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Prunotto P, Marie P, Lebouvier L, Hommet Y, Vivien D, Ali C. The Janus face of endogenous neuronal tPA: promoting self-protection and worsening the death of neighboring neurons. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:261. [PMID: 38609369 PMCID: PMC11014960 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA/Actilyse) stands as the prevailing pharmacological solution for treating ischemic stroke patients, of whom because their endogenous circulating tPA alone is not sufficient to rescue reperfusion and to promote favorable outcome. Beyond the tPA contributed by circulating endothelial cells and hepatocytes, neurons also express tPA, sparking debates regarding its impact on neuronal fate ranging from pro-survival to neurotoxic properties. In order to investigate the role of neuronal tPA during brain injuries, we developed models leading to its conditional deletion in neurons, employing AAV9-pPlat-GFP and AAV9-pPlat-Cre-GFP along with tPA floxed mice. These models were subjected to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity or thromboembolic ischemic stroke in mice. Initially, we established that our AAV9 constructs selectively transduce neurons, bypassing other brain cell types. Subsequently, we demonstrated that tPA-expressing neurons exhibit greater resistance against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity compared to tPA negative neurons. The targeted removal of tPA in neurons heightened the susceptibility of these neurons to cell death and prevented a paracrine neurotoxic effect on tPA non-expressing neurons. Under ischemic conditions, the self-neuroprotective influence of tPA encompassed both excitatory (GFP+/Tbr1+) and inhibitory (GFP+/GABA+) neurons. Our data indicate that endogenous neuronal tPA is a protective or deleterious factor against neuronal death in an excitotoxic/ischemic context, depending on whether it acts as an autocrine or a paracrine mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Prunotto
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Pauline Marie
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Laurent Lebouvier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Yannick Hommet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
- Department of clinical research, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France.
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2
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Yepes M. Fibrinolytic and Non-fibrinolytic Roles of Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator in the Ischemic Brain. Neuroscience 2024; 542:69-80. [PMID: 37574107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is assembled by endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes, and encased by a basement membrane (BM) surveilled by microglia and surrounded by perivascular astrocytes (PVA), which in turn are in contact with synapses. Cerebral ischemia induces the rapid release of the serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from endothelial cells, perivascular astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Owning to its ability to catalyze the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, in the intravascular space tPA functions as a fibrinolytic enzyme. In contrast, the release of astrocytic, microglial and neuronal tPA have a plethora of effects that not always require the generation of plasmin. In the ischemic brain tPA increases the permeability of the NVU, induces microglial activation, participates in the recycling of glutamate, and has various effects on neuronal survival. These effects are mediated by different receptors, notably subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). Here we review data on the role of tPA in the NVU under non-ischemic and ischemic conditions, and analyze how this knowledge may lead to the development of potential strategies for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Mantuano E, Zampieri C, Azmoon P, Gunner CB, Heye KR, Gonias SL. An LRP1-binding motif in cellular prion protein replicates cell-signaling activities of the full-length protein. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170121. [PMID: 37368488 PMCID: PMC10445690 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) functions as a receptor for nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC), which is released from cells by ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain) proteases or in extracellular vesicles. This interaction activates cell signaling and attenuates inflammatory responses. We screened 14-mer PrPC-derived peptides and identified a putative LRP1 recognition motif in the PrPC sequence spanning residues 98-111. A synthetic peptide (P3) corresponding to this region replicated the cell-signaling and biological activities of full-length shed PrPC. P3 blocked LPS-elicited cytokine expression in macrophages and microglia and rescued the heightened sensitivity to LPS in mice in which the PrPC gene (Prnp) had been deleted. P3 activated ERK1/2 and induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. The response to P3 required LRP1 and the NMDA receptor and was blocked by the PrPC-specific antibody, POM2. P3 has Lys residues, which are typically necessary for LRP1 binding. Converting Lys100 and Lys103 into Ala eliminated the activity of P3, suggesting that these residues are essential in the LRP1-binding motif. A P3 derivative in which Lys105 and Lys109 were converted into Ala retained activity. We conclude that the biological activities of shed PrPC, attributed to interaction with LRP1, are retained in synthetic peptides, which may be templates for therapeutics development.
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4
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pour PM, Mahnam K, Taherzadeh M, Ahangarzadeh S, Alibakhshi A, Mohammadi E. The effect of mutation on neurotoxicity reduction of new chimeric reteplase, a computational study. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:404-412. [PMID: 37614611 PMCID: PMC10443662 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.378087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Excitotoxicity in nerve cells is a type of neurotoxicity in which excessive stimulation of receptors (such as N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDAR)) leads to the influx of high-level calcium ions into cells and finally cell damage or death. This complication can occur after taking some of the plasminogen activators like tissue plasminogen activator and reteplase. The interaction of the kringle2 domain in such plasminogen activator with the amino-terminal domain (ATD) of the NR1 subunit of NMDAR finally leads to excitotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the interaction of two new chimeric reteplase, mutated in the kringle2 domain, with ATD and compared the interaction of wild-type reteplase with ATD, computationally. Experimental approach Homology modeling, protein docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and molecular dynamics trajectory analysis were used for the assessment of this interaction. Findings/Results The results of the free energy analysis between reteplase and ATD (wild reteplase: -2127.516 ± 0.0, M1-chr: -1761.510 ± 0.0, M2-chr: -521.908 ± 0.0) showed lower interaction of this chimeric reteplase with ATD compared to the wild type. Conclusion and implications The decreased interaction between two chimeric reteplase and ATD of NR1 subunit in NMDAR which leads to lower neurotoxicity related to these drugs, can be the start of a way to conduct more tests and if the results confirm this feature, they can be considered potential drugs in acute ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Mohammadi pour
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karim Mahnam
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahsa Taherzadeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0C7, QC, Canada
| | - Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Alibakhshi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elmira Mohammadi
- Core Research Facilities, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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5
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The LRP1/CD91 ligands, tissue-type plasminogen activator, α 2-macroglobulin, and soluble cellular prion protein have distinct co-receptor requirements for activation of cell-signaling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17594. [PMID: 36266319 PMCID: PMC9585055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
LDL Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP1/CD91) binds diverse ligands, many of which activate cell-signaling. Herein, we compared three LRP1 ligands that inhibit inflammatory responses triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), including: enzymatically-inactive tissue-type plasminogen activator (EI-tPA); activated α2-macroglobulin (α2M); and S-PrP, a soluble derivative of nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC). In bone marrow-derived macrophages, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor was essential for all three LRP1 ligands to activate cell-signaling and inhibit LPS-induced cytokine expression. Intact lipid rafts also were essential. Only α2M absolutely required LRP1. LRP1 decreased the EI-tPA concentration required to activate cell-signaling and antagonize LPS but was not essential, mimicking its role as a S-PrP co-receptor. Membrane-anchored PrPC also functioned as a co-receptor for EI-tPA and α2M, decreasing the ligand concentration required for cell-signaling and LPS antagonism; however, when the concentration of EI-tPA or α2M was sufficiently increased, cell-signaling and LPS antagonism occurred independently of PrPC. S-PrP is the only LRP1 ligand in this group that activated cell-signaling independently of membrane-anchored PrPC. EI-tPA, α2M, and S-PrP inhibited LPS-induced LRP1 shedding from macrophages, a process that converts LRP1 into a pro-inflammatory product. Differences in the co-receptors required for anti-inflammatory activity may explain why LRP1 ligands vary in ability to target macrophages in different differentiation states.
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Seillier C, Lesept F, Toutirais O, Potzeha F, Blanc M, Vivien D. Targeting NMDA Receptors at the Neurovascular Unit: Past and Future Treatments for Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810336. [PMID: 36142247 PMCID: PMC9499580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitatory neurotransmission of the central nervous system (CNS) mainly involves glutamate and its receptors, especially N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs). These receptors have been extensively described on neurons and, more recently, also on other cell types. Nowadays, the study of their differential expression and function is taking a growing place in preclinical and clinical research. The diversity of NMDAR subtypes and their signaling pathways give rise to pleiotropic functions such as brain development, neuronal plasticity, maturation along with excitotoxicity, blood-brain barrier integrity, and inflammation. NMDARs have thus emerged as key targets for the treatment of neurological disorders. By their large extracellular regions and complex intracellular structures, NMDARs are modulated by a variety of endogenous and pharmacological compounds. Here, we will present an overview of NMDAR functions on neurons and other important cell types involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative, neurovascular, mental, autoimmune, and neurodevelopmental diseases. We will then discuss past and future development of NMDAR targeting drugs, including innovative and promising new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Seillier
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Flavie Lesept
- Lys Therapeutics, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Olivier Toutirais
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility (HLA), Caen University Hospital, CHU, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Fanny Potzeha
- Lys Therapeutics, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Manuel Blanc
- Lys Therapeutics, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen University Hospital, CHU, 14000 Caen, France
- Correspondence:
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7
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Huo Y, Feng X, Niu M, Wang L, Xie Y, Wang L, Ha J, Cheng X, Gao Z, Sun Y. Therapeutic time windows of compounds against NMDA receptors signaling pathways for ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3204-3221. [PMID: 34676594 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence has proved that excitotoxicity induced by excessive release of glutamate contributes largely to damage caused by ischemia. In view of the key role played by NMDA receptors in mediating excitotoxicity, compounds against NMDA receptors signaling pathways have become the most promising type of anti-stroke candidate compounds. However, the limited therapeutic time window for neuroprotection is a key factor preventing NMDA receptor-related compounds from showing efficacy in all clinical trials for ischemic stroke. In this perspective, the determination of therapeutic time windows of these kinds of compounds is useful in ensuring a therapeutic effect and accelerating clinical application. This mini-review discussed the therapeutic time windows of compounds against NMDA receptors signaling pathways, described related influence factors and the status of clinical studies. The purpose of this review is to look for compounds with wide therapeutic time windows and better clinical application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiang Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Menghan Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Technological Innovation Center of Chiral Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yinghua Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Jing Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaokun Cheng
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
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8
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Gonias SL. Plasminogen activator receptor assemblies in cell signaling, innate immunity, and inflammation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C721-C734. [PMID: 34406905 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00269.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) are serine proteases and major activators of fibrinolysis in mammalian systems. Because fibrinolysis is an essential component of the response to tissue injury, diverse cells, including cells that participate in the response to injury, have evolved receptor systems to detect tPA and uPA and initiate appropriate cell-signaling responses. Formation of functional receptor systems for the plasminogen activators requires assembly of diverse plasma membrane proteins, including but not limited to: the urokinase receptor (uPAR); integrins; N-formyl peptide receptor-2 (FPR2), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1). The cell-signaling responses elicited by tPA and uPA impact diverse aspects of cell physiology. This review describes rapidly evolving knowledge regarding the structure and function of plasminogen activator receptor assemblies. How these receptor assemblies regulate innate immunity and inflammation is then considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California
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9
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Das L, Banki MA, Azmoon P, Pizzo D, Gonias SL. Enzymatically Inactive Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Reverses Disease Progression in the Dextran Sulfate Sodium Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:590-601. [PMID: 33465348 PMCID: PMC8101053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatically inactive tissue-type plasminogen activator (EI-tPA) does not activate fibrinolysis, but interacts with the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) in macrophages to block innate immune system responses mediated by toll-like receptors. Herein, we examined the ability of EI-tPA to treat colitis in mice, induced by dextran sulfate sodium. In two separate studies, designed to generate colitis of differing severity, a single dose of EI-tPA administered after inflammation established significantly improved disease parameters. EI-tPA-treated mice demonstrated improved weight gain. Stools improved in character and became hemoccult negative. Abdominal tenderness decreased. Colon shortening significantly decreased in EI-tPA-treated mice, suggesting attenuation of irreversible tissue damage and remodeling. Furthermore, histopathologic evidence of disease decreased in the distal 25% of the colon in EI-tPA-treated mice. EI-tPA did not decrease the number of CD45-positive leukocytes or F4/80-positive macrophage-like cells detected in extracts of colons from dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice as assessed by flow cytometry. However, multiple colon cell types expressed the NMDA-R, suggesting the ability of diverse cells, including CD3-positive cells, CD103-positive cells, Ly6G-positive cells, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive epithelial cells to respond to EI-tPA. Mesenchymal cells that line intestinal crypts and provide barrier function expressed LRP1, thereby representing another potential target for EI-tPA. These results demonstrate that the NMDA-R/LRP1 receptor system may be a target for drug development in diseases characterized by tissue damage and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipsa Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael A Banki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Donald Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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10
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Mantuano E, Azmoon P, Banki MA, Lam MS, Sigurdson CJ, Gonias SL. A soluble derivative of PrP C activates cell-signaling and regulates cell physiology through LRP1 and the NMDA receptor. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14178-14188. [PMID: 32788217 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a widely expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein. Scrapie prion protein is a misfolded and aggregated form of PrPC responsible for prion-induced neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the function of the nonpathogenic PrPC monomer is an important objective. PrPC may be shed from the cell surface to generate soluble derivatives. Herein, we studied a recombinant derivative of PrPC (soluble cellular prion protein, S-PrP) that corresponds closely in sequence to a soluble form of PrPC shed from the cell surface by proteases in the A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease (ADAM) family. S-PrP activated cell-signaling in PC12 and N2a cells. TrkA was transactivated by Src family kinases and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 was activated downstream of Trk receptors. These cell-signaling events were dependent on the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), which functioned as a cell-signaling receptor system in lipid rafts. Membrane-anchored PrPC and neural cell adhesion molecule were not required for S-PrP-initiated cell-signaling. S-PrP promoted PC12 cell neurite outgrowth. This response required the NMDA-R, LRP1, Src family kinases, and Trk receptors. In Schwann cells, S-PrP interacted with the LRP1/NMDA-R system to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and promote cell migration. The effects of S-PrP on PC12 cell neurite outgrowth and Schwann cell migration were similar to those caused by other proteins that engage the LRP1/NMDA-R system, including activated α2-macroglobulin and tissue-type plasminogen activator. Collectively, these results demonstrate that shed forms of PrPC may exhibit important biological activities in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system by serving as ligands for the LRP1/NMDA-R system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mantuano
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael A Banki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael S Lam
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christina J Sigurdson
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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11
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Wijerathne H, Witek MA, Baird AE, Soper SA. Liquid biopsy markers for stroke diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:771-788. [PMID: 32500751 PMCID: PMC8157911 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1777859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a short time window (4.5 h) for the effective treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), which uses recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Unfortunately, this short therapeutic timeframe is a contributing factor to the relatively small number of patients (~7%) that receive rt-PA. While neuroimaging is the major diagnostic for AIS, more timely decisions could be made using a molecular diagnostic. AREAS COVERED In this review, we survey neuroimaging techniques used to diagnose stroke and their limitations. We also highlight the potential of various molecular/cellular biomarkers, especially peripheral blood-based (i.e. liquid biopsy) biomarkers, for diagnosing stroke to allow for precision decisions on managing stroke in a timely manner. Both protein and nucleic acid molecular biomarkers are reviewed. In particular, mRNA markers are discussed for AIS and hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis sourced from both cells and extracellular vesicles. EXPERT OPINION While there are a plethora of molecular markers for stroke diagnosis that have been reported, they have yet to be FDA-cleared. Possible reasons include the inability for these markers to appear in sufficient quantities for highly sensitive clinical decisions within the rt-PA therapeutic time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshani Wijerathne
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Malgorzata A. Witek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Alison E. Baird
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Bio Engineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Biofluidica, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
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12
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Young D. The NMDA Receptor Antibody Paradox: A Possible Approach to Developing Immunotherapies Targeting the NMDA Receptor. Front Neurol 2020; 11:635. [PMID: 32719654 PMCID: PMC7347966 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) play a key role in brain development and function, including contributing to the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. Immunization against the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR and the production of GluN1 antibodies is associated with neuroprotective and seizure-protective effects in rodent models of stroke and epilepsy, respectively. Whilst these data suggest the potential for the development of GluN1 antibody therapy, paradoxically GluN1 autoantibodies in humans are associated with the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. This review discusses possible reasons for the differential effects of GluN1 antibodies on NMDAR physiology that could contribute to these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Young
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Bres EE, Safina D, Müller J, Bedner P, Yang H, Helluy X, Shchyglo O, Jansen S, Mark MD, Esser A, Steinhäuser C, Herlitze S, Pietrzik CU, Sirko S, Manahan-Vaughan D, Faissner A. Lipoprotein receptor loss in forebrain radial glia results in neurological deficits and severe seizures. Glia 2020; 68:2517-2549. [PMID: 32579270 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer disease-associated multifunctional low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 is expressed in the brain. Recent studies uncovered a role of this receptor for the appropriate functioning of neural stem cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. The constitutive knock-out (KO) of the receptor is embryonically lethal. To unravel the receptors' role in the developing brain we generated a mouse mutant by specifically targeting radial glia stem cells of the dorsal telencephalon. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 lineage-restricted KO female and male mice, in contrast to available models, developed a severe neurological phenotype with generalized seizures during early postnatal development. The mechanism leading to a buildup of hyperexcitability and emergence of seizures was traced to a failure in adequate astrocyte development and deteriorated postsynaptic density integrity. The detected impairments in the astrocytic lineage: precocious maturation, reactive gliosis, abolished tissue plasminogen activator uptake, and loss of functionality emphasize the importance of this glial cell type for synaptic signaling in the developing brain. Together, the obtained results highlight the relevance of astrocytic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 for glutamatergic signaling in the context of neuron-glia interactions and stage this receptor as a contributing factor for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa E Bres
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dina Safina
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Müller
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Honghong Yang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xavier Helluy
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Olena Shchyglo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Jansen
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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14
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Gonias SL, Zampieri C. Plasminogen Receptors in Human Malignancies: Effects on Prognosis and Feasibility as Targets for Drug Development. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:647-656. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666191122101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The major proteases that constitute the fibrinolysis system are tightly regulated. Protease inhibitors target plasmin, the protease responsible for fibrin degradation, and the proteases that convert plasminogen into plasmin, including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). A second mechanism by which fibrinolysis is regulated involves exosite interactions, which localize plasminogen and its activators to fibrin, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and cell surfaces. Once plasmin is generated in association with cell surfaces, it may cleave transmembrane proteins, activate growth factors, release growth factors from ECM proteins, remodel ECM, activate metalloproteases, and trigger cell-signaling by cleaving receptors in the Proteaseactivated Receptor (PAR) family. These processes are all implicated in cancer. It is thus not surprising that a family of structurally diverse but functionally similar cell-surface proteins, called Plasminogen Receptors (PlgRs), which increase the catalytic efficiency of plasminogen activation, have received attention for their possible function in cancer and as targets for anticancer drug development. In this review, we consider four previously described PlgRs, including: α-enolase, annexin-A2, Plg-RKT, and cytokeratin-8, in human cancer. To compare the PlgRs, we mined transcriptome profiling data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and searched for correlations between PlgR expression and patient survival. In glioma, the expression of specific PlgRs correlates with tumor grade. In a number of malignancies, including glioblastoma and liver cancer, increased expression of α-enolase or annexin-A2 is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Whether these correlations reflect the function of PlgRs as receptors for plasminogen or other activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Carlotta Zampieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, 00133, Italy
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15
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Dupré N, Arabo A, Orset C, Maucotel J, Detroussel Y, Hauchecorne M, Gonzalez BJ, Marret S, Vivien D, Leroux P. Neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in mice triggers age-dependent vascular effects and disabilities in adults; implication of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113087. [PMID: 31697944 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy frequently results from hypoxia-ischemia (HI) or inflammation in preterm or term neonates. Neuropathology depends on cerebral development at insult time, but the poor correlation of neuromotor, cognitive, and behavioral disabilities in infancy with initial imaging and clinical records precludes early prognosis. The Rice-Vannucci HI procedure was applied to wild type and tissue plasminogen activator knockout (tPA-KO) mice as surrogates for human preterm (with five-day-old postnatal (P5) mice) or human term (with ten-day-old postnatal (P10) mice). Acute and delayed T2-magnetic resonance imaging (T2-MRI) signals and cognitive deficits in adulthood (spatial memory and social interaction) were investigated in the same animals. Early vascular tPA and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activities, blood-brain barrier permeability to water or IgG, and microglial activation were assessed separately. HI in P5 or P10 mice induced early hemisphere swelling in T2-MRI scans, and a delayed atrophy of the cortex and hippocampus, but affected white matter in the P5 group only, irrespective of the wild type or tPA-KO genotype. Adults had no motor disabilities, but we did find HI-induced age-dependent deficits, preferentially social interaction and activity in P5 mice, and spatial learning in P10 mice. In P5 mice, tPA-KO prevented MMP-9 activation, IgG extravasation, microglial activation, and behavior impairments. In P10 mice, MMP-9 activation and inflammatory processes remained in the hippocampus of the tPA-KO group, and also contributed to persistent spatial learning deficits. Perinatal HI in mice mimicked the unpredictability of outcomes from imaging in human clinics. Delayed deficits appeared associated to vascular dysfunction-induced inflammation, which recalls our previous work showing major vascular maturation between P5 and P10 stages. Using omics to explore neural, glial, or brain vessel markers in neonate blood may be a promising perspective to identify pertinent prognostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dupré
- INSERM-UMR1245, Team 4, Epigenetics and Physiopathology of Neurodevelopmental Brain Lesions, Normandie Université, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Arnaud Arabo
- CURIB, Normandie Université, Place Emile Blondel, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S-U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GANIL, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Julie Maucotel
- CURIB, Normandie Université, Place Emile Blondel, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Yannick Detroussel
- CURIB, Normandie Université, Place Emile Blondel, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Michelle Hauchecorne
- INSERM-UMR1245, Team 4, Epigenetics and Physiopathology of Neurodevelopmental Brain Lesions, Normandie Université, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Bruno J Gonzalez
- INSERM-UMR1245, Team 4, Epigenetics and Physiopathology of Neurodevelopmental Brain Lesions, Normandie Université, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Stéphane Marret
- INSERM-UMR1245, Team 4, Epigenetics and Physiopathology of Neurodevelopmental Brain Lesions, Normandie Université, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France; Neonatal Pediatrics, Intensive Care Unit and Neuropediatrics, Rouen University hospital, 1 Rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen, France.
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S-U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GANIL, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France; Caen University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen, Cédex 9, France.
| | - Philippe Leroux
- INSERM-UMR1245, Team 4, Epigenetics and Physiopathology of Neurodevelopmental Brain Lesions, Normandie Université, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France.
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16
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Shmakova AA, Rubina KA, Rysenkova KD, Gruzdeva AM, Ivashkina OI, Anokhin KV, Tkachuk VA, Semina EV. Urokinase receptor and tissue plasminogen activator as immediate-early genes in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1559-1572. [PMID: 31587391 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epileptogenesis progressively leads to the rearrangement of normal neuronal networks into more excitable ones and can be viewed as a form of neuroplasticity, the molecular mechanisms of which still remain obscure. Here, we studied pentylenetetrazole seizure-induced regulation of genes for plasminogen activator system in the mouse brain. We found that expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase receptor (uPAR) mRNA was strongly increased in the mouse cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and amygdala as early as 3 hr after pentylenetetrazole seizures. Such early activity-induced expression of uPAR in the central nervous system has not been demonstrated before. uPAR mRNA accumulation was followed by elevation of uPAR protein, indicating a complete transcription-translation process. Both tPA gene induction and uPAR gene induction were independent of the protein synthesis, suggesting that they are regulated by neural activity as immediate-early genes. In contrast to tPA and uPAR genes, the expression of which returned to the basal level 6 hr following seizures, urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression showed a delayed activation only at 3 days after seizures. In conclusion, our results suggest an important sensitivity of the brain plasminogen activator system to seizure activity which raises the question of its role in activity-dependent neural tissue remodeling in pathological and normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shmakova
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya A Rubina
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Karina D Rysenkova
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna M Gruzdeva
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Neurobiology of Memory, P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Ivashkina
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Neurobiology of Memory, P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin V Anokhin
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Neurobiology of Memory, P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vsevolod A Tkachuk
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina V Semina
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
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17
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Zhu J, Wan Y, Xu H, Wu Y, Hu B, Jin H. The role of endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator in neuronal survival after ischemic stroke: friend or foe? Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1489-1506. [PMID: 30656378 PMCID: PMC11105644 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has highly efficient fibrinolytic activity and its recombinant variants alteplase and tenecteplase are established as highly effective thrombolytic drugs for ischemic stroke. Endogenous tPA is constituted of five functional domains through which it interacts with a variety of substrates, binding proteins and receptors, thus having enzymatic and cytokine-like effects to act on all cell types of the brain. In the past 2 decades, numerous studies have explored the clinical relevance of endogenous tPA in neurological diseases, especially in ischemic stroke. tPA is released from many cells within the brain parenchyma exposed to ischemia conditions in vitro and in vivo, which is believed to control neuronal fate. Some studies proved that tPA could induce blood-brain barrier disruption, neural excitotoxicity and inflammation, while others indicated that tPA also has anti-excitotoxic, neurotrophic and anti-apoptotic effects on neurons. Therefore, more work is needed to elucidate how tPA mediates such opposing functions that may amplify tPA from a therapeutic means into a key therapeutic target in endogenous neuroprotection after stroke. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics and pleiotropic functions of tPA in the brain. Then we focus on possible hypotheses about why and how endogenous tPA mediates ischemic neuronal death and survival. Finally, we analyze how endogenous tPA affects neuron fate in ischemic stroke in a comprehensive view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Hexiang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yulang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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18
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Wang L, Yule DI. Differential regulation of ion channels function by proteolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1698-1706. [PMID: 30009861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are pore-forming protein complexes in membranes that play essential roles in a diverse array of biological activities. Ion channel activity is strictly regulated at multiple levels and by numerous cellular events to selectively activate downstream effectors involved in specific biological activities. For example, ions, binding proteins, nucleotides, phosphorylation, the redox state, channel subunit composition have all been shown to regulate channel activity and subsequently allow channels to participate in distinct cellular events. While these forms of modulation are well documented and have been extensively reviewed, in this article, we will first review and summarize channel proteolysis as a novel and quite widespread mechanism for altering channel activity. We will then highlight the recent findings demonstrating that proteolysis profoundly alters Inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptor activity, and then discuss its potential functional ramifications in various developmental and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - David I Yule
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America.
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19
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Hébert M, Anfray A, Chevilley A, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Quenault A, Louessard M, Roussel BD, Obiang P, Save E, Orset C, Maubert E, Vivien D, Agin V. Distant Space Processing is Controlled by tPA-dependent NMDA Receptor Signaling in the Entorhinal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4783-4796. [PMID: 27613436 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, spatial cognition and navigation impairments are a frequent situation during physiological and pathological aging, leading to a dramatic deterioration in the quality of life. Despite the discovery of neurons with location-specific activity in rodents, that is, place cells in the hippocampus and later on grid cells in the entorhinal cortex (EC), the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial cognition are still poorly known. Our present data bring together in an unusual combination 2 molecules of primary biological importance: a major neuronal excitatory receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), and an extracellular protease, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), in the control of spatial navigation. By using tPA-deficient mice and a structure-selective pharmacological approach, we demonstrate that the tPA-dependent NMDAR signaling potentiation in the EC plays a key and selective role in the encoding and the subsequent use of distant landmarks during spatial learning. We also demonstrate that this novel function of tPA in the EC is reduced during aging. Overall, these results argue for the concept that encoding of proximal versus distal landmarks is mediated not only by different anatomical pathways but also by different molecular mechanisms, with the tPA-dependent potentiation of NMDAR signaling in the EC that plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hébert
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Antoine Anfray
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Chevilley
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Aurélien Quenault
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Morgane Louessard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Benoit D Roussel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Pauline Obiang
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Etienne Save
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience UMR 7291, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Eric Maubert
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France.,Biology Department, Clinical Research Department Medical Center, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Véronique Agin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
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20
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Can the benefits of rtPA treatment for stroke be improved? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:566-571. [PMID: 28797689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease well known to promote fibrinolysis. This is why: its recombinant form (rtPA) can be used, either alone or combined with thrombectomy, to promote recanalization/reperfusion following ischemic stroke. However, its overall benefits are counteracted by some of its side-effects, including incomplete lysis of clots, an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation and the possibility of neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, better understanding of the mechanisms by which tPA influences brain function and promotes its alteration may help in the design of new strategies to improve stroke therapy.
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21
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Chen HS, Qi SH, Shen JG. One-Compound-Multi-Target: Combination Prospect of Natural Compounds with Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:134-156. [PMID: 27334020 PMCID: PMC5327453 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160620102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is the only FDA-approved drug for acute ischemic stroke treatment, but its clinical use is limited due to the narrow therapeutic time window and severe adverse effects, including hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity. One of the potential resolutions is to use adjunct therapies to reduce the side effects and extend t-PA's therapeutic time window. However, therapies modulating single target seem not to be satisfied, and a multitarget strategy is warranted to resolve such complex disease. Recently, large amount of efforts have been made to explore the active compounds from herbal supplements to treat ischemic stroke. Some natural compounds revealed both neuro- and bloodbrain- barrier (BBB)-protective effects by concurrently targeting multiple cellular signaling pathways in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thus, those compounds are potential to be one-drug-multi-target agents as combined therapy with t-PA for ischemic stroke. In this review article, we summarize current progress about molecular targets involving in t-PA-mediated HT and neurotoxicity in ischemic brain injury. Based on these targets, we select 23 promising compounds from currently available literature with the bioactivities simultaneously targeting several important molecular targets. We propose that those compounds merit further investigation as combined therapy with t-PA. Finally, we discuss the potential drawbacks of the natural compounds' studies and raise several important issues to be addressed in the future for the development of natural compound as an adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Su-Hua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Gang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
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22
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Lesept F, Chevilley A, Jezequel J, Ladépêche L, Macrez R, Aimable M, Lenoir S, Bertrand T, Rubrecht L, Galea P, Lebouvier L, Petersen KU, Hommet Y, Maubert E, Ali C, Groc L, Vivien D. Tissue-type plasminogen activator controls neuronal death by raising surface dynamics of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2466. [PMID: 27831563 PMCID: PMC5260909 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ion channels whose synaptic versus extrasynaptic localization critically influences their functions. This distribution of NMDARs is highly dependent on their lateral diffusion at the cell membrane. Each obligatory subunit of NMDARs (GluN1 and GluN2) contains two extracellular clamshell-like domains with an agonist-binding domain and a distal N-terminal domain (NTD). To date, the roles and dynamics of the NTD of the GluN1 subunit in NMDAR allosteric signaling remain poorly understood. Using single nanoparticle tracking in mouse neurons, we demonstrate that the extracellular neuronal protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), well known to have a role in the synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, leads to a selective increase of the surface dynamics and subsequent diffusion of extrasynaptic NMDARs. This process explains the previously reported ability of tPA to promote NMDAR-mediated calcium influx. In parallel, we developed a monoclonal antibody capable of specifically blocking the interaction of tPA with the NTD of the GluN1 subunit of NMDAR. Using this original approach, we demonstrate that the tPA binds the NTD of the GluN1 subunit at a lysine in position 178. Accordingly, when applied to mouse neurons, our selected antibody (named Glunomab) leads to a selective reduction of the tPA-mediated surface dynamics of extrasynaptic NMDARs, subsequent signaling and neurotoxicity, both in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, we demonstrate that the tPA is a ligand of the NTD of the obligatory GluN1 subunit of NMDAR acting as a modulator of their dynamic distribution at the neuronal surface and subsequent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Lesept
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Chevilley
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Julie Jezequel
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Ladépêche
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Richard Macrez
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Margaux Aimable
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Sophie Lenoir
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Thomas Bertrand
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Lebouvier
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | | | - Yannick Hommet
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Eric Maubert
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
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23
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Macrez R, Ortega MC, Bardou I, Mehra A, Fournier A, Van der Pol SMA, Haelewyn B, Maubert E, Lesept F, Chevilley A, de Castro F, De Vries HE, Vivien D, Clemente D, Docagne F. Neuroendothelial NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain 2016; 139:2406-19. [PMID: 27435092 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is among the most common causes of neurological disability in young adults. Here we provide the preclinical proof of concept of the benefit of a novel strategy of treatment for multiple sclerosis targeting neuroendothelial N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors. We designed a monoclonal antibody against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, which targets a regulatory site of the GluN1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor sensitive to the protease tissue plasminogen activator. This antibody reverted the effect of tissue plasminogen activator on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function without affecting basal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity (n = 21, P < 0.01). This antibody bound N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on the luminal surface of neurovascular endothelium in human tissues and in mouse, at the vicinity of tight junctions of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Noteworthy, it reduced human leucocyte transmigration in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (n = 12, P < 0.05). When injected during the effector phase of MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (n = 24), it blocked the progression of neurological impairments, reducing cumulative clinical score (P < 0.001) and mean peak score (P < 0.001). This effect was observed in wild-type animals but not in tissue plasminogen activator knock-out animals (n = 10). This therapeutic effect was associated to a preservation of the blood-spinal cord barrier (n = 6, P < 0.001), leading to reduced leucocyte infiltration (n = 6, P < 0.001). Overall, this study unveils a critical function of endothelial N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in multiple sclerosis, and highlights the therapeutic potential of strategies targeting the protease-regulated site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Macrez
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Maria C Ortega
- 4 Grupo de Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos - Toledo, Spain
| | - Isabelle Bardou
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Anupriya Mehra
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Antoine Fournier
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Susanne M A Van der Pol
- 5 Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benoit Haelewyn
- 6 Centre Universitaire de Ressources Biologiques, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Eric Maubert
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Flavie Lesept
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Arnaud Chevilley
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Fernando de Castro
- 4 Grupo de Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos - Toledo, Spain 7 Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe. Instituto Cajal. CSIC - Madrid, Spain
| | - Helga E De Vries
- 5 Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Vivien
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Diego Clemente
- 4 Grupo de Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos - Toledo, Spain 8 Grupo de Neuroimmuno-reparación. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos - Toledo, Spain
| | - Fabian Docagne
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
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24
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Hébert M, Lesept F, Vivien D, Macrez R. The story of an exceptional serine protease, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 172:186-97. [PMID: 26626577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The only acute treatment of ischemic stroke approved by the health authorities is tissue recombinant plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced thrombolysis. Under physiological conditions, tPA, belonging to the serine protease family, is secreted by endothelial and brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes). Although revascularisation induced by tPA is beneficial during a stroke, research over the past 20 years shows that tPA can also be deleterious for the brain parenchyma. Thus, in this review of the literature, after a brief history on the discovery of tPA, we reviewed current knowledge of mechanisms by which tPA can influence brain function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hébert
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - F Lesept
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - D Vivien
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - R Macrez
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France.
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25
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The Role of Proteases in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity: Putting Together Small Pieces of a Complex Puzzle. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:156-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Chevilley A, Lesept F, Lenoir S, Ali C, Parcq J, Vivien D. Impacts of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) on neuronal survival. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:415. [PMID: 26528141 PMCID: PMC4607783 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) a serine protease is constituted of five functional domains through which it interacts with different substrates, binding proteins, and receptors. In the last years, great interest has been given to the clinical relevance of targeting tPA in different diseases of the central nervous system, in particular stroke. Among its reported functions in the central nervous system, tPA displays both neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects. How can the protease mediate such opposite functions remain unclear but several hypotheses have been proposed. These include an influence of the degree of maturity and/or the type of neurons, of the level of tPA, of its origin (endogenous or exogenous) or of its form (single chain tPA versus two chain tPA). In this review, we will provide a synthetic snapshot of our current knowledge regarding the natural history of tPA and discuss how it sustains its pleiotropic functions with focus on excitotoxic/ischemic neuronal death and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chevilley
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Flavie Lesept
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Sophie Lenoir
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Parcq
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
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27
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Robinson SD, Lee TW, Christie DL, Birch NP. Tissue plasminogen activator inhibits NMDA-receptor-mediated increases in calcium levels in cultured hippocampal neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:404. [PMID: 26500501 PMCID: PMC4598481 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in neurotransmission, acting as essential mediators of many forms of synaptic plasticity, and also modulating aspects of development, synaptic transmission and cell death. NMDAR-induced responses are dependent on a range of factors including subunit composition and receptor location. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease that has been reported to interact with NMDARs and modulate NMDAR activity. In this study we report that tPA inhibits NMDAR-mediated changes in intracellular calcium levels in cultures of primary hippocampal neurons stimulated by low (5 μM) but not high (50 μM) concentrations of NMDA. tPA also inhibited changes in calcium levels stimulated by presynaptic release of glutamate following treatment with bicucculine/4-aminopyridine (4-AP). Inhibition was dependent on the proteolytic activity of tPA but was unaffected by α2-antiplasmin, an inhibitor of the tPA substrate plasmin, and receptor-associated protein (RAP), a pan-ligand blocker of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, two proteins previously reported to modulate NMDAR activity. These findings suggest that tPA can modulate changes in intracellular calcium levels in a subset of NMDARs expressed in cultured embryonic hippocampal neurons through a mechanism that involves the proteolytic activity of tPA and synaptic NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tet Woo Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David L Christie
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand ; Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand ; Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Tissue Plasminogen Activator Expression Is Restricted to Subsets of Excitatory Pyramidal Glutamatergic Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5000-12. [PMID: 26377106 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the extracellular serine protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is involved in pathophysiological processes such as learning and memory, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease, information about its regional, cellular, and subcellular distribution in vivo is lacking. In the present study, we observed, in healthy mice and rats, the presence of tPA in endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes, mastocytes, and ependymocytes, but not in pericytes, microglial cells, and astrocytes. Moreover, blockage of the axo-dendritic transport unmasked tPA expression in neurons of cortical and hippocampal areas. Interestingly, combined electrophysiological recordings, single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistological analyses revealed that the presence of tPA is restricted to subsets of excitatory pyramidal glutamatergic neurons. We further evidenced that tPA is stored in synaptobrevin-2-positive glutamatergic synaptic vesicles. Based on all these data, we propose the existence of tPA-ergic neurons in the mature brain.
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29
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Mantuano E, Lam MS, Shibayama M, Campana WM, Gonias SL. The NMDA receptor functions independently and as an LRP1 co-receptor to promote Schwann cell survival and migration. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3478-88. [PMID: 26272917 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors, which associate with LDL-receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) to trigger cell signaling in response to protein ligands in neurons. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the NMDA-R is expressed by rat Schwann cells and functions independently and with LRP1 to regulate Schwann cell physiology. The NR1 (encoded by GRIN1) and NR2b (encoded by GRIN2B) NMDA-R subunits were expressed by cultured Schwann cells and upregulated in sciatic nerves following crush injury. The ability of LRP1 ligands to activate ERK1/2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively) and promote Schwann cell migration required the NMDA-R. NR1 gene silencing compromised Schwann cell survival. Injection of the LRP1 ligands tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA, also known as PLAT) or MMP9-PEX into crush-injured sciatic nerves activated ERK1/2 in Schwann cells in vivo, and the response was blocked by systemic treatment with the NMDA-R inhibitor MK801. tPA was unique among the LRP1 ligands examined because tPA activated cell signaling and promoted Schwann cell migration by interacting with the NMDA-R independently of LRP1, albeit with delayed kinetics. These results define the NMDA-R as a Schwann cell signaling receptor for protein ligands and a major regulator of Schwann cell physiology, which may be particularly important in peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mantuano
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Michael S Lam
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Masataka Shibayama
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - W Marie Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA The Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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30
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Kim HN, Kim TY, Yoon YH, Koh JY. Pyruvate and cilostazol protect cultured rat cortical pericytes against tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced cell death. Brain Res 2015; 1628:317-326. [PMID: 26111647 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since even a brief ischemia can cause permanent brain damage, rapid restoration of blood flow is critical to limiting damage. Although intravenous tPA during the acute stage is the treatment of choice for achieving reperfusion, this treatment is sometimes associated with brain hemorrhage. Agents that reduce tPA-related bleeding risk may help expand its therapeutic window. This study assessed whether zinc dyshomeostasis underlies the toxic effect of tPA on brain vascular pericytes; whether pyruvate, an inhibitor of zinc toxicity, protects pericytes against tPA-induced cell death; and whether cilostazol, which protects pericytes against tPA-induced cell death, affects zinc dyshomeostasis associated with tPA toxicity. Cultured pericytes from newborn rat brains were treated with 10-200 μg/ml tPA for 24 h, inducing cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. tPA-induced cell death was preceded by increases in intracellular free zinc levels, and was substantially attenuated by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) or TPEN. Pyruvate completely blocked direct zinc toxicity and tPA-induced pericyte cell death. Both cAMP and cilostazol, a PDE3 inhibitor that attenuates tPA-induced pericyte cell death in vitro and tPA-induced brain hemorrhage in vivo, reduced zinc- and tPA-induced pericyte cell death, suggesting that zinc dyshomeostasis may be targeted by cilostazol in tPA toxicity. These findings show that tPA-induced pericyte cell death may involve zinc dyshomeostasis, and that pyruvate and cilostazol attenuate tPA-induced cell death by reducing the toxic cascade triggered by zinc dyshomeostasis. Since pyruvate is an endogenous metabolite and cilostazol is an FDA-approved drug, in vivo testing of both as protectors against tPA-induced brain hemorrhage may be warranted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Na Kim
- Neural Injury Research Lab, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youn Kim
- Neural Injury Research Lab, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Neural Injury Research Lab, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Tissue plasminogen activator modulates emotion in a social context. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Meloni EG, Gillis TE, Manoukian J, Kaufman MJ. Xenon impairs reconsolidation of fear memories in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PLoS One 2014; 9:e106189. [PMID: 25162644 PMCID: PMC4146606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenon (Xe) is a noble gas that has been developed for use in people as an inhalational anesthestic and a diagnostic imaging agent. Xe inhibits glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors involved in learning and memory and can affect synaptic plasticity in the amygdala and hippocampus, two brain areas known to play a role in fear conditioning models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because glutamate receptors also have been shown to play a role in fear memory reconsolidation – a state in which recalled memories become susceptible to modification – we examined whether Xe administered after fear memory reactivation could affect subsequent expression of fear-like behavior (freezing) in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained for contextual and cued fear conditioning and the effects of inhaled Xe (25%, 1 hr) on fear memory reconsolidation were tested using conditioned freezing measured days or weeks after reactivation/Xe administration. Xe administration immediately after fear memory reactivation significantly reduced conditioned freezing when tested 48 h, 96 h or 18 d after reactivation/Xe administration. Xe did not affect freezing when treatment was delayed until 2 h after reactivation or when administered in the absence of fear memory reactivation. These data suggest that Xe substantially and persistently inhibits memory reconsolidation in a reactivation and time-dependent manner, that it could be used as a new research tool to characterize reconsolidation and other memory processes, and that it could be developed to treat people with PTSD and other disorders related to emotional memory.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Animals
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Cues
- Disease Models, Animal
- Emotions/physiology
- Extinction, Psychological/drug effects
- Fear/drug effects
- Fear/psychology
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/drug effects
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/physiology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Male
- Memory/drug effects
- Memory/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/drug therapy
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/physiopathology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Tranquilizing Agents/pharmacology
- Xenon/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Meloni
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy E. Gillis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Manoukian
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
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33
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Combination approaches to attenuate hemorrhagic transformation after tPA thrombolytic therapy in patients with poststroke hyperglycemia/diabetes. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 71:391-410. [PMID: 25307224 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA)-based thrombolytic stroke therapy is the only FDA-approved treatment for achieving vascular reperfusion and clinical benefit, but this agent is given to only about 5% of stroke patients in the USA. This may be related, in part, to the elevated risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and consequently limited therapeutic time window. Clinical investigations demonstrate that poststroke hyperglycemia is one of the most important risk factors that cause intracerebral hemorrhage and worsen neurological outcomes. There is a knowledge gap in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms, and lack of effective therapeutics targeting the severe complication. This short review summarizes clinical observations and experimental investigations in preclinical stroke models of the field. The data strongly suggest that interactions of multiple pathogenic factors including hyperglycemia-mediated vascular oxidative stress and inflammation, ischemic insult, and tPA neurovascular toxicity in concert contribute to the BBB damage-intracerebral hemorrhagic transformation process. Development of combination approaches targeting the multiple pathological cascades may help to attenuate the hemorrhagic complication.
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Sonderegger P, Matsumoto-Miyai K. Activity-controlled proteolytic cleavage at the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:413-23. [PMID: 24969462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activity-controlled enzymatic cleavage of proteins on the surface of synaptic membranes or in the synaptic or perisynaptic interstitial compartment represents a direct way to regulate synaptic structure, function, and number. Extracellular proteolysis at synapses was initially understood to be plasticity enabling by freeing synapses from the constraints provided by the extracellular matrix. However, recent observations indicate that at least part of the extracellular protein cleavage results in activation of previously cryptic functions that regulate adaptive changes of synapses and neuronal circuits. Here, we focus on peptidases with distinct localization and function at synapses combined with regulation by neuronal and synaptic activity, and evaluate their function in the context of developmental and/or adult synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sonderegger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kazumasa Matsumoto-Miyai
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Kansai University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 1456-4 Shizuki, Awaji, Hyogo 656-2131, Japan
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35
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Tissue plasminogen activator contributes to alterations of neuronal migration and activity-dependent responses in fragile X mice. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1916-23. [PMID: 24478370 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3753-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited neurodevelopmental disorder with intellectual disability. Here, we show that the expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is increased in glial cells differentiated from neural progenitors of Fmr1 knock-out mice, a mouse model for FXS, and that tPA is involved in the altered migration and differentiation of these progenitors lacking FMR1 protein (FMRP). When tPA function is blocked with an antibody, enhanced migration of doublecortin-immunoreactive neurons in 1 d differentiated FMRP-deficient neurospheres is normalized. In time-lapse imaging, blocking the tPA function promotes early glial differentiation and reduces the velocity of nuclear movement of FMRP-deficient radial glia. In addition, we show that enhanced intracellular Ca(2+) responses to depolarization with potassium are prevented by the treatment with the tPA-neutralizing antibody in FMRP-deficient cells during early neural progenitor differentiation. Alterations of the tPA expression in the embryonic, postnatal, and adult brain of Fmr1 knock-out mice suggest an important role for tPA in the abnormal neuronal differentiation and plasticity in FXS. Altogether, the results indicate that tPA may prove to be an interesting potential target for pharmacological intervention in FXS.
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36
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Armstead WM, Bohman LE, Riley J, Yarovoi S, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. tPA-S(481)A prevents impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation by endogenous tPA after traumatic brain injury by upregulating p38 MAPK and inhibiting ET-1. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1898-907. [PMID: 23731391 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with loss of cerebrovascular autoregulation, which leads to cerebral hypoperfusion. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoforms ERK, p38, and JNK and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are mediators of impaired cerebral hemodynamics after TBI. Excessive tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) released after TBI may cause loss of cerebrovascular autoregulation either by over-activating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) or by predisposing to intracranial hemorrhage. Our recent work shows that a catalytically inactive tPA variant (tPA-S(481)A) that competes with endogenous wild type (wt) tPA for binding to NMDA-R through its receptor docking site but that cannot activate it, prevents activation of ERK by wt tPA and impairment of autoregulation when administered 30 min after fluid percussion injury (FPI). We investigated the ability of variants that lack proteolytic activity but bind/block activation of NMDA-Rs by wt tPA (tPA-S(481)A), do not bind/block activation of NMDA-Rs but are proteolytic (tPA-A(296-299)), or neither bind/block NMDA-Rs nor are proteolytic (tPA-A(296-299)S(481)A) to prevent impairment of autoregulation after TBI and the role of MAPK and ET-1 in such effects. Results show that tPA-S(481)A given 3 h post-TBI, but not tPA-A(296-299) or tPA-A(296-299)S(481)A prevents impaired autoregulation by upregulating p38 and inhibiting ET-1, suggesting that tPA-S(481)A has a realistic therapeutic window and focuses intervention on NMDA-Rs to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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37
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Kalev-Zylinska ML, Symes W, Little KCE, Sun P, Wen D, Qiao L, Young D, During MJ, Barber PA. Stroke patients develop antibodies that react with components of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 in proportion to lesion size. Stroke 2013; 44:2212-9. [PMID: 23723305 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Antibodies against neuronal antigens develop in patients after stroke and some may serve as biomarkers of neuronal injury. We aimed to determine whether antibodies against subunit 1 (GluN1) of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor also develop after stroke and if so, whether they correlate with stroke characteristics. METHODS Forty-eight patients with ischemic stroke and 96 healthy controls were tested for the presence of serum antibodies targeting GluN1. Testing was conducted using 20-kDa recombinant GluN1-S2 peptide (by ELISA and Western blotting) and on rat brain tissue (by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry). Clinical examinations and computed tomographic brain scans were performed to assess clinical state and infarct size and location. RESULTS Of the 48 patients with ischemic stroke, 21 (44%) had antibodies that reacted with the recombinant GluN1-S2. There was no evidence of antibody binding to intact GluN1 in brain tissue. Western blot appearances suggested reactivity with GluN1 degradation products. Patients with anti-GluN1-S2 antibodies were more likely to have higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, larger infarcts, and more frequent cortical involvement. Of the 96 controls, only 3 (3%), all aged>50 years, had antibodies that reacted with GluN1-S2 at low levels. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies that bind recombinant GluN1-S2 peptides (but not the intact GluN1 protein) develop transiently in patients after stroke in proportion to infarct size, suggesting that these antibodies are raised secondarily to neuronal damage. The anti-GluN1-S2 antibodies may provide useful information about the presence and severity of cerebral infarction. This will require confirmation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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38
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Gaberel T, Macrez R, Gauberti M, Montagne A, Hebert M, Petersen KU, Touze E, Agin V, Emery E, Ali C, Vivien D. Immunotherapy blocking the tissue plasminogen activator-dependent activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptors improves hemorrhagic stroke outcome. Neuropharmacology 2013; 67:267-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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GluN2D subunit-containing NMDA receptors control tissue plasminogen activator-mediated spatial memory. J Neurosci 2012; 32:12726-34. [PMID: 22972996 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6202-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease with pleiotropic actions in the CNS, such as synaptic plasticity and neuronal death. Some effects of tPA require its interaction with the GluN1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), leading to a potentiation of NMDAR signaling. We have reported previously that the pro-neurotoxic effect of tPA is mediated through GluN2D subunit-containing NMDARs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine whether GluN2D subunit-containing NMDARs drive tPA-mediated cognitive functions. To address this issue, a strategy of immunization designed to prevent the in vivo interaction of tPA with NMDARs and GluN2D-deficient mice were used in a set of behavioral tasks. Altogether, our data provide the first evidence that tPA influences spatial memory through its preferential interaction with GluN2D subunit-containing NMDARs.
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40
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Bérézowski V, Mysiorek C, Kuntz M, Pétrault O, Cecchelli R. [Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier during ischaemia: a therapeutic concern]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:161-76. [PMID: 23171839 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Since it was discovered and its brain-protective role characterized, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), through the permeability-restricting action of the brain capillary endothelial cells, has been representing a hurdle for 95% of new medical compounds targeting the central nervous system. Recently, a BBB dysfunction is being found in an increasing number of pathologies such as brain ischaemic stroke, whose only therapy consists in a pharmacological thrombolysis limited to a small percentage of the admitted patients, because of the toxical effects of thrombolytics. And since the clinical failure of promising neuroprotectants, numerous studies of brain ischaemia were carried out, with physiopathological or pharmacological approaches refocused on the BBB, whose structural complexity is now expanded to perivascular cells, all forming a functional unit named the neurovascular unit (NVU). Nevertheless, in spite of the numerous molecular mechanisms identified, the process of BBB dysfunction in the ischaemia/reperfusion cascade remains insufficiently established to explain the pleiotropic action exerted by new pharmacological compounds, possibly protecting the entire NVU and representing potential treatments.
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41
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Krol S, Macrez R, Docagne F, Defer G, Laurent S, Rahman M, Hajipour MJ, Kehoe PG, Mahmoudi M. Therapeutic Benefits from Nanoparticles: The Potential Significance of Nanoscience in Diseases with Compromise to the Blood Brain Barrier. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1877-903. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Krol
- Fondazione IRCCS Institute of Neurology “Carlo Besta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Macrez
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
| | - Gilles Defer
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Masoud Rahman
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J. Hajipour
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patrick G. Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Current address: School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Simard JM, Geng Z, Silver FL, Sheth KN, Kimberly WT, Stern BJ, Colucci M, Gerzanich V. Does inhibiting Sur1 complement rt-PA in cerebral ischemia? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1268:95-107. [PMID: 22994227 PMCID: PMC3507518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) associated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) complicates and limits its use in stroke. Here, we provide a focused review on the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in rt-PA-associated HT in cerebral ischemia, and we review emerging evidence that the selective inhibitor of the sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1), glibenclamide (U.S. adopted name, glyburide), may provide protection against rt-PA-associated HT in cerebral ischemia. Glyburide inhibits activation of MMP-9, ameliorates edema formation, swelling, and symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation, and improves preclinical outcomes in several clinically relevant models of stroke, both without and with rt-PA treatment. A retrospective clinical study comparing outcomes in diabetic patients with stroke treated with rt-PA showed that those who were previously on and were maintained on a sulfonylurea fared significantly better than those whose diabetes was managed without sulfonylureas. Inhibition of Sur1 with injectable glyburide holds promise for ameliorating rt-PA-associated HT in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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43
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Kochtebane N, Choqueux C, Michel JB, Jacob MP. [Aortic stenosis and extracellular matrix remodeling]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:135-43. [PMID: 22748051 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Valvular heart diseases represent an important public health burden. With the decrease in the incidence of rheumatic heart disease, calcific aortic stenosis has now become the most common valvular disease in Western countries. Its prevalence increases with age, such that its affects about 4% of the elderly population and it is the most common motive for valve replacement. Several tissue abnormalities were observed in aortic valves from patients suffering from aortic stenosis: presence of large calcium deposits, inflammatory cells, lipids, and neocapillaries as well as extracellular matrix remodeling. The aortic valves show three characteristic layers: the fibrosa composed mainly of collagen bundles, the spongiosa which consists of a proteoglycan matrix, and the ventricularis which contains several elastic lamellae. The components of the extracellular matrix are synthesized by valvular mesenchymal cells. The turn-over of collagen and elastic fibers is low; the other macromolecules are more rapidly synthesized and hydrolysed. Serine proteases such as enzymes of the fibrinolytic system and matrix metalloproteinases play a role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The hydrolysis of adhesive proteins, such as fibronectin, by plasmin triggers the apoptosis of valvular (myo)fibroblasts, a biological process named anoikis. Cellular events and extracellular matrix remodeling thus participate to the evolution of aortic valves towards aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najlah Kochtebane
- INSERM UMR 698, Hématologie, Bio-Ingénierie et Remodelage Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France
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44
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Endothelial cells and astrocytes: a concerto en duo in ischemic pathophysiology. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:176287. [PMID: 22778741 PMCID: PMC3388591 DOI: 10.1155/2012/176287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular/gliovascular unit has recently gained increased attention in cerebral ischemic research, especially regarding the cellular and molecular changes that occur in astrocytes and endothelial cells. In this paper we summarize the recent knowledge of these changes in association with edema formation, interactions with the basal lamina, and blood-brain barrier dysfunctions. We also review the involvement of astrocytes and endothelial cells with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, which is the only FDA-approved thrombolytic drug after stroke. However, it has a narrow therapeutic time window and serious clinical side effects. Lastly, we provide alternative therapeutic targets for future ischemia drug developments such as peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors and inhibitors of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Targeting the neurovascular unit to protect the blood-brain barrier instead of a classical neuron-centric approach in the development of neuroprotective drugs may result in improved clinical outcomes after stroke.
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45
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Ng KS, Leung HW, Wong PTH, Low CM. Cleavage of the NR2B subunit amino terminus of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor by tissue plasminogen activator: identification of the cleavage site and characterization of ifenprodil and glycine affinities on truncated NMDA receptor. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25520-9. [PMID: 22610100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.374397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been the key treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke for the past decade. Recent studies, however, suggest that this clot-busting protease also plays various roles in brain physiological and pathophysiological glutamatergic-dependent processes, such as synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration. In addition, increasing evidence implicates tPA as an important neuromodulator of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant human tPA cleaves the NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor. Analysis of NR2B in rat brain lysates and cortical neurons treated with tPA revealed concentration- and time-dependent degradation of NR2B proteins. Peptide sequencing studies performed on the cleaved-off products obtained from the tPA treatment on a recombinant fusion protein of the amino-terminal domain of NR2B revealed that tPA-mediated cleavage occurred at arginine 67 (Arg(67)). This cleavage is tPA-specific, plasmin-independent, and removes a predicted ~4-kDa fragment (Arg(27)-Arg(67)) from the amino-terminal domain of the NR2B protein. Site-directed mutagenesis of putative cleavage site Arg(67) to Ala(67) impeded tPA-mediated degradation of recombinant protein. This analysis revealed that NR2B is a novel substrate of tPA and suggested that an Arg(27)-Arg(67)-truncated NR2B-containing NMDA receptor could be formed. Heterologous expression of NR2B with Gln(29)-Arg(67) deleted is functional but exhibits reduced ifenprodil inhibition and increased glycine EC(50) with no change in glutamate EC(50). Our results confirmed NR2B as a novel proteolytic substrate of tPA, where tPA may directly interact with NR2B subunits leading to a change in pharmacological properties of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay-Siong Ng
- Departments of Pharmacology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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46
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Pineda D, AmpurdanÉS C, Medina MG, Serratosa J, Tusell JM, Saura J, Planas AM, Navarro P. Tissue plasminogen activator induces microglial inflammation via a noncatalytic molecular mechanism involving activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt signaling pathways and AnnexinA2 and Galectin-1 receptors. Glia 2011; 60:526-40. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lemarchant S, Docagne F, Emery E, Vivien D, Ali C, Rubio M. tPA in the injured central nervous system: different scenarios starring the same actor? Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:749-56. [PMID: 22079561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When in 1947, Astrup and Permin reported that animal tissues contain fibrinokinase, a plasminogen activator, and when Pennica and colleagues (Pennica et al., 1983) cloned and expressed human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in Escherichia coli in 1983, they might did not realize how much their pioneer work would impact the life of millions of patients suffering from myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Some years after, accumulating evidence shows that tPA is not just a plasminogen activator of endothelial origin. Indeed, the main function of tPA released from the endothelium is to convert fibrin-bound plasminogen into active plasmin, thus dissolving the fibrin meshwork of blood clots. But this serine protease is also expressed by several cell types, and its beneficial and deleterious actions stand beyond fibrinolysis or even proteolysis. We will review here the reported effects and mechanisms of action of tPA in the course of three different pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS): spinal cord injury, ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis. While these three disorders have distinct aetiologies, they share some pathogenic mechanisms. We will depict the main "good" and "bad" sides of tPA described to date during each of these pathological situations, as well as the proposed mechanisms explaining these effects. We speculate that due to common pathogenic pathways, tPA's actions described in one particular disease could in fact occur in the others. Finally, we will evaluate if tPA could be a therapeutic target for these pathologies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sighild Lemarchant
- INSERM U919, "Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit", UMR CNRS 6232 Cinaps, GIP Cyceron, University of Caen, Bd H. Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
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Vivien D, Gauberti M, Montagne A, Defer G, Touzé E. Impact of tissue plasminogen activator on the neurovascular unit: from clinical data to experimental evidence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:2119-34. [PMID: 21878948 PMCID: PMC3210341 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
About 15 million strokes occur each year worldwide. As the number one cause of morbidity and acquired disability, stroke is a major drain on public health-care funding, due to long hospital stays followed by ongoing support in the community or nursing-home care. Although during the last 10 years we have witnessed a remarkable progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, reperfusion induced by recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA-Actilyse) remains the only approved acute treatment by the health authorities. The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of our present knowledge about the impact of tPA on the neurovascular unit during acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Vivien
- Inserm UMR-S 919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP Cyceron, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen Cedex, France.
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Antibodies Preventing the Interaction of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator With N-Methyl-
d
-Aspartate Receptors Reduce Stroke Damages and Extend the Therapeutic Window of Thrombolysis. Stroke 2011; 42:2315-22. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.606293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only drug approved for the acute treatment of ischemic stroke but with two faces in the disease: beneficial fibrinolysis in the vasculature and damaging effects on the neurovascular unit and brain parenchyma. To improve this profile, we developed a novel strategy, relying on antibodies targeting the proneurotoxic effects of tPA.
Methods—
After production and characterization of antibodies (αATD-NR1) that specifically prevent the interaction of tPA with the ATD-NR1 of N-methyl-
d
-aspartate receptors, we have evaluated their efficacy in a model of murine thromboembolic stroke with or without recombinant tPA-induced reperfusion, coupled to MRI, near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and behavior assessments.
Results—
In vitro, αATD-NR1 prevented the proexcitotoxic effect of tPA without altering N-methyl-
d
-aspartate-induced neurotransmission. In vivo, after a single administration alone or with late recombinant tPA-induced thrombolysis, antibodies dramatically reduced brain injuries and blood–brain barrier leakage, thus improving long-term neurological outcome.
Conclusions—
Our strategy limits ischemic damages and extends the therapeutic window of tPA-driven thrombolysis. Thus, the prospect of this immunotherapy is an extension of the range of treatable patients.
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Ito M, Nagai T, Mizoguchi H, Sato K, Hayase M, Otsuka N, Fukakusa A, Kumagai N, Kim HC, Nabeshima T, Takuma K, Yamada K. Activation of post-synaptic dopamine D₁ receptors promotes the release of tissue plasminogen activator in the nucleus accumbens via PKA signaling. J Neurochem 2011; 103:2589-96. [PMID: 17944865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) plays an important role through the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin in the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) evoked by depolarization or the systemic administration of drugs of abuse such as morphine and nicotine. In the present study, we examined the mechanisms by which drugs of abuse increase extracellular tPA activity in the NAc in vivo using in situ zymography. The dopamine D(1) receptor (D(1) R) agonist SKF38393, but not D(2) receptor agonist quinpirole, significantly increased extracellular tPA activity in the NAc. The effect of SKF38393 was blocked by pre-treatment with the dopamine D(1) R antagonist SCH23390. Microinjection of Rp-cAMPs, a protein kinase A inhibitor, into the NAc completely blocked the effect of SKF38393. Systemic administration of morphine and methamphetamine increased extracellular tPA activity in the NAc, and these effects were completely blocked by pre-treatment with SCH23390 and raclopride. The results suggest that activation of post-synaptic dopamine D(1) Rs in the NAc leads to an increase in extracellular tPA activity via protein kinase A signaling. Furthermore, dopamine D(2) receptors are also involved in the release of tPA induced by morphine and methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ito
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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