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Xiao ZX, Liang R, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Roles of IRF4 in various immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112077. [PMID: 38615379 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a member of IRF family of transcription factors which mainly regulates the transcription of IFN. IRF4 is restrictively expressed in immune cells such as T and B cells, macrophages, as well as DC. It is essential for the development and function of these cells. Since these cells take part in the homeostasis of the immune system and dysfunction of them contributes to the initiation and progress of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the roles of IRF4 in the SLE development becomes an important topic. Here we systemically discuss the biological characteristics of IRF4 in various immune cells and analyze the pathologic effects of IRF4 alteration in SLE and the potential targeting therapeutics of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiu Xiao
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China; Department of Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital at the Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Rongzhen Liang
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Immunology, the School of Cell and Gene Therapy, Songjiang Research Institute and Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China.
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2
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Ma J, Chen X, Xue R, Wang F, Dong J, Tao N, Qin Z. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits cytokine storms induced by the ORF3a protein of SARS-CoV-2 via ROS-elimination in activated T cells. Phytother Res 2023; 37:6006-6020. [PMID: 37726983 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine storms are the cause of complications in patients with severe COVID-19, and it becomes the target of therapy. Several natural compounds were selected to screen the inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and cytokine production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stimulates the specific T-cell activation model in vivo and in vitro. The coculture system included the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and splenocytes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glycolysis in T cells were evaluated. Cinnamaldehyde effectively inhibits cytokine storms both in vitro and in vivo. It decreased inflammatory cytokine (such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-2) production by murine peripheral blood cells upon direct stimulation with ConA, after immunization with the MHV-A59 virus or ORF3a peptide from SARS-CoV-2. Cinnamaldehyde restored the percentage of T cells, which was originally decreased in the peripheral blood and splenocytes of ORF3a-immunized mice. In a coculture system, cinnamaldehyde reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages in a T-cell dependent manner. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde decreased the ROS level in activated T cells, which in turn reduced glycolysis and the activation of T cells. Cinnamaldehyde can be used as a candidate molecule for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ning Tao
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Song J, Ke B, Tu W, Fang X. Roles of interferon regulatory factor 4 in the AKI-CKD transition, glomerular diseases and kidney allograft rejection. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2259228. [PMID: 37755331 PMCID: PMC10538460 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2259228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is expressed in immune cells and is a member of the interferon regulatory factor family. Recently, it has been found that IRF4 plays important roles in the acute kidney injury (AKI)-chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition, glomerular diseases and kidney allograft rejection. In particular, the relationship between IRF4 and the AKI-CKD transition has attracted widespread attention. Furthermore, it was also found that the deficiency of IRF4 hindered the transition from AKI to CKD through the suppression of macrophage-to-fibroblast conversion, inhibition of M1-M2 macrophage polarization, and reduction in neutrophil inward flow. Additionally, an examination of the crucial role of IRF4 in glomerular disease was conducted. It was reported that inhibiting IRF4 could alleviate the progression of glomerular disease, and potential physiopathology mechanisms associated with IRF4 were postulated. Lastly, IRF4 was found to have detrimental effects on the development of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) and T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang of Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Ben Ke
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang of Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Tu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang of Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang of Jiangxi, P.R. China
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Wang J, Zhao X, Wan YY. Intricacies of TGF-β signaling in Treg and Th17 cell biology. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1002-1022. [PMID: 37217798 PMCID: PMC10468540 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt distinct functions to maintain tolerance and clear pathogens. Dysregulation of Th cell function often leads to maladies, including autoimmunity, inflammatory disease, cancer, and infection. Regulatory T (Treg) and Th17 cells are critical Th cell types involved in immune tolerance, homeostasis, pathogenicity, and pathogen clearance. It is therefore critical to understand how Treg and Th17 cells are regulated in health and disease. Cytokines are instrumental in directing Treg and Th17 cell function. The evolutionarily conserved TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) cytokine superfamily is of particular interest because it is central to the biology of both Treg cells that are predominantly immunosuppressive and Th17 cells that can be proinflammatory, pathogenic, and immune regulatory. How TGF-β superfamily members and their intricate signaling pathways regulate Treg and Th17 cell function is a question that has been intensely investigated for two decades. Here, we introduce the fundamental biology of TGF-β superfamily signaling, Treg cells, and Th17 cells and discuss in detail how the TGF-β superfamily contributes to Treg and Th17 cell biology through complex yet ordered and cooperative signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xingqi Zhao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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5
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Sun L, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Zhang B. T cells in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:235. [PMID: 37332039 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve T cells differentiate into CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic effector and memory cells, mediating direct killing, diverse immune regulatory function, and long-term protection. In response to acute and chronic infections and tumors, T cells adopt distinct differentiation trajectories and develop into a range of heterogeneous populations with various phenotype, differentiation potential, and functionality under precise and elaborate regulations of transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Abnormal T-cell immunity can initiate and promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of T cell development, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell classification, and differentiation in physiological settings. We further elaborate the heterogeneity, differentiation, functionality, and regulation network of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in infectious disease, chronic infection and tumor, and autoimmune disease, highlighting the exhausted CD8+ T cell differentiation trajectory, CD4+ T cell helper function, T cell contributions to immunotherapy and autoimmune pathogenesis. We also discuss the development and function of γδ T cells in tissue surveillance, infection, and tumor immunity. Finally, we summarized current T-cell-based immunotherapies in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on their clinical applications. A better understanding of T cell immunity provides insight into developing novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China.
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Zhang Q, Geng M, Li K, Gao H, Jiao X, Ai K, Wei X, Yang J. TGF-β1 suppresses the T-cell response in teleost fish by initiating Smad3- and Foxp3-mediated transcriptional networks. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102843. [PMID: 36581209 PMCID: PMC9860442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can suppress the activation, proliferation, and function of many T-cell subsets, protecting organisms from inflammatory and autoimmune disease caused by an overexuberant immune response. However, whether and how TGF-β1 regulates T-cell immunity in early vertebrates remain unknown. Here, using a Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) model, we investigated suppression of the T-cell response by TGF-β1 in teleost species. Tilapia encodes an evolutionarily conserved TGF-β1, the expression of which in lymphocytes is significantly induced during the immune response following Edwardsiella piscicida infection. Once activated, tilapia T cells increase TGF-β1 production, which in turn suppresses proinflammatory cytokine expression and inhibits T-cell activation. Notably, we found administration of TGF-β1 cripples the proliferation of tilapia T cells, reduces the potential capacity of Th1/2 differentiation, and impairs the cytotoxic function, rendering the fish more vulnerable to bacterial infection. Mechanistically, TGF-β1 initiates the TGF-βR/Smad signaling pathway and triggers the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3. Smad3 subsequently interacts with several transcriptional partners to repress transcription of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ but promote transcription of immune checkpoint regulator CTLA4 and transcription factor Foxp3. Furthermore, TGF-β1/Smad signaling further utilizes Foxp3 to achieve the cascade regulation of these T-cell genes. Taken together, our findings reveal a detailed mechanism by which TGF-β1 suppresses the T cell-based immunity in Nile tilapia and support the notion that TGF-β1 had already been employed to inhibit the T-cell response early in vertebrate evolution, thus providing novel insights into the evolution of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Du Z, Huang L, Dai X, Yang D, Niu L, Miller H, Ruan C, Li H, Hu L, Zhou L, Jian D, Sun J, Shi X, Huang P, Chen Y, Zhao X, Liu C. Progranulin regulates the development and function of NKT2 cells through EZH2 and PLZF. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1901-1912. [PMID: 35449211 PMCID: PMC9525702 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine production by invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells is involved in the development of asthma, but the regulation of Th2 cytokines in iNKT cells remains unknown. Although it is known that progranulin (PGRN) induces the production of Th2 cytokines in iNKT cells in vivo, the underlying mechanism is not clear. This study aims to investigate the role of PGRN in iNKT cells. The effects of PGRN on the differentiation of iNKT cells was detected by flow cytometry. Then stimulation of iNKT cells and airway resistance were carried out to evaluate the function of PGRN on iNKT cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of PGRN in regulating iNKT cells was investigated by RT-PCR, WB, confocal and luciferase reporter assays. The absolute number of iNKT cells decreased in PGRN KO mice despite an increase in the percentage of iNKT cells. Furthermore, analyzing the subsets of iNKT cells, we found that NKT2 cells and their IL-4 production were reduced. Mechanistically, the decrease in NKT2 cells in the PGRN KO mice was caused by increased expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), that in turn caused increased degradation and altered nuclear localization of PLZF. Interestingly, PGRN signaling decreased expression of EZH2 and treatment of the PGRN KO mice with the EZH2 specific inhibitor GSK343 rescued the defect in NKT2 differentiation, IL-4 generation, and PLZF expression. Altogether, We have revealed a new pathway (PGRN-EZH2-PLZF), which regulates the Th2 responses of iNKT cells and provides a potentially new target for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuochen Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Niu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heather Miller
- The Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Leling Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijia Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ding Jian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaoqi Shi
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Pei Huang
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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8
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Amanda S, Tan TK, Iida S, Sanda T. Lineage- and Stage-specific Oncogenicity of IRF4. Exp Hematol 2022; 114:9-17. [PMID: 35908629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.07.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of transcription factor genes represents a unique molecular etiology of hematological malignancies. A number of transcription factors that play a role in hematopoietic cell development, lymphocyte activation or their maintenance have been identified as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Many of them exert oncogenic abilities in a context-dependent manner by governing the key transcriptional program unique to each cell type. IRF4, a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, acts as an essential regulator of the immune system and is a prime example of a stage-specific oncogene. The expression and oncogenicity of IRF4 are restricted to mature lymphoid neoplasms, while IRF4 potentially serves as a tumor suppressor in other cellular contexts. This is in marked contrast to its immediate downstream target, MYC, which can cause cancers in a variety of tissues. In this review article, we provide an overview of the roles of IRF4 in the development of the normal immune system and lymphoid neoplasms and discuss the potential mechanisms of lineage- and stage-specific oncogenicity of IRF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Amanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Tze King Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore..
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9
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Zhu Y, Yang G. Molecular identification and functional characterization of IRF4 from common carp (Cyprinus carpio. L) in immune response: a negative regulator in the IFN and NF-κB signalling pathways. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:106. [PMID: 35300694 PMCID: PMC8928632 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs) were originally identified as transcription factors playing critical roles in the regulation of IFN-related genes in the signal pathway. In mammals, IRF4 plays a vital role in both the innate and adaptive immune system. This study aims to reveal the molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, expression profiles and the regulatory role in the IFN and NF-κB signalling pathways of IRF4 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio. L) (abbreviation, ccIRF4). Results Here, ccIRF4 was identified and characterized, it contained a DNA binding domain (DBD) which possess five tryptophans and an IRF-associated domain (IAD). The predicted protein sequence of the ccIRF4 showed higher identities with grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that ccIRF4 has the closest relationship with zebrafish IRF4. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that ccIRF4 was constitutively expressed in all investigated tissues with the highest expression level in the gonad. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) stimulation up-regulated the ccIRF4 expressions in the liver, spleen, head kidney, skin, foregut and hindgut. Upon Aeromonas hydrophila injection, the expression level of ccIRF4 was up-regulated in all tissues with the exception of spleen. In addition, ccIRF4 was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and Flagellin in head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). Overexpression of the ccIRF4 gene in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells (EPC) down regulated the expressions of IFN-related genes and proinflammatory factors. Dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that ccIRF4 decreased the activation of NF-κB through MyD88. Conclusions These results indicate that ccIRF4 participates in both antiviral and antibacterial immune response and negatively regulates the IFN and NF-κB response. Overall, our study on ccIRF4 provides more new insights into the innate immune system of common carp as well as a theoretical basis for investigating the pathogenesis and prevention of fish disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources Protection and Utilization of Hainan Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, No. 1 Yucai Road, Sanya, 572022, China. .,Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China.
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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10
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Guo Q, Zhang X, Shen T, Wang X. Identification of Autophagy- and Ferroptosis-Related lncRNAs Functioned through Immune-Related Pathways in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080835. [PMID: 34440579 PMCID: PMC8399325 DOI: 10.3390/life11080835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between autophagy and ferroptosis has been highlighted as an important event to decide cancer cell fate. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we systematically explored the expression, prognostic value and functional roles of lncRNA in autophagy and ferroptosis. By a set of bioinformatics analyses, we identified 363 autophagy- and ferroptosis-related lncRNAs (AF-lncRNAs) and found 17 of them are dramatically related to the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) patients, named as prognosis-related AF-lncRNAs (PAF-lncRNAs). Based on six key PAF-lncRNAs, a risk score model was developed and used to categorize the TCGA-retrieved HNSC patients into two groups (high-risk vs. low-risk). Functional analysis showed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways and regulated by a PAF-lncRNA-directed ceRNA (competitive endogenous RNA) network. Combined with a variety of immune infiltration analyses, we also found a decreased landscape of immune cell infiltration in high-risk groups. Together, by revealing PAF-lncRNAs with tumor prognostic features functioned through immune-related pathways, our work would contribute to show the pathogenesis of a lncRNA-directed interplay among autophagy, ferroptosis and tumor immunity in HNSC and to develop potential prognostic biomarkers and targets for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.G.); (X.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei 230026, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.G.); (X.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei 230026, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.G.); (X.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei 230026, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (X.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-551-63600080 (T.S. & X.W.)
| | - Xiangting Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Q.G.); (X.Z.)
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei 230026, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (X.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-551-63600080 (T.S. & X.W.)
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11
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Zhao Y, Liu Z, Qin L, Wang T, Bai O. Insights into the mechanisms of Th17 differentiation and the Yin-Yang of Th17 cells in human diseases. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:109-117. [PMID: 33756352 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells are a lineage of CD4+ T helper cells with Th17-specific transcription factors RORγt and RoRα. Since its discovery in 2005, research on Th17 has been in rapid progress, and increasing cytokines or transcription factors have been uncovered in the activation and differentiation of Th17 cells. Furthermore, growing evidence proves there are two different subsets of Th17 cells, namely non-pathogenic Th17 (non-pTh17) and pathogenic Th17 (pTh17), both of which play important roles in adaptive immunity, especially in host defenses, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. In this review, we summarize and discuss the mechanisms of Th17 cells differentiation, and their roles in immunity and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lei Qin
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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12
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Ray S, Tillo D, Durell SR, Khund-Sayeed S, Vinson C. REL Domain of NFATc2 Binding to Five Types of DNA Using Protein Binding Microarrays. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4147-4154. [PMID: 33644537 PMCID: PMC7906578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
NFATc2 is a DNA binding protein in the Rel family transcription factors, which binds a CGGAA motif better when both cytosines in the CG dinucleotide are methylated. Using protein binding microarrays (PBMs), we examined the DNA binding of NFATc2 to three additional types of DNA: single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with either 5-methylcytosine (5mC, M) or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC, H) in one strand and a cytosine in the second strand. ATTTCCAC, the complement of the core GGAA motif, is better bound as ssDNA compared to dsDNA. dsDNA containing the 5-mer CGGAA with either 5mC or 5hmC in one DNA strand is bound stronger than CGGAA. In contrast, the reverse complement TTCCG is bound weaker when it contains 5mC. Analysis of the available NFATc2:dsDNA complexes rationalizes these PBM data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejana Ray
- Laboratory
of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5000, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Desiree Tillo
- Laboratory
of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5000, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Stewart R. Durell
- Laboratory
of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5000, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Syed Khund-Sayeed
- Laboratory
of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5000, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Charles Vinson
- Laboratory
of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5000, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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13
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Chen T, Guo J, Cai Z, Li B, Sun L, Shen Y, Wang S, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhou H, Cai Z, Ye Z. Th9 Cell Differentiation and Its Dual Effects in Tumor Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1026. [PMID: 32508847 PMCID: PMC7251969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and characteristics of cancers, the critical role of the immune system in preventing tumor development has been widely accepted. The understanding of the relationship between the immune system and cancer progression is constantly evolving, from the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis to immunoediting theory and the delicate balance in the tumor microenvironment. Currently, immunotherapy is regarded as a promising strategy against cancers. Although adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has shown some exciting results regarding the rejection of tumors, the effect is not always satisfactory. Cellular therapy with CD4+ T cells remains to be further explored since the current ACT is mainly focused on CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Recently, Th9 cells, a subgroup of CD4+ T helper cells characterized by the secretion of IL-9 and IL-10, have been reported to be effective in the elimination of solid tumors and to exhibit superior antitumor properties to Th1 and Th17 cells. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the understanding of Th9 cell differentiation and the dual role, both anti-tumor and pro-tumor effects, of Th9 cells in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jufeng Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhai Cai
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Binghao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Wei X, Li H, Zhang Y, Li C, Li K, Ai K, Yang J. Ca2+–Calcineurin Axis–Controlled NFAT Nuclear Translocation Is Crucial for Optimal T Cell Immunity in an Early Vertebrate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:569-585. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Lorenz G, Moschovaki-Filippidou F, Würf V, Metzger P, Steiger S, Batz F, Carbajo-Lozoya J, Koziel J, Schnurr M, Cohen CD, Schmaderer C, Anders HJ, Lindenmeyer M, Lech M. IFN Regulatory Factor 4 Controls Post-ischemic Inflammation and Prevents Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2162. [PMID: 31632388 PMCID: PMC6781770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) of the kidney results in interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4)–mediated counter-regulation of the acute inflammatory response. Beyond that, IRF4 exerts important functions in controlling the cytokine milieu, T-cell differentiation, and macrophage polarization. The latter has been implicated in tissue remodeling. It therefore remains elusive what the role of IRF4 is in terms of long-term outcome following IRI. We hypothesized that an inability to resolve chronic inflammation in Irf4−/− mice would promote chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. To evaluate the effects of IRF4 in chronic upon acute injury in vivo, a mouse model of chronic injury following acute IRI was employed. The expression of Irf4 increased within 10 days after IRI in renal tissue. Both mRNA and protein levels remained high up to 5 weeks upon IRI, suggesting a regulatory function in the chronic phase. Mice deficient in IRF4 display increased tubular cell loss and defective clearance of infiltrating macrophages. These phenomena were associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory macrophage markers together with reduced expression of alternatively activated macrophage markers. In addition, IRF4-deficient mice showed defective development of alternatively activated macrophages. Hints of a residual M1 macrophage signature were further observed in human biopsy specimens of patients with hypertensive nephropathy vs. living donor specimens. Thus, IRF4 restricts CKD progression and kidney fibrosis following IRI, potentially by enabling M2 macrophage polarization and restricting a Th1 cytokine response. Deteriorated alternative macrophage subpopulations in Irf4−/− mice provoke chronic intrarenal inflammation, tubular epithelial cell loss, and renal fibrosis in the long course after IRI in mice. The clinical significance of these finding for human CKD remains uncertain at present and warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lorenz
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Foteini Moschovaki-Filippidou
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Vivian Würf
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Metzger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Falk Batz
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Javier Carbajo-Lozoya
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Max Schnurr
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Maja Lindenmeyer
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany.,III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Lech
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
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16
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Increased IRF4 expression in isolated B cells from common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:52-59. [PMID: 30503671 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by low serum levels of immunoglobulins (Igs) and recurrent infection. In most CVID patients, a defect in the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells has been observed. Several factors play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, including IRF4 and XBP1 transcription factors. METHODS In the present study we investigated the expression of IRF4 and XBP1 in the B-cells of CVID and healthy controls (HCs). For this purpose, we assessed the expression of IRF4 and XBP1 at both mRNA and protein levels by real time-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS We found that IRF4 expression was significantly increased in CVID patients compared with controls. Although the XBP1 protein level was lower in patients in comparison to controls, this difference was not significant. CONCLUSION Taken together, increased IRF4 expression could be involved in defective functions of B cells in CVID patients.
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Parks RN, Kim CJ, Al-Safi ZA, Armstrong AA, Zore T, Moatamed NA. Multiple Myeloma 1 Transcription Factor Is Superior to CD138 as a Marker of Plasma Cells in Endometrium. Int J Surg Pathol 2018; 27:372-379. [PMID: 30482071 DOI: 10.1177/1066896918814307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic endometritis is characterized by plasma cell (PC) infiltration of endometrial stroma. Identification of PCs can be challenging by routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain due to the low numbers of PCs or to their being obscured by other cells in the stroma. CD138 is widely used as an ancillary immunohistochemistry stain to identify PCs; however, it has a high background reaction. In this study, multiple myeloma 1 (MUM1) transcription factor is introduced as an alternative PC marker in endometrial tissues. In this study, 311 endometrial biopsies, submitted to rule out chronic endometritis, were selected. They were divided into Group I (n = 87) and Group II (n = 224). Both had MUM1 and H&E while Group I also had accompanying CD138 stains. In both groups combined, MUM1 detected plasma cells in 48% of the cases, while CD138 and H&E identified the cells in 23% and 15% of the biopsies, respectively. In addition to having a clean background, MUM1 is a more sensitive stain than CD138 for detection of PCs in endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Temeka Zore
- 1 University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Yasui K, Izumida M, Nakagawa T, Kubo Y, Hayashi H, Ito T, Ikeda H, Matsuyama T. MicroRNA-3662 expression correlates with antiviral drug resistance in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:833-837. [PMID: 29684346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 4 and the proto-oncogene c-Rel cooperate in growth and antiviral drug resistance of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). To elucidate the target of IRF4 and c-Rel in ATLL, we determined the simultaneous binding sites of IRF4 and c-Rel using ChIP-seq technology. Nine genes were identified within 2 kb of binding sites, including MIR3662. Expression of miR-3662 was regulated by IRF4, and to a lesser extent by c-Rel. Cell proliferation was inhibited by knockdown of miR-3662 and expression of miR-3662 was correlated with antiviral drug resistance in ATLL cell lines. Thus, miR-3662 represents a target for therapies against ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yasui
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mai Izumida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takeya Nakagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Kubo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikeda
- Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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19
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Weak vaccinia virus-induced NK cell regulation of CD4 T cells is associated with reduced NK cell differentiation and cytolytic activity. Virology 2018; 519:131-144. [PMID: 29715623 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control antiviral adaptive immune responses in mice during some virus infections, but the universality of this phenomenon remains unknown. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice triggered potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells (NKLCMV) against activated CD4 T cells, tumor cells, and allogeneic lymphocytes. In contrast, NK cells activated by vaccinia virus (VACV) infection (NKVACV) exhibited weaker cytolytic activity against each of these target cells. Relative to NKLCMV cells, NKVACV cells exhibited a more immature (CD11b-CD27+) phenotype, and lower expression levels of the activation marker CD69, cytotoxic effector molecules (perforin, granzyme B), and the transcription factor IRF4. NKVACV cells expressed higher levels of the inhibitory molecule NKG2A than NKLCMV cells. Consistent with this apparent lethargy, NKVACV cells only weakly constrained VACV-specific CD4 T-cell responses. This suggests that NK cell regulation of adaptive immunity, while universal, may be limited with viruses that poorly activate NK cells.
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20
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Tang J, Jiang L, Liu W, Lou B, Wu C, Zhang J. Expression and functional characterization of interferon regulatory factors 4, 8, and 9 in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:35-41. [PMID: 28928075 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-4, 8, and 9 are essential in host defense against pathogens. Here, the full-length coding sequence (CDS), protein structure, and immune response of IRF4/8/9 (lc IRF4/8/9) were characterized in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The open reading frame of lcIRF4, lcIRF8 and lcIRF9 encoded putative proteins of 463,422 and 406 amino acids, respectively. These IRFs share high sequence homology with other vertebrate IRFs and were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues. IRFs were upregulated following stimulation with Vibrio anguillarum in the liver, spleen, and kidney. These results suggest that IRF4/8/9 are vital in the defense of L. crocea against bacterial infection and further increase our understanding of IRFs function in innate immunity in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingteng Tang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China
| | - Bao Lou
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China
| | - Changwen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China.
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Man K, Gabriel SS, Liao Y, Gloury R, Preston S, Henstridge DC, Pellegrini M, Zehn D, Berberich-Siebelt F, Febbraio MA, Shi W, Kallies A. Transcription Factor IRF4 Promotes CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion and Limits the Development of Memory-like T Cells during Chronic Infection. Immunity 2017; 47:1129-1141.e5. [PMID: 29246443 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During chronic stimulation, CD8+ T cells acquire an exhausted phenotype characterized by expression of inhibitory receptors, down-modulation of effector function, and metabolic impairments. T cell exhaustion protects from excessive immunopathology but limits clearance of virus-infected or tumor cells. We transcriptionally profiled antigen-specific T cells from mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains that cause acute or chronic disease. T cell exhaustion during chronic infection was driven by high amounts of T cell receptor (TCR)-induced transcription factors IRF4, BATF, and NFATc1. These regulators promoted expression of inhibitory receptors, including PD-1, and mediated impaired cellular metabolism. Furthermore, they repressed the expression of TCF1, a transcription factor required for memory T cell differentiation. Reducing IRF4 expression restored the functional and metabolic properties of antigen-specific T cells and promoted memory-like T cell development. These findings indicate that IRF4 functions as a central node in a TCR-responsive transcriptional circuit that establishes and sustains T cell exhaustion during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Man
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah S Gabriel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Renee Gloury
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Simon Preston
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Marc Pellegrini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Friederike Berberich-Siebelt
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism, Garvan Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Expression of TIA1 and PAX5 in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma at Initial Diagnosis May Predict Clinical Outcome. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 24:383-91. [PMID: 26067141 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the expression of T-cell antigens and proteins associated with tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs), regulatory T cells (T-regs), and B-cell development have been evaluated in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), few studies correlate these proteins' expression patterns with clinical outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate proteins expressed in the Reed-Sternberg cells (RSCs) and TILs of cHLs at initial diagnosis to determine their prognostic significance. The expression of 12 proteins in RSCs and TILs from 88 diagnostic cHL biopsies was quantitated and correlated to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD25, PD1, TIA1, MUM1, and ZAP70 expression in RSCs did not correlate with OS or PFS, nor did programmed death 1 (PD1) expression in TILs. High numbers of TIA1-positive TILs (≥50%) correlated with OS (P=0.027), but not PFS (P=0.993) in univariate analysis. Expression of CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, and/or TIA1 (6%) in RSCs was associated with lymphocyte-rich/mixed-cellularity subtype (P=0.032). High International Prognostic Score (IPS; P=0.036), and high stage (P=0.046) were independent predictors of worse PFS in univariate analysis. Low IPS (P=0.003) and nodular sclerosing subtype (P=0.022) were associated with better OS in univariate analysis. Only the IPS predicted OS in multivariate (P=0.009) analysis. High TIA1+ TILs correlated with worse clinical outcomes for cHLs, as did PAX5-RSCs (P=0.024), although only 2/74 cases were shown to be negative for this marker, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment and a transcription factor crucial for B-cell development are critical biological determinants of the disease course.
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Bhaumik S, Basu R. Cellular and Molecular Dynamics of Th17 Differentiation and its Developmental Plasticity in the Intestinal Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:254. [PMID: 28408906 PMCID: PMC5374155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
After emerging from the thymus, naive CD4 T cells circulate through secondary lymphoid tissues, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the intestine. The activation of naïve CD4 T cells by antigen-presenting cells offering cognate antigen initiate differentiation programs that lead to the development of highly specialized T helper (Th) cell lineages. Although initially believed that developmental programing of effector T cells such as T helper 1 (Th1) or T helper 2 (Th2) resulted in irreversible commitment to a fixed fate, subsequent studies have demonstrated greater flexibility, or plasticity, in effector T cell stability than originally conceived. This is particularly so for the Th17 subset, differentiation of which is a highly dynamic process with overlapping developmental axes with inducible regulatory T (iTreg), T helper 22 (Th22), and Th1 cells. Accordingly, intermediary stages of Th17 cells are found in various tissues, which co-express lineage-specific transcription factor(s) or cytokine(s) of developmentally related CD4 T cell subsets. A highly specialized tissue like that of the intestine, which harbors the largest immune compartment of the body, adds several layers of complexity to the intricate process of Th differentiation. Due to constant exposure to millions of commensal microbes and periodic exposure to pathogens, the intestinal mucosa maintains a delicate balance between regulatory and effector T cells. It is becoming increasingly clear that equilibrium between tolerogenic and inflammatory axes is maintained in the intestine by shuttling the flexible genetic programming of a developing CD4 T cell along the developmental axis of iTreg, Th17, Th22, and Th1 subsets. Currently, Th17 plasticity remains an unresolved concern in the field of clinical research as targeting Th17 cells to cure immune-mediated disease might also target its related subsets. In this review, we discuss the expanding sphere of Th17 plasticity through its shared developmental axes with related cellular subsets such as Th22, Th1, and iTreg in the context of intestinal inflammation and also examine the molecular and epigenetic features of Th17 cells that mediate these overlapping developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Bhaumik
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajatava Basu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
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Ai K, Luo K, Li Y, Hu W, Gao W, Fang L, Tian G, Ruan G, Xu Q. Expression pattern analysis of IRF4 and its related genes revealed the functional differentiation of IRF4 paralogues in teleost. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:59-64. [PMID: 27856326 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) plays an important role in the process of development and differentiation of B cells, T cells and dendritic cells. It can regulate immune pathway through IRF5, MyD88, IL21, PGC1α, and NOD2. In the present study, we investigated the expression pattern of IRF4 paralogues and these related genes for the first time in teleosts. The results showed that these genes were all expressed predominantly in known immune tissues while IRF5 was also relatively highly expressed in muscle. IRF4b, IL21, MyD88, IRF5 and NOD2 showed maternal expression in the oocyte and the higher expression of IRF4a, Mx and PGC1α before hatching might be involved in the embryonic innate defense system. Zebrafish embryonic fibroblast (ZF4) cells were infected with GCRV and SVCV. During GCRV infection, the expression of Mx was significantly up-regulated from 3 h to 24 h, reaching the highest level at 12 h (101.5-fold over the controls, P < 0.001). And the expression of IRF4a was significantly up-regulated from 3 h to 48 h, reaching the highest level at 12 h (13.75-fold over the controls, P < 0.001). While the expression of IRF4b was only slightly up-regulated at 12 h and 24 h (3.39-fold, 1.93-fold) above control levels, respectively. Whereas the expression of Mx was significantly up-regulated during SVCV infection from 1 h to 48 h, reaching the highest level at 24 h (11.49-fold over the controls, P < 0.001). IRF4a transcripts were significantly up-regulated from 6 h to 24 h, reaching the highest level at 24 h (41-fold over the controls, P < 0.01). IRF4b only showed a slightly up-regulation by SVCV at 24 h (3.2-fold over the controls, P < 0.01). IRF4a and IRF4b displayed a distinct tissue expression pattern, embryonic stages expression and inducible expression in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that IRF4 paralogues might play different roles in immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kete Ai
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Kai Luo
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Youshen Li
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Weihua Gao
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Liu Fang
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Guangming Tian
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Guoliang Ruan
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Qiaoqing Xu
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China.
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Sha Y, Markovic-Plese S. Activated IL-1RI Signaling Pathway Induces Th17 Cell Differentiation via Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Signaling in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:543. [PMID: 27965670 PMCID: PMC5126112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-1β plays a crucial role in the differentiation of human Th17 cells. We report here that IL-1RI expression is significantly increased in both naive and memory CD4+ T cells derived from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR MS) patients in comparison to healthy controls. Interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R)I expression is upregulated in the in vitro-differentiated Th17 cells from RR MS patients in comparison to the Th1 and Th2 cell subsets, indicating the role of IL-1R signaling in the Th17 cell differentiation in RR MS. When IL-1RI gene expression was silenced using siRNA, human naive CD4+ T cells cultured in the presence of Th17-polarizing cytokines had a significantly decreased expression of interleukin regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), RORc, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23R genes, confirming that IL-1RI signaling induces Th17 cell differentiation. Since IL-1R gene expression silencing inhibited IRF4 expression and Th17 differentiation, and IRF4 gene expression silencing inhibited Th17 cell differentiation, our results indicate that IL-1RI induces human Th17 cell differentiation in an IRF4-dependant manner. Our study has identified that IL-1RI-mediated signaling pathway is constitutively activated, leading to an increased Th17 cell differentiation in IRF4-dependent manner in patients with RR MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Sha
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Silva Markovic-Plese
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Nam S, Lim JS. Essential role of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) in immune cell development. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1548-1555. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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López De Padilla CM, Crowson CS, Hein MS, Pendegraft RS, Strausbauch MA, Niewold TB, Ernste FC, Peterson E, Baechler EC, Reed AM. Gene Expression Profiling in Blood and Affected Muscle Tissues Reveals Differential Activation Pathways in Patients with New-onset Juvenile and Adult Dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 2016; 44:117-124. [PMID: 27803134 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify shared and differential molecular pathways in blood and affected muscle between adult dermatomyositis (DM) and juvenile DM, and their association with clinical disease activity measures. METHODS Gene expression of transcription factors and cytokines involved in differentiation and effector function of T cell subsets, regulatory T cells and follicular Th cells, were analyzed in the blood from 21 newly diagnosed adult and 26 juvenile DM subjects and in 15 muscle specimens (7 adult and 8 juvenile DM) using a custom RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Disease activity was determined and measured by established disease activity tools. RESULTS The most prominent finding was the higher blood expression of Th17-related cytokines [retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γ, interferon regulatory factor 4, interleukin (IL)-23A, IL-6, IL-17F, and IL-21] in juvenile DM at baseline. In contrast, adult patients with DM showed increased blood levels of STAT3 and BCL6 compared with juvenile DM. In muscle, GATA3, IL-13, and STAT5B were found at higher levels in juvenile patients with DM compared with adult DM. Among 25 patients (11 adult and 14 juvenile DM) who had blood samples at baseline and at 6 months, increased expression of IL-1β, STAT3, STAT6, STAT5B, and BCL6 was associated with an improvement in global extramuscular disease activity. CONCLUSION We observed differences in gene expression profiling in blood and muscle between new-onset adult and juvenile DM. Cytokine expression in the blood of juvenile patients with new-onset DM was dominated by Th17-related cytokines compared with adult patients with DM. This may reflect the activation of different Th pathways between muscle and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo M López De Padilla
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Cynthia S Crowson
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Molly S Hein
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Richard S Pendegraft
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Michael A Strausbauch
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Floranne C Ernste
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Erik Peterson
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Emily C Baechler
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Ann M Reed
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester; Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,C.M. López De Padilla, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; C.S. Crowson, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.S. Hein, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic; R.S. Pendegraft, MS, Division of Rheumatology and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic; M.A. Strausbauch, MS, Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic; T.B. Niewold, MD, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; F.C. Ernste, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; E. Peterson, MD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; E.C. Baechler, PhD, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; A.M. Reed, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Children's Hospital, Duke University Medical Center.
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Koch S, Graser A, Mirzakhani H, Zimmermann T, Melichar VO, Wölfel M, Croteau-Chonka DC, Raby BA, Weiss ST, Finotto S. Increased expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 drives IL-9-mediated allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1898-1902.e7. [PMID: 26993036 PMCID: PMC4889777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Koch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Lung Immunology, Department of Molecular Pneumology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Graser
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Lung Immunology, Department of Molecular Pneumology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hooman Mirzakhani
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Theodor Zimmermann
- Pediatric Pneumology-Allergology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker O Melichar
- Pediatric Pneumology-Allergology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Wölfel
- Pediatric Pneumology-Allergology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Lung Immunology, Department of Molecular Pneumology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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29
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Li P, Spolski R, Liao W, Leonard WJ. Complex interactions of transcription factors in mediating cytokine biology in T cells. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:141-56. [PMID: 25123282 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play critical roles within the mammalian immune system, and the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into distinct T-helper subsets is critical for normal immunoregulation and host defense. These carefully regulated differentiation processes are controlled by networks of cytokines, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, resulting in the generation of multiple CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Treg, and Tfh cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors in determining the specific type of differentiation and in particular the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in promoting or inhibiting Th differentiation. In addition to discussing master regulators and subset-specific transcription factors for distinct T-helper cell populations, we focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and on the cooperative action of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) with activator protein 1 (AP-1) family proteins and STAT3 in the assembly of complexes that broadly influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Dietz L, Frommer F, Vogel AL, Vaeth M, Serfling E, Waisman A, Buttmann M, Berberich-Siebelt F. NFAT1 deficit and NFAT2 deficit attenuate EAE via different mechanisms. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1377-89. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dietz
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Friederike Frommer
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg; University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Vogel
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg; University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Mathias Buttmann
- Department of Neurology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Friederike Berberich-Siebelt
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
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31
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Huber M, Lohoff M. IRF4 at the crossroads of effector T-cell fate decision. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1886-95. [PMID: 24782159 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcription factor that is expressed in hematopoietic cells and plays pivotal roles in the immune response. Originally described as a lymphocyte-specific nuclear factor, IRF4 promotes differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into T helper 2 (Th2), Th9, Th17, or T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and is required for the function of effector regulatory T (eTreg) cells. Moreover, IRF4 is essential for the sustained differentiation of cytotoxic effector CD8(+) T cells, for CD8(+) T-cell memory formation, and for differentiation of naïve CD8(+) T cells into IL-9-producing (Tc9) and IL-17-producing (Tc17) CD8(+) T-cell subsets. In this review, we focus on recent findings on the role of IRF4 during the development of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets and the impact of IRF4 on T-cell-mediated immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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32
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Tian Y, Wu Y, Ni B. Signaling Pathways and Epigenetic Regulations in the Control ofRORγtExpression in T Helper 17 Cells. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:305-17. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.911858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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33
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Escolano A, Martínez-Martínez S, Alfranca A, Urso K, Izquierdo HM, Delgado M, Martín F, Sabio G, Sancho D, Gómez-del Arco P, Redondo JM. Specific calcineurin targeting in macrophages confers resistance to inflammation via MKP-1 and p38. EMBO J 2014; 33:1117-33. [PMID: 24596247 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to tissue homeostasis and influence inflammatory responses by modulating their phenotype in response to the local environment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing this plasticity would open new avenues for the treatment for inflammatory disorders. We show that deletion of calcineurin (CN) or its inhibition with LxVP peptide in macrophages induces an anti-inflammatory population that confers resistance to arthritis and contact hypersensitivity. Transfer of CN-targeted macrophages or direct injection of LxVP-encoding lentivirus has anti-inflammatory effects in these models. Specific CN targeting in macrophages induces p38 MAPK activity by downregulating MKP-1 expression. However, pharmacological CN inhibition with cyclosporin A (CsA) or FK506 did not reproduce these effects and failed to induce p38 activity. The CN-inhibitory peptide VIVIT also failed to reproduce the effects of LxVP. p38 inhibition prevented the anti-inflammatory phenotype of CN-targeted macrophages, and mice with defective p38-activation were resistant to the anti-inflammatory effect of LxVP. Our results identify a key role for CN and p38 in the modulation of macrophage phenotype and suggest an alternative treatment for inflammation based on redirecting macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Escolano
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arántzazu Alfranca
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katia Urso
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena M Izquierdo
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martín
- Human DNA variability Department and Oncology Department, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gómez-del Arco
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Discovery of the T-helper 17 (Th17) subset heralded a major shift in T-cell biology and immune regulation. In addition to defining a new arm of the adaptive immune response, studies of the Th17 pathway have led to a greater appreciation of the developmental flexibility, or plasticity, that is a feature of T-cell developmental programs. Since the initial finding that differentiation of Th17 cells is promoted by transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), it became clear that Th17 cell development overlapped that of induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells. Subsequent findings established that Th17 cells are also unusually flexible in their late developmental programming, demonstrating substantial overlap with conventional Th1 cells through mechanisms that are just beginning to be understood but would appear to have important implications for immunoregulation at homeostasis and in immune-mediated diseases. Herein we examine the developmental and functional features of Th17 cells in relation to iTreg cells, Th1 cells, and Th22 cells, as a basis for understanding the contributions of this pathway to host defense, immune homeostasis, and immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajatava Basu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Abstract
T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a new subset of effector CD4(+) T cells that are specialized in helping B cells in the germinal center reaction. Tfh cells are distinct from other established CD4(+) T-cell lineages, Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory cells, in their gene expression profiles. Tfh cell differentiation results from a network of transcriptional regulation by a master transcriptional factor Bcl6 as well as IRF4, c-Maf, Batf, and STAT3/5. During Tfh cell ontogeny, increased CXCR5 expression directs activated T-cell migration to the follicles, and their interaction with B cells leads to Bcl6 upregulation, which helps establish effector and memory Tfh cell program. This review summarizes the recent progress in molecular mechanisms underlying Tfh differentiation and discusses the future perspectives for this important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Liu
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Aijö T, Edelman SM, Lönnberg T, Larjo A, Kallionpää H, Tuomela S, Engström E, Lahesmaa R, Lähdesmäki H. An integrative computational systems biology approach identifies differentially regulated dynamic transcriptome signatures which drive the initiation of human T helper cell differentiation. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:572. [PMID: 23110343 PMCID: PMC3526425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A proper balance between different T helper (Th) cell subsets is necessary for normal functioning of the adaptive immune system. Revealing key genes and pathways driving the differentiation to distinct Th cell lineages provides important insight into underlying molecular mechanisms and new opportunities for modulating the immune response. Previous computational methods to quantify and visualize kinetic differential expression data of three or more lineages to identify reciprocally regulated genes have relied on clustering approaches and regression methods which have time as a factor, but have lacked methods which explicitly model temporal behavior. Results We studied transcriptional dynamics of human umbilical cord blood T helper cells cultured in absence and presence of cytokines promoting Th1 or Th2 differentiation. To identify genes that exhibit distinct lineage commitment dynamics and are specific for initiating differentiation to different Th cell subsets, we developed a novel computational methodology (LIGAP) allowing integrative analysis and visualization of multiple lineages over whole time-course profiles. Applying LIGAP to time-course data from multiple Th cell lineages, we identified and experimentally validated several differentially regulated Th cell subset specific genes as well as reciprocally regulated genes. Combining differentially regulated transcriptional profiles with transcription factor binding site and pathway information, we identified previously known and new putative transcriptional mechanisms involved in Th cell subset differentiation. All differentially regulated genes among the lineages together with an implementation of LIGAP are provided as an open-source resource. Conclusions The LIGAP method is widely applicable to quantify differential time-course dynamics of many types of datasets and generalizes to any number of conditions. It summarizes all the time-course measurements together with the associated uncertainty for visualization and manual assessment purposes. Here we identified novel human Th subset specific transcripts as well as regulatory mechanisms important for the initiation of the Th cell subset differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Aijö
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
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Ngalamika O, Zhang Y, Yin H, Zhao M, Gershwin ME, Lu Q. Epigenetics, autoimmunity and hematologic malignancies: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:451-65. [PMID: 23084980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between immunological dysfunction, loss of tolerance and hematologic malignancies have been a focus of attention in attempts to understand the appearance of a higher degree of autoimmune disease and lymphoma in children with congenital immunodeficiency. Although multiple hypotheses have been offered, it is clear that stochastic processes play an important role in the immunopathology of these issues. In particular, accumulating evidence is defining a role of epigenetic mechanisms as being critical in this continuous spectrum between autoimmunity and lymphoma. In this review, we focus attention predominantly on the relationships between T helper 17 (Th17) and T regulatory populations that alter local microenvironments and ultimately the expression or transcription factors involved in cell activation and differentiation. Abnormal expression in any of the molecules involved in Th17 and/or Treg development alter immune homeostasis and in genetically susceptible hosts may lead to the appearance of autoimmunity and/or lymphoma. These observations have clinical significance in explaining the discordance of autoimmunity in identical twins. They are also particularly important in the relationships between primary immune deficiency syndromes, immune dysregulation and an increased risk of lymphoma. Indeed, defining the factors that determine epigenetic alterations and their relationships to immune homeostasis will be a challenge greater or even equal to the human genome project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Ngalamika
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, #139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
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38
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Xu WD, Pan HF, Ye DQ, Xu Y. Targeting IRF4 in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:918-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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BATF-JUN is critical for IRF4-mediated transcription in T cells. Nature 2012; 490:543-6. [PMID: 22992523 PMCID: PMC3537508 DOI: 10.1038/nature11530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is an IRF family transcription factor with critical roles in lymphoid development and in regulating the immune response1,2. IRF4 binds DNA weakly due to a C-terminal auto-inhibitory domain, but cooperative binding with factors such as PU.1 or SPIB in B cells increases binding affinity3, allowing IRF4 to regulate genes containing ETS/IRF composite elements (EICEs; 5′-GGAAnnGAAA-3′)1. Here, we show that in CD4+ T cells, where PU.1/SPIB expression is low, and in B cells, where PU.1 is well expressed, IRF4 unexpectedly can cooperate with Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) complexes to bind to AP-1/IRF4 composite (TGAnTCA/GAAA) motifs that we denote as AP-1/IRF composite elements (AICEs). Moreover, BATF/Jun family protein complexes cooperate with IRF4 in binding to AICEs in pre-activated CD4+ T cells stimulated with IL-21 and in Th17 differentiated cells. Importantly, BATF binding was diminished in Irf4−/− T cells and IRF4 binding was diminished in Batf−/− T cells, consistent with functional cooperation between these factors. Moreover, we show that AP-1 and IRF complexes cooperatively promote transcription of the Il10 gene, which is expressed in Th17 cells and potently regulated by IL-21. These findings reveal that IRF4 can signal via complexes containing ETS or AP-1 motifs depending on the cellular context, thus indicating new approaches for modulating IRF4-dependent transcription.
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Boubali S, Liopeta K, Virgilio L, Thyphronitis G, Mavrothalassitis G, Dimitracopoulos G, Paliogianni F. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II regulates IL-10 production by human T lymphocytes: a distinct target in the calcium dependent pathway. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:51-60. [PMID: 22578382 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) plays an essential role in lymphocyte activation and differentiation by affecting signaling pathways leading to cytokine production. Among the enzymes responding to calcium increase, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been involved in anergy with a still poorly characterized role. IL-10 produced by different T lymphocyte subpopulations is critical mediator of tolerance. We tested the hypothesis that CaMKII may be involved in IL-10 production. We report that CaMKII upregulates IL-10 production by primary human T lymphocytes stimulated through the antigen receptor or bypassing that. Overexpression of constitutively active mutant forms of Calcineurin or CaMKII specifically increase IL-10 protein product and IL-10 mRNA accumulation in T lymphocytes. By cotransfecting constitutively active CaMKII with luciferase reporter plasmids carrying specific fragments or the whole IL-10 promoter, we show that CaMKII specifically activates IL-10 promoter activity, whereas it inhibits IL-2 and IL-4 promoter. This effect is mediated by the first 500 bp fragment, which contains binding sites for Myocyte Enhancer Factor-2 (MEF2). A constitutively active mutant of CaMKII activated a luciferase reporter plasmid under the control of MEF2, when cotransfected in T lymphocytes stimulated by Ionomycin and PMA, whereas its inhibitor KN-62 inhibited MEF2 binding in cell lysates of the same cells. Moreover, overexpression of MEF2 enhanced by 2.5-fold IL-10 promoter activity. Our data for the first time suggest a distinct role of CaMKII in the induction of anergy in T lymphocytes, by differential regulation of IL-10 and IL-2 gene transcription suggest MEF2 as a molecular target which can integrate different calcium signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Boubali
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Asclepiou Street, 26500 Patras, Greece
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Xia C, Ya-dong G, Jiong Y. Elevated Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Levels in Patients with Allergic Asthma. J Asthma 2012; 49:441-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2012.674998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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De Silva NS, Simonetti G, Heise N, Klein U. The diverse roles of IRF4 in late germinal center B-cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2012; 247:73-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bruhn S, Barrenäs F, Mobini R, Andersson BA, Chavali S, Egan BS, Hovig E, Sandve GK, Langston MA, Rogers G, Wang H, Benson M. Increased expression of IRF4 and ETS1 in CD4+ cells from patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2012; 67:33-40. [PMID: 21919915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor (TF) IRF4 is involved in the regulation of Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17 cells, and animal studies have indicated an important role in allergy. However, IRF4 and its target genes have not been examined in human allergy. METHODS IRF4 and its target genes were examined in allergen-challenged CD4(+) cells from patients with IAR, using combined gene expression microarrays and chromatin immunoprecipitation chips (ChIP-chips), computational target prediction, and RNAi knockdowns. RESULTS IRF4 increased in allergen-challenged CD4(+) cells from patients with IAR, and functional studies supported its role in Th2 cell activation. IRF4 ChIP-chip showed that IRF4 regulated a large number of genes relevant to Th cell differentiation. However, neither Th1 nor Th2 cytokines were the direct targets of IRF4. To examine whether IRF4 induced Th2 cytokines via one or more downstream TFs, we combined gene expression microarrays, ChIP-chips, and computational target prediction and found a putative intermediary TF, namely ETS1 in allergen-challenged CD4(+) cells from allergic patients. ETS1 increased significantly in allergen-challenged CD4(+) cells from patients compared to controls. Gene expression microarrays before and after ETS1 RNAi knockdown showed that ETS1 induced Th2 cytokines as well as disease-related pathways. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of IRF4 in allergen-challenged CD4(+) cells from patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis leads to activation of a complex transcriptional program, including Th2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bruhn
- The Centre for Individualized Medication, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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Shindo H, Yasui K, Yamamoto K, Honma K, Yui K, Kohno T, Ma Y, Chua KJ, Kubo Y, Aihara H, Ito T, Nagayasu T, Matsuyama T, Hayashi H. Interferon regulatory factor-4 activates IL-2 and IL-4 promoters in cooperation with c-Rel. Cytokine 2011; 56:564-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gertz EM, Agarwala R, Mage RG, Schäffer AA. Comparative analysis of genome sequences of the Th2 cytokine region of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with those of nine different species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:59-82. [PMID: 23239928 DOI: 10.4137/iii.s7236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The regions encoding the coordinately regulated Th2 cytokines IL5, IL4 and IL13 are located on chromosomes 5 of man and 11 of mouse. They have been intensively studied because these interleukins have protective roles in helminth infections, but may lead to detrimental effects such as allergy, asthma, and fibrosis in lung and liver. We added to previous studies by comparing sequences of syntenic regions on chromosome 3 of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) genome OryCun 2.0 assembly from a tuberculosis-susceptible strain, with the corresponding region of ENCODE ENm002 from a normal rabbit as well as with 9 other mammalian species. We searched for rabbit transcription factor binding sites in putative promoter and other non-coding regions of IL5, RAD50, IL13 and IL4. Although we identified several differences between the two donor rabbits in coding and non-coding regions of potential functional significance, confirmation awaits additional sequencing of other rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Michael Gertz
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
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Kim WK, Sul OJ, Kwak JS, Hur HY, Latour AM, Koller BH, Kwon BS, Jeong CS. Nuclear factor of activated T cells negatively regulates expression of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-related 2 gene in T cells. Exp Mol Med 2011; 42:805-10. [PMID: 20948279 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-related 2 (TR2, HVEM or TNFRSF-14) plays an important role in immune responses, however, the mechanisms regulating its expression are unclear. To understand the control of TR2 gene expression, we studied the upstream region of the gene. Gel supershift assays revealed inducible binding of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) to a putative NFAT site within the TR2 promoter. Furthermore, cotransfection of a dominant negative NFAT construct, or siRNA for NFAT, resulted in increased expression of a TR2 reporter gene. Our findings demonstrate that NFAT negatively regulates TR2 expression in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Ki Kim
- Department of Biological Science and the Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea
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Lee CG, Hwang W, Maeng KE, Kwon HK, So JS, Sahoo A, Lee SH, Park ZY, Im SH. IRF4 regulates IL-10 gene expression in CD4+ T cells through differential nuclear translocation. Cell Immunol 2011; 268:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fakiola M, Mishra A, Rai M, Singh SP, O'Leary RA, Ball S, Francis RW, Firth MJ, Radford BT, Miller EN, Sundar S, Blackwell JM. Classification and regression tree and spatial analyses reveal geographic heterogeneity in genome wide linkage study of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15807. [PMID: 21209823 PMCID: PMC3013125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome wide linkage studies (GWLS) have provided evidence for loci controlling visceral leishmaniasis on Chromosomes 1p22, 6q27, 22q12 in Sudan and 6q27, 9p21, 17q11-q21 in Brazil. Genome wide studies from the major focus of disease in India have not previously been reported. Methods and Findings We undertook a GWLS in India in which a primary ∼10 cM (515 microsatellites) scan was carried out in 58 multicase pedigrees (74 nuclear families; 176 affected, 353 total individuals) and replication sought in 79 pedigrees (102 nuclear families; 218 affected, 473 total individuals). The primary scan provided evidence (≥2 adjacent markers allele-sharing LOD≥0.59; nominal P≤0.05) for linkage on Chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 20 and X, with peaks at 6p25.3-p24.3 and 8p23.1-p21.3 contributed to largely by 31 Hindu families and at Xq21.1-q26.1 by 27 Muslim families. Refined mapping confirmed linkage across all primary scan families at 2q12.2-q14.1 and 11q13.2-q23.3, but only 11q13.2-q23.3 replicated (combined LOD = 1.59; P = 0.0034). Linkage at 6p25.3-p24.3 and 8p23.1-p21.3, and at Xq21.1-q26.1, was confirmed by refined mapping for primary Hindu and Muslim families, respectively, but only Xq21.1-q26.1 replicated across all Muslim families (combined LOD 1.49; P = 0.0045). STRUCTURE and SMARTPCA did not identify population genetic substructure related to religious group. Classification and regression tree, and spatial interpolation, analyses confirm geographical heterogeneity for linkages at 6p25.3-p24.3, 8p23.1-p21.3 and Xq21.1-q26.1, with specific clusters of families contributing LOD scores of 2.13 (P = 0.0009), 1.75 (P = 0.002) and 1.84 (P = 0.001), respectively. Conclusions GWLS has identified novel loci that show geographical heterogeneity in their influence on susceptibility to VL in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Fakiola
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhukar Rai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shri Prakash Singh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rebecca A. O'Leary
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Stephen Ball
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Richard W. Francis
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Martin J. Firth
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Ben T. Radford
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - E. Nancy Miller
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jenefer M. Blackwell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Hirahara K, Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, Yang XP, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ. Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional regulation in Th17 cell differentiation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21:425-34. [PMID: 21084214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, our understanding of helper/effector T cell differentiation has changed dramatically. The discovery of interleukin (IL-)17-producing T cells (Th17) and other subsets has changed our view of T cell-mediated immunity. Characterization of the signaling pathways involved in the Th17 commitment has provided exciting new insights into the differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Importantly, the emerging data on conversion among polarized T helper cells have raised the question how we should view such concepts as T cell lineage commitment, terminal differentiation and plasticity. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the signaling pathways, molecular interactions, and transcriptional and epigenetic events that contribute to Th17 differentiation and acquisition of effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
MUM1/IRF4 protein is a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcriptional factors initially described as downstream regulators of interferon signaling. The quantity of this factor varies within the hematopoietic system in a lineage and stage-specific way. It is considered to be a key regulator of several steps in lymphoid, myeloid, and dendritic cell differentiation and maturation. MUM1/IRF4 expression is observed in many lymphoid and myeloid malignancies, and may be a promising target for the treatment of some of these neoplasms. We reviewed the literature on MUM1/IRF4, with emphasis on the pathologic aspects of this marker in reactive and malignant hematologic and nonhematologic conditions.
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