1
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Lake BB, Menon R, Winfree S, Hu Q, Melo Ferreira R, Kalhor K, Barwinska D, Otto EA, Ferkowicz M, Diep D, Plongthongkum N, Knoten A, Urata S, Mariani LH, Naik AS, Eddy S, Zhang B, Wu Y, Salamon D, Williams JC, Wang X, Balderrama KS, Hoover PJ, Murray E, Marshall JL, Noel T, Vijayan A, Hartman A, Chen F, Waikar SS, Rosas SE, Wilson FP, Palevsky PM, Kiryluk K, Sedor JR, Toto RD, Parikh CR, Kim EH, Satija R, Greka A, Macosko EZ, Kharchenko PV, Gaut JP, Hodgin JB, Eadon MT, Dagher PC, El-Achkar TM, Zhang K, Kretzler M, Jain S. An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney. Nature 2023; 619:585-594. [PMID: 37468583 PMCID: PMC10356613 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding kidney disease relies on defining the complexity of cell types and states, their associated molecular profiles and interactions within tissue neighbourhoods1. Here we applied multiple single-cell and single-nucleus assays (>400,000 nuclei or cells) and spatial imaging technologies to a broad spectrum of healthy reference kidneys (45 donors) and diseased kidneys (48 patients). This has provided a high-resolution cellular atlas of 51 main cell types, which include rare and previously undescribed cell populations. The multi-omic approach provides detailed transcriptomic profiles, regulatory factors and spatial localizations spanning the entire kidney. We also define 28 cellular states across nephron segments and interstitium that were altered in kidney injury, encompassing cycling, adaptive (successful or maladaptive repair), transitioning and degenerative states. Molecular signatures permitted the localization of these states within injury neighbourhoods using spatial transcriptomics, while large-scale 3D imaging analysis (around 1.2 million neighbourhoods) provided corresponding linkages to active immune responses. These analyses defined biological pathways that are relevant to injury time-course and niches, including signatures underlying epithelial repair that predicted maladaptive states associated with a decline in kidney function. This integrated multimodal spatial cell atlas of healthy and diseased human kidneys represents a comprehensive benchmark of cellular states, neighbourhoods, outcome-associated signatures and publicly available interactive visualizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blue B Lake
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- San Diego Institute of Science, Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Seth Winfree
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Qiwen Hu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo Melo Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kian Kalhor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daria Barwinska
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Ferkowicz
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dinh Diep
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- San Diego Institute of Science, Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nongluk Plongthongkum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Knoten
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Urata
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura H Mariani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Abhijit S Naik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean Eddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- San Diego Institute of Science, Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Diane Salamon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - James C Williams
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Paul J Hoover
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evan Murray
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Teia Noel
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anitha Vijayan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Section of Nephrology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvia E Rosas
- Kidney and Hypertension Unit, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francis P Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul M Palevsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - John R Sedor
- Lerner Research and Glickman Urology and Kidney Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert D Toto
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric H Kim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Anna Greka
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- San Diego Institute of Science, Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph P Gaut
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Hodgin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael T Eadon
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- San Diego Institute of Science, Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Rayala S, Sivagnanam U, Gummadi SN. Biophysical characterization of the DNA binding motif of human phospholipid scramblase 1. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 51:579-593. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Dal Col J, Lamberti MJ, Nigro A, Casolaro V, Fratta E, Steffan A, Montico B. Phospholipid scramblase 1: a protein with multiple functions via multiple molecular interactors. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:78. [PMID: 35650588 PMCID: PMC9158361 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is the most studied protein of the scramblase family. Originally, it was identified as a membrane protein involved in maintaining plasma membrane asymmetry. However, studies conducted over the past few years have shown the involvement of PLSCR1 in several other cellular pathways. Indeed, PLSCR1 is not only embedded in the plasma membrane but is also expressed in several intracellular compartments where it interacts with a diverse repertoire of effectors, mediators, and regulators contributing to distinct cellular processes. Although most PLSCR1 interactors are thought to be cell-type specific, PLSCR1 often exerts its regulatory functions through shared mechanisms, including the trafficking of different molecules within intracellular vesicles such as endosomes, liposomes, and phagosomes. Intriguingly, besides endogenous proteins, PLSCR1 was also reported to interact with exogenous viral proteins, thereby regulating viral uptake and spread. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the multiple roles of PLSCR1 in distinct cellular pathways. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dal Col
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.
| | - Marìa Julia Lamberti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.,INBIAS, CONICET-UNRC, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Annunziata Nigro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fratta
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Montico
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.
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4
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Behuria HG, Dash S, Sahu SK. Phospholipid Scramblases: Role in Cancer Progression and Anticancer Therapeutics. Front Genet 2022; 13:875894. [PMID: 35422844 PMCID: PMC9002267 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.875894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblases (PLSCRs) that catalyze rapid mixing of plasma membrane lipids result in surface exposure of phosphatidyl serine (PS), a lipid normally residing to the inner plasma membrane leaflet. PS exposure provides a chemotactic eat-me signal for phagocytes resulting in non-inflammatory clearance of apoptotic cells by efferocytosis. However, metastatic tumor cells escape efferocytosis through alteration of tumor microenvironment and apoptotic signaling. Tumor cells exhibit altered membrane features, high constitutive PS exposure, low drug permeability and increased multidrug resistance through clonal evolution. PLSCRs are transcriptionally up-regulated in tumor cells leading to plasma membrane remodeling and aberrant PS exposure on cell surface. In addition, PLSCRs interact with multiple cellular components to modulate cancer progression and survival. While PLSCRs and PS exposed on tumor cells are novel drug targets, many exogenous molecules that catalyze lipid scrambling on tumor plasma membrane are potent anticancer therapeutic molecules. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of scramblase mediated signaling events, membrane alteration specific to tumor development and possible therapeutic implications of scramblases and PS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Gourav Behuria
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjadeo University, Baripada, India
| | - Sabyasachi Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Santosh Kumar Sahu
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjadeo University, Baripada, India
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5
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Kibler KV, Szczerba M, Lake D, Roeder AJ, Rahman M, Hogue BG, Roy Wong LY, Perlman S, Li Y, Jacobs BL. Intranasal immunization with a vaccinia virus vaccine vector expressing pre-fusion stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike fully protected mice against lethal challenge with the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501Y MA30 strain of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34909775 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.28.454201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant has been designated a variant of concern because its spike protein is heavily mutated. In particular, Omicron spike is mutated at 5 positions (K417, N440, E484, Q493 and N501) that have been associated with escape from neutralizing antibodies induced by either infection with or immunization against the early Washington strain of SARS-CoV-2. The mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2, SARS2-N501Y MA30 , contains a spike that is also heavily mutated, with mutations at 4 of the 5 positions in Omicron spike associated with neutralizing antibody escape (K417, E484, Q493 and N501). In this manuscript we show that intranasal immunization with a pre-fusion stabilized Washington strain spike, expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent vaccinia virus construct, NYVAC-KC, fully protected mice against disease and death from SARS2-N501Y MA30 . Similarly, immunization by scarification on the skin fully protected against death, but not from mild disease. This data demonstrates that Washington strain spike, when expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent poxvirus, administered without parenteral injection can fully protect against the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501Y MA30 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V Kibler
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mateusz Szczerba
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alexa J Roeder
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Masmudur Rahman
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Brenda G Hogue
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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6
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Cha SJ, Kim MS, Na CH, Jacobs-Lorena M. Plasmodium sporozoite phospholipid scramblase interacts with mammalian carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 to infect hepatocytes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6773. [PMID: 34799567 PMCID: PMC8604956 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After inoculation by the bite of an infected mosquito, Plasmodium sporozoites enter the blood stream and infect the liver, where each infected cell produces thousands of merozoites. These in turn, infect red blood cells and cause malaria symptoms. To initiate a productive infection, sporozoites must exit the circulation by traversing the blood lining of the liver vessels after which they infect hepatocytes with unique specificity. We screened a phage display library for peptides that structurally mimic (mimotope) a sporozoite ligand for hepatocyte recognition. We identified HP1 (hepatocyte-binding peptide 1) that mimics a ~50 kDa sporozoite ligand (identified as phospholipid scramblase). Further, we show that HP1 interacts with a ~160 kDa hepatocyte membrane putative receptor (identified as carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1). Importantly, immunization of mice with the HP1 peptide partially protects them from infection by the rodent parasite P. berghei. Moreover, an antibody to the HP1 mimotope inhibits human parasite P. falciparum infection of human hepatocytes in culture. The sporozoite ligand for hepatocyte invasion is a potential novel pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate. After transmission of Plasmodium sporozoites from infected mosquitoes, parasites first infect hepatocytes. Here, Cha et al. identify a sporozoite ligand (phospholipid scramblase) and the hepatocytic receptor (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1) as relevant for hepatocyte invasion and show that an antibody to hepatocyte-binding peptide 1 (HP1), which structurally mimics the sporozoite ligand, partially protects mice from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jae Cha
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, 615N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, 615N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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7
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Gui L, Zhu YW, Xu Q, Huang JJ, Hua P, Wu GJ, Lu J, Ni JB, Tang H, Zhang LL. RNA interference-mediated downregulation of phospholipid scramblase 1 expression in primary liver cancer in vitro. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:361. [PMID: 33133261 PMCID: PMC7590428 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) serves a function in the pathogenesis and progression of various types of cancer. However, the role of PLSCR1 in human primary liver cancer remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of PLSCR1 in primary liver cancer and analyse the clinical significance. In addition, the present study detected and compared the biological behaviours of HepG2 cells with different levels of activated PLSCR1 or silenced PLSCR1. PLSCR1 expression in primary liver cancer tissue samples was examined using immunohistochemistry. Cultured HepG2 cells were infected with lentiviruses to suppress or activate PLSCR1 expression. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to analyse the effects of silencing or activating PLSCR1 in cell lines at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The effects of PLSCR1 expression on cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion were subsequently determined using Cell Counting Kit 8, adhesion, and Transwell migration and invasion assays. PLSCR1 expression in primary liver cancer tissue samples was higher compared with that in adjacent non-cancerous liver tissue samples and normal tissue samples, and positively correlated with the clinical stage. PLSCR1 was effectively downregulated or overexpressed in HepG2 cells using small interfering RNA and lentivirus techniques, respectively. PLSCR1 upregulation promoted cell proliferation, invasion and migration, while PLSCR1 downregulation inhibited these effects. PLSCR1 is highly expressed in primary liver cancer and associated with the clinical stage. Downregulating the expression of PLSCR1 significantly inhibited the proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion of cancer cells, suggesting that PLSCR1 may be a potential therapeutic target for preventing the progression of primary liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gui
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Wei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Intervention, Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213002, P.R. China
| | - Ju-Ju Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Ping Hua
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Gao-Jue Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Bin Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
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8
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Huang P, Liao R, Chen X, Wu X, Li X, Wang Y, Cao Q, Dong C. Nuclear translocation of PLSCR1 activates STAT1 signaling in basal-like breast cancer. Theranostics 2020; 10:4644-4658. [PMID: 32292520 PMCID: PMC7150476 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is associated with high grade, distant metastasis, and poor prognosis; however, the mechanism underlying aggressiveness of BLBC is still unclear. Emerging evidence has suggested that phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is involved in tumor progression. Here, we aimed to study the possible involvement and molecular mechanisms of PLSCR1 contributing to the aggressive behavior of BLBC. Methods: The potential functions of PLSCR1 in breast cancer cells were assessed by Western blotting, colony formation, migration and invasion, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, mammosphere formation and flow cytometry. The relationship between nuclear translocation of PLSCR1 and transactivation of STAT1 was examined by immunostaining, co-IP, ChIP, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The effect of PLSCR1 expression on BLBC cells was determined by in vitro and in vivo tumorigenesis and a lung metastasis mouse model. Results: Compared to other subtypes, PLSCR1 was considerably increased in BLBC. Phosphorylation of PLSCR1 at Tyr 69/74 contributed to the nuclear translocation of this protein. PLSCR1 was enriched in the promoter region of STAT1 and enhanced STAT3 binding to the STAT1 promoter, resulting in transactivation of STAT1; STAT1 then enhanced cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties that promoted BLBC progression. The knockdown of PLSCR1 led to significant inhibitory effects on proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth and lung metastasis of BLBC cells. Clinically, high PLSCR1 expression was strongly correlated with large tumor size, high grade, metastasis, chemotherapy resistance, and poor survival, indicating poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Conclusions: Our data show that overexpression and nuclear translocation of PLSCR1 provide tumorigenic and metastatic advantages by activating STAT1 signaling in BLBC. This study not only reveals a critical mechanism of how PLSCR1 contributes to BLBC progression, but also suggests potential prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets for this challenging disease.
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9
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Hagemann PM, Nsiah-Dosu S, Hundt JE, Hartmann K, Orinska Z. Modulation of Mast Cell Reactivity by Lipids: The Neglected Side of Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1174. [PMID: 31191542 PMCID: PMC6549522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have long been mainly regarded as effector cells in IgE-associated allergic disorders with potential immunoregulatory roles. Located close to the allergen entry sites in the skin and mucosa, MCs can capture foreign substances such as allergens, toxins, or noxious substances and are exposed to the danger signals produced by epithelial cells. MC reactivity shaped by tissue-specific factors is crucial for allergic responses ranging from local skin reactions to anaphylactic shock. Development of Th2 response leading to allergen-specific IgE production is a prerequisite for MC sensitization and induction of FcεRI-mediated MC degranulation. Up to now, IgE production has been mainly associated with proteins, whereas lipids present in plant pollen grains, mite fecal particles, insect venoms, or food have been largely overlooked regarding their immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory properties. Recent studies, however, have now demonstrated that lipids affect the sensitization process by modulating innate immune responses of epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and NK-T cells and thus crucially contribute to the outcome of sensitization. Whether and how lipids affect also MC effector functions in allergic reactions has not yet been fully clarified. Here, we discuss how lipids can affect MC responses in the context of allergic inflammation. Direct effects of immunomodulatory lipids on MC degranulation, changes in local lipid composition induced by allergens themselves and changes in lipid transport affecting MC reactivity are possible mechanisms by which the function of MC might be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Hagemann
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zane Orinska
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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10
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Palanirajan SK, Gummadi SN. Rapid method for an enhanced recovery of biologically active human phospholipid scramblase1 from inclusion bodies. Anal Biochem 2018; 556:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM. Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:136-168. [PMID: 29180230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key genes in transcriptomic data constitutes a huge challenge. Our review of microarray reports revealed 88 genes whose transcription is consistently regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs), such as cortisol, corticosterone and dexamethasone, in the brain. Replicable transcriptomic data were combined with biochemical and physiological data to create an integrated view of the effects induced by GCs. The most frequently reported genes were Errfi1 and Ddit4. Their up-regulation was associated with the altered transcription of genes regulating growth factor and mTORC1 signaling (Gab1, Tsc22d3, Dusp1, Ndrg2, Ppp5c and Sesn1) and progression of the cell cycle (Ccnd1, Cdkn1a and Cables1). The GC-induced reprogramming of cell function involves changes in the mRNA level of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription (Klf9, Bcl6, Klf15, Tle3, Cxxc5, Litaf, Tle4, Jun, Sox4, Sox2, Sox9, Irf1, Sall2, Nfkbia and Id1) and the selective degradation of mRNA (Tob2). Other genes are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Gpd1, Aldoc and Pdk4), actin cytoskeleton (Myh2, Nedd9, Mical2, Rhou, Arl4d, Osbpl3, Arhgef3, Sdc4, Rdx, Wipf3, Chst1 and Hepacam), autophagy (Eva1a and Plekhf1), vesicular transport (Rhob, Ehd3, Vps37b and Scamp2), gap junctions (Gjb6), immune response (Tiparp, Mertk, Lyve1 and Il6r), signaling mediated by thyroid hormones (Thra and Sult1a1), calcium (Calm2), adrenaline/noradrenaline (Adcy9 and Adra1d), neuropeptide Y (Npy1r) and histamine (Hdc). GCs also affected genes involved in the synthesis of polyamines (Azin1) and taurine (Cdo1). The actions of GCs are restrained by feedback mechanisms depending on the transcription of Sgk1, Fkbp5 and Nr3c1. A side effect induced by GCs is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Available data show that the brain's response to GCs is part of an emergency mode characterized by inactivation of non-core activities, restrained inflammation, restriction of investments (growth), improved efficiency of energy production and the removal of unnecessary or malfunctioning cellular components to conserve energy and maintain nutrient supply during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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12
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Sivagnanam U, Palanirajan SK, Gummadi SN. The role of human phospholipid scramblases in apoptosis: An overview. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2261-2271. [PMID: 28844836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblases (hPLSCRs) are a family of four homologous single pass transmembrane proteins (hPLSCR1-4) initially identified as the proteins responsible for Ca2+ mediated bidirectional phospholipid translocation in plasma membrane. Though in-vitro assays had provided evidence, the role of hPLSCRs in phospholipid translocation is still debated. Recent reports revealed a new class of proteins, TMEM16 and Xkr8 to exhibit scramblase activity challenging the function of hPLSCRs. Apart from phospholipid scrambling, numerous reports have emphasized the multifunctional roles of hPLSCRs in key cellular processes including tumorigenesis, antiviral defense, protein and DNA interactions, transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. In this review, the role of hPLSCRs in mediating cell death through phosphatidylserine exposure, interaction with death receptors, cardiolipin exposure, heavy metal and radiation induced apoptosis and pathological apoptosis followed by their involvement in cancer cells are discussed. This review aims to connect the multifunctional characteristics of hPLSCRs to their decisive involvement in apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Sivagnanam
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Palanirajan
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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Li H, Xu J, Zhou Y, Liu X, Shen LE, Zhu YU, Li Z, Wang X, Guo Q, Hui H. PLSCR1/IP3R1/Ca 2+ axis contributes to differentiation of primary AML cells induced by wogonoside. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2768. [PMID: 28492556 PMCID: PMC5520700 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that increased expression of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is involved in the differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells by several differentiation-inducing agents including ATRA and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. However, none of these agents can achieve nonhomogenous subcellular distribution of PLSCR1. We have demonstrated that wogonoside possesses differentiation and anti-leukemic effects in AML cell lines by promoting PLSCR1 trafficking into nucleus. Here we report that wogonoside promotes the expression of PLSCR1 and enhances its nuclear translocation and binding to the 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) promoter in AML patient-derived primary cells. Wogonoside activates IP3R1, in turn, promotes release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum, and eventually leads to cell differentiation. Our in vivo study further confirms that wogonoside can promote PLSCR1 and IP3R1 expression in primary AML cells and reduce the AML cell counts in engrafted nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Taken together, our findings provide new insight into the mechanism of wogonoside-induced differentiation and anti-leukemic effect on primary AML cells, suggesting the therapeutic potential of wogonoside for AML, especially for non-APL AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated DrumTower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - L E Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y U Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Kassas-Guediri A, Coudrat J, Pacreau E, Launay P, Monteiro RC, Blank U, Charles N, Benhamou M. Phospholipid scramblase 1 amplifies anaphylactic reactions in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173815. [PMID: 28282470 PMCID: PMC5345872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are critical actors of hypersensitivity type I (allergic) reactions by the release of vasoactive and proinflammatory mediators following their activation by aggregation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FcεRI). We have previously identified Phospholipid Scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) as a new molecular intermediate of FcεRI signaling that amplifies degranulation of the rat mast cell line RBL-2H3. Here we characterized primary mast cells from Plscr1-/- mice. The absence of PLSCR1 expression did not impact mast cell differentiation as evidenced by unaltered FcεRI expression, general morphology, amount of histamine stored and expression of FcεRI signal effector molecules. No detectable mast cell deficiency was observed in Plscr1-/- adult mice. In dose-response and time-course experiments, primary cultures of mast cells (bone marrow-derived mast cells and peritoneal cell-derived mast cells) generated from Plscr1-/- mice exhibited a reduced release of β-hexosaminidase upon FcεRI engagement as compared to their wild-type counterparts. In vivo, Plscr1-/- mice were protected in a model of passive systemic anaphylaxis when compared to wild-type mice, which was consistent with an observed decrease in the amounts of histamine released in the serum of Plscr1-/- mice during the reaction. Therefore, PLSCR1 aggravates anaphylactic reactions by increasing FcεRI-dependent mast cell degranulation. PLSCR1 could be a new therapeutic target in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kassas-Guediri
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Julie Coudrat
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Pacreau
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Renato C. Monteiro
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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15
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Sivagnanam U, Narayana Murthy S, Gummadi SN. Identification and characterization of the novel nuclease activity of human phospholipid scramblase 1. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 17:10. [PMID: 27206388 PMCID: PMC4875679 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-016-0067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (hPLSCR1) was initially identified as a Ca2+ dependent phospholipid translocator involved in disrupting membrane asymmetry. Recent reports revealed that hPLSCR1 acts as a multifunctional signaling molecule rather than functioning as scramblase. hPLSCR1 is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells and is known to interact with a number of protein molecules implying diverse functions. Results In this study, the nuclease activity of recombinant hPLSCR1 and its biochemical properties have been determined. Point mutations were generated to identify the critical region responsible for the nuclease activity. Recombinant hPLSCR1 exhibits Mg2+ dependent nuclease activity with an optimum pH and temperature of 8.5 and 37 °C respectively. Experiments with amino acid modifying reagents revealed that histidine, cysteine and arginine residues were crucial for its function. hPLSCR1 has five histidine residues and point mutations of histidine residues to alanine in hPLSCR1 resulted in 60 % loss in nuclease activity. Thus histidine residues could play a critical role in the nuclease activity of hPLSCR1. Conclusions This is the first report on the novel nuclease activity of the multi-functional hPLSCR1. hPLSCR1 shows a metal dependent nuclease activity which could play a role in key cellular processes that needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Sivagnanam
- From the Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Shweta Narayana Murthy
- From the Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- From the Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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16
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Herate C, Ramdani G, Grant NJ, Marion S, Gasman S, Niedergang F, Benichou S, Bouchet J. Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Modulates FcR-Mediated Phagocytosis in Differentiated Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145617. [PMID: 26745724 PMCID: PMC4712888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid Scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) was initially characterized as a type II transmembrane protein involved in bilayer movements of phospholipids across the plasma membrane leading to the cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, but other cellular functions have been ascribed to this protein in signaling processes and in the nucleus. In the present study, expression and functions of PLSCR1 were explored in specialized phagocytic cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. The expression of PLSCR1 was found to be markedly increased in monocyte-derived macrophages compared to undifferentiated primary monocytes. Surprisingly, this 3-fold increase in PLSCR1 expression correlated with an apparent modification in the membrane topology of the protein at the cell surface of differentiated macrophages. While depletion of PLSCR1 in the monocytic THP-1 cell-line with specific shRNA did not inhibit the constitutive cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine observed in differentiated macrophages, a net increase in the FcR-mediated phagocytic activity was measured in PLSCR1-depleted THP-1 cells and in bone marrow-derived macrophages from PLSCR1 knock-out mice. Reciprocally, phagocytosis was down-regulated in cells overexpressing PLSCR1. Since endogenous PLSCR1 was recruited both in phagocytic cups and in phagosomes, our results reveal a specific role for induced PLSCR1 expression in the modulation of the phagocytic process in differentiated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Herate
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ghania Ramdani
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nancy J. Grant
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR3212, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sabrina Marion
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Gasman
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR3212, and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florence Niedergang
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Serge Benichou
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jerome Bouchet
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
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Tubby-like protein superfamily member PLSCR3 functions as a negative regulator of adipogenesis in mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by suppressing induction of late differentiation stage transcription factors. Biosci Rep 2015; 36:e00287. [PMID: 26677203 PMCID: PMC4725246 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decrease in intracellular amount of phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3) is accompanied by enhanced unconventional secretion during differentiation of mouse preadipocytic 3T3-L1 cells. Forced overexpression of PLSCR3 in 3T3-L1 cells inhibited adipogenesis by suppressing induction of late stage pro-adipogenic transcription factors. PLSCR3 (phospholipid scramblase 3, Scr3) belongs to the superfamily of membrane-associated transcription regulators named Tubby-like proteins (TULPs). Physiological phospholipid scrambling activities of PLSCRs in vivo have been skeptically argued, and knowledge of the biological functions of Scr3 is limited. We investigated the expression of Scr3 during differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by Western blotting (WB) and by reverse-transcription and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The Scr3 protein decreased during 3T3-L1 differentiation accompanied by a reduction in the mRNA level, and there was a significant increase in the amount of Scr3 protein secreted into the culture medium in the form of extracellular microvesicles (exosomes). On the other hand, Scr3 expression did not significantly decrease, and the secretion of Scr3 in 3T3 Swiss-albino fibroblasts (a parental cell-line of 3T3-L1) was not increased by differentiation treatment. Overexpression of human Scr3 during 3T3-L1 differentiation suppressed triacylglycerol accumulation and inhibited induction of the mRNAs of late stage pro-adipogenic transcription factors [CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)] and X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1). Expression of early stage pro-adipogenic transcription factors (C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ) was not significantly affected. These results suggest that Scr3 functions as a negative regulator of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells at a specific differentiation stage and that decrease in the intracellular amount of Scr3 protein caused by reduction in Scr3 mRNA expression and enhanced secretion of Scr3 protein appears to be important for appropriate adipocyte differentiation.
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18
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Two c-Myc binding sites are crucial in upregulating the expression of human phospholipid scramblase 1 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:412-7. [PMID: 26679604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (hPLSCR1) is a type II endofacial membrane protein which mediates bi-directional transport of phospholipids across the plasma membrane. hPLSCR1, a multifunctional protein with variety of roles in apoptosis, tumor progression, cell signaling and anti-viral defense. The expression of such a multifunctional protein should be under tight regulation. Apart from a single report showing snail mediated down regulation of hPLSCR1, the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of scramblases are not well elucidated. In this study we identified c-Myc as a transcriptional regulator of hPLSCR1. Transcription factor prediction tool ConSite predicted three binding sites for c-Myc. Reporter gene assays and western blot analysis revealed c-Myc mediated up regulation of hPLSCR1 expression. Deletion construct -790 lacking one c-Myc binding site showed a 27% decrease in promoter activity while deletion construct -469 lacking two c-Myc binding sites showed a 62% decrease in promoter activity. Site directed mutagenesis revealed the importance of c-Myc binding sites from -751 to -756 and -548 to -553 on the promoter of hPLSCR1in transcriptionally regulating the expression of hPLSCR1. The results were further confirmed by shRNA mediated knock down of endogenous c-Myc and in vivo interactions by ChIP assay.
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19
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Posada IMD, Fantini J, Contreras FX, Barrantes F, Alonso A, Goñi FM. A cholesterol recognition motif in human phospholipid scramblase 1. Biophys J 2015; 107:1383-92. [PMID: 25229146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (SCR) catalyzes phospholipid transmembrane (flip-flop) motion. This protein is assumed to bind the membrane hydrophobic core through a transmembrane domain (TMD) as well as via covalently bound palmitoyl residues. Here, we explore the possible interaction of the SCR TMD with cholesterol by using a variety of experimental and computational biophysical approaches. Our findings indicate that SCR contains an amino acid segment at the C-terminal region that shows a remarkable affinity for cholesterol, although it lacks the CRAC sequence. Other 3-OH sterols, but not steroids lacking the 3-OH group, also bind this region of the protein. The newly identified cholesterol-binding region is located partly at the C-terminal portion of the TMD and partly in the first amino acid residues in the SCR C-terminal extracellular coil. This finding could be related to the previously described affinity of SCR for cholesterol-rich domains in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar M D Posada
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jacques Fantini
- Interactions Moléculaires et Systèmes Membranaires, EA-4674, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - F Xabier Contreras
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) UCA-CONICET, Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Bilbao, Spain.
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20
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Kodigepalli KM, Nanjundan M. Induction of PLSCR1 in a STING/IRF3-dependent manner upon vector transfection in ovarian epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117464. [PMID: 25658875 PMCID: PMC4320088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the primary sensors of the innate immune system that recognize pathogenic nucleic acids including double-stranded plasmid DNA (dsDNA). TLR signaling activates multiple pathways including IRF3 which is involved in transcriptional induction of inflammatory cytokines (i.e. interferons (IFNs)). Phospholipid scramblase 1, PLSCR1, is a highly inducible IFN-regulated gene mediating anti-viral properties of IFNs. Herein, we report a novel finding that dsDNA transfection in T80 immortalized normal ovarian surface epithelial cell line leads to a marked increase in PLSCR1 mRNA and protein. We also noted a comparable response in primary mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Similar to IFN-2α treated cells, de novo synthesized PLSCR1 was localized predominantly to the plasma membrane. dsDNA transfection, in T80 and HMEC cells, led to activation of MAPK and IRF3. Although inhibition of MAPK (using U0126) did not modulate PLSCR1 mRNA and protein, IRF3 knockdown (using siRNA) significantly ablated the PLSCR1 induction. In prior studies, the activation of IRF3 was shown to be mediated by cGAS-STING pathway. To investigate the contribution of STING to PLSCR1 induction, we utilized siRNA to reduce STING expression and observed that PLSCR1 protein was markedly reduced. In contrast to normal T80/HMECs, the phosphorylation of IRF3 as well as induction of STING and PLSCR1 were absent in ovarian cancer cells (serous, clear cell, and endometrioid) suggesting that the STING/IRF3 pathway may be dysregulated in these cancer cells. However, we also noted induction of different TLR and IFN mRNAs between the T80 and HEY (serous epithelial ovarian carcinoma) cell lines upon dsDNA transfection. Collectively, these results indicate that the STING/IRF3 pathway, activated following dsDNA transfection, contributes to upregulation of PLSCR1 in ovarian epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik M. Kodigepalli
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States of America
| | - Meera Nanjundan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kodigepalli KM, Bowers K, Sharp A, Nanjundan M. Roles and regulation of phospholipid scramblases. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:3-14. [PMID: 25479087 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase activity is involved in the collapse of phospholipid (PL) asymmetry at the plasma membrane leading to externalization of phosphatidylserine. This activity is crucial for initiation of the blood coagulation cascade and for recognition/elimination of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Efforts to identify gene products associated with this activity led to the characterization of PL scramblase (PLSCR) and XKR family members which contribute to phosphatidylserine exposure in response to apoptotic stimuli. Meanwhile, TMEM16 family members were identified to externalize phosphatidylserine in response to elevated calcium in Scott syndrome platelets, which is critical for activation of the coagulation cascade. Herein, we report their mechanisms of gene regulation, molecular functions independent of their scrambling activity, and their potential roles in pathogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik M Kodigepalli
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Kiah Bowers
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Arielle Sharp
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Meera Nanjundan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
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22
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Kassas A, Moura IC, Yamashita Y, Scheffel J, Guérin-Marchand C, Blank U, Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Monteiro RC, Rivera J, Charles N, Benhamou M. Regulation of the tyrosine phosphorylation of Phospholipid Scramblase 1 in mast cells that are stimulated through the high-affinity IgE receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109800. [PMID: 25289695 PMCID: PMC4188579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Engagement of high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptors (FcεRI) activates two signaling pathways in mast cells. The Lyn pathway leads to recruitment of Syk and to calcium mobilization whereas the Fyn pathway leads to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase recruitment. Mapping the connections between both pathways remains an important task to be completed. We previously reported that Phospholipid Scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is phosphorylated on tyrosine after cross-linking FcεRI on RBL-2H3 rat mast cells, amplifies mast cell degranulation, and is associated with both Lyn and Syk tyrosine kinases. Here, analysis of the pathway leading to PLSCR1 tyrosine phosphorylation reveals that it depends on the FcRγ chain. FcεRI aggregation in Fyn-deficient mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) induced a more robust increase in FcεRI-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PLSCR1 compared to wild-type cells, whereas PLSCR1 phosphorylation was abolished in Lyn-deficient BMMC. Lyn association with PLSCR1 was not altered in Fyn-deficient BMMC. PLSCR1 phosphorylation was also dependent on the kinase Syk and significantly, but partially, dependent on detectable calcium mobilization. Thus, the Lyn/Syk/calcium axis promotes PLSCR1 phosphorylation in multiple ways. Conversely, the Fyn-dependent pathway negatively regulates it. This study reveals a complex regulation for PLSCR1 tyrosine phosphorylation in FcεRI-activated mast cells and that PLSCR1 sits at a crossroads between Lyn and Fyn pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kassas
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Ivan C. Moura
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Yumi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMSD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jorg Scheffel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMSD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudine Guérin-Marchand
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Peter J. Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Therese Wiedmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Renato C. Monteiro
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Juan Rivera
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMSD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (NC); (MB)
| | - Marc Benhamou
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (NC); (MB)
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Chen CY, Chen JS, Chou YP, Kuo YB, Fan CW, Chan EC. Antibody against N-terminal domain of phospholipid scramblase 1 induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:36-43. [PMID: 24766818 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 involve in biological processes including phospholipid movement, proliferation, and apoptosis. Treatment with an antiphospholipid scramblase 1 antibody (NP1) has been demonstrated to inhibit cell proliferation in colorectal cancer. This study aimed to explore the role of NP1 treatment in the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Results showed that NP1 treatment significantly increases the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells via the activation of caspase 8, caspase 9, and caspase 3. Moreover, pretreatment with a caspase 8 inhibitor did not fully prevent the apoptotic effects of NP1. Taken together, these data indicate NP1 induces cell apoptosis primary through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. NP1 may serve as a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua 1st Road, Kwei-shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Francis VG, Padmanabhan P, Gummadi SN. Snail interacts with hPLSCR1 promoter and down regulates its expression in IMR-32. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:172-7. [PMID: 24878522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (hPLSCR1) is a proapoptotic protein whose expression is deregulated in a variety of cancers cells. However till date the transcription regulation of hPLSCR1 is unknown. Transcriptional regulation of hPLSCR1 was studied by cloning the 5'-flanking region of hPLSCR1. Luciferase assays revealed that -1525 to -1244 region of hPLSCR1 was found to regulate its promoter activity. A putative Snail transcription factor (TF) binding site was found within the regulatory region of the promoter. Snail binding was found to down regulate the expression of hPLSCR1 both at the transcriptional and translational levels. Snail knock down using Snail-shRNA confirmed that down regulation of hPLSCR1 by Snail was specific. Point mutation studies confirm that the predicted Snail TF binds to -1123 to -1117 site. ChIP assay further confirms the physical interaction of Snail with hPLSCR1 promoter. This is the first report showing the transcriptional regulation of hPLSCR1 expression by Snail TF and its possible implications in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gerard Francis
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Purnima Padmanabhan
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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Amengual O, Atsumi T, Oku K, Suzuki E, Horita T, Yasuda S, Koike T. Phospholipid scramblase 1 expression is enhanced in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-012-0642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Amengual
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenji Oku
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Horita
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takao Koike
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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26
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Swindell WR, Johnston A, Xing X, Voorhees JJ, Elder JT, Gudjonsson JE. Modulation of epidermal transcription circuits in psoriasis: new links between inflammation and hyperproliferation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79253. [PMID: 24260178 PMCID: PMC3829857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-genome expression profiling has been used to characterize molecular-level differences between psoriasis lesions and normal skin. Pathway analysis, however, is complicated by the fact that expression profiles have been derived from bulk skin biopsies with RNA derived from multiple cell types. Results We analyzed gene expression across a large sample of psoriatic (PP) and uninvolved/normal (PN) skin biopsies (n = 215 patients). We identified 1975 differentially expressed genes, including 8 associated with psoriasis susceptibility loci. To facilitate pathway analysis, PP versus PN differences in gene expression were analyzed with respect to 235 gene modules, each containing genes with a similar expression pattern in keratinocytes and epidermis. We identified 30 differentially expressed modules (DEMs) biased towards PP-increased or PP-decreased expression. These DEMs were associated with regulatory axes involving cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-17A, TNF-α), transcription factors (e.g., STAT1, NF-κB, E2F, RUNX1) and chromatin modifiers (SETDB1). We identified an interferon-induced DEM with genes encoding anti-viral proteins (designated “STAT1-57”), which was activated in psoriatic epidermis but repressed following biologic therapy. Genes within this DEM shared a motif near the transcription start site resembling the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). Conclusions We analyzed a large patient cohort and developed a new approach for delineating epidermis-specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms that underlie altered gene expression in psoriasis. Our findings highlight previously unrecognized “transcription circuits” that can provide targets for development of non-systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Swindell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John J. Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James T. Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Johann E. Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Curia CA, Ernesto JI, Stein P, Busso D, Schultz RM, Cuasnicu PS, Cohen DJ. Fertilization induces a transient exposure of phosphatidylserine in mouse eggs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71995. [PMID: 23951277 PMCID: PMC3737209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is normally localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and the requirement of PS translocation to the outer leaflet in cellular processes other than apoptosis has been demonstrated recently. In this work we investigated the occurrence of PS mobilization in mouse eggs, which express flippase Atp8a1 and scramblases Plscr1 and 3, as determined by RT-PCR; these enzyme are responsible for PS distribution in cell membranes. We find a dramatic increase in binding of flouresceinated-Annexin-V, which specifically binds to PS, following fertilization or parthenogenetic activation induced by SrCl2 treatment. This increase was not observed when eggs were first treated with BAPTA-AM, indicating that an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration was required for PS exposure. Fluorescence was observed over the entire egg surface with the exception of the regions overlying the meiotic spindle and sperm entry site. PS exposure was also observed in activated eggs obtained from CaMKIIγ null females, which are unable to exit metaphase II arrest despite displaying Ca2+ spikes. In contrast, PS exposure was not observed in TPEN-activated eggs, which exit metaphase II arrest in the absence of Ca2+ release. PS exposure was also observed when eggs were activated with ethanol but not with a Ca2+ ionophore, suggesting that the Ca2+ source and concentration are relevant for PS exposure. Last, treatment with cytochalasin D, which disrupts microfilaments, or jasplakinolide, which stabilizes microfilaments, prior to egg activation showed that PS externalization is an actin-dependent process. Thus, the Ca2+ rise during egg activation results in a transient exposure of PS in fertilized eggs that is not associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A. Curia
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científico y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan I. Ernesto
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científico y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Stein
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dolores Busso
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard M. Schultz
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patricia S. Cuasnicu
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científico y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Débora J. Cohen
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científico y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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28
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Fan CW, Chen CY, Chen KT, Shen CR, Kuo YB, Chen YS, Chou YP, Wei WS, Chan EC. Blockade of phospholipid scramblase 1 with its N-terminal domain antibody reduces tumorigenesis of colorectal carcinomas in vitro and in vivo. J Transl Med 2012; 10:254. [PMID: 23259795 PMCID: PMC3551821 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane-bound phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is involved in both lipid trafficking and cell signaling. Previously, we showed that PLSCR1 is overexpressed in many colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). In the present study, we investigated the tumorigenic role of PLSCR1 in CRC and suggest that it is a potential therapeutic target. Methods To identify PLSCR1 as a therapeutic target, we studied the tumorigenic properties of CRC cell lines treated with a monoclonal antibody (NP1) against the N-terminus of PLSCR1 in vitro and in vivo. We also investigated cell cycle status and epidermal growth factor receptor–related pathways and downstream effectors of PLSCR1 after blocking its function with NP1. Results Treating CRC cells with NP1 in vitro and in vivo decreased cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration, and invasion. Adding NP1 to the CRC cell line HT29 caused arrest at G1/S. Treating HT29 cells with NP1 significantly decreased the expression of cyclin D1 and phosphorylation levels of Src, the adaptor protein Shc, and Erks. The reduced level of cyclin D1 led to an increase in the activated form of the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein via dephosphorylation. These actions led to attenuation of tumorigenesis. Conclusions Therefore, PLSCR1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Fan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
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Cui W, Li SY, Du JF, Zhu ZM, An P. Silencing phospholipid scramblase 1 expression by RNA interference in colorectal cancer and metastatic liver cancer. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11:393-400. [PMID: 22893466 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(12)60197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) not only participates in the transbilayer movement of phospholipids, but also plays a role in the pathogenesis and progression of cancers. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of silencing PLSCR1 expression by RNA interference in colorectal cancer (CRC) and metastatic liver cancer. METHODS The expression of PLSCR1 in CRC and metastatic liver cancer samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The cultured cells with the highest expression were selected for subsequent experiments. We designed three siRNA oligonucleotide segments targeted at PLSCR1. Successful transfection was confirmed. The biological behavior of the cells in proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion was determined. RESULTS PLSCR1 protein expression increased significantly in the majority of CRC and metastatic liver cancer samples compared with normal samples. Lovo cells had the highest expression of PLSCR1. The siRNA-390 oligonucleotide segment had the best silencing effect. After transfection, Lovo cell proliferation was significantly inhibited compared with the controls in the MTT assay. Laminin and fibronectin adhesion assays showed Lovo cell adhesion was also significantly inhibited. In the migration assay, the number of migrating cells in the PLSCR1 siRNA-390 group was 50+/-12, significantly lower than the number in the siRNA-N group (115+/-28) and in the control group (118+/-31). In an invasion test, the number of invading cells in the PLSCR1 siRNA-390 group was 60+/-18, significantly lower than that in the siRNA-N group (97+/-26) and the control group (103+/-24). CONCLUSIONS PLSCR1 is overexpressed in CRC and metastatic liver cancer. Silencing of PLSCR1 by siRNA inhibits the proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion of Lovo cells, which suggests that PLSCR1 contributes to the tumorigenesis and tumor progression of CRC. PLSCR1 may be a potential gene therapy target for CRC and associated metastatic liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; [corrected] Department of General Surgery, General Surgery Center of the PLA, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing 100700, China
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Kirov A, Al-Hashimi H, Solomon P, Mazur C, Thorpe PE, Sims PJ, Tarantini F, Kumar TKS, Prudovsky I. Phosphatidylserine externalization and membrane blebbing are involved in the nonclassical export of FGF1. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:956-66. [PMID: 22034063 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of nonclassical export of signal peptide-less proteins remain insufficiently understood. Here, we demonstrate that stress-induced unconventional export of FGF1, a potent and ubiquitously expressed mitogenic and proangiogenic protein, is associated with and dependent on the formation of membrane blebs and localized cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS). In addition, we found that the differentiation of promonocytic cells results in massive FGF1 release, which also correlates with membrane blebbing and exposure of PS. These findings indicate that the externalization of acidic phospholipids could be used as a pharmacological target to regulate the availability of FGF1 in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kirov
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine Medical Center, ME 04074, USA
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Yan Q, Huang HL, Yao X, Li J, Li LQ, Zhong J, Min LS, Dai LC, Zheng SS. Novel functional proteins interact with midkine in hepatic cancer cells. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11:272-7. [PMID: 22672821 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(12)60160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor that promotes the proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation of various target cells. Midkine plays an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and is overexpressed in many human malignant tumors. Patients with high tumor midkine expression frequently have a worse prognosis than those with low expression. The present study was designed to investigate the interaction network of midkine in hepatic cancer cells, and to elucidate its role in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS DNA encoding full-length midkine was cloned into pDBLeu vector to serve as bait in yeast two-hybrid screening to identify interacting proteins. Candidate proteins were examined on SC-Leu-Trp-His+3-AT (20 mmol/L) plates and assayed for X-gal activity, then sequenced and classified according to the GenBank. Finally, identified proteins were expressed by the in vitro expression system pCMVTnT, and protein interactions were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we found 6 proteins that interacted with midkine: NK-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (I-κ-B-alpha), Dvl-binding protein naked cuticle 2, granulin, latent active TGF-beta binding protein 3, latent active TGF-beta binding protein 4, and phospholipid scramblase 1. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that all identified proteins directly interacted with midkine. CONCLUSION The identification of midkine-interacting proteins in hepatic cancer cells indicates that midkine is a multifunctional factor that may participate in cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation, and is also associated with the multicellular response feedback during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yan
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Amengual O, Atsumi T, Oku K, Suzuki E, Horita T, Yasuda S, Koike T. Phospholipid scramblase 1 expression is enhanced in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 23:81-8. [PMID: 22526829 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thrombus formation is the key event of vascular manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Phosphatidylserine (PS) is normally sequestered in the inner leaflet of cell membranes. Externalization of PS occurs during cell activation and is essential for promoting blood coagulation and for the binding of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) to cells. One of the molecules involved in PS externalization is phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1). We evaluated PLSCR1 expression on monocytes from APS patients and analyzed the in vitro effect of monoclonal aPL on PLSCR1 expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty patients with APS were investigated. In vitro experiments were performed in monocyte cell lines incubated with monoclonal aPL. PLSCR1 expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. PS exposure on CD14(+) cell surface was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Levels of full-length PLSCR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) were significantly increased in APS patients compared with healthy controls (2.4 ± 1.2 vs. 1.3 ± 0.4, respectively, p < 0.001). In cultured monocytes, interferon alpha enhanced tissue-factor expression mediated by β2-glycoprotein-I-dependent monoclonal anticardiolipin antibody. CONCLUSIONS Monocytes in APS patients had increased PLSCR1 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Amengual
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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Yang J, Zhu X, Liu J, Ding X, Han M, Hu W, Wang X, Zhou Z, Wang S. Inhibition of Hepatitis B virus replication by phospholipid scramblase 1 in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:9-17. [PMID: 22342889 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is an α/β interferon-inducible protein that mediates antiviral activity against RNA viruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). In the present study, we investigated the antiviral activity of PLSCR1 protein against HBV (Hepatitis B virus). Firstly, PLSCR1 mRNA and protein expression was found to be downregulated in HepG2 cells after HBV infection. Then by performing co-transient-transfection experiments in cells and hydrodynamics-based transfection experiments in mice using a HBV expression plasmid and a PLSCR1 expression plasmid, we found that PLSCR1 inhibited HBV replication in vitro and in vivo through a significant reduction in the synthesis of viral proteins, DNA replicative intermediates and HBV RNAs. We also demonstrated that the antiviral action of PLSCR1 against HBV occurs, partly at least, by activating the Jak/Stat pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that the expression of PLSCR1 is involved in HBV replication and that PLSCR1 has antiviral activity against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, PR China
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Gong Q, Cheng M, Chen H, Liu X, Si Y, Yang Y, Yuan Y, Jin C, Yang W, He F, Wang J. Phospholipid scramblase 1 mediates hepatitis C virus entry into host cells. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2647-52. [PMID: 21806988 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects human hepatocytes through several host factors. However, other prerequisite factors for viral entry remain to be identified. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we found that human phospholipid scramblase 1 interacts with HCV envelope proteins E1 and E2. These physical interactions were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays. Knocking down the expression of PLSCR1 inhibited the entry of HCV pseudoparticles. Moreover, PLSCR1 was required for the initial attachment of HCV onto hepatoma cells, where it specifically interacted with entry factor OCLN. We show that PLSCR1 is a novel attachment factor for HCV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Gong
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Chen CW, Sowden M, Zhao Q, Wiedmer T, Sims PJ. Nuclear phospholipid scramblase 1 prolongs the mitotic expansion of granulocyte precursors during G-CSF-induced granulopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:221-33. [PMID: 21447647 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PLSCR1-/- mice exhibit normal, steady-state hematologic parameters but impaired emergency granulopoiesis upon in vivo administration of G-CSF. The mechanism by which PLSCR1 contributes to G-CSF-induced neutrophil production is largely unknown. We now report that the expansion of bone marrow myelocytes upon in vivo G-CSF treatment is reduced in PLSCR1-/- mice relative to WT. Using SCF-ER-Hoxb8-immortalized myeloid progenitors to examine the progression of G-CSF-driven granulocytic differentiation in vitro, we found that PLSCR1 prolongs the period of mitotic expansion of proliferative granulocyte precursors, thereby giving rise to increased neutrophil production from their progenitors. This effect of PLSCR1 is blocked by a ΔNLS-PLSCR1, which prevents its nuclear import. By contrast, mutation that prevents the membrane association of PLSCR1 has minimal impact on the role of PLSCR1 in G-CSF-induced granulopoiesis. These data imply that the capacity of PLSCR1 to augment G-CSF-dependent production of mature neutrophils from myeloid progenitors is unrelated to its reported activities at the endofacial surface of the plasma membrane but does require entry of the protein into the nucleus, suggesting that this response is mediated through the observed effects of PLSCR1 on gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Li Y, Wang H, Tu C, Shiverick KT, Silverman DN, Frost SC. Role of hypoxia and EGF on expression, activity, localization and phosphorylation of carbonic anhydrase IX in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:159-67. [PMID: 20920536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO(2). CAIX is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including breast cancer, but is most frequently absent in corresponding normal tissues. CAIX expression is strongly induced by hypoxia and is significantly associated with tumor grade and poor survival. Herein, we show that hypoxia induces a significant increase in CAIX protein in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Using a unique mass spectrophotometric assay, we demonstrate that CAIX activity in plasma membranes isolated from MDA-MB-231 is correlated with CAIX content. We also show that CAIX exists predominantly as a dimeric, high-mannose N-linked glycoprotein. While there is some evidence that the dimeric form resides specifically in lipid rafts, our data do not support this hypothesis. EGF, alone, did not affect the distribution of CAIX into lipid rafts. However, acute EGF treatment in the context of hypoxia increased the amount of CAIX in lipid rafts by about 5-fold. EGF did not stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of CAIX, although EGFR and down-stream signaling pathways were activated by EGF. Interestingly, hypoxia activated Akt independent of EGF action. Together, these data demonstrate that the active form of CAIX in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line is dimeric but that neither lipid raft localization nor phosphorylation are likely required for its dimerization or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0267, USA
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Merregaert J, Van Langen J, Hansen U, Ponsaerts P, El Ghalbzouri A, Steenackers E, Van Ostade X, Sercu S. Phospholipid scramblase 1 is secreted by a lipid raft-dependent pathway and interacts with the extracellular matrix protein 1 in the dermal epidermal junction zone of human skin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37823-37. [PMID: 20870722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.136408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the interaction of ECM1 (extracellular matrix protein 1) using yeast two-hybrid screening and identified the type II transmembrane protein, PLSCR1 (phospholipid scramblase 1), as a binding partner. This interaction was then confirmed by in vitro and in vivo co-immunoprecipitation experiments, and additional pull-down experiments with GST-tagged ECM1a fragments localized this interaction to occur within the tandem repeat region of ECM1a. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining revealed a partial overlap of ECM1 and PLSCR1 in human skin at the basal epidermal cell layer. Moreover, in human skin equivalents, both proteins are expressed at the basal membrane in a dermal fibroblast-dependent manner. Next, immunogold electron microscopy of ultrathin human skin sections showed that ECM1 and PLSCR1 co-localize in the extracellular matrix, and using antibodies against ECM1 or PLSCR1 cross-linked to magnetic immunobeads, we were able to demonstrate PLSCR1-ECM1 interaction in human skin extracts. Furthermore, whereas ECM1 is secreted by the endoplasmic/Golgi-dependent pathway, PLSCR1 release from HaCaT keratinocytes occurs via a lipid raft-dependent mechanism, and is deposited in the extracellular matrix. In summary, we here demonstrate that PLSCR1 interacts with the tandem repeat region of ECM1a in the dermal epidermal junction zone of human skin and provide for the first time experimental evidence that PLSCR1 is secreted by an unconventional secretion pathway. These data suggest that PLSCR1 is a multifunctional protein that can function both inside and outside of the cell and together with ECM1 may play a regulatory role in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Merregaert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Benhamou M, Blank U. Stimulus-secretion coupling by high-affinity IgE receptor: new developments. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4941-8. [PMID: 20851120 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of mast cells through their high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) leads to the secretion of pre- and neoformed soluble mediators through vesicular carriers. This process is highly regulated in order to adapt the secretion of these potentially dangerous factors to the physiological needs. This regulation requires numerous essential effectors that are necessary to transmit the initial signal of FcεRI aggregation and couple it to the sophisticated secretory machinery of membrane fusion. Studies in recent years have led to the discovery of a series of new effector molecules that link FcεRI to secretion. We describe here some of the new developments that have allowed to obtain a clearer picture of stimulus/secretion coupling in mast cells.
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Suzuki E, Amengual O, Atsumi T, Oku K, Hashimoto T, Kataoka H, Horita T, Yasuda S, Ieko M, Fukushima K, Koike T. Increased expression of phospholipid scramblase 1 in monocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:1639-45. [PMID: 20516018 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.091420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A high incidence of thromboembolic events has been reported in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Phosphatidylserine (PS) is normally sequestered in the inner leaflet of cell membranes. Externalization of PS during cell activation is mediated by phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) and has a central role in promoting blood coagulation. We investigated the underlying pathogenic status of thrombophilia in SLE by analyzing PLSCR1 expression on monocytes from patients with SLE. METHODS Sixty patients with SLE were evaluated. Twenty-three patients had antiphospholipid syndrome (APS/SLE). Plasma D-dimer levels were measured as a marker of fibrin turnover. The cDNA encoding human PLSCR1 was cloned from the total RNA extract from monocytes, and independent clones were sequenced. PLSCR1 mRNA expression in CD14+ cells was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. PS exposure on CD14+ cell surface was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Elevated D-dimer levels were found in plasma from SLE patients. Three splice variants of PLSCR1 mRNA were identified in all subjects, and levels of full-length PLSCR1 mRNA were significantly increased in SLE compared to healthy controls (2.9 +/- 1.5 vs 1.3 +/- 0.4, respectively; p < 0.0001). Flow-cytometry analysis showed relative enhancement of PS exposure in the surface of CD14+ cells in SLE patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION Novel PLSCR1 splice variants were identified. Monocytes in SLE patients had enhanced PLSCR1 mRNA expression, as well as increased fibrin turnover and cell-surface PS exposure, indicating that PLSCR1 may, in part, contribute to the prothrombotic tendency in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Suzuki
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Integrating multiple microarray data for cancer pathway analysis using bootstrapping K-S test. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:707580. [PMID: 19704919 PMCID: PMC2688657 DOI: 10.1155/2009/707580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous applications of microarray technology for cancer research have mostly focused on identifying genes that are differentially expressed between a particular cancer and normal cells. In a biological system, genes perform different molecular functions and regulate various biological processes via interactions with other genes thus forming a variety of complex networks. Therefore, it is critical to understand the relationship (e.g., interactions) between genes across different types of cancer in order to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of cancer. Here we propose an integrative method based on the bootstrapping Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and a large set of microarray data produced with various types of cancer to discover common molecular changes in cells from normal state to cancerous state. We evaluate our method using three key pathways related to cancer and demonstrate that it is capable of finding meaningful alterations in gene relations.
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Sahu SK, Aradhyam GK, Gummadi SN. Calcium binding studies of peptides of human phospholipid scramblases 1 to 4 suggest that scramblases are new class of calcium binding proteins in the cell. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1274-81. [PMID: 19540310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipid scramblases are a group of four homologous proteins conserved from C. elegans to human. In human, two members of the scramblase family, hPLSCR1 and hPLSCR3 are known to bring about Ca2+ dependent translocation of phosphatidylserine and cardiolipin respectively during apoptotic processes. However, affinities of Ca2+/Mg2+ binding to human scramblases and conformational changes taking place in them remains unknown. METHODS In the present study, we analyzed the Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding to the calcium binding motifs of hPLSCR1-4 and hPLSCR1 by spectroscopic methods and isothermal titration calorimetry. RESULTS The results in this study show that (i) affinities of the peptides are in the order hPLSCR1>hPLSCR3>hPLSCR2>hPLSCR4 for Ca2+ and in the order hPLSCR1>hPLSCR2>hPLSCR3>hPLSCR4 for Mg2+, (ii) binding of ions brings about conformational change in the secondary structure of the peptides. The affinity of Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding to protein hPLSCR1 was similar to that of the peptide I. A sequence comparison shows the existence of scramblase-like motifs among other protein families. CONCLUSIONS Based on the above results, we hypothesize that the Ca2+ binding motif of hPLSCR1 is a novel type of Ca2+ binding motif. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings will be relevant in understanding the calcium dependent scrambling activity of hPLSCRs and their biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology--Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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Fiorito C, Rienzo M, Crimi E, Rossiello R, Balestrieri ML, Casamassimi A, Muto F, Grimaldi V, Giovane A, Farzati B, Mancini FP, Napoli C. Antioxidants increase number of progenitor endothelial cells through multiple gene expression pathways. Free Radic Res 2008; 42:754-62. [PMID: 18712633 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802357057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is no report on the effect of antioxidants on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). This study shows that in vitro incubation of EPCs with vitamin C and E reverted the already well documented lowering effect of TNF-alpha on EPC number and increased p-p38 expression levels. In order to document major changes of gene expression levels and gain insight into signalling pathways, microarray analysis was performed and a significant variation of the expression of 5389 genes in EPCs following antioxidant treatment was detected. Also in vivo evidence is provided about the positive effect of antioxidant vitamins on EPCs, since vitamin C and E supplementation potentiated the physical training-induced increase of EPC number and VEGF levels. Together, these data indicate that antioxidant treatment ameliorates EPC number and causes major changes of gene expression within these cells in vitro. Furthermore, concomitant antioxidant supplementation and physical training in vivo raised the levels of circulating EPCs and serum VEGF more than physical training alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Fiorito
- Department of General Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology,Excellence Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Amir-Moazami O, Alexia C, Charles N, Launay P, Monteiro RC, Benhamou M. Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Modulates a Selected Set of IgE Receptor-mediated Mast Cell Responses through LAT-dependent Pathway. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25514-25523. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705320200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Wei WC, Hsu YC, Chiu WT, Wang CZ, Wu CM, Wang YK, Shen MR, Tang MJ. Low substratum rigidity of collagen gel promotes ERK phosphorylation via lipid raft to augment cell migration. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1111-24. [PMID: 18027879 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous study demonstrated that low substratum rigidity down-regulates focal adhesion proteins. In this study we found that cells cultured on collagen gel exhibited higher migration capacity than those cultured on collagen gel-coated dishes. Low rigidity of collagen gel induced delayed but persistent phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Inhibition of collagen gel-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation by MEK inhibitors and ERK2 kinase mutant induced a rounding up of the cells and prevented collagen gel-induced cell migration. Interestingly, phosphorylated ERK1/2 induced by low rigidity was present in focal adhesion sites and the lipid raft. MbetaCD (Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin), a lipid raft inhibitor, inhibited collagen gel-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and cell migration. Overexpression of FAK C-terminal fragment (FRNK) in MDCK cells triggered ERK phosphorylation. Meanwhile, low substratum rigidity induced degradation of FAK into a 35 kDa C-terminal fragment. A calpain inhibitor that partially rescued FAK degradation also prevented low rigidity-induced ERK phosphorylation. However, MbetaCD did not prevent low rigidity-induced FAK degradation. Taken together, we demonstrate that the degradation product of FAK induced by collagen gel triggers activation of ERK1/2, which in turn facilitates cell spreading and migration through the lipid raft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Wei
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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45
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Smrz D, Lebduska P, Dráberová L, Korb J, Dráber P. Engagement of phospholipid scramblase 1 in activated cells: implication for phosphatidylserine externalization and exocytosis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10904-18. [PMID: 18281686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710386200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) in quiescent cells is predominantly confined to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Externalization of PS is a marker of apoptosis, exocytosis, and some nonapoptotic activation events. It has been proposed that PS externalization is regulated by the activity of PLSCR1 (phospholipid scramblase 1), a Ca(2+)-dependent endofacial plasma membrane protein, which is tyrosine-phosphorylated in activated cells. It is, however, unclear how the phosphorylation of PLSCR1 is related to its membrane topography, PS externalization, and exocytosis. Using rat basophilic leukemia cells as a model, we show that nonapoptotic PS externalization induced through the high affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) or the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein Thy-1 does not correlate with enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLSCR1. In addition, PS externalization in FcepsilonRI- or Thy-1-activated cells is not associated with alterations of PLSCR1 fine topography as detected by electron microscopy on isolated plasma membrane sheets. In contrast, activation by calcium ionophore A23187 induces changes in the cellular distribution of PLSCR1. We also show for the first time that in pervanadate-activated cells, exocytosis occurs even in the absence of PS externalization. Finally, we document here that tyrosine-phosphorylated PLSCR1 is preferentially located in detergent-insoluble membranes, suggesting its involvement in the formation of membrane-bound signaling assemblies. The combined data indicate that changes in the topography of PLSCR1 and its tyrosine phosphorylation, PS externalization, and exocytosis are independent phenomena that could be distinguished by employing specific conditions of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Smrz
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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46
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Wang IM, Stepaniants S, Boie Y, Mortimer JR, Kennedy B, Elliott M, Hayashi S, Loy L, Coulter S, Cervino S, Harris J, Thornton M, Raubertas R, Roberts C, Hogg JC, Crackower M, O'Neill G, Paré PD. Gene expression profiling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 177:402-11. [PMID: 17975202 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200703-390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is a common and disabling lung disease for which there are few therapeutic options. OBJECTIVES We reasoned that gene expression profiling of COPD lungs could reveal previously unidentified disease pathways. METHODS Forty-eight human lung samples were obtained from tissue resected from five nonsmokers, 21 GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) stage 0, 9 GOLD stage 1, 10 GOLD stage 2, and 3 GOLD stage 3 patients. mRNA from the specimens was profiled using Agilent's Functional ID v2.0 array (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) containing 23,720 sequences. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The gene expression pattern was influenced by the percentage of the sample made up of parenchyma. Gene expression was related to forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced expiratory volume (FEF(25-75%) % predicted) revealing a signature gene set of 203 transcripts. Genes involved in extracellular matrix synthesis/degradation and apoptosis were among the up-regulated genes, whereas genes that participate in antiinflammatory responses were down-regulated. Immunohistochemistry confirmed expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (PLAU), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (PLAUR), and thrombospondin (THBS1) by alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells. Genes in this pathway have been shown to be involved in the activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and matrix metalloproteinases and are subject to inhibition by SERPINE2. Interestingly, both TGF-beta1 and SERPINE2 have been identified as candidate genes in COPD genetic linkage and association studies. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that genes involved in tissue remodeling and repair are differentially regulated in the lungs of obstructed smokers and suggest that they are potential therapeutic targets. Data deposited in GEO at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE8500.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Wang
- McDonald Research Wing, Room 166, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Magnifico A, Albano L, Campaner S, Campiglio M, Pilotti S, Ménard S, Tagliabue E. Protein kinase Calpha determines HER2 fate in breast carcinoma cells with HER2 protein overexpression without gene amplification. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5308-17. [PMID: 17545611 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In some HER2-positive breast tumors, cell surface overexpression of HER2 is not associated with gene amplification but may instead rest in altered gene transcription, half-life, or recycling of the oncoprotein. Here, we show that HER2 overexpression in HER2 2+ carcinomas is associated with neither an increase in gene transcription nor a deregulation in the ubiquitin-dependent pathways, but instead seems to be regulated by protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) activity. The stimulation of PKCalpha up-regulated HER2 expression, whereas PKCalpha inhibition by pharmacologic treatments and PKCalpha-specific small interfering RNA led to a dramatic down-regulation of HER2 levels only in breast cancer cells HER2 2+. Consistent with the in vitro data, our biochemical analysis of HER2 2+ human primary breast specimens revealed significantly higher levels of phosphorylated PKCalpha compared with HER2-negative tumors. Inhibition of HER2 activation by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib led to decreased levels of PKCalpha phosphorylation, clearly indicating a cross-talk between PKCalpha and HER2 molecules. These data suggest that HER2 overexpression in HER2 2+ carcinomas is due to an accumulation of the recycled oncoprotein to the cell surface induced by activated PKCalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Magnifico
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Foundation IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Sahu SK, Gummadi SN, Manoj N, Aradhyam GK. Phospholipid scramblases: An overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 462:103-14. [PMID: 17481571 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblases are a group of homologous proteins that are conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. They are believed to be involved in destroying plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry at critical cellular events like cell activation, injury and apoptosis. However, a detailed mechanism of phospholipid scrambling still awaits a proper understanding. The most studied member of this family, phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) (a 37kDa protein), is involved in rapid Ca2+ dependent transbilayer redistribution of plasma membrane phospholipids. Recently the function of PLSCR1 as a phospholipids translocator has been challenged and evidences suggest that PLSCR1 acts as signaling molecule. It has been shown to be involved in protein phosphorylation and as a potential activator of genes in response to interferon and other cytokines. Interferon induced rapid biosynthesis of PLSCR1 targets some of the protein into the nucleus, where it binds to the promoter region of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor type 1 (IP3R1) gene and induces its expression. Palmitoylation of PLSCR1 acts as a switch, controlling its localization either to the PM or inside the nucleus. In the present review, we discuss the current understanding of PLSCR1 in relation to its trafficking, localization and signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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49
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Lu B, Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Moser AH, Shigenaga JK, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Expression of the phospholipid scramblase (PLSCR) gene family during the acute phase response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1177-85. [PMID: 17590392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is a member of PLSCR gene family that has been implicated in multiple cellular processes including movement of phospholipids, gene regulation, immuno-activation, and cell proliferation/apoptosis. In the present study, we identified PLSCR1 as a positive intracellular acute phase protein that is upregulated by LPS in liver, heart, and adipose tissue, but not skeletal muscle. LPS administration resulted in a marked increase in PLSCR1 mRNA and protein levels in the liver. This stimulation occurred rapidly (within 2 h), and was very sensitive to LPS (half-maximal response at 0.1 microg/mouse). Moreover, two other APR-inducers, zymosan and turpentine, also produced significant increases in PLSCR1 mRNA and protein levels, indicating that PLSCR1 was stimulated in a number of models of the APR. To determine signaling pathways by which LPS stimulated PLSCR1, we examined the effect of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 all stimulated PLSCR1 in cultured Hep B3 hepatocytes, whereas only TNFalpha stimulated PLSCR1 in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting cell type-specific effects of cytokines. Furthermore, the LPS-stimulated increase in liver PLSCR1 mRNA was greatly attenuated by 80% in TNFalpha and IL-1beta receptor null mice as compared to wild-type controls. In contrast, PLSCR1 levels in adipose tissue were induced to a similar extent in TNFalpha and IL-1beta receptor null mice and controls. These results indicate that maximal stimulation of PLSCR1 by LPS in liver required TNFalpha and/or IL-1beta, whereas the stimulation of PLSCR1 in adipose tissue is not dependent on TNFalpha and/or IL-1beta. These data provide evidence that PLSCR1 is a positive intracellular acute phase protein with a tissue-specific mechanism for up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lu
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Dorai T, Sawczuk I, Pastorek J, Wiernik PH, Dutcher JP. Role of carbonic anhydrases in the progression of renal cell carcinoma subtypes: proposal of a unified hypothesis. Cancer Invest 2007; 24:754-79. [PMID: 17162558 DOI: 10.1080/07357900601062321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has the highest rate of occurrence within the US when compared with other countries. Recent advances in the basic research and molecular diagnostics of this malignancy have revealed that RCC is not a single disease, but it is a mixture of several types of malignancies with unique molecular mechanisms and pathological attributes. RCC is now divided into clear cell carcinoma (80% of all kidney cancers), papillary type 1 and papillary type 2 neoplasms (10-15% of all RCC patients) and RCC with chromophobic and oncocytic features, called the Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) subtype, in roughly 5% of all patients. Apart from these, neoplasms such as the tuberous sclerosis (TSC) syndrome may occur with a mixed pathological features with a renal presentation. In this review, molecular evidence, both direct and indirect, published so far on all these RCC subtypes have been analyzed to find out whether there is any common thread that could run through these disparate malignancies that happen to occur in a single organ, i.e., the kidney. We believe that the role played by the expression and certain non-traditional activities of the cabonic anhydrase (CA) family members, along with the differing levels of hypoxia induced within these tumors may be the most common denominators. Evidence is presented focusing on how the CA family members could participate in the genesis and progression of each and every one of these RCC subtypes and how their function could be influenced by hypoxia, activities of receptor type protein tyrosine kinases and certain other pre-disposing factors. These rationalizations point towards a unified hypothesis that may help explain the occurrence of all these RCC subtypes in a molecular manner. We hope that these analyses would a) stimulate further studies aimed toward a better understanding of the role played by carbonic anhydrases in RCC subtypes and b) would pave way to a better and rationally designed therapies to interfere with their function to benefit patients with RCC and possibly other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thambi Dorai
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Our Lady of Mercy Medical Center, New York Medical College, Bronx, New York 10466, USA.
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