Taylor Kohlmann
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (G.V.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Eiger DS, Boldizsar N, Honeycutt CC, Gardner J, Rajagopal S. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109862. [PMID: 33249087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the human chemokine system, interactions between the approximately 50 known endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 known chemokine receptors (CKRs) regulate a wide range of cellular functions and biological processes including immune cell activation and homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and neuromodulation. CKRs are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which represent the most common and versatile class of receptors in the human genome and the targets of approximately one third of all Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Chemokines and CKRs bind with significant promiscuity, as most CKRs can be activated by multiple chemokines and most chemokines can activate multiple CKRs. While these ligand-receptor interactions were previously regarded as redundant, it is now appreciated that many chemokine:CKR interactions display biased agonism, the phenomenon in which different ligands binding to the same receptor signal through different pathways with different efficacies, leading to distinct biological effects. Notably, these biased responses can be modulated through changes in ligand, receptor, and or the specific cellular context (system). In this review, we explore the biochemical mechanisms, functional consequences, and therapeutic potential of biased agonism in the chemokine system. An enhanced understanding of biased agonism in the chemokine system may prove transformative in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of biased signaling across all GPCR subtypes and aid in the development of biased pharmaceuticals with increased therapeutic efficacy and safer side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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21
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Liu H, Cheng Q, Xu DS, Wang W, Fang Z, Xue DD, Zheng Y, Chang AH, Lei YJ. Overexpression of CXCR7 accelerates tumor growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells. Respir Res 2020; 21:287. [PMID: 33129326 PMCID: PMC7603767 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Under physiological conditions, CXCL12 modulates cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and migration mainly through CXCR4. Interestingly, the newly discovered receptor CXCR7 for CXCL12 is highly expressed in many tumor cells as well as tumor-associated blood vessels, although the level of CXCR7 in normal cells is low. Recently, many studies have suggested that CXCR7 promotes cell growth and metastasis in more than 20 human malignancies, among which lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Thus, the mechanism of CXCR7 in the progression of lung cancer is urgently needed. Methods First, we explored CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression in human lung cancer specimens and cell lines by immunohistochemistry, western blot and flow cytometry. Then, we chose the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 that stably overexpressed CXCR7 through the way of lentivirus-mediated transduction. Next, “wound healing” assay and transwell assay were applied to compare the cell migration and invasion ability, and stripe assay was used to evaluate the cell polarization. Last, our team established a mouse xenograft model of human lung cancer and monitored tumor proliferation and metastasis by firefly luciferase bioluminescence imaging in SCID/Beige mice. Results In clinical lung cancer samples, CXCR7 expression was almost not detected in normal tissue but upregulated in lung tumor tissue, whereas, CXCR4 was highly expressed in both normal and tumor tissues. Furthermore, overexpression of CXCR7 enhanced A549 cell migration and polarization in vitro. Besides, mouse xenograft model of human lung cancer showed that CXCR7 promoted primary lung tumor’s growth and metastasis to the second organ, such as liver or bone marrow in SCID/Beige mice in vivo. Conclusions This study describes the multiple functions of CXCR7 in lung cancer. Thus, these results suggest that CXCR7 may be a malignancy marker and may provide a novel target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Dong-Dong Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Alex H Chang
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Yan-Jun Lei
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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22
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Fumagalli A, Heuninck J, Pizzoccaro A, Moutin E, Koenen J, Séveno M, Durroux T, Junier MP, Schlecht-Louf G, Bachelerie F, Schütz D, Stumm R, Smit MJ, Guérineau NC, Chaumont-Dubel S, Marin P. The atypical chemokine receptor 3 interacts with Connexin 43 inhibiting astrocytic gap junctional intercellular communication. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4855. [PMID: 32978390 PMCID: PMC7519114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) plays a pivotal role in directing the migration of various cellular populations and its over-expression in tumors promotes cell proliferation and invasiveness. The intracellular signaling pathways transducing ACKR3-dependent effects remain poorly characterized, an issue we addressed by identifying the interactome of ACKR3. Here, we report that recombinant ACKR3 expressed in HEK293T cells recruits the gap junction protein Connexin 43 (Cx43). Cx43 and ACKR3 are co-expressed in mouse brain astrocytes and human glioblastoma cells and form a complex in embryonic mouse brain. Functional in vitro studies show enhanced ACKR3 interaction with Cx43 upon ACKR3 agonist stimulation. Furthermore, ACKR3 activation promotes β-arrestin2- and dynamin-dependent Cx43 internalization to inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication in primary astrocytes. These results demonstrate a functional link between ACKR3 and gap junctions that might be of pathophysiological relevance. The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) is known to regulate cell migration, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show, from an interactome analysis, ACKR3 association with the gap junction protein Connexin 43 in vivo and ACKR3-mediated inhibition of astrocyte gap junctional communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Fumagalli
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Joyce Heuninck
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Pizzoccaro
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Enora Moutin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Joyce Koenen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France.,Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martial Séveno
- Biocampus Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Junier
- CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Francoise Bachelerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Dagmar Schütz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Stumm
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie C Guérineau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Chaumont-Dubel
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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23
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Smit MJ, Schlecht-Louf G, Neves M, van den Bor J, Penela P, Siderius M, Bachelerie F, Mayor F. The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 Axis in the Tumor Microenvironment: Signaling, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Targeting. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:541-563. [PMID: 32956018 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3 and of their cognate ligand CXCL12 is detected in a wide range of tumors and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Yet, the molecular mechanisms by which the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis contributes to the pathogenesis are complex and not fully understood. To dissect the role of this axis in cancer, we discuss its ability to impinge on canonical and less conventional signaling networks in different cancer cell types; its bidirectional crosstalk, notably with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and other factors present in the TME; and the infiltration of immune cells that supporttumor progression. We discuss current and emerging avenues that target the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis. Coordinately targeting both RTKs and CXCR4/ACKR3 and/or CXCL12 is an attractive approach to consider in multitargeted cancer therapies. In addition, inhibiting infiltrating immune cells or reactivating the immune system along with modulating the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis in the TME has therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine J Smit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Maria Neves
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France.,Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jelle van den Bor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Siderius
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Matti C, Salnikov A, Artinger M, D'Agostino G, Kindinger I, Uguccioni M, Thelen M, Legler DF. ACKR4 Recruits GRK3 Prior to β-Arrestins but Can Scavenge Chemokines in the Absence of β-Arrestins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:720. [PMID: 32391018 PMCID: PMC7188906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are essential for guiding cell migration. Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) contribute to the cell migration process by binding, internalizing and degrading local chemokines, which enables the formation of confined gradients. ACKRs are heptahelical membrane spanning molecules structurally related to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), but seem to be unable to signal through G-proteins upon ligand binding. ACKR4 internalizes the chemokines CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25 and is best known for shaping functional CCL21 gradients. Ligand binding to ACKR4 has been shown to recruit β-arrestins that has led to the assumption that chemokine scavenging relies on β-arrestin-mediated ACKR4 trafficking, a common internalization route taken by class A GPCRs. Here, we show that CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25 readily recruited β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 to human ACKR4, but found no evidence for β-arrestin-dependent or independent ACKR4-mediated activation of the kinases Erk1/2, Akt, or Src. However, we demonstrate that β-arrestins interacted with ACKR4 in the steady-state and contributed to the spontaneous trafficking of the receptor in the absence of chemokines. Deleting the C-terminus of ACKR4 not only interfered with the interaction of β-arrestins, but also with the uptake of fluorescently labeled cognate chemokines. We identify the GPCR kinase GRK3, and to a lesser extent GRK2, but not GRK4, GRK5, and GRK6, to be recruited to chemokine-stimulated ACKR4. We show that GRK3 recruitment proceded the recruitment of β-arrestins upon ACKR4 engagement and that GRK2/3 inhibition partially interfered with steady-state interaction and chemokine-driven recruitment of β-arrestins to ACKR4. Overexpressing β-arrestin2 accelerated the uptake of fluorescently labeled CCL19, indicating that β-arrestins contribute to the chemokine scavenging activity of ACKR4. By contrast, cells lacking β-arrestins were still capable to take up fluorescently labeled CCL19 demonstrating that β-arrestins are dispensable for chemokine scavenging by ACKR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Angela Salnikov
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marc Artinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca D'Agostino
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ilona Kindinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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25
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Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1473-1488.e9. [PMID: 30726732 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of heptahelical receptors is thought to regulate G protein signaling, receptor endocytosis, and non-canonical signaling via recruitment of β-arrestins. We investigated chemokine receptor functionality under phosphorylation-deficient and β-arrestin-deficient conditions by studying interneuron migration in the embryonic cortex. This process depends on CXCL12, CXCR4, G protein signaling and on the atypical CXCL12 receptor ACKR3. We found that phosphorylation was crucial, whereas β-arrestins were dispensable for ACKR3-mediated control of CXCL12 levels in vivo. Cortices of mice expressing phosphorylation-deficient ACKR3 exhibited a major interneuron migration defect, which was accompanied by excessive activation and loss of CXCR4. Cxcl12-overexpressing mice mimicked this phenotype. Excess CXCL12 caused lysosomal CXCR4 degradation, loss of CXCR4 responsiveness, and, ultimately, similar motility defects as Cxcl12 deficiency. By contrast, β-arrestin deficiency caused only a subtle migration defect mimicked by CXCR4 gain of function. These findings demonstrate that phosphorylation regulates atypical chemokine receptor function without β-arrestin involvement in chemokine sequestration and non-canonical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Saaber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schütz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Elke Miess
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Abe
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Srinidhi Desikan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Praveen Ashok Kumar
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Balk
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ke Huang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Jean Martin Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Stumm
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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26
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RAMP3 determines rapid recycling of atypical chemokine receptor-3 for guided angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24093-24099. [PMID: 31712427 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905561116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are single transmembrane-spanning proteins which serve as molecular chaperones and allosteric modulators of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Although RAMPs have been previously studied in the context of their effects on Family B GPCRs, the coevolution of RAMPs with many GPCR families suggests an expanded repertoire of potential interactions. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based and cell-surface expression approaches, we comprehensively screen for RAMP interactions within the chemokine receptor family and identify robust interactions between RAMPs and nearly all chemokine receptors. Most notably, we identify robust RAMP interaction with atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), which function to establish chemotactic gradients for directed cell migration. Specifically, RAMP3 association with atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) diminishes adrenomedullin (AM) ligand availability without changing G-protein coupling. Instead, RAMP3 is required for the rapid recycling of ACKR3 to the plasma membrane through Rab4-positive vesicles following either AM or SDF-1/CXCL12 binding, thereby enabling formation of dynamic spatiotemporal chemotactic gradients. Consequently, genetic deletion of either ACKR3 or RAMP3 in mice abolishes directed cell migration of retinal angiogenesis. Thus, RAMP association with chemokine receptor family members represents a molecular interaction to control receptor signaling and trafficking properties.
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27
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Quinn KE, Mackie DI, Caron KM. Emerging roles of atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) in normal development and physiology. Cytokine 2019; 109:17-23. [PMID: 29903572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) can initiate alternative signaling pathways rather than classical G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling has changed the paradigm of chemokine receptors and their roles in modulating chemotactic responses. The ACKR family has grown over the years, with discovery of new functions and roles in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. However, the extent to which these receptors regulate normal physiology is still continuously expanding. In particular, atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) has proven to be an important receptor in mediating normal biological functions, including cardiac development and migration of cortical neurons. In this review, we illustrate the versatile and intriguing role of ACKR3 in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Quinn
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 MasonFarm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA
| | - D I Mackie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 MasonFarm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA
| | - K M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 MasonFarm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA.
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28
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Gustavsson M, Dyer DP, Zhao C, Handel TM. Kinetics of CXCL12 binding to atypical chemokine receptor 3 reveal a role for the receptor N terminus in chemokine binding. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/598/eaaw3657. [PMID: 31506383 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines bind to membrane-spanning chemokine receptors, which signal through G proteins and promote cell migration. However, atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) does not appear to couple to G proteins, and instead of directly promoting cell migration, it regulates the extracellular concentration of chemokines that it shares with the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) CXCR3 and CXCR4, thereby influencing the responses of these receptors. Understanding how these receptors bind their ligands is important for understanding these different processes. Here, we applied association and dissociation kinetic measurements coupled to β-arrestin recruitment assays to investigate ACKR3:chemokine interactions. Our results showed that CXCL12 binding is unusually slow and driven by the interplay between multiple binding epitopes. We also found that the amino terminus of the receptor played a key role in chemokine binding and activation by preventing chemokine dissociation. It was thought that chemokines initially bind receptors through interactions between the globular domain of the chemokine and the receptor amino terminus, which then guides the chemokine amino terminus into the transmembrane pocket of the receptor to initiate signaling. On the basis of our kinetic data, we propose an alternative mechanism in which the amino terminus of the chemokine initially forms interactions with the extracellular loops and transmembrane pocket of the receptor, which is followed by the receptor amino terminus wrapping around the core of the chemokine to prolong its residence time. These data provide insight into how ACKR3 competes and cooperates with canonical GPCRs in its function as a scavenger receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA.
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29
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Patrussi L, Capitani N, Baldari CT. Abnormalities in chemokine receptor recycling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3249-3261. [PMID: 30830241 PMCID: PMC11105227 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their modulation through de novo expression and degradation, surface levels of chemokine receptors are tuned by their ligand-dependent recycling to the plasma membrane, which ensures that engaged receptors become rapidly available for further rounds of signaling. Dysregulation of this process contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by enhancing surface expression of chemokine receptors, thereby favoring leukemic cell accumulation in the protective niche of lymphoid organs. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the process of chemokine receptor recycling, focusing on the impact of its dysregulation in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patrussi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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30
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Fumagalli A, Zarca A, Neves M, Caspar B, Hill SJ, Mayor F, Smit MJ, Marin P. CXCR4/ACKR3 Phosphorylation and Recruitment of Interacting Proteins: Key Mechanisms Regulating Their Functional Status. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:794-808. [PMID: 30837297 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.115360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7) are class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Accumulating evidence indicates that GPCR subcellular localization, trafficking, transduction properties, and ultimately their pathophysiological functions are regulated by both interacting proteins and post-translational modifications. This has encouraged the development of novel techniques to characterize the GPCR interactome and to identify residues subjected to post-translational modifications, with a special focus on phosphorylation. This review first describes state-of-the-art methods for the identification of GPCR-interacting proteins and GPCR phosphorylated sites. In addition, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of CXCR4 and ACKR3 post-translational modifications and an exhaustive list of previously identified CXCR4- or ACKR3-interacting proteins. We then describe studies highlighting the importance of the reciprocal influence of CXCR4/ACKR3 interactomes and phosphorylation states. We also discuss their impact on the functional status of each receptor. These studies suggest that deeper knowledge of the CXCR4/ACKR3 interactomes along with their phosphorylation and ubiquitination status would shed new light on their regulation and pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Fumagalli
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Aurélien Zarca
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Maria Neves
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Birgit Caspar
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Stephen J Hill
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Federico Mayor
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Philippe Marin
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
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Neves M, Fumagalli A, van den Bor J, Marin P, Smit MJ, Mayor F. The Role of ACKR3 in Breast, Lung, and Brain Cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:819-825. [PMID: 30745320 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.115279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports regarding the significance of chemokine receptors in disease have put a spotlight on atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3). This atypical chemokine receptor is overexpressed in numerous cancer types and has been involved in the modulation of tumor cell proliferation and migration, tumor angiogenesis, or resistance to drugs, thus contributing to cancer progression and metastasis occurrence. Here, we focus on the clinical significance and potential mechanisms underlying the pathologic role of ACKR3 in breast, lung, and brain cancer and discuss its possible relevance as a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Neves
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.B., M.J.S.); and CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (F.M.)
| | - Amos Fumagalli
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.B., M.J.S.); and CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (F.M.)
| | - Jelle van den Bor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.B., M.J.S.); and CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (F.M.)
| | - Philippe Marin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.B., M.J.S.); and CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (F.M.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.B., M.J.S.); and CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (F.M.)
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.B., M.J.S.); and CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (F.M.)
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Roxithromycin regulates intestinal microbiota and alters colonic epithelial gene expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9303-9316. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ameti R, Melgrati S, Radice E, Cameroni E, Hub E, Thelen S, Rot A, Thelen M. Characterization of a chimeric chemokine as a specific ligand for ACKR3. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:391-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma1217-509r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafet Ameti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine; Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Serena Melgrati
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine; Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona Switzerland
- University of York; York United Kingdom
| | - Egle Radice
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine; Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine; Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Elin Hub
- The William Harvey Research Institute; Queen Mary University London; London United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine; Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona Switzerland
| | - Antal Rot
- The William Harvey Research Institute; Queen Mary University London; London United Kingdom
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention; Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU); Munich Germany
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine; Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona Switzerland
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