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Protein kinase D1/2 is involved in the maturation of multivesicular bodies and secretion of exosomes in T and B lymphocytes. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:99-109. [PMID: 26045048 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are endocytic compartments that enclose intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) formed by inward budding from the limiting membrane of endosomes. In T lymphocytes, these ILV contain Fas ligand (FasL) and are secreted as 'lethal exosomes' following activation-induced fusion of the MVB with the plasma membrane. Diacylglycerol (DAG) and diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα) regulate MVB maturation and polarized traffic, as well as subsequent secretion of pro-apoptotic exosomes, but the molecular basis underlying these phenomena remains unclear. Here we identify protein kinase D (PKD) family members as DAG effectors involved in MVB genesis and secretion. We show that the inducible secretion of exosomes is enhanced when a constitutively active PKD1 mutant is expressed in T lymphocytes, whereas exosome secretion is impaired in PKD2-deficient mouse T lymphoblasts and in PKD1/3-null B cells. Analysis of PKD2-deficient T lymphoblasts showed the presence of large, immature MVB-like vesicles and demonstrated defects in cytotoxic activity and in activation-induced cell death. Using pharmacological and genetic tools, we show that DGKα regulates PKD1/2 subcellular localization and activation. Our studies demonstrate that PKD1/2 is a key regulator of MVB maturation and exosome secretion, and constitutes a mediator of the DGKα effect on MVB secretory traffic.
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Pauls SD, Lafarge ST, Landego I, Zhang T, Marshall AJ. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway in normal and malignant B cells: activation mechanisms, regulation and impact on cellular functions. Front Immunol 2012; 3:224. [PMID: 22908014 PMCID: PMC3414724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a central signal transduction axis controlling normal B cell homeostasis and activation in humoral immunity. The p110δ PI3K catalytic subunit has emerged as a critical mediator of multiple B cell functions. The activity of this pathway is regulated at multiple levels, with inositol phosphatases PTEN and SHIP both playing critical roles. When deregulated, the PI3K pathway can contribute to B cell malignancies and autoantibody production. This review summarizes current knowledge on key mechanisms that activate and regulate the PI3K pathway and influence normal B cell functional responses including the development of B cell subsets, antigen presentation, immunoglobulin isotype switch, germinal center responses, and maintenance of B cell anergy. We also discuss PI3K pathway alterations reported in select B cell malignancies and highlight studies indicating the functional significance of this pathway in malignant B cell survival and growth within tissue microenvironments. Finally, we comment on early clinical trial results, which support PI3K inhibition as a promising treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Pauls
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Jang C, Machtaler S, Matsuuchi L. The role of Ig-α/β in B cell antigen receptor internalization. Immunol Lett 2010; 134:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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McGovern EM, Moquin AE, Caballero A, Drake JR. The Effect of B Cell Receptor Signaling on Antigen Endocytosis and Processing. Immunol Invest 2009; 33:143-56. [PMID: 15195694 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated antigen processing and presentation involves both the BCR-mediated internalization and processing of cognate antigen as well as the formation and expression of antigenic peptide-MHC class II complexes. While BCR signaling is known to result in changes in the biosynthesis and intracellular trafficking of class II molecules, the effect of BCR signaling on the cell biology of antigen endocytosis and processing is less clear. Therefore, the effect of BCR signaling on the cell biology of fluid phase antigen endocytosis, processing and presentation was analyzed in both B cell lines or in normal splenic B cells. The results demonstrate that BCR signaling alters neither the global level of fluid phase antigen endocytosis nor the duration of intracellular persistence of fluid phase internalized antigen. Moreover, while BCR signal does result in an increase in the level of total cell surface MHC class II molecules as well as specific peptide-class II complexes, stimulation failed to alter the fraction of class II molecules loaded with antigen-derived peptide. These results indicate that while BCR-mediated signaling elicits an increase in the expression of antigenic peptide-class II complexes, signaling does not augment antigen presentation by profoundly altering the basic biology of antigen endocytosis and processing. These results also demonstrate that the high efficiency of BCR-mediated antigen processing (when compared to fluid phase antigen processing) is likely to occur independent of BCR signaling-induced global alterations in the biology of endocytosis, processing and presentation. This finding suggests that if BCR signaling augments the efficiency of processing of cognate antigen, it must impact unique aspects of BCR-mediated antigen processing, such as the intracellular persistence of internalized antigen-BCR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M McGovern
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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Lau C, Wang X, Song L, North M, Wiehler S, Proud D, Chow CW. Syk associates with clathrin and mediates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation during human rhinovirus internalization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:870-80. [PMID: 18178826 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) causes the common cold. The most common acute infection in humans, HRV is a leading cause of exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstruction pulmonary disease because of its ability to exacerbate airway inflammation by altering epithelial cell biology upon binding to its receptor, ICAM-1. ICAM-1 regulates not only viral entry and replication but also signaling pathways that lead to inflammatory mediator production. We recently demonstrated the Syk tyrosine kinase to be an important mediator of HRV-ICAM-1 signaling: Syk regulates replication-independent p38 MAPK activation and IL-8 expression. In leukocytes, Syk regulates receptor-mediated internalization via PI3K. Although PI3K has been shown to regulate HRV-induced IL-8 expression and clathrin-mediated endocytosis of HRV, the role of airway epithelial Syk in this signaling pathway is not known. We postulated that Syk regulates PI3K activation and HRV endocytosis in the airway epithelium. Using confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated recruitment of the normally cytosolic Syk to the plasma membrane upon HRV16-ICAM-1 binding, along with Syk-clathrin coassociation. Subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C to permit internalization revealed redistribution of Syk to punctate structures resembling endosomes and colocalization with HRV16. Internalized HRV was not detected in cells overexpressing the kinase inactive Syk(K396R) mutant, indicating that kinase activity was necessary for endocytosis. HRV-induced PI3K activation was dependent on Syk; Syk knockdown by small interfering RNA significantly decreased phosphorylation of the PI3K substrate Akt. Together, these data reveal Syk to be an important mediator of HRV endocytosis and HRV-induced PI3K activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lau
- Division of Respirology, Multi-Organ Transplantation Programme, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Al-Alwan MM, Okkenhaug K, Vanhaesebroeck B, Hayflick JS, Marshall AJ. Requirement for Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase p110δ Signaling in B Cell Antigen Receptor-Mediated Antigen Presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2328-35. [PMID: 17277138 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The BCR serves to both signal cellular activation and enhance uptake and presentation of Ags by B cells; however, the intracellular signaling mechanisms linking the BCR to Ag presentation functions have been controversial. PI3Ks are critical signaling enzymes controlling many cellular processes, with the p110delta isoform playing a critical role in BCR signaling. In this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches to evaluate the role of p110delta signaling in Ag presentation by primary B lymphocytes. It was found that activation of allogeneic T cells is significantly reduced when B cells are pretreated with global PI3K inhibitors, but was intact when p110delta signaling was specifically inactivated. In contrast, inactivation of p110delta significantly impaired the ability of B cells to activate T cells in a BCR-mediated Ag uptake and presentation model. Prestimulation of p110delta-inactivated B cells with anti-CD40 or LPS could not rescue their BCR-mediated Ag presentation ability to normal levels. p110delta signaling was required for efficient presentation of either anti-Ig or protein Ag via a lysozyme-specific BCR. p110delta-inactivated B cells were able to internalize Ag normally, and no defects in association of Ag with lysosome-associated membrane protein 1(+) late endosomes were observed; however, these cells were less effective in forming polarized conjugates with Ag-specific T cells. Our data demonstrate a role for p110delta signaling in B cell Ag presentation function, implicating 3-phosphoinositides and their targets in the latter stages of this process.
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Vascotto F, Le Roux D, Lankar D, Faure-André G, Vargas P, Guermonprez P, Lennon-Duménil AM. Antigen presentation by B lymphocytes: how receptor signaling directs membrane trafficking. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 19:93-8. [PMID: 17140785 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antigen capture and presentation onto MHC class II molecules by B lymphocytes is mediated by their surface antigen receptor - the B-cell receptor (BCR). The BCR must therefore coordinate the transport of MHC class II- and antigen-containing vesicles for them to converge and ensure efficient processing. Recently, progress has been made in understanding which and how these vesicular transport events are molecularly linked to BCR signaling. In particular, recent studies have emphasized the key roles of membrane microdomains and the actin cytoskeleton in regulation of membrane trafficking upon BCR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Vascotto
- Unité Inserm 653, Institut Curie, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
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Rialland P, Lankar D, Raposo G, Bonnerot C, Hubert P. BCR-bound antigen is targeted to exosomes in human follicular lymphoma B-cells. Biol Cell 2006; 98:491-501. [PMID: 16677129 DOI: 10.1042/bc20060027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by several cell types during exocytic fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Exosomes from tumour cells can transfer antigens from cell to cell, a property favouring antigen-specific immune responses in vitro and in vivo, and are thus an interesting putative therapeutic tool in human cancers. Exosomes have been well studied in EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed human B-cell lines; however, biological stimuli regulating exosome secretion quantitatively and/or qualitatively still remain poorly defined. RESULTS We analysed the effect of the BCR stimulation on exosome release in the human follicular lymphoma B-cell line DOHH2. We found that BCR (B-cell receptor) triggering of DOHH2 cells induced the polarization of CD63(+) MHC class II compartments. Moreover, BCR stimulation increased the release of exosome-associated proteins in the extracellular space. Finally, we found that the BCR was expressed at the surface of exosomes, and could target a bound anti-human IgG to these vesicles. CONCLUSIONS BCR can modulate the protein content of exosomes upon stimulation, and can target its bound antigen to these vesicles.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/analysis
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/analysis
- B7-2 Antigen/analysis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Cell Polarity/immunology
- Exocytosis/immunology
- HLA-D Antigens/analysis
- HLA-D Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/analysis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/immunology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Phosphorylation
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Protein Transport/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Transferrin/analysis
- Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
- Tetraspanin 30
- Transport Vesicles/immunology
- Transport Vesicles/metabolism
- Transport Vesicles/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Rialland
- INSERM U520, Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75 248 Paris cedex 05, France
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Snyder MD, Pierce SK. A mutation in Epstein-Barr virus LMP2A reveals a role for phospholipase D in B-Cell antigen receptor trafficking. Traffic 2006; 7:993-1006. [PMID: 16882041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent infection of B cells blocks the interrelated signaling and antigen-trafficking functions of the BCR through the activity of its latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A). At present, the molecular mechanisms by which LMP2A exerts its control of BCR functions are only poorly understood. Earlier studies showed that in B cells expressing LMP2A containing a tyrosine mutation at position 112 in its cytoplasmic domain (Y112-LMP2A), the BCR could initiate signaling but could not properly traffic antigen for processing. Here, we show that BCR signaling in Y112-LMP2A-expressing cells is attenuated with a reduction in both the degree and duration of phosphorylation of key components of the BCR signaling cascade including Syk, BLNK, PI3K, and Btk. Notably, Y112-LMP2A expression completely blocked the BCR-induced activation of phospholipase D (PLD), a lipase implicated in the intracellular trafficking of a variety of surface receptors. We show that blocking PLD activity, by expressing Y112-LMP2A, treating cells with the PLD inhibitor 1-butanol or reducing PLD expression by siRNA, blocked BCR trafficking to class II-containing compartments. Moreover, Y112-LMP2A expression blocked the recruitment of phosphorylated forms of the downstream BCR signaling components, Erk and JNK, through both PLD-dependent and PLD-independent mechanisms. Thus, the investigation of the mechanism by which Y112-LMP2A blocks BCR function revealed an essential role for PLD in BCR trafficking for antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Snyder
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Song Y, Dayalu R, Matthews SA, Scharenberg AM. TRPML cation channels regulate the specialized lysosomal compartment of vertebrate B-lymphocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:1253-64. [PMID: 17050035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocytes possess a specialized lysosomal compartment, the regulated transformation of which has been implicated in B-cell antigen presentation. Members of the mucolipin (TRPML) family of cation channels have been implicated in regulated vesicular transport in several tissues, but a role for TRPML function in lymphocyte vesicular transport physiology has not been previously described. To address the role of TRPML proteins in lymphocyte vesicular transport, we analyzed the lysosomal compartment in cultured B-lymphocytes engineered to lack TRPML1 or after expression of N- or C-terminal GFP fusion proteins of TRPML1 or TRPML2. Consistent with previous analyses of lymphocytes derived from human patients with mutations in TRPML1, we were not able to detect abnormalities in the lysosomes of TRPML1-deficient DT40 B-lymphocytes. However, while N-terminal GFP fusions of TRPML2 localized to normal appearing lysosomes, C-terminal GFP fusions of either TRPML1 or TRPML2 acted to antagonize endogenous TRPML function, localizing to large vesicular structures, the histological properties of which were indistinguishable from the enlarged lysosomes observed in affected tissues of TRPML1-deficient humans. Endocytosed B-cell receptors were delivered to these enlarged lysosomes, demonstrating that a TRPML-dependent process is required for normal regulation of the specialized lysosome compartment of vertebrate B-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Song
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington and Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Rodríguez-Pinto D. B cells as antigen presenting cells. Cell Immunol 2006; 238:67-75. [PMID: 16574086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2005] [Revised: 02/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several characteristics confer on B cells the ability to present antigen efficiently: (1) they can find T cells in secondary lymphoid organs shortly after antigen entrance, (2) BCR-mediated endocytosis allows them to concentrate small amounts of specific antigen, and (3) BCR signaling and HLA-DO expression direct their antigen processing machinery to favor presentation of antigens internalized through the BCR. When presenting antigen in a resting state, B cells can induce T cell tolerance. On the other hand, activation by antigen and T cell help converts them into APC capable of promoting immune responses. Presentation of self antigens by B cells is important in the development of autoimmune diseases, while presentation of tumor antigens is being used in vaccine strategies to generate immunity. Thus, detailed understanding of the antigen presenting function of B cells can lead to their use for the generation or inhibition of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodríguez-Pinto
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208020, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Clark MR, Massenburg D, Siemasko K, Hou P, Zhang M. B-cell antigen receptor signaling requirements for targeting antigen to the MHC class II presentation pathway. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 16:382-7. [PMID: 15134789 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of B lymphocytes to capture, process and present antigens to T cells is requisite for normal humoral immune responses and contributes to the pathogenesis of both B- and T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. B lymphocytes preferentially capture polyvalent antigens, which are capable of eliciting a coordinated series of cellular responses that ensure that even low-affinity antigens are productively captured. Polyvalency not only accelerates transit through the endocytic pathway but also induces a reorganization of the antigen-processing compartment, activates degradative pathways and determines how antigenic peptides are presented to T cells. Similar changes are observed in maturing dendritic cells, indicating that some cellular responses to foreign antigens are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Clark
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA.
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Abstract
The loading of class II MHC molecules with antigenic peptides is largely confined to the endocytic vesicles of specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. At first glance, the pathway utilized by each of these professional APCs to generate class II-peptide complexes on their surface appears to be indistinguishable. All three types of APC rely on the chaperone Ii for correct class II assembly and transport to the endocytic pathway, they all depend on the action of specific cysteine proteases to remove Ii from the class II-Ii complex, and they all utilize the class II-like molecule DM to facilitate peptide loading. A closer look, however, reveals subtle yet important differences in the class II maturation pathway between each of these APCs, which befit the unique roles these individual cells play in eliciting CD4(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Bryant
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Boes M, Cuvillier A, Ploegh H. Membrane specializations and endosome maturation in dendritic cells and B cells. Trends Cell Biol 2004; 14:175-83. [PMID: 15066635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the cell biology of antigen presentation is centered on dendritic cells (DCs) as initiators of the immune response. The ability to examine primary antigen-presenting cells, as opposed to cell lines, has opened a new window for study of antigen processing and peptide acquisition by Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products, especially where intracellular trafficking of peptide-Class-II complexes is concerned. Here, we review the dynamics of Class II MHC-positive intracellular structures in dendritic cells as well as B cells. We focus on the generation of multivesicular bodies, where Class II MHC products acquire antigenic peptide, on the endosomal transport of peptide-loaded Class II MHC to the cell surface and on the importance of Class II MHC localization in membrane microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Boes
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, The New Research Building, Room 836, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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