1
|
Son YJ, Jeon M, Moon HY, Kang J, Jeong DM, Lee DW, Kim JH, Lim JY, Seo J, Jin J, Bahn Y, Eyun S, Kang HA. Integrated genomics and phenotype microarray analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae industrial strains for rice wine fermentation and recombinant protein production. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2161-2180. [PMID: 37837246 PMCID: PMC10616653 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The industrial potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has extended beyond its traditional use in fermentation to various applications, including recombinant protein production. Herein, comparative genomics was performed with three industrial S. cerevisiae strains and revealed a heterozygous diploid genome for the 98-5 and KSD-YC strains (exploited for rice wine fermentation) and a haploid genome for strain Y2805 (used for recombinant protein production). Phylogenomic analysis indicated that Y2805 was closely associated with the reference strain S288C, whereas KSD-YC and 98-5 were grouped with Asian and European wine strains, respectively. Particularly, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in FDC1, involved in the biosynthesis of 4-vinylguaiacol (4-VG, a phenolic compound with a clove-like aroma), was found in KSD-YC, consistent with its lack of 4-VG production. Phenotype microarray (PM) analysis showed that KSD-YC and 98-5 displayed broader substrate utilization than S288C and Y2805. The SNPs detected by genome comparison were mapped to the genes responsible for the observed phenotypic differences. In addition, detailed information on the structural organization of Y2805 selection markers was validated by Sanger sequencing. Integrated genomics and PM analysis elucidated the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of industrial S. cerevisiae strains, providing a platform to improve fermentation processes and genetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji Son
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Min‐Seung Jeon
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hye Yun Moon
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jiwon Kang
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Da Min Jeong
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Korea Food Research InstituteWanju‐GunJeollabukdoKorea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- School of Systems Biomedical ScienceSoongsil UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jeong‐Ah Seo
- School of Systems Biomedical ScienceSoongsil UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jae‐Hyung Jin
- Department of BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yong‐Sun Bahn
- Department of BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Seong‐il Eyun
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hyun Ah Kang
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chu I, Chen YC, Lai RY, Chan JF, Lee YH, Balazova M, Hsu YHH. Phosphatidylglycerol Supplementation Alters Mitochondrial Morphology and Cardiolipin Composition. Membranes 2022; 12:membranes12040383. [PMID: 35448353 PMCID: PMC9028734 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic variant of the TAZ gene is directly associated with Barth syndrome. Because tafazzin in the mitochondria is responsible for cardiolipin (CL) remodeling, all molecules related to the metabolism of CL can affect or be affected by TAZ mutation. In this study, we intend to recover the distortion of the mitochondrial lipid composition, especially CL, for Barth syndrome treatment. The genetically edited TAZ knockout HAP1 cells were demonstrated to be a suitable cellular model, where CL desaturation occurred and monolyso-CL (MLCL) was accumulated. From the species analysis by mass spectrometry, phosphatidylethanolamine showed changed species content after TAZ knockout. TAZ knockout also caused genetic down-regulation of PGS gene and up-regulation of PNPLA8 gene, which may decrease the biosynthesis of CLs and increase the hydrolysis product MLCL. Supplemented phosphatidylglycerol(18:1)2 (PG(18:1)2) was successfully biosynthesized to mature symmetrical CL and drastically decrease the concentration of MLCL to recover the morphology of mitochondria and the cristae shape of inner mitochondria. Newly synthesized mature CL may induce the down-regulation of PLA2G6 and PNPLA8 genes to potentially decrease MLCL production. The excess supplemented PG was further metabolized into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ying-Chih Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ruo-Yun Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Jui-Fen Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ya-Hui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Maria Balazova
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Yuan-Hao Howard Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-23590121 (ext. 32230); Fax: +886-4-23590426
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ji J, Greenberg ML. Cardiolipin function in the yeast S. cerevisiae and the lessons learned for Barth syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:60-71. [PMID: 34626131 PMCID: PMC8755574 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is the signature phospholipid (PL) of mitochondria and plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial and cellular function. Disruption of the CL remodeling gene tafazzin (TAZ) causes the severe genetic disorder Barth syndrome (BTHS). Our current understanding of the function of CL and the mechanism underlying the disease has greatly benefited from studies utilizing the powerful yeast model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we discuss important findings on the function of CL and its remodeling from yeast studies and the implications of these findings for BTHS, highlighting the potential physiological modifiers that may contribute to the disparities in clinical presentation among BTHS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Káňovičová P, Čermáková P, Kubalová D, Bábelová L, Veselá P, Valachovič M, Zahumenský J, Horváth A, Malínský J, Balážová M. Blocking phosphatidylglycerol degradation in yeast defective in cardiolipin remodeling results in a new model of the Barth syndrome cellular phenotype. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101462. [PMID: 34864056 PMCID: PMC8728584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an inherited mitochondrial disorder characterized by a decrease in total cardiolipin and the accumulation of its precursor monolysocardiolipin due to the loss of the transacylase enzyme tafazzin. However, the molecular basis of BTHS pathology is still not well understood. Here we characterize the double mutant pgc1Δtaz1Δ of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in phosphatidylglycerol-specific phospholipase C and tafazzin as a new yeast model of BTHS. Unlike the taz1Δ mutant used to date, this model accumulates phosphatidylglycerol, thus better approximating the human BTHS cells. We demonstrate that increased phosphatidylglycerol in this strain leads to more pronounced mitochondrial respiratory defects and an increased incidence of aberrant mitochondria compared to the single taz1Δ mutant. We also show that the mitochondria of the pgc1Δtaz1Δ mutant exhibit a reduced rate of respiration due to decreased cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase activities. Finally, we determined that the mood-stabilizing anticonvulsant valproic acid has a positive effect on both lipid composition and mitochondrial function in these yeast BTHS models. Overall, our results show that the pgc1Δtaz1Δ mutant better mimics the cellular phenotype of BTHS patients than taz1Δ cells, both in terms of lipid composition and the degree of disruption of mitochondrial structure and function. This favors the new model for use in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulína Káňovičová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Čermáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Kubalová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bábelová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Veselá
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valachovič
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Zahumenský
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anton Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Malínský
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Mária Balážová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li M, Sun W, Tyurin VA, DeLucia M, Ahn J, Kagan VE, van der Wel PCA. Activation of Cytochrome C Peroxidase Function Through Coordinated Foldon Loop Dynamics upon Interaction with Anionic Lipids. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167057. [PMID: 34033821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondrial anionic lipid that plays important roles in the regulation and signaling of mitochondrial apoptosis. CL peroxidation catalyzed by the assembly of CL-cytochrome c (cyt c) complexes at the inner mitochondrial membrane is a critical checkpoint. The structural changes in the protein, associated with peroxidase activation by CL and different anionic lipids, are not known at a molecular level. To better understand these peripheral protein-lipid interactions, we compare how phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and CL lipids trigger cyt c peroxidase activation, and correlate functional differences to structural and motional changes in membrane-associated cyt c. Structural and motional studies of the bound protein are enabled by magic angle spinning solid state NMR spectroscopy, while lipid peroxidase activity is assayed by mass spectrometry. PG binding results in a surface-bound state that preserves a nativelike fold, which nonetheless allows for significant peroxidase activity, though at a lower level than binding its native substrate CL. Lipid-specific differences in peroxidase activation are found to correlate to corresponding differences in lipid-induced protein mobility, affecting specific protein segments. The dynamics of omega loops C and D are upregulated by CL binding, in a way that is remarkably controlled by the protein:lipid stoichiometry. In contrast to complete chemical denaturation, membrane-induced protein destabilization reflects a destabilization of select cyt c foldons, while the energetically most stable helices are preserved. Our studies illuminate the interplay of protein and lipid dynamics in the creation of lipid peroxidase-active proteolipid complexes implicated in early stages of mitochondrial apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wanyang Sun
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Maria DeLucia
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jinwoo Ahn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov, Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russian Federation
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chapman J, Ng YS, Nicholls TJ. The Maintenance of Mitochondrial DNA Integrity and Dynamics by Mitochondrial Membranes. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090164. [PMID: 32858900 PMCID: PMC7555930 DOI: 10.3390/life10090164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex organelles that harbour their own genome. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exists in the form of a circular double-stranded DNA molecule that must be replicated, segregated and distributed around the mitochondrial network. Human cells typically possess between a few hundred and several thousand copies of the mitochondrial genome, located within the mitochondrial matrix in close association with the cristae ultrastructure. The organisation of mtDNA around the mitochondrial network requires mitochondria to be dynamic and undergo both fission and fusion events in coordination with the modulation of cristae architecture. The dysregulation of these processes has profound effects upon mtDNA replication, manifesting as a loss of mtDNA integrity and copy number, and upon the subsequent distribution of mtDNA around the mitochondrial network. Mutations within genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics or cristae modulation cause a wide range of neurological disorders frequently associated with defects in mtDNA maintenance. This review aims to provide an understanding of the biological mechanisms that link mitochondrial dynamics and mtDNA integrity, as well as examine the interplay that occurs between mtDNA, mitochondrial dynamics and cristae structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Chapman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (T.J.N.)
| | - Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Thomas J. Nicholls
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (T.J.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kubalová D, Káňovičová P, Veselá P, Awadová T, Džugasová V, Daum G, Malínský J, Balážová M. The lipid droplet protein Pgc1 controls the subcellular distribution of phosphatidylglycerol. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 19:5524364. [PMID: 31247640 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of yeast phosphatidylglycerol (PG) takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Outside mitochondria, the abundance of PG is low. Here, we present evidence that the subcellular distribution of PG is maintained by the locally controlled enzymatic activity of the PG-specific phospholipase, Pgc1. A fluorescently labeled Pgc1 protein accumulates on the surface of lipid droplets (LD). We show, however, that LD are not only dispensable for Pgc1-mediated PG degradation, but do not even host any phospholipase activity of Pgc1. Our in vitro assays document the capability of LD-accumulated Pgc1 to degrade PG upon entry to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and even of artificial phospholipid vesicles. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis confirms the continuous exchange of GFP-Pgc1 within the individual LD in situ, suggesting that a steady-state equilibrium exists between LD and membranes to regulate the immediate phospholipase activity of Pgc1. In this model, LD serve as a storage place and shelter Pgc1, preventing its untimely degradation, while both phospholipase activity and degradation of the enzyme occur in the membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kubalová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paulína Káňovičová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Veselá
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thuraya Awadová
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Džugasová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Günther Daum
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Malínský
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Balážová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Colina-Tenorio L, Horten P, Pfanner N, Rampelt H. Shaping the mitochondrial inner membrane in health and disease. J Intern Med 2020; 287:645-664. [PMID: 32012363 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play central roles in cellular energetics, metabolism and signalling. Efficient respiration, mitochondrial quality control, apoptosis and inheritance of mitochondrial DNA depend on the proper architecture of the mitochondrial membranes and a dynamic remodelling of inner membrane cristae. Defects in mitochondrial architecture can result in severe human diseases affecting predominantly the nervous system and the heart. Inner membrane morphology is generated and maintained in particular by the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), the F1 Fo -ATP synthase, the fusion protein OPA1/Mgm1 and the nonbilayer-forming phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine. These protein complexes and phospholipids are embedded in a network of functional interactions. They communicate with each other and additional factors, enabling them to balance different aspects of cristae biogenesis and to dynamically remodel the inner mitochondrial membrane. Genetic alterations disturbing these membrane-shaping factors can lead to human pathologies including fatal encephalopathy, dominant optic atrophy, Leigh syndrome, Parkinson's disease and Barth syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Colina-Tenorio
- From the, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Horten
- From the, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Pfanner
- From the, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Rampelt
- From the, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Patil VA, Li Y, Ji J, Greenberg ML. Loss of the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin leads to decreased glutathione synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158542. [PMID: 31672571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that loss of CL in the yeast mutant crd1Δ leads to perturbation of mitochondrial iron‑sulfur (FeS) cluster biogenesis, resulting in decreased activity of mitochondrial and cytosolic Fe-S-requiring enzymes, including aconitase and sulfite reductase. In the current study, we show that crd1Δ cells exhibit decreased levels of glutamate and cysteine and are deficient in the essential antioxidant, glutathione, a tripeptide of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein thiol essential for maintaining intracellular redox potential in almost all eukaryotes, including yeast. Consistent with glutathione deficiency, the growth defect of crd1Δ cells at elevated temperature was rescued by supplementation of glutathione or glutamate and cysteine. Sensitivity to the oxidants iron (FeSO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), was rescued by supplementation of glutathione. The decreased intracellular glutathione concentration in crd1Δ was restored by supplementation of glutamate and cysteine, but not by overexpressing YAP1, an activator of expression of glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. These findings show for the first time that CL plays a critical role in regulating intracellular glutathione metabolism.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang X, Zhang J, Sun H, Liu X, Zheng Y, Xu D, Wang J, Jia D, Han X, Liu F, Nie J, Shi Y. Defective Phosphatidylglycerol Remodeling Causes Hepatopathy, Linking Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Hepatosteatosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 7:763-781. [PMID: 30831319 PMCID: PMC6463126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity promotes the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs), yet not all obese patients develop NAFLD. The underlying causes for this discrepancy remain elusive. LPGAT1 is an acyltransferase that catalyzes the remodeling of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), a mitochondrial phospholipid implicated in various metabolic diseases. Here, we investigated the role of LPGAT1 in regulating the onset of diet-induced obesity and its related hepatosteatosis because polymorphisms of the LPGAT1 gene promoter were strongly associated with susceptibility to obesity in Pima Indians. METHODS Mice with whole-body knockout of LPGAT1 were generated to investigate the role of PG remodeling in NAFLD. RESULTS LPGAT1 deficiency protected mice from diet-induced obesity, but led to hepatopathy, insulin resistance, and NAFLD as a consequence of oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS This study identified an unexpected role of PG remodeling in obesity, linking mitochondrial dysfunction to NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Haoran Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Dandan Jia
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Xianlin Han
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Feng Liu
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jia Nie
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Basu Ball W, Baker CD, Neff JK, Apfel GL, Lagerborg KA, Žun G, Petrovič U, Jain M, Gohil VM. Ethanolamine ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiolipin-deficient yeast cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10870-10883. [PMID: 29866881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a signature phospholipid of the mitochondria required for the formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) supercomplexes. The destabilization of MRC supercomplexes is the proximal cause of the pathology associated with the depletion of CL in patients with Barth syndrome. Thus, promoting supercomplex formation could ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction associated with CL depletion. However, to date, physiologically relevant small-molecule regulators of supercomplex formation have not been identified. Here, we report that ethanolamine (Etn) supplementation rescues the MRC defects by promoting supercomplex assembly in a yeast model of Barth syndrome. We discovered this novel role of Etn while testing the hypothesis that elevating mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a phospholipid suggested to overlap in function with CL, could compensate for CL deficiency. We found that the Etn supplementation rescues the respiratory growth of CL-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in a dose-dependent manner but independently of its incorporation into PE. The rescue was specifically dependent on Etn but not choline or serine, the other phospholipid precursors. Etn improved mitochondrial function by restoring the expression of MRC proteins and promoting supercomplex assembly in CL-deficient cells. Consistent with this mechanism, overexpression of Cox4, the MRC complex IV subunit, was sufficient to promote supercomplex formation in CL-deficient cells. Taken together, our work identifies a novel role of a ubiquitous metabolite, Etn, in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction caused by CL deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Writoban Basu Ball
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Charli D Baker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - John K Neff
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Gabriel L Apfel
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kim A Lagerborg
- the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Gašper Žun
- the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and
| | - Uroš Petrovič
- the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,the Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohit Jain
- the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Samp EJ. Possible Roles of the Mitochondria in Sulfur Dioxide Production by Lager Yeast. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2012-0828-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
13
|
Basu Ball W, Neff JK, Gohil VM. The role of nonbilayer phospholipids in mitochondrial structure and function. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1273-1290. [PMID: 29067684 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial structure and function are influenced by the unique phospholipid composition of its membranes. While mitochondria contain all the major classes of phospholipids, recent studies have highlighted specific roles of the nonbilayer-forming phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin (CL) in the assembly and activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes. The nonbilayer phospholipids are cone-shaped molecules that introduce curvature stress in the bilayer membrane and have been shown to impact mitochondrial fusion and fission. In addition to their overlapping roles in these mitochondrial processes, each nonbilayer phospholipid also plays a unique role in mitochondrial function; for example, CL is specifically required for MRC supercomplex formation. Recent discoveries of mitochondrial PE- and CL-trafficking proteins and prior knowledge of their biosynthetic pathways have provided targets for precisely manipulating nonbilayer phospholipid levels in the mitochondrial membranes in vivo. Thus, the genetic mutants of these pathways could be valuable tools in illuminating molecular functions and biophysical properties of nonbilayer phospholipids in driving mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Writoban Basu Ball
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John K Neff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rampelt H, Zerbes RM, van der Laan M, Pfanner N. Role of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system in membrane architecture and dynamics. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2017; 1864:737-746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
Mitochondria have to import the vast majority of their proteins, which are synthesized as precursors on cytosolic ribosomes. The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM complex) forms the general entry gate for the precursor proteins, which are subsequently sorted by protein machineries into the mitochondrial subcompartments: the outer and inner membrane, the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. The transport across and into the inner membrane is driven by the membrane potential, which is generated by the respiratory chain. Recent studies revealed that the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes is important for the biogenesis of mitochondrial proteins. Cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine exhibit unexpectedly specific functions for the activity of distinct protein translocases. Both phospholipids are required for full activity of respiratory chain complexes and thus to maintain the membrane potential for protein import. In addition, cardiolipin is required to maintain structural integrity of mitochondrial protein translocases. Finally, the low sterol content in the mitochondrial outer membrane may contribute to the targeting of some outer membrane proteins with a single α-helical membrane anchor. Altogether, mitochondrial lipids modulate protein import on various levels involving precursor targeting, membrane potential generation, stability and activity of protein translocases.
Collapse
|
16
|
Raja V, Joshi AS, Li G, Maddipati KR, Greenberg ML. Loss of Cardiolipin Leads to Perturbation of Acetyl-CoA Synthesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1092-1102. [PMID: 27941023 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes, plays an important role in mitochondrial processes and bioenergetics. CL is synthesized de novo and undergoes remodeling in the mitochondrial membranes. Perturbation of CL remodeling leads to the rare X-linked genetic disorder Barth syndrome, which shows disparities in clinical presentation. To uncover biochemical modifiers that exacerbate CL deficiency, we carried out a synthetic genetic array screen to identify synthetic lethal interactions with the yeast CL synthase mutant crd1Δ. The results indicated that crd1Δ is synthetically lethal with mutants in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA levels were decreased in the mutant. The synthesis of acetyl-CoA depends primarily on the PDH-catalyzed conversion of pyruvate in the mitochondria and on the PDH bypass in the cytosol, which synthesizes acetyl-CoA from acetate. Consistent with perturbation of the PDH bypass, crd1Δ cells grown on acetate as the sole carbon source exhibited decreased growth, decreased acetyl-CoA, and increased intracellular acetate levels resulting from decreased acetyl-CoA synthetase activity. PDH mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated in crd1Δ cells, but PDH enzyme activity was not increased, indicating that PDH up-regulation did not compensate for defects in the PDH bypass. These findings demonstrate for the first time that CL is required for acetyl-CoA synthesis, which is decreased in CL-deficient cells as a result of a defective PDH bypass pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Raja
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
| | - Amit S Joshi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
| | - Guiling Li
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- the Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sariki SK, Sahu PK, Golla U, Singh V, Azad GK, Tomar RS. Sen1, the homolog of human Senataxin, is critical for cell survival through regulation of redox homeostasis, mitochondrial function, and the TOR pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS J 2016; 283:4056-4083. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar Sariki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology; Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Bhopal India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Sahu
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology; Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Bhopal India
| | - Upendarrao Golla
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology; Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Bhopal India
| | - Vikash Singh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology; Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Bhopal India
| | - Gajendra Kumar Azad
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology; Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Bhopal India
| | - Raghuvir S. Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology; Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Bhopal India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kotani S, Izawa S, Komai N, Takayanagi A, Arioka M. Mitochondria-localized phospholipase A 2, AoPlaA, in Aspergillus oryzae displays phosphatidylethanolamine-specific activity and is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial phospholipid composition. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 96:1-11. [PMID: 27634187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2s) play important physiological roles by releasing arachidonic acid, a precursor for bioactive lipid mediators, from the biological membranes. In contrast, fungal cPLA2-like proteins are much less characterized and their roles have remained elusive. AoPlaA is a cPLA2-like protein in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae which, unlike mammalian cPLA2, localizes to mitochondria. In this study, we investigated the biochemical and physiological functions of AoPlaA. Recombinant AoPlaA produced in E. coli displayed Ca2+-independent lipolytic activity. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that AoPlaA displayed PLA2 activity to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), but not to other phospholipids, and generated 1-acylated lysoPE. Catalytic site mutants of AoPlaA displayed almost no or largely reduced activity to PE. Consistent with PE-specific activity of AoPlaA, AoplaA-overexpressing strain showed decreased PE content in the mitochondrial fraction. In contrast, AoplaA-disruption strain displayed increased content of cardiolipin. AoplaA-overexpressing strain, but not its counterparts overexpressing the catalytic site mutants, exhibited retarded growth at low temperature, possibly because of the impairment of the mitochondrial function caused by excess degradation of PE. These results suggest that AoPlaA is a novel PE-specific PLA2 that plays a regulatory role in the maintenance of mitochondrial phospholipid composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kotani
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sho Izawa
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Komai
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takayanagi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Manabu Arioka
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hsu P, Shi Y. Regulation of autophagy by mitochondrial phospholipids in health and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:114-29. [PMID: 27502688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that maintains nutrient homeostasis by degrading protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Autophagy is reduced in aging, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of aging-related diseases, including cancers, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria-derived phospholipids cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol are critical throughout the autophagic process, from initiation and phagophore formation to elongation and fusion with endolysosomal vesicles. Cardiolipin is also required for mitochondrial fusion and fission, an important step in isolating dysfunctional mitochondria for mitophagy. Furthermore, genetic screen in yeast has identified a surprising role for cardiolipin in regulating lysosomal function. Phosphatidylethanolamine plays a pivotal role in supporting the autophagic process, including autophagosome elongation as part of lipidated Atg8/LC3. An emerging role for phosphatidylglycerol in AMPK and mTORC1 signaling as well as mitochondrial fission may provide the first glimpse into the function of phosphatidylglycerol apart from being a precursor for cardiolipin. This review examines the effects of manipulating phospholipids on autophagy and mitophagy in health and diseases, as well as current limitations in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
Collapse
|
20
|
Schwarz N, Leube RE. Intermediate Filaments as Organizers of Cellular Space: How They Affect Mitochondrial Structure and Function. Cells 2016; 5:E30. [PMID: 27399781 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments together with actin filaments and microtubules form the cytoskeleton, which is a complex and highly dynamic 3D network. Intermediate filaments are the major mechanical stress protectors but also affect cell growth, differentiation, signal transduction, and migration. Using intermediate filament-mitochondrial crosstalk as a prominent example, this review emphasizes the importance of intermediate filaments as crucial organizers of cytoplasmic space to support these functions. We summarize observations in different mammalian cell types which demonstrate how intermediate filaments influence mitochondrial morphology, subcellular localization, and function through direct and indirect interactions and how perturbations of these interactions may lead to human diseases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Saric A, Andreau K, Armand AS, Møller IM, Petit PX. Barth Syndrome: From Mitochondrial Dysfunctions Associated with Aberrant Production of Reactive Oxygen Species to Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies. Front Genet 2016; 6:359. [PMID: 26834781 PMCID: PMC4719219 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme tafazzin, TAZ, cause Barth syndrome (BTHS). Individuals with this X-linked multisystem disorder present cardiomyopathy (CM) (often dilated), skeletal muscle weakness, neutropenia, growth retardation, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Biopsies of the heart, liver and skeletal muscle of patients have revealed mitochondrial malformations and dysfunctions. It is the purpose of this review to summarize recent results of studies on various animal or cell models of Barth syndrome, which have characterized biochemically the strong cellular defects associated with TAZ mutations. Tafazzin is a mitochondrial phospholipidlysophospholipid transacylase that shuttles acyl groups between phospholipids and regulates the remodeling of cardiolipin (CL), a unique inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid dimer consisting of two phosphatidyl residues linked by a glycerol bridge. After their biosynthesis, the acyl chains of CLs may be modified in remodeling processes involving up to three different enzymes. Their characteristic acyl chain composition depends on the function of tafazzin, although the enzyme itself surprisingly lacks acyl specificity. CLs are crucial for correct mitochondrial structure and function. In addition to their function in the basic mitochondrial function of ATP production, CLs play essential roles in cardiac function, apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle regulation and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. Recent developments in tafazzin research have provided strong insights into the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). An important tool has been the generation of BTHS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from BTHS patients. In a complementary approach, disease-specific mutations have been introduced into wild-type iPSC lines enabling direct comparison with isogenic controls. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes were then characterized using biochemical and classical bioenergetic approaches. The cells are tested in a "heart-on-chip" assay to model the pathophysiology in vitro, to characterize the underlying mechanism of BTHS deriving from TAZ mutations, mitochondrial deficiencies and ROS production and leading to tissue defects, and to evaluate potential therapies with the use of mitochondrially targeted antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saric
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-PèresParis, France; Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković InstituteZagreb, Croatia
| | - Karine Andreau
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Armand
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères Paris, France
| | - Ian M Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Patrice X Petit
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peyta L, Jarnouen K, Pinault M, Guimaraes C, Pais de Barros JP, Chevalier S, Dumas JF, Maillot F, Hatch GM, Loyer P, Servais S. Reduced cardiolipin content decreases respiratory chain capacities and increases ATP synthesis yield in the human HepaRG cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1857:443-53. [PMID: 26768115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique mitochondrial phospholipid potentially affecting many aspects of mitochondrial function/processes, i.e. energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. Most data focusing on implication of CL content and mitochondrial bioenergetics were performed in yeast or in cellular models of Barth syndrome. Previous work reported that increase in CL content leads to decrease in liver mitochondrial ATP synthesis yield. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the effects of moderate decrease in CL content on mitochondrial bioenergetics in human hepatocytes. For this purpose, we generated a cardiolipin synthase knockdown (shCLS) in HepaRG hepatoma cells showing bioenergetics features similar to primary human hepatocytes. shCLS cells exhibited a 55% reduction in CLS gene and a 40% decrease in protein expression resulting in a 45% lower content in CL compared to control (shCTL) cells. Oxygen consumption was significantly reduced in shCLS cells compared to shCTL regardless of substrate used and energy state analyzed. Mitochondrial low molecular weight supercomplex content was higher in shCLS cells (+60%) compared to shCTL. Significant fragmentation of the mitochondrial network was observed in shCLS cells compared to shCTL cells. Surprisingly, mitochondrial ATP synthesis was unchanged in shCLS compared to shCTL cells but exhibited a higher ATP:O ratio (+46%) in shCLS cells. Our results suggest that lowered respiratory chain activity induced by moderate reduction in CL content may be due to both destabilization of supercomplexes and mitochondrial network fragmentation. In addition, CL content may regulate mitochondrial ATP synthesis yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Peyta
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, Cedex, France.
| | - Kathleen Jarnouen
- Inserm UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, 2 rue du Thabor CS46510, 35065 Rennes, Cedex, France.
| | - Michelle Pinault
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, Cedex, France.
| | - Cyrille Guimaraes
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, INSERM UMR866/LabEx LipSTIC, 15 Bd Mal de Lattre de Tassigny, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Stephan Chevalier
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-François Dumas
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, Cedex, France.
| | - François Maillot
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, Cedex, France; CHRU de Tours, Département de Médecine Interne, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, Cedex 9, France.
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, 513-715 McDermot Avenue Winnipeg MB R3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Pascal Loyer
- Inserm UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, 2 rue du Thabor CS46510, 35065 Rennes, Cedex, France.
| | - Stephane Servais
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suga K, Hamasaki A, Chinzaka J, Umakoshi H. Liposomes modified with cardiolipin can act as a platform to regulate the potential flux of NADP +-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:8-14. [PMID: 29142819 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid found in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) in animal cells. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) is an important catalytic enzyme that is localized at the cytosol and mitochondria; the metabolic pathway catalyzed by ICDH differs between the OMM and IMM. To estimate the possible role of lipid membrane in the enzymatic activity of NADP+-dependent ICDH, CL-modified liposomes were prepared using CL/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)/cholesterol (Ch), and their characteristics were analyzed based on the fluorescent probe method. The relative enzymatic activity of ICDH decreased in the presence of CL/DPPC/Ch=(30/50/20) liposome, whereas activity increased in the presence of CL/DPPC/Ch=(5/75/20) liposome. NADP+ had the greatest substrate affinity and was dominant in the regulation of ICDH activity. Analysis of membrane properties indicated that membranes in CL-modified liposomes were dehydrated by ICDH binding. Using circular dichroism analysis, CL/DPPC/Ch=(30/50/20) liposome induced a conformational change in ICDH, indicating that CL-rich membrane domains could inhibit ICDH activity. These results suggest that lipid membranes, including CL molecules, could act as a platform to regulate ICDH-related metabolic pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and lipid synthesis. Phosphatidylcholine liposomes were modified with cardiolipin and characterized. DPPC liposomes did not affect the activity of ICDH. ICDH activity was enhanced with liposomes at 5 mol% cardiolipin. ICDH activity was lowered with liposomes at 30 mol% cardiolipin. Liposomes with high content of cardiolipin led to conformational changes of ICDH.
Collapse
Key Words
- CL, cardiolipin
- Cardiolipin
- Ch, cholesterol
- DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- ICDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- LUV, large unilamellar vesicles
- Liposome
- MLV, multilamellar vesicles
- Membranome
- NADP+, β-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidized form
- NADPH, β-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- PDB, protein data bank
- System biology
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- ld, liquid-disordered
- lo, liquid-ordered
- so, solid-ordered
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant glycerophospholipid in eukaryotic cells. The existence of four only partially redundant biochemical pathways that produce PE, highlights the importance of this essential phospholipid. The CDP-ethanolamine and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase pathways occur in different subcellular compartments and are the main sources of PE in cells. Mammalian development fails upon ablation of either pathway. Once made, PE has diverse cellular functions that include serving as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine and a substrate for important posttranslational modifications, influencing membrane topology, and promoting cell and organelle membrane fusion, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. The importance of PE metabolism in mammalian health has recently emerged following its association with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, nonalcoholic liver disease, and the virulence of certain pathogenic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Calzada
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pokorná L, Čermáková P, Horváth A, Baile MG, Claypool SM, Griač P, Malínský J, Balážová M. Specific degradation of phosphatidylglycerol is necessary for proper mitochondrial morphology and function. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1857:34-45. [PMID: 26482708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a minor phospholipid under standard conditions; it can be utilized for cardiolipin (CL) biosynthesis by CL synthase, Crd1p, or alternatively degraded by the phospholipase Pgc1p. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants crd1Δ and pgc1Δ both accumulate PG. Based on analyses of the phospholipid content of pgc1Δ and crd1Δ yeast, we revealed that in yeast mitochondria, two separate pools of PG are present, which differ in their fatty acid composition and accessibility for Pgc1p-catalyzed degradation. In contrast to CL-deficient crd1Δ yeast, the pgc1Δ mutant contains normal levels of CL. This makes the pgc1Δ strain a suitable model to study the effect of accumulation of PG per se. Using fluorescence microscopy, we show that accumulation of PG with normal levels of CL resulted in increased fragmentation of mitochondria, while in the absence of CL, accumulation of PG led to the formation of large mitochondrial sheets. We also show that pgc1Δ mitochondria exhibited increased respiration rates due to increased activity of cytochrome c oxidase. Taken together, our results indicate that not only a lack of anionic phospholipids, but also excess PG, or unbalanced ratios of anionic phospholipids in mitochondrial membranes, have harmful consequences on mitochondrial morphology and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pokorná
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia
| | - Petra Čermáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matthew G Baile
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Griač
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia
| | - Jan Malínský
- Microscopy Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Balážová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Park Y, Han GS, Mileykovskaya E, Garrett TA, Carman GM. Altered Lipid Synthesis by Lack of Yeast Pah1 Phosphatidate Phosphatase Reduces Chronological Life Span. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25382-94. [PMID: 26338708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.680314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pah1 phosphatidate phosphatase, which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate to yield diacylglycerol, plays a crucial role in the synthesis of the storage lipid triacylglycerol. This evolutionarily conserved enzyme also plays a negative regulatory role in controlling de novo membrane phospholipid synthesis through its consumption of phosphatidate. We found that the pah1Δ mutant was defective in the utilization of non-fermentable carbon sources but not in oxidative phosphorylation; the mutant did not exhibit major changes in oxygen consumption rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, F1F0-ATP synthase activity, or gross mitochondrial morphology. The pah1Δ mutant contained an almost normal complement of major mitochondrial phospholipids with some alterations in molecular species. Although oxidative phosphorylation was not compromised in the pah1Δ mutant, the cellular levels of ATP in quiescent cells were reduced by 2-fold, inversely correlating with a 4-fold increase in membrane phospholipids. In addition, the quiescent pah1Δ mutant cells had 3-fold higher levels of mitochondrial superoxide and cellular lipid hydroperoxides, had reduced activities of superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase, and were hypersensitive to hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, the pah1Δ mutant had a shortened chronological life span. In addition, the loss of Tsa1 thioredoxin peroxidase caused a synthetic growth defect with the pah1Δ mutation. The shortened chronological life span of the pah1Δ mutant along with its growth defect on non-fermentable carbon sources and hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide was suppressed by the loss of Dgk1 diacylglycerol kinase, indicating that the underpinning of pah1Δ mutant defects was the excess synthesis of membrane phospholipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhee Park
- From the Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- From the Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Eugenia Mileykovskaya
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Teresa A Garrett
- the Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12604
| | - George M Carman
- From the Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Luévano-Martínez LA, Forni MF, dos Santos VT, Souza-Pinto NC, Kowaltowski AJ. Cardiolipin is a key determinant for mtDNA stability and segregation during mitochondrial stress. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1847:587-98. [PMID: 25843549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in adaptation during stressing situations. Cardiolipin, the main anionic phospholipid in mitochondrial membranes, is expected to be a determinant in this adaptive mechanism since it modulates the activity of most membrane proteins. Here, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae subjected to conditions that affect mitochondrial metabolism as a model to determine the possible role of cardiolipin in stress adaptation. Interestingly, we found that thermal stress promotes a 30% increase in the cardiolipin content and modifies the physical state of mitochondrial membranes. These changes have effects on mtDNA stability, adapting cells to thermal stress. Conversely, this effect is cardiolipin-dependent since a cardiolipin synthase-null mutant strain is unable to adapt to thermal stress as observed by a 60% increase of cells lacking mtDNA (ρ0). Interestingly, we found that the loss of cardiolipin specifically affects the segregation of mtDNA to daughter cells, leading to a respiratory deficient phenotype after replication. We also provide evidence that mtDNA physically interacts with cardiolipin both in S. cerevisiae and in mammalian mitochondria. Overall, our results demonstrate that the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin is a key determinant in the maintenance of mtDNA stability and segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Luévano-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fernanda Forni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Valquiria Tiago dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Nadja C Souza-Pinto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang J, Xu D, Nie J, Han R, Zhai Y, Shi Y. Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) promotes autophagy as a putative lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33044-53. [PMID: 25315780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CGI-58 is a lipid droplet-associated protein that, when mutated, causes Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome in humans, which is characterized by excessive storage of triglyceride in various tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the defect remain elusive. CGI-58 was previously reported to catalyze the resynthesis of phosphatidic acid as a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. In addition to triglyceride, phosphatidic acid is also used a substrate for the synthesis of various mitochondrial phospholipids. In this report, we investigated the propensity of CGI-58 in the remodeling of various phospholipids. We found that the recombinant CGI-58 overexpressed in mammalian cells or purified from Sf9 insect cells catalyzed efficiently the reacylation of lysophosphatidylglycerol to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which requires acyl-CoA as the acyl donor. In contrast, the recombinant CGI-58 was devoid of acyltransferase activity toward other lysophospholipids. Accordingly, overexpression and knockdown of CGI-58 adversely affected the endogenous PG level in C2C12 cells. PG is a substrate for the synthesis of cardiolipin, which is required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mitophagy. Consequently, overexpression and knockdown of CGI-58 adversely affected autophagy and mitophagy in C2C12 cells. In support for a key role of CGI-58 in mitophagy, overexpression of CGI-58 significantly stimulated mitochondrial fission and translocation of PINK1 to mitochondria, key steps involved in mitophagy. Furthermore, overexpression of CGI-58 promoted mitophagic initiation through activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and inhibition of mTORC1 mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling, the positive and negative regulators of autophagy, respectively. Together, these findings identified novel molecular mechanisms by which CGI-58 regulates lipid homeostasis, because defective autophagy is implicated in dyslipidemia and fatty liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 From the Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China and
| | - Dan Xu
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Jia Nie
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Ruili Han
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China and
| | - Yuguang Shi
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Since it has been recognized that mitochondria are crucial not only for energy metabolism but also for other cellular functions, there has been a growing interest in cardiolipin, the specific phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes. Indeed, cardiolipin is a universal component of mitochondria in all eukaryotes. It has a unique dimeric structure comprised of two phosphatidic acid residues linked by a glycerol bridge, which gives rise to unique physicochemical properties. Cardiolipin plays an important role in the structural organization and the function of mitochondrial membranes. In this article, we review the literature on cardiolipin biology, focusing on the most important discoveries of the past decade. Specifically, we describe the formation, the migration, and the degradation of cardiolipin and we discuss how cardiolipin affects mitochondrial function. We also give an overview of the various phenotypes of cardiolipin deficiency in different organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Colin K L Phoon
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schenkel LC, Bakovic M. Formation and regulation of mitochondrial membranes. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:709828. [PMID: 24578708 DOI: 10.1155/2014/709828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane phospholipids are essential for the mitochondrial architecture, the activity of respiratory proteins, and the transport of proteins into the mitochondria. The accumulation of phospholipids within mitochondria depends on a coordinate synthesis, degradation, and trafficking of phospholipids between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria as well as intramitochondrial lipid trafficking. Several studies highlight the contribution of dietary fatty acids to the remodeling of phospholipids and mitochondrial membrane homeostasis. Understanding the role of phospholipids in the mitochondrial membrane and their metabolism will shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function and in the mitochondrial-related diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a key phospholipid most specifically found in the membrane of mitochondria in yeasts, plants, and animals. Cardiolipins are essential for the maintenance, the integrity, and the dynamics of mitochondria. In most eukaryotes mitochondria play a central role in the response and adaptation to stress conditions especially through their importance in the control of programmed cell death. To assess the impact of the absence of cardiolipin, knock-down of the expression of cardiolipin synthase, the last enzyme of cardiolipin synthesis pathway in eukaryotes has been performed in yeasts, animals, and plants. These studies showed that cardiolipin is not only important for mitochondrial ultrastructure and for the stability of respiratory complexes, but it is also a key player in the response to stress, the formation of reactive oxygen species, and the execution of programmed cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosine de Paepe
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Saclay Plant Science; Université de Paris-Sud XI; CNRS; UMR 8618; Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 8226; LBMCE; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique; Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; UMR 8226; LBMCE; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique; Paris, France
| | - Antoine Danon
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 8226; LBMCE; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique; Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; UMR 8226; LBMCE; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique; Paris, France
- Correspondence to: Antoine Danon,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luévano-Martínez LA, Appolinario P, Miyamoto S, Uribe-Carvajal S, Kowaltowski AJ. Deletion of the transcriptional regulator opi1p decreases cardiolipin content and disrupts mitochondrial metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 60:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
33
|
Thomas E, Roman E, Claypool S, Manzoor N, Pla J, Panwar SL. Mitochondria influence CDR1 efflux pump activity, Hog1-mediated oxidative stress pathway, iron homeostasis, and ergosterol levels in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:5580-99. [PMID: 23979757 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00889-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in Candida albicans is known to be associated with drug susceptibility, cell wall integrity, phospholipid homeostasis, and virulence. In this study, we deleted CaFZO1, a key component required during biogenesis of functional mitochondria. Cells with FZO1 deleted displayed fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial genome loss, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and were rendered sensitive to azoles and peroxide. In order to understand the cellular response to dysfunctional mitochondria, genome-wide expression profiling of fzo1Δ/Δ cells was performed. Our results show that the increased susceptibility to azoles was likely due to reduced efflux activity of CDR efflux pumps, caused by the missorting of Cdr1p into the vacuole. In addition, fzo1Δ/Δ cells showed upregulation of genes involved in iron assimilation, in iron-sufficient conditions, characteristic of iron-starved cells. One of the consequent effects was downregulation of genes of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway with a commensurate decrease in cellular ergosterol levels. We therefore connect deregulated iron metabolism to ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in response to dysfunctional mitochondria. Impaired activation of the Hog1 pathway in the mutant was the basis for increased susceptibility to peroxide and increase in reactive oxygen species, indicating the importance of functional mitochondria in controlling Hog1-mediated oxidative stress response. Mitochondrial phospholipid levels were also altered as indicated by an increase in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine and decrease in phosphatidylcholine in fzo1Δ/Δ cells. Collectively, these findings reinforce the connection between functional mitochondria and azole tolerance, oxidant-mediated stress, and iron homeostasis in C. albicans.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The yeast mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) protein Mdm10 is involved in at least three different processes: (1) association of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial lipid homeostasis (2) membrane assembly of MOM proteins, and (3) inheritance and morphogenesis of mitochondria. To decipher the precise role of Mdm10 in mitochondrial function, we screened for high-copy suppressors of the severe growth defect of the mdm10Δ mutant. We identified two novel mitochondrial proteins (open reading frames YOR228c and YLR253w) that we named Mdm10 complementing protein (Mcp) 1 and Mcp2. Overexpression of Mcp1 or Mcp2 restores the alterations in morphology and stability of respiratory chain complexes of mitochondria devoid of Mdm10, but the observed defect in assembly of MOM proteins is not rescued. Lipid analysis demonstrates that elevated levels of Mcp1 and Mcp2 restore the alterations in mitochondrial phospholipid and ergosterol homeostasis in cells lacking Mdm10. Collectively, this work identifies two novel proteins that play a role in mitochondrial lipid homeostasis and describes a role of Mdm10 in ergosterol trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tan
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Our understanding of the clinically relevant tafazzin-mediated cardiolipin (CL) remodeling pathway is incomplete. In this study, a new trafficking step required for CL remodeling has been identified. Further, it is demonstrated that flux through this CL remodeling pathway is controlled by the strength of the mitochondrial electrochemical gradient. The mitochondrial-specific lipid cardiolipin (CL) is required for numerous processes therein. After its synthesis on the matrix-facing leaflet of the inner membrane (IM), CL undergoes acyl chain remodeling to achieve its final form. In yeast, this process is completed by the transacylase tafazzin, which associates with intermembrane space (IMS)-facing membrane leaflets. Mutations in TAZ1 result in the X-linked cardiomyopathy Barth syndrome. Amazingly, despite this clear pathophysiological association, the physiological importance of CL remodeling is unresolved. In this paper, we show that the lipase initiating CL remodeling, Cld1p, is associated with the matrix-facing leaflet of the mitochondrial IM. Thus monolysocardiolipin generated by Cld1p must be transported to IMS-facing membrane leaflets to gain access to tafazzin, identifying a previously unknown step required for CL remodeling. Additionally, we show that Cld1p is the major site of regulation in CL remodeling; and that, like CL biosynthesis, CL remodeling is augmented in growth conditions requiring mitochondrially produced energy. However, unlike CL biosynthesis, dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential stimulates CL remodeling, identifying a novel feedback mechanism linking CL remodeling to oxidative phosphorylation capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Baile
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shi Y. Emerging roles of cardiolipin remodeling in mitochondrial dysfunction associated with diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. J Biomed Res 2013; 24:6-15. [PMID: 23554606 PMCID: PMC3596530 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(10)60003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid exclusively localized in inner mitochondrial membrane where it is required for oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. The biological functions of CL are thought to depend on its acyl chain composition which is dominated by linoleic acids in metabolically active tissues. This unique feature is not derived from the de novo biosynthesis of CL, rather from a remodeling process that involves in phospholipases and transacylase/acyltransferase. The remodeling process is also believed to be responsible for generation of CL species that causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. CL is highly sensitive to oxidative damages by reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to its high content in polyunsaturated fatty acids and location near the site of ROS production. Consequently, pathological remodeling of CL has been implicated in the etiology of mitochondrial dysfunction commonly associated with diabetes, obesity, heart failure, neurodegeneration, and aging that are characterized by oxidative stress, CL deficiency, and abnormal CL species. This review summarizes recent progresses in molecular, enzymatic, lipidomic, and metabolic studies that support a critical regulatory role of pathological CL remodeling as a missing link between oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic diseases and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Shi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen M, Thelen JJ. ACYL-LIPID DESATURASE2 is required for chilling and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2013; 25:1430-44. [PMID: 23585650 PMCID: PMC3663278 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturation of membrane lipids is a strategy for plants to survive chilling or freezing temperature. To further characterize enzymes involved in this stress response pathway, ACYL-LIPID DESATURASE2 (ADS2; Enzyme Commission 1.14.99) was studied using genetic, cell, and biochemical approaches. ads2 mutant plants appear similar to the wild type under standard growth conditions but display a dwarf and sterile phenotype when grown at 6°C and also show increased sensitivity to freezing temperature. Fatty acid composition analysis demonstrated that ads2 mutant plants at 6°C have reduced levels of 16:1, 16:2, 16:3, and 18:3 and higher levels of 16:0 and 18:0 fatty acids compared with the wild type. Lipid profiling revealed that 34C species of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) content in ads2 mutants were lower and phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine were higher than the wild type. Subcellular localization of C- and N-terminal enhanced fluorescence fusion proteins indicated that ADS2 localized primarily to the endoplasmic reticulum, although signal was also confirmed in Golgi and plastids. A double mutation with a putative plastid ADS3 paralog exacerbates the growth defects of ads2 mutant plants under low temperature. These observations suggest that ADS2 encodes a 16:0 desaturase of MGDG and PG. We hypothesize that a low temperature-induced shift from the plastid to endoplasmic reticulum pathway for membrane lipid biosynthesis is required for the cold stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana, and ADS2 is essential to adjust the acyl composition of organelle membrane lipid composition in response to cold stress.
Collapse
|
38
|
Sarzi E, Angebault C, Seveno M, Gueguen N, Chaix B, Bielicki G, Boddaert N, Mausset-Bonnefont AL, Cazevieille C, Rigau V, Renou JP, Wang J, Delettre C, Brabet P, Puel JL, Hamel CP, Reynier P, Lenaers G. The human OPA1delTTAG mutation induces premature age-related systemic neurodegeneration in mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 135:3599-613. [PMID: 23250881 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Dominant optic atrophy is a rare inherited optic nerve degeneration caused by mutations in the mitochondrial fusion gene OPA1. Recently, the clinical spectrum of dominant optic atrophy has been extended to frequent syndromic forms, exhibiting various degrees of neurological and muscle impairments frequently found in mitochondrial diseases. Although characterized by a specific loss of retinal ganglion cells, the pathophysiology of dominant optic atrophy is still poorly understood. We generated an Opa1 mouse model carrying the recurrent Opa1(delTTAG) mutation, which is found in 30% of all patients with dominant optic atrophy. We show that this mouse displays a multi-systemic poly-degenerative phenotype, with a presentation associating signs of visual failure, deafness, encephalomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia and cardiomyopathy. Moreover, we found premature age-related axonal and myelin degenerations, increased autophagy and mitophagy and mitochondrial supercomplex instability preceding degeneration and cell death. Thus, these results support the concept that Opa1 protects against neuronal degeneration and opens new perspectives for the exploration and the treatment of mitochondrial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Sarzi
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, Université Montpellier I et II CHU St Eloi, 80, rue Auguste Fliche, 34091 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is the signature phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes, where it is synthesized locally and plays a critical role in mitochondrial bioenergetic functions. The importance of CL in human health is underscored by the observation that perturbation of CL biosynthesis causes the severe genetic disorder Barth syndrome. To fully understand the cellular response to the loss of CL, we carried out genome-wide expression profiling of the yeast CL mutant crd1Δ. Our results show that the loss of CL in this mutant leads to increased expression of iron uptake genes accompanied by elevated levels of mitochondrial iron and increased sensitivity to iron and hydrogen peroxide. Previous studies have shown that increased mitochondrial iron levels result from perturbations in iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biogenesis. Consistent with an Fe-S defect, deletion of ISU1, one of two ISU genes that encode the mitochondrial Fe-S scaffolding protein essential for the synthesis of Fe-S clusters, led to synthetic growth defects with the crd1Δ mutant. We further show that crd1Δ cells have reduced activities of mitochondrial Fe-S enzymes (aconitase, succinate dehydrogenase, and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase), as well as cytosolic Fe-S enzymes (sulfite reductase and isopropylmalate isomerase). Increased expression of ATM1 or YAP1 did not rescue the Fe-S defects in crd1Δ. These findings show for the first time that CL is required for Fe-S biogenesis to maintain mitochondrial and cellular iron homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay A Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Redón M, Borrull A, López M, Salvadó Z, Cordero R, Mas A, Guillamón JM, Rozès N. Effect of low temperature upon vitality of Saccharomyces cerevisiae phospholipid mutants: Low temperature effect on S. cerevisiae phospholipid mutant vitality. Yeast 2012; 29:443-52. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
41
|
Böttinger L, Horvath SE, Kleinschroth T, Hunte C, Daum G, Pfanner N, Becker T. Phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin differentially affect the stability of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes. J Mol Biol 2012; 423:677-86. [PMID: 22971339 PMCID: PMC3480645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial inner membrane contains two non-bilayer‐forming phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin (CL). Lack of CL leads to destabilization of respiratory chain supercomplexes, a reduced activity of cytochrome c oxidase, and a reduced inner membrane potential Δψ. Although PE is more abundant than CL in the mitochondrial inner membrane, its role in biogenesis and assembly of inner membrane complexes is unknown. We report that similar to the lack of CL, PE depletion resulted in a decrease of Δψ and thus in an impaired import of preproteins into and across the inner membrane. The respiratory capacity and in particular the activity of cytochrome c oxidase were impaired in PE-depleted mitochondria, leading to the decrease of Δψ. In contrast to depletion of CL, depletion of PE did not destabilize respiratory chain supercomplexes but favored the formation of larger supercomplexes (megacomplexes) between the cytochrome bc1 complex and the cytochrome c oxidase. We conclude that both PE and CL are required for a full activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the efficient generation of the inner membrane potential. The mechanisms, however, are different since these non-bilayer‐forming phospholipids exert opposite effects on the stability of respiratory chain supercomplexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Böttinger
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Schwall CT, Greenwood VL, Alder NN. The stability and activity of respiratory Complex II is cardiolipin-dependent. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2012; 1817:1588-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
43
|
Anand R, Langer T, Baker MJ. Proteolytic control of mitochondrial function and morphogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 1833:195-204. [PMID: 22749882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial proteostasis depends on a hierarchical system of tightly controlled quality surveillance mechanisms. Proteases within mitochondria take center stage in this network. They eliminate misfolded and damaged proteins and ensure the biogenesis and morphogenesis of mitochondria by processing or degrading short-lived regulatory proteins. Mitochondrial gene expression, the mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and the fusion of mitochondrial membranes are under proteolytic control. Furthermore, in response to stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, proteolysis inhibits fusion and facilitates mitophagy and apoptosis. Defining these versatile activities of mitochondrial proteases will be pivotal for understanding the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders associated with defective mitochondria-associated proteolysis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial dynamics and physiology.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Due to its genetic tractability and increasing wealth of accessible data, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model system of choice for the study of the genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology of eukaryotic lipid metabolism. Glycerolipids (e.g., phospholipids and triacylglycerol) and their precursors are synthesized and metabolized by enzymes associated with the cytosol and membranous organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. Genetic and biochemical analyses have revealed that glycerolipids play important roles in cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and anchoring of membrane proteins in addition to membrane structure. The expression of glycerolipid enzymes is controlled by a variety of conditions including growth stage and nutrient availability. Much of this regulation occurs at the transcriptional level and involves the Ino2–Ino4 activation complex and the Opi1 repressor, which interacts with Ino2 to attenuate transcriptional activation of UASINO-containing glycerolipid biosynthetic genes. Cellular levels of phosphatidic acid, precursor to all membrane phospholipids and the storage lipid triacylglycerol, regulates transcription of UASINO-containing genes by tethering Opi1 to the nuclear/endoplasmic reticulum membrane and controlling its translocation into the nucleus, a mechanism largely controlled by inositol availability. The transcriptional activator Zap1 controls the expression of some phospholipid synthesis genes in response to zinc availability. Regulatory mechanisms also include control of catalytic activity of glycerolipid enzymes by water-soluble precursors, products and lipids, and covalent modification of phosphorylation, while in vivo function of some enzymes is governed by their subcellular location. Genome-wide genetic analysis indicates coordinate regulation between glycerolipid metabolism and a broad spectrum of metabolic pathways.
Collapse
|
45
|
Palovicova V, Bardelcikova A, Obernauerova M. Absence of anionic phospholipids in Kluyveromyces lactis cells is fatal without F1-catalysed ATP hydrolysis. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:694-702. [PMID: 22582877 DOI: 10.1139/w2012-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have shown in previous research that the loss of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin caused by disruption of the PGS1 gene is lethal for the petite-negative yeast Kluyveromyces lactis . This present study demonstrates the role and mechanism of atp2.1 in the suppression of pgs1 lethality in K. lactis cells. Phenotypic characterization has shown that a strain lacking the phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase (atp2.1pgs1Δ) possessed a markedly impaired respiratory chain, very low endogenous respiration, and uncoupled mitochondria. As a result the mutant strain was unable to generate a sufficient mitochondrial membrane potential via respiration. The atp2.1 suppressor mutation enabled an increase in the affinity of F(1)-ATPase for ATP in the hydrolytic reaction, resulting in the maintenance of sufficient membrane potential for the biogenesis of mitochondria and survival of cells lacking anionic phospholipid biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Palovicova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B-2, Bratislava 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Joshi AS, Thompson MN, Fei N, Hüttemann M, Greenberg ML. Cardiolipin and mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine have overlapping functions in mitochondrial fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17589-17597. [PMID: 22433850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.330167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The two non-bilayer forming mitochondrial phospholipids cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) play crucial roles in maintaining mitochondrial morphology. We have shown previously that CL and PE have overlapping functions, and the loss of both is synthetically lethal. Because the lack of CL does not lead to defects in the mitochondrial network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we hypothesized that PE may compensate for CL in the maintenance of mitochondrial tubular morphology and fusion. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a conditional mutant crd1Δpsd1Δ containing null alleles of CRD1 (CL synthase) and PSD1 (mitochondrial phosphatidylserine decarboxylase), in which the wild type CRD1 gene is expressed on a plasmid under control of the TET(OFF) promoter. In the presence of tetracycline, the mutant exhibited highly fragmented mitochondria, loss of mitochondrial DNA, and reduced membrane potential, characteristic of fusion mutants. Deletion of DNM1, required for mitochondrial fission, restored the tubular mitochondrial morphology. Loss of CL and mitochondrial PE led to reduced levels of small and large isoforms of the fusion protein Mgm1p, possibly accounting for the fusion defect. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time in vivo that CL and mitochondrial PE are required to maintain tubular mitochondrial morphology and have overlapping functions in mitochondrial fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
| | - Morgan N Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
| | - Naomi Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sakamoto T, Inoue T, Otomo Y, Yokomori N, Ohno M, Arai H, Nakagawa Y. Deficiency of cardiolipin synthase causes abnormal mitochondrial function and morphology in germ cells of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4590-601. [PMID: 22174409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.314823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a major membrane phospholipid specifically localized in mitochondria. At the cellular level, CL has been shown to have a role in mitochondrial energy production, mitochondrial membrane dynamics, and the triggering of apoptosis. However, the in vivo role of CL in multicellular organisms is largely unknown. In this study, by analyzing deletion mutants of a CL synthase gene (crls-1) in Caenorhabditis elegans, we demonstrated that CL depletion selectively caused abnormal mitochondrial function and morphology in germ cells but not in somatic cell types such as muscle cells. crls-1 mutants reached adulthood but were sterile with reduced germ cell proliferation and impaired oogenesis. In the gonad of crls-1 mutants, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased, and the structure of the mitochondrial cristae was disrupted. Contrary to the abnormalities in the gonad, somatic tissues in crls-1 mutants appeared normal with respect to cell proliferation, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial morphology. Increased susceptibility to CL depletion in germ cells was also observed in mutants of phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, an enzyme responsible for producing phosphatidylglycerol, a precursor phospholipid of CL. We propose that the contribution of CL to mitochondrial function and morphology is different among the cell types in C. elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Sakamoto
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hall BM, Owens KM, Singh KK. Distinct functions of evolutionary conserved MSF1 and late embryogenesis abundant (LEA)-like domains in mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39141-52. [PMID: 21930701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.259853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PRELID1, the only late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) domain-containing protein in humans, exerts cytoprotective effects through its LEA domain within the mitochondria. Although PRELID1 homologs in vertebrates contain the LEA domain, homologs in lower eukaryotes are thought to lack this domain. In this study, we identify a novel LEA-like domain in a yeast PRELID1 homolog, Ups2p, which contains sequence conservation with the LEA domain of human PRELID1. PRELID1 homologs, including Ups2p, are known to contain the PRELI/MSF1 domain. Our study reveals that the MSF1 domain of Ups2p maintains proper mitochondrial electron transport chain function, respiratory competency, and mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism. The Ups2p MSF1 domain mediates cardiolipin depletion in the absence of Ups1p. However, the Ups2p LEA-like domain is responsible for cardiolipin depletion resulting from UPS2 overexpression. The regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine levels by the MSF1 domain is antagonized by the Ups2p LEA-like domain. We demonstrate that the yeast LEA-like domain protects cells from oxidative stress and can be functionally replaced by the human LEA domain. Together our studies suggest distinct roles of MSF1 and LEA-like domains in mitochondrial function and resistance to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Hall
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hickey AJR, Renshaw GMC, Speers-roesch B, Richards JG, Wang Y, Farrell AP, Brauner CJ. A radical approach to beating hypoxia: depressed free radical release from heart fibres of the hypoxia-tolerant epaulette shark (Hemiscyllum ocellatum). J Comp Physiol B 2012; 182:91-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
50
|
Zhang X, Tamot B, Hiser C, Reid GE, Benning C, Ferguson-Miller S. Cardiolipin deficiency in Rhodobacter sphaeroides alters the lipid profile of membranes and of crystallized cytochrome oxidase, but structure and function are maintained. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3879-90. [PMID: 21476578 DOI: 10.1021/bi101702c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many recent studies highlight the importance of lipids in membrane proteins, including in the formation of well-ordered crystals. To examine the effect of changes in one lipid, cardiolipin, on the lipid profile and the production, function, and crystallization of an intrinsic membrane protein, cytochrome c oxidase, we mutated the cardiolipin synthase (cls) gene of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, causing a >90% reduction in cardiolipin content in vivo and selective changes in the abundances of other lipids. Under these conditions, a fully native cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) was produced, as indicated by its activity, spectral properties, and crystal characteristics. Analysis by MALDI tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) revealed that the cardiolipin level in CcO crystals, as in the membranes, was greatly decreased. Lipid species present in the crystals were directly analyzed for the first time using MS/MS, documenting their identities and fatty acid chain composition. The fatty acid content of cardiolipin in R. sphaeroides CcO (predominantly 18:1) differs from that in mammalian CcO (18:2). In contrast to the cardiolipin dependence of mammalian CcO activity, major depletion of cardiolipin in R. sphaeroides did not impact any aspect of CcO structure or behavior, suggesting a greater tolerance of interchange of cardiolipin with other lipids in this bacterial system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|