Resveratrol and estradiol rapidly activate MAPK signaling through estrogen receptors alpha and beta in endothelial cells

Resveratrol attenuates pressure overload-induced myocardial remodeling in ovariectomized rats by rescuing the adaptive angiogenic response

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (RES), a polyphenol with putative estrogen (E2) -like effects, is believed to counteract left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). However, how RES exerts its protection is not well understood, particularly when prominent risk factors, such as E2 depletion and pressure overload (PO), coexist. Here, we evaluated the impact of RES and E2 on angiogenesis and LVH in rats subjected to ovariectomy (OVX) and PO.

METHODS

Three weeks after bilateral OVX induction, abdominal aortic banding was performed on Wistar female rats to trigger PO. The animals were treated with either RES or E2 for six weeks. Finally, the heart-to-body weight ratio (HW/BW), cell size, fibrosis, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) mRNA expression were assessed. Angiogenesis was determined by evaluating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and protein expression and by CD31 immunostaining. Serum E2 levels were also measured.

RESULTS

OVX + PO caused more severe myocardial hypertrophy (HW/BW) and fibrosis compared with PO alone, but did not aggravate cell size and ANP mRNA expression. OVX blunted the angiogenic response to PO, with reduced VEGF expression. RES increased VEGF expression and CD31, and abrogated LVH and fibrosis. E2 treatment improved VEGF expression and fibrosis, but not to the same extent as RES. RES improved serum levels of E2 in OVX + PO rats.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that RES limits OVX-induced exacerbation of LVH and fibrosis in a PO model, and targets systemic E2 levels and myocardial angiogenesis as underpinning protective mechanisms. Thus, RES may provide cardioprotection for post-menopausal women.

NAD+ enhancers as therapeutic agents in the cardiorenal axis

Cardiorenal diseases represent a complex interplay between heart failure and renal dysfunction, being clinically classified as cardiorenal syndromes (CRS). Recently, the contributions of altered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism, through deficient NAD+ synthesis and/or elevated consumption, have proved to be decisive in the onset and progress of cardiorenal disease. NAD+ is a pivotal coenzyme in cellular metabolism, being significant in various signaling pathways, such as energy metabolism, DNA damage repair, gene expression, and stress response. Convincing evidence suggests that strategies designed to boost cellular NAD+ levels are a promising therapeutic option to address cardiovascular and renal disorders. Here, we review and discuss the implications of NAD+ metabolism in cardiorenal diseases, focusing on the propitious NAD+ boosting therapeutic strategies, based on the use of NAD+ precursors, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, sirtuin activators, and other alternative approaches, such as CD38 blockade, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase activation and combined interventions.

Resveratrol and vascular health: evidence from clinical studies and mechanisms of actions related to its metabolites produced by gut microbiota

Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with dietary factors being the main risk contributors. Diets rich in bioactive compounds, such as (poly)phenols, have been shown to potentially exert positive effects on vascular health. Among them, resveratrol has gained particular attention due to its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Nevertheless, the results in humans are conflicting possibly due to interindividual different responses. The gut microbiota, a complex microbial community that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract, has been called out as potentially responsible for modulating the biological activities of phenolic metabolites in humans. The present review aims to summarize the main findings from clinical trials on the effects of resveratrol interventions on endothelial and vascular outcomes and review potential mechanisms interesting the role of gut microbiota on the metabolism of this molecule and its cardioprotective metabolites. The findings from randomized controlled trials show contrasting results on the effects of resveratrol supplementation and vascular biomarkers without dose-dependent effect. In particular, studies in which resveratrol was integrated using food sources, i.e., red wine, reported significant effects although the resveratrol content was, on average, much lower compared to tablet supplementation, while other studies with often extreme resveratrol supplementation resulted in null findings. The results from experimental studies suggest that resveratrol exerts cardioprotective effects through the modulation of various antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertensive pathways, and microbiota composition. Recent studies on resveratrol-derived metabolites, such as piceatannol, have demonstrated its effects on biomarkers of vascular health. Moreover, resveratrol itself has been shown to improve the gut microbiota composition toward an anti-inflammatory profile. Considering the contrasting findings from clinical studies, future research exploring the bidirectional link between resveratrol metabolism and gut microbiota as well as the mediating effect of gut microbiota in resveratrol effect on cardiovascular health is warranted.

Selective Activation of G Protein-coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 Attenuates Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis remains a leading contributor to cardiovascular disease-associated morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, atherosclerosis-associated mortality rate is higher in men than women. This suggested a protective role for estrogen in the cardiovasculature. These effects of estrogen were initially thought to be mediated by the classic estrogen receptors, ER alpha, and beta. However, genetic knockdown of these receptors did not abolish estrogen's vasculoprotective effects suggesting that the other membranous Gprotein coupled estrogen receptor, GPER1, maybe the actual mediator. Indeed, in addition to its role in vasotone regulation, this GPER1 appears to play important roles in regulating vascular smooth cell phenotype, a critical player in the onset of atherosclerosis. Moreover, GPER1-selective agonists appear to reduce LDL levels by promoting the expression of LDL receptors as well as potentiating LDL re-uptake in liver cells. Further evidence also show that GPER1 can downregulate Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/ Kexin type 9, leading to suppression of LDL receptor breakdown. Here, we review how selective activation of GPER1 might prevent or suppress atherosclerosis, with less side effects than those of the non-selective estrogen.

Insights into the Therapeutic and Pharmacological Properties of Resveratrol as a Nutraceutical Antioxidant Polyphenol in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Resveratrol (3, 5, 4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenolic derivative with herbal origin. It has attracted considerable attention in recent decades. Many studies have revealed the benefits of Resveratrol over several human disease models, including heart and neurological diseases, nephroprotective, immune regulation, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, age-related diseases, antiviral, and anticancer in experimental and clinical conditions. Recently, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Resveratrol have been observed, and it has been shown that Resveratrol reduces inflammatory biomarkers, such as tissue degradation factor, cyclooxygenase 2, nitric oxide synthase, and interleukins. All of these activities appear to be dependent on its structural properties, such as the number and position of the hydroxyl group, which regulates oxidative stress, cell death, and inflammation. Resveratrol is well tolerated and safe even at higher pharmacological doses and desirably affects cardiovascular, neurological, and diabetic diseases. Consequently, it is plausible that Resveratrol can be regarded as a beneficial nutritional additive and a complementary drug, particularly for therapeutic applications. The present review provides an overview of currently available investigations on preventive and therapeutic characteristics and the main molecular mechanisms of Resveratrol and its potent derivatives in various diseases. Thus, this review would enhance knowledge and information about Resveratrol and encourage researchers worldwide to consider it as a pharmaceutical drug to struggle with future health crises against different human disorders.

Comparative miRNA expression profile analysis of porcine ovarian follicles: new insights into the initiation mechanism of follicular atresia

Follicular atresia occurs in every stage of ovarian development, which is relevant to female fertility. In the past decade, increasing studies have confirmed that miRNAs, a class of short non-coding RNAs, play an important role in follicular atresia by post-transcription regulation of their target genes. However, the function of miRNAs on follicular atresia initiation is unknown. In the present study, high-throughput small RNA sequencing was performed to analyze differential miRNA expression profiles between healthy (HF) follicles and early atretic (EAF) follicles. A total of 237 conserved miRNA were detected, and the miR-143 is the highest expressed in follicles. Meanwhile, we also found wide sequence variations (isomiRs) in porcine ovarian miRNA, including in 5'un-translation region, core seed sequences and 3'untranslation region. Furthermore, we identified 22 differentially expressed miRNAs in EAF groups compared to HF group, of which 3 miRNAs were upregulated, as well as 19 miRNAs were downregulated, and then the RT-PCR was performed to validate these profiles. The target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted by using miRwalk, miRDB, and Targetscan database, respectively. Moreover, the gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment established that the regulating functions and signaling pathways of these miRNAs contribute to follicular atresia initiation and cell fate. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the changes of miRNAs in early atretic follicles to demonstrate their molecular regulation in ovarian follicular atretic initiation.

miR-133a-3p regulates the growth of hair follicle stem cells in white goats from the Yangtze River Delta

The Yangtze River Delta white goats are the sole goat breed producing brush hair of high quality. Owing to the particularities of its wool production, a higher demand is placed on breeding efforts for this animal. Studies on the developmental mechanisms of the aligned hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) provide a theoretical basis for molecular breeding. In the present study, HFSCs were isolated using the technique of immunohistochemistry from the cervical spinal skin tissue samples from the fetal sheep, and the miR-133a-3p expression was confirmed using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting experiments from the isolated HFSCs. Additionally, the effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of HFSCs were detected using flow cytometry and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays, along with other methods, following the overexpression of miR-133a-3p or its inhibition. The experimental results revealed that miR-133a-3p overexpressed could inhibit the proliferation of HFSCs and promote apoptosis by specifically targeting DUSP6. While the miR-133a-3p knockdown could promote the proliferation but inhibit the apoptosis of the HFSCs. Meanwhile, the miR-133a-3p knockdown experiments showed opposite outcomes. These results illustrate the presence of a relevant network between DUSP6 and miR-133a-3p, which regulates the production of superior-quality brush hair.

The Pharmacological Properties of Red Grape Polyphenol Resveratrol: Clinical Trials and Obstacles in Drug Development

Resveratrol is a stilbenoid from red grapes that possesses a strong antioxidant activity. Resveratrol has been shown to have anticancer activity, making it a promising drug for the treatment and prevention of numerous cancers. Several in vitro and in vivo investigations have validated resveratrol's anticancer capabilities, demonstrating its ability to block all steps of carcinogenesis (such as initiation, promotion, and progression). Additionally, resveratrol has been found to have auxiliary pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective activity. Despite its pharmacological properties, several obstacles, such as resveratrol's poor solubility and bioavailability, as well as its adverse effects, continue to be key obstacles to drug development. This review critically evaluates the clinical trials to date and aims to develop a framework to develop resveratrol into a clinically viable drug.

The Effects of Polyphenols on Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials

Osteoporosis is a condition favored by the postmenopausal decline in estrogen levels and worsened by oxidative stress (OS). Polyphenols are natural compounds abundantly found in fruits and vegetables, and they exert antioxidant and hormonal effects that could be useful in osteoporosis prevention, as suggested by epidemiological studies showing a lower incidence of fractures in individuals consuming polyphenol-rich diets. The aim of our meta-analysis is to evaluate the effects of polyphenols on bone mineral density (BMD, primary endpoint) and bone turnover markers (BTMs, secondary endpoint) in postmenopausal women. Twenty-one randomized control trials (RCTs) were included in our analysis after in-depth search on PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases. We found that supplementation with polyphenols for 3-36 months exerted no statically significant effects on BMD measured at lumbar spine (sMD: 0.21, 95% CI [-0.08 to 0.51], p = 0.16), femoral neck (sMD: 0.16, 95% CI [-0.23 to 0.55], p = 0.42), total hip (sMD: 0.05, 95% CI [-0.14 to 0.24], p = 0.61), and whole body (sMD: -0.12, 95% CI [-0.42 to 0.17], p = 0.41). Subgroup analysis based on treatment duration showed no statistical significance, but a significant effect on lumbar BMD emerged when studies with duration of 24 months or greater were analyzed separately. On the other hand, we found a significantly slight increase in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) levels (sMD: 1.27, 95% CI [1.13 to 1.42], p < 0.0001) and a decrease in pyridinoline (PD) levels (sMD: -0.58, 95% CI [-0.77 to -0.39], p < 0.0001). High heterogeneity among studies and unclear risk of bias in one third of the included studies emerged. A subgroup analysis showed similar effects for different duration of treatment and models of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. More robust evidence is needed before recommending the prescription of polyphenols in clinical practice.

MAP3K1 expression is associated with progression and poor prognosis of hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative early-stage breast cancer

PURPOSE

In this study, we assessed whether the overexpression of MAP3K1 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells, which affect the prognosis of hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative early stage breast cancer.

METHODS

Two HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and T-47D) overexpressing MAP3K1 were transfected with two MAP3K1 short hairpin RNA plasmids (shMAP3K1 [#3] and shMAP3K1 [#5]). The proliferation, migration, and invasion of these cells were then examined. We assessed whether shMAP3K1 affects the cell cycle, levels of downstream signaling molecules (ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB), and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic and hormonal agents. To assess the anti-tumor effect of MAP3K1 knockdown in the breast cancer orthotopic model, MCF7 and T-47D cells treated with or without shMAP3K1 (#3) and shMAP3K1 (#5) were inoculated into the mammary fat pads of mice. In total, 182 patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative T1 and T2 breast cancer and 0-3 nodal metastases were included. Additionally, 73 patients with T1 and T2 breast cancer and negative nodes who received adjuvant endocrine therapy alone were selected as an independent validation cohort.

RESULTS

In both cell lines, shMAP3K1 (#3) and shMAP3K1 (#5) significantly reduced cell growth, migration, and invasion by downregulating MMP-9 and by blocking the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and its regulatory molecule cyclin B1. Moreover, both shMAP3K1 (#3) and shMAP3K1 (#5) downregulated ERK-, JNK-, p38 MAPK-, and NF-κB-dependent gene transcription and enhanced the sensitivity of both cell lines to doxorubicin, docetaxel, and tamoxifen. We observed that both shMAP3K1 (#3) and shMAP3K1 (#5) inhibited tumor growth compared with that in the scrambled group of MCF7 and T-47D cell orthotopic tumors. Patients with MAP3K1 overexpression exhibited significantly poorer 10-year disease-free survival (DFS) (70.4% vs. 88.6%, p = 0.003) and overall survival (OS) (81.9% vs. 96.3%, p = 0.001) than those without MAP3K1 overexpression. Furthermore, phospho-ERK (p < 0.001) and phospho-JNK (p < 0.001) expressions were significantly associated with MAP3K1 expression, and both phospho-ERK and phospho-JNK expressions were significantly correlated with poor 10-year DFS and OS. These biological findings, including a significant association between DFS and OS, and the expressions of MAP3K1, phospho-ERK, and phospho-JNK were further validated in an independent cohort. Multivariate analysis identified MAP3K1 expression as an independent poor prognostic factor for DFS and OS.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that the overexpression of MAP3K1 plays a major role in the poor prognosis of HR-positive, HER2-negative early stage breast cancer.

Role of Dietary Polyphenols in the Activity and Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthases: A Review

Nitric oxide (NO) plays several key roles in the functionality of an organism, and it is usually released in numerous organs and tissues. There are mainly three isoforms of the enzyme that produce NO starting from the metabolism of arginine, namely endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The expression and activity of these isoforms depends on the activation/deactivation of different signaling pathways at an intracellular level following different physiological and pathological stimuli. Compounds of natural origin such as polyphenols, which are obtainable through diet, have been widely studied in recent years in in vivo and in vitro investigations for their ability to induce or inhibit NO release, depending on the tissue. In this review, we aim to disclose the scientific evidence relating to the activity of the main dietary polyphenols in the modulation of the intracellular pathways involved in the expression and/or functionality of the NOS isoforms.

MAP3K1 rs889312 polymorphism and cancer prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Accumulating studies have evaluated the association between MAP3K1 polymorphisms and cancer prognosis. However, the results of these studies are conflicting. Given the potential impact of MAP3K1 rs889312 SNP on the prognosis of various cancers, this meta-analysis was performed to obtain solid and credible evidence.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

This study was performed according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. A comprehensive article search was conducted to find and select articles from multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, published up to 15th September 2022. The data analysis was performed with Review Manager v5.2. Pooled HR with its 95% CI and p-value was calculated where HR >1 suggests worse/poor survival and HR <1 suggests better survival of cancer patients.

RESULTS

A total of five articles comprising 24 439 patients were included for both qualitative and quantitative data synthesis. It was found that only the dominant genetic model (AC + CC vs. AA) showed a statistically significant poor overall survival for MAP3K1 rs889312 polymorphism (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.06-1.47, p = .01). In addition, publication bias analysis by the Egger's test and the Begg-Mazumdar test reported no significant bias in the analysis of overall survival (p > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study concludes that MAP3K1 gene rs889312 polymorphism plays a prognostic role in the survival of cancer patients. However, future research is recommended that will analyze more MAP3K SNPs along with rs889312, which may reveal more credible outcomes in terms of cancer prognosis.

Nutraceutical Approaches to Dyslipidaemia: The Main Formulative Issues Preventing Efficacy

Currently, the nutraceutical approach to treat dyslipidaemia is increasing in use, and in many cases is used by physicians as the first choice in the treatment of patients with borderline values. Nutraceuticals represent an excellent opportunity to treat the preliminary conditions not yet showing the pathological signs of dyslipidaemia. Their general safety, the patient's confidence, the convincing proof of efficacy and the reasonable costs prompted the market of new preparations. Despite this premise, many nutraceutical products are poorly formulated and do not meet the minimum requirements to ensure efficacy in normalizing blood lipid profiles, promoting cardiovascular protection, and normalizing disorders of glycemic metabolism. In this context, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the active compounds is a crucial issue. Little attention is paid to the proper formulations needed to improve the overall bioavailability of the active molecules. According to these data, many products prove to be insufficient to ensure full enteric absorption. The present review analysed the literature in the field of nutraceuticals for the treatment of dyslipidemia, focusing on resveratrol, red yeast rice, berberine, and plant sterols, which are among the nutraceuticals with the greatest formulation problems, highlighting bioavailability and the most suitable formulations.

Resveratrol Effects on the Reproductive System in Ovariectomized Rats: Deciphering Possible Mechanisms

Phytoestrogen resveratrol (R) has been demonstrated to benefit human reproductive health. However, R bioavailability and pharmacokinetics are still problematic under oral supplementation. We used an experimental vaginal gel with R and hyaluronic acid (HA) to improve bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. The study aimed to assess the impact of vaginal R-HA gel on the reproductive system in ovariectomized rats. Methods: The study was carried out on Wistar female rats. It investigated the body weight, tail temperature, vaginal pH, estrogen and progesterone blood levels, and immunohistochemical biomarkers (COX2, Casp-3, Bcl-2, and VEGF). Animals were divided into control animals; ovariectomized rats (OVX); and OVX group treated with vaginal 0.5% R-HA gel (0.5%, 0.1 mL, daily 28 days). Results: The R-HA gel’s therapeutic effect was manifested by slowing weight gain by 17% (p < 0.001), less pronounced symptom of fever at the root of the tail by 9% (p < 0.001) and lowering the vaginal pH to 4.4−4.5 compared with OVX rats. The anti-inflammatory effect and the reduction of COX-2 expression in vagina were accompanied by antiapoptotic impact of RA-H on endometrium, associated with the decreased Casp-3 expression (p < 0.001) and elevated Bcl-2 score in endometrial glands (p = 0.01). Together with enhanced VEGF expression in endometrial glands (p < 0.001) and stromal cells (p = 0.007), these changes prevented endometrial atrophy (p < 0.001) after ovariectomy. Thus, this study substantiates the feasibility of developing an innovative topical drug with R and HA for treating hypoestrogenic disorders.

Integrated multicomponent analysis based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology to elucidate the potential mechanism of Baoyuan decoction against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a serious lung disease with a high mortality rate. Baoyuan decoction (BYD), a classic medicinal food homology recipe, has anti-apoptotic effects, enhances immune function, and alleviates fibrosis, suggesting that it may be a potential therapeutic drug for IPF.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to identify the main active ingredients of BYD, determine the basis of its efficacy, prove its anti-IPF effects, and explore the mechanisms underlying its anti-IPF effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, the active components of BYD were detected and analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS). A network pharmacology analysis was performed to determine the potential targets and relevant pathways of BYD in treating IPF. Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were conducted to verify the efficacy of BYD against IPF. Finally, molecular docking and qPCR were performed to identify the central targets of BYD.

RESULTS

A total of 39 components of BYD were identified. After performing the network pharmacology analysis, 35 active components and eight presumptive targets of BYD were found to play a central role in its anti-IPF effects. The molecular docking results indicated that most of the active components of BYD exhibited good binding activity with these eight central target proteins. In addition, the expression of collagen, α-SMA, and these eight targets in human pulmonary fibroblast (HPF) cells was suppressed from treatment with BYD.

CONCLUSION

This study determined the efficacy of BYD against IPF and clarified its multiple-target and multiple-pathway mechanisms. Furthermore, the study also provides a new method for exploring the chemical and pharmacological bases of other traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Resveratrol and Reproductive Health

Resveratrol (RSV), a plant-derived polyphenol, demonstrates broad-spectrum health benefits, including anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-ischemic and antioxidant effects. The aim of this review is to give an important heads-up regarding the influence of RSV as a phytoestrogen, RSV effects on most common pregnancy-related complications, as well as its impact on the embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and women’s reproductive health. Considering the important implications of RSV on human reproductive health, this overview could provide a groundwork, encouraging more detailed research at the clinical level.

Fetoplacental vasculature as a model to study human cardiovascular endocrine disruption

Increasing evidence has associated the exposure of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with the cardiovascular (CV) system. This exposure is particularly problematic in a sensitive window of development, pregnancy. Pregnancy exposome can affect the overall health of the pregnancy by dramatic changes in vascular physiology and endocrine activity, increasing maternal susceptibility. Moreover, fetoplacental vascular function is generally altered, increasing the risk of developing pregnancy complications (including cardiovascular diseases, CVD) and predisposing the foetus to adverse health risks later in life. Thus, our review summarizes the existing literature on exposures to EDCs during pregnancy and adverse maternal health outcomes, focusing on the human placenta, vein, and umbilical artery associated with pregnancy complications. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of fetoplacental vasculature as a model for the study of human cardiovascular endocrine disruption. Therefore, we emphasize that the placenta, together with the umbilical arteries and veins, allows a better characterization of the pregnant woman's exposome. Consequently, it contributes to the protection of the mother and foetus against CV disorders in life.

17β-estradiol promotes angiogenesis through non-genomic activation of Smad1 signaling in endometriosis

17β-estradiol (E2) plays a key role in endometriosis through regulation of angiogenesis. Smad1 has been reported to be up-regulated in patients with endometriosis. However, the role of Smad1 in E2-mediated angiogenesis during the development of endometriosis remains to be determined. This study aimed to explore the role of Smad1 in E2-mediated angiogenesis during endometriosis and its underlying mechanisms. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were performed to examine the expression of p-Smad1 in ectopic and control endometrium. Western blotting was used to examine activation of Smad1 signaling in NMECs, EMECs and HUVECs. Tube formation assay was performed to examine the effect of E2 on angiogenesis. Cell proliferation and migration was determined using in real-time by xCELLigence RTCA DP instrument. We found that the expression of p-Smad1 was significantly up-regulated in ectopic endometrium and ectopic intima microvascular endothelial cells. E2 non-genomically stimulated phosphorylation of Smad1 in HUVECs. c-Src and p44/42 MAPK(ERK1/2) signaling pathways are required for E2's induction on Smad1 phosphorylation. Moreover, caveolae is involved in E2-induced Smad1 phosphorylation in vascular endothelial cells. E2 promoted tube formation of vascular endothelial cells through c-Src/ERK1/2/Smad1 signaling pathway. Knockdown of Smad1 expression attenuated E2-induced proliferation and migration of HUVECs. In conclusion, E2 promotes proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs through c-Src/ERK1/2/Smad1 signaling pathway. Our data shed new lights on the mechanisms through which E2 contributes to endometriosis, and may provide novel strategies to treat endometriosis.

Polyphenols and neuroprotection: Therapeutic implications for cognitive decline

Dietary polyphenols have been the focus of major interest for their potential benefits on human health. Several preclinical studies have been conducted to provide a rationale for their potential use as therapeutic agents in preventing or ameliorating cognitive decline. However, results from human studies are scarce and poorly documented. The aim of this review was to discuss the potential mechanisms involved in age-related cognitive decline or early stage cognitive impairment and current evidence from clinical human studies conducted on polyphenols and the aforementioned outcomes. The evidence published so far is encouraging but contrasting findings are to be taken into account. Most studies on anthocyanins showed a consistent positive effect on various cognitive aspects related to aging or early stages of cognitive impairment. Studies on cocoa flavanols, resveratrol, and isoflavones provided substantial contrasting results and further research is needed to clarify the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Results from other studies on quercetin, green tea flavanols, hydroxycinnamic acids (such as chlorogenic acid), curcumin, and olive oil tyrosol and derivatives are rather promising but still too few to provide any real conclusions. Future translational studies are needed to address issues related to dosage, optimal formulations to improve bioavailability, as well as better control for the overall diet, and correct target population.

Resveratrol attenuates arsenic-induced cognitive deficits via modulation of Estrogen-NMDAR-BDNF signalling pathway in female mouse hippocampus

BACKGROUND

Chronic inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure induces deleterious effects on CNS including oxidative stress, cognitive deficits and altered brain neurochemistry. Little is known about the association between iAs and estrogen receptor expression in brain regions.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Owing to the neuroprotective and estrogenic activities of resveratrol (RES), we examined the combined effects of arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and RES on neurobehavioural functions, estrogen signalling and associated neurochemical changes in mouse hippocampus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

As₂O₃ alone (2 and 4 mg/kg bw) or along with RES (40 mg/kg bw) was administered orally for 45 days to adult female mice. From days 33 to 45, open field, elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests were conducted to evaluate locomotion, anxiety and learning and memory. On day 46, animals were euthanized and brain tissue and hippocampi obtained therefrom were processed for atomic absorption spectrophotometry and western blotting respectively.

RESULTS

As₂O₃ alone exposure resulted in enhanced anxiety levels, reduced locomotion and impaired learning and memory. As₂O₃-induced behavioural deficits were accompanied by downregulation of estrogen receptor (ERα) expression with a concomitant reduction of BDNF and NMDAR 2B levels in the hippocampus. However, the behavioural alterations and expression of these markers were restored in RES-supplemented mice. Moreover, a dose-dependent iAs accumulation was observed in serum and brain tissues of mice receiving As₂O₃ alone whereas simultaneous administration of As₂O₃ with RES facilitated iAs efflux.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that reduced ERα expression with associated downregulation of BDNF and NMDAR 2B levels could be a mechanism by which iAs induces cognitive impairment; hence, the modulation of estrogen-NMDAR-BDNF pathway by RES represents a potential avenue to recover behavioural deficits induced by this neurotoxin.

Resveratrol: A Vital Therapeutic Agent with Multiple Health Benefits

Resveratrol (RSV), the most effective stilbene phytoalexin synthesized naturally or induced in plants as part of their defense mechanism, is a key component of natural phenolic compounds and is being considered as a treatment option for a variety of diseases. RSV was discovered in the skin of red grapes, mulberries, peanuts, pines, and Polygonum cuspidatum weed root extracts. It was first extracted from white hellebore (Veratrum grandiflorum O. Loes) roots in 1940, then from Polygonum cuspidatum roots in 1963. However, RSV's use as a drug is limited due to its initial conformational strength and poor stability. The research focused on a set of RSV biological activity data. RSV has been the subject of growing concern, despite its wide range of biological and therapeutic applications. According to the literature, RSV has antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti- inflammatory, anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, and radioprotective properties. The current analysis summarized biological applications of RSV, their mechanisms of action, and recent scientific development in the area of their delivery. It is possible to infer that RSV has many effects on infected cells' cellular functions.

Resveratrol-mediated neurorestoration after cerebral ischemic injury - Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway

AIMS

Resveratrol pretreatment can decrease ischemic cerebral injury and enhance proliferation of neural stem cells via mediation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling. However, it is relatively little known about whether neurorestorative effects of resveratrol are mediated by Shh signaling in ischemic cerebral injury. The present study tests whether the Shh signaling pathway mediates resveratrol to promote neurorestoration of ischemic cerebral injury.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats or neurons before middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) or oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury were pretreated with resveratrol. Immunohistochemistry is used to be determined BrdU+/DCX+, BrdU+/Nestin+ and BrdU+/NG2+ cell (markers of new proliferated neural stem/progenitor and oligodendrocyte precursor cell, respectively), BrdU+/MAP2+ and BrdU+/CNPase+ cell (markers of new mature neuron and oligodendrocyte, respectively), BrdU+/TUNEL+ cell (marker of apoptosis for new proliferated cell), SY, NF200, Iba-1 and GFAP (markers of synaptogenesis, axon, microglia and astrocyte, respectively). Shh and Gli-1 mRNAs were detected by RT-PCR assay. Iba-1, GFAP, Shh and Gli-1 proteins were detected by Western blot.

KEY FINDINGS

Resveratrol pretreatment significantly reduced neurological deficit scores, promoted proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival of neural stem/progenitor and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, inhibited astrocyte and microglia activation, strengthened synaptophysin and NF200 expression, at the same time, promoted neurite outgrowth of neurons. Meanwhile, expression levels of Shh and Gli-1 proteins were significantly increased and Gli-1 translocated into the nucleus. However, cyclopamine, a Smo inhibitor, canceled the above effects of resveratrol.

CONCLUSIONS

It may be mediated, at least partly, by the Shh signaling pathway that resveratrol pretreament promote neurorestoration of ischemic cerebral injury.

Nutritional approach for increasing public health during pandemic of COVID-19: A comprehensive review of antiviral nutrients and nutraceuticals

Background: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is considered as the most life-threatening pandemic disease during the last decade. The individual nutritional status, though usually ignored in the management of COVID-19, plays a critical role in the immune function and pathogenesis of infection. Accordingly, the present review article aimed to report the effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals on respiratory viral infections including COVID-19, with a focus on their mechanisms of action. Methods: Studies were identified via systematic searches of the databases including PubMed/ MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 2000 until April 2020, using keywords. All relevant clinical and experimental studies published in English were included. Results: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is common in severe respiratory infections and should be considered in the management of COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, obesity can be accompanied by decreasing the host immunity. Therefore, increasing physical activity at home and a slight caloric restriction with adequate intake of micronutrients and nutraceuticals are simple aids to boost host immunity and decrease the clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Conclusion: The most important nutrients which can be considered for COVID-19 management are vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A, folate, zinc, and probiotics. Their adequacy should be provided through dietary intake or appropriate supplementation. Moreover, adequate intake of some other dietary agents including vitamin E, magnesium, selenium, alpha linolenic acid and phytochemicals are required to maintain the host immunity.

A Narrative Review of the Role of Diet and Lifestyle Factors in the Development and Prevention of Endometrial Cancer

Simple Summary

The incidence and prevalence of endometrial cancer is increasing globally. The main factors involved in this increase have been the way women live today and what they eat and drink. In fact, the obesity pandemic that is sweeping across the planet is considered to be the main contributory feature. This review aims to introduce to a new audience, those that are not experts in the field, what is known about the different types of endometrial cancer and the mechanisms for their induction and protection. We also seek to summarise the existing knowledge on dietary and lifestyle factors that prevent endometrial development in susceptible populations and identify the main problem in this arena; the paucity of research studies and clinical trials that investigate the interaction(s) between diet, lifestyle and endometrial cancer risk whilst highlighting those areas of promise that should be further investigated.

Abstract

Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer affecting the reproductive organs of women living in higher-income countries. Apart from hormonal influences and genetic predisposition, obesity and metabolic syndrome are increasingly recognised as major factors in endometrial cancer risk, due to changes in lifestyle and diet, whereby high glycaemic index and lipid deposition are prevalent. This is especially true in countries where micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals are exchanged for high calorific diets and a sedentary lifestyle. In this review, we will survey the currently known lifestyle factors, dietary requirements and hormonal changes that increase an individual’s risk for endometrial cancer and discuss their relevance for clinical management. We also examine the evidence that everyday factors and clinical interventions have on reducing that risk, such that informed healthy choices can be made. In this narrative review, we thus summarise the dietary and lifestyle factors that promote and prevent the incidence of endometrial cancer.

The Hepatoprotective mechanisms of 17β-estradiol after traumatic brain injury in male rats: Classical and non-classical estrogen receptors

Protective effects of estrogen (E2) on traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been determined. In this study, the hepatoprotective effects of E2 after TBI through its receptors and oxidative stress regulation have been evaluated. Diffuse TBI induced by the Marmarou method in male rats. G15, PHTPP, MPP, and ICI182-780 as selective antagonists of E2 were injected before TBI. The results indicated that TBI induces a significant increase in liver enzymes [Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Glutamyl transferase (GGT)], and oxidants levels [Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO)] and decreases in antioxidant biomarkers [Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)] in the brain and liver, and plasma. We also found that E2 significantly preserved levels of these biomarkers and enzymatic activity. All antagonists inhibited the effects of E2 on increasing SOD and GPx. Also, the effects of E2 on brain MDA levels were inhibited by all antagonists, but in the liver, only ICI + G15 + E2 + TBI group was affected. The impacts of E2 on brain and liver and plasma NO levels were inhibited by all antagonists. The current findings demonstrated that E2 probably improved liver injury after TBI by modulating oxidative stress. Also, both classic (ERβ, ERα) and non-classic [G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)] receptors are affected in the protective effects of E2.

Signalling mechanisms in the cardiovascular protective effects of estrogen: With a focus on rapid/membrane signalling

In modern society, cardiovascular disease remains the biggest single threat to life, being responsible for approximately one third of worldwide deaths. Male prevalence is significantly higher than that of women until after menopause, when the prevalence of CVD increases in females until it eventually exceeds that of men. Because of the coincidence of CVD prevalence increasing after menopause, the role of estrogen in the cardiovascular system has been intensively researched during the past two decades in vitro, in vivo and in observational studies. Most of these studies suggested that endogenous estrogen confers cardiovascular protective and anti-inflammatory effects. However, clinical studies of the cardioprotective effects of hormone replacement therapies (HRT) not only failed to produce proof of protective effects, but also revealed the potential harm estrogen could cause. The "critical window of hormone therapy" hypothesis affirms that the moment of its administration is essential for positive treatment outcomes, pre-menopause (3-5 years before menopause) and immediately post menopause being thought to be the most appropriate time for intervention. Since many of the cardioprotective effects of estrogen signaling are mediated by effects on the vasculature, this review aims to discuss the effects of estrogen on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) with a focus on the role of estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ and GPER) in triggering the more recently discovered rapid, or membrane delimited (non-genomic), signaling cascades that are vital for regulating vascular tone, preventing hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.

Resveratrol enhances trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion through selective activation of intestinal liver X receptor alpha

Resveratrol (RSV) is a dietary polyphenol with well-documented cardio-protective activity, but its effects on blood cholesterol levels remain to be established. Due to its poor bioavailability, tissue accumulation of RSV is extremely low except for that in the small intestine. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of RSV on blood cholesterol levels and the involvement of small intestine in the cholesterol-lowering impacts of RSV. Mice were administrated with RSV at various doses with high-fat diet (HFD) or high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 12 weeks. The fecal neutral sterol contents were analyzed, and intestinal perfusion test was performed. An enteric barrier model using Caco-2 cells was established. We observed that RSV reduced blood cholesterol levels in a dose-dependent manner in mice fed with HFD or HCD. Further investigation revealed that RSV administration increased the bile acid pool size but did not affect cholesterol consumption or de novo cholesterol synthesis. Interestingly, RSV promoted trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) by 2-fold in the intestinal perfusion test. In addition, RSV upregulated the expressions of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5 or 8 (Abcg5/8) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1a or 1b (Abcb1a/b) by up to 8 times in the duodenum mucosa but not in the liver. RSV also significantly downregulated the expression of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (Npc1l1). Knock-down of liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) but not Sirt1 by siRNA significantly blocked RSV-induced cholesterol excretion in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, RSV could decrease circulating cholesterol levels through enhancing TICE and limiting cholesterol absorption via selective activation of intestinal LXRα.

Food-derived natural compounds in the management of chronic diseases via Wnt signaling pathway

Wnt signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that control embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and pathological processes of organisms throughout life. However, dysregulation of the Wnt signaling is associated with the occurrence of chronic diseases. In comparison with the application of chemical drugs as traditional treatment for chronic diseases, dietary agents have unique advantages, such as less side effects, multiple targets, convenience in accessibility and higher acceptability in long-term intervention. In this review, we summarized current progress in manipulating the Wnt signaling using food components and its benefits in managing chronic diseases. The underlying mechanisms of bioactive food components in the management of the disease progression via the Wnt signaling was illustrated. Then, the review focused on the function of dietary pattern (which might act via combination of foods with multiple nutrients or food ingredients) on targeting Wnt signaling at multiple level. The potential caveats and challenges in developing new strategy via modulating Wnt-associated diseases with food-based agents and appropriate dietary pattern are also discussed in detail. This review shed light on the understanding of the regulatory effect of food bioactive components on chronic diseases management through the Wnt signaling, which can be expanded to other specific signaling pathway associated with disease.

Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol in COVID-19-Associated Hemostatic Disorders

Coagulation disorders, endotheliopathy and inflammation are the most common hallmarks in SARS-CoV-2 infection, largely determining COVID-19's outcome and severity. Dysfunctions of endothelial cells and platelets are tightly linked in contributing to the systemic inflammatory response that appears to be both a cause and a consequence of COVID-19-associated coagulation disorders and thrombotic events. Indeed, elevated levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines are often associated with abnormal coagulation parameters in COVID-19 patients. Although treatments with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) have shown beneficial effects in decreasing patient mortality with severe COVID-19, additional therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Utilizing the anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties of natural compounds may provide alternative therapeutic approaches to prevent or reduce the risk factors associated with pre-existing conditions and comorbidities that can worsen COVID-19 patients' outcomes. In this regard, resveratrol, a natural compound found in several plants and fruits such as grapes, blueberries and cranberries, may represent a promising coadjuvant for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. By virtue of its anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties, resveratrol would be expected to lower COVID-19-associated mortality, which is well known to be increased by thrombosis and inflammation. This review analyzes and discusses resveratrol's ability to modulate vascular hemostasis at different levels targeting both primary hemostasis (interfering with platelet activation and aggregation) and secondary hemostasis (modulating factors involved in coagulation cascade).

Nexus between PI3K/AKT and Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Signaling from estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and its ligand estradiol (E2) is critical for growth of ≈70% of breast cancers. Therefore, several drugs that inhibit ERα functions have been in clinical use for decades and new classes of anti-estrogens are continuously being developed. Although a significant number of ERα+ breast cancers respond to anti-estrogen therapy, ≈30% of these breast cancers recur, sometimes even after 20 years of initial diagnosis. Mechanism of resistance to anti-estrogens is one of the intensely studied disciplines in breast cancer. Several mechanisms have been proposed including mutations in ESR1, crosstalk between growth factor and ERα signaling, and interplay between cell cycle machinery and ERα signaling. ESR1 mutations as well as crosstalk with other signaling networks lead to ligand independent activation of ERα thus rendering anti-estrogens ineffective, particularly when treatment involved anti-estrogens that do not degrade ERα. As a result of these studies, several therapies that combine anti-estrogens that degrade ERα with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors targeting growth factor signaling or CDK4/6 inhibitors targeting cell cycle machinery are used clinically to treat recurrent ERα+ breast cancers. In this review, we discuss the nexus between ERα-PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways and how understanding of this nexus has helped to develop combination therapies.

Perspective Adjunctive Therapies for COVID-19: Beyond Antiviral Therapy

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the largest health crisis ever faced worldwide. It has resulted in great health and economic costs because no effective treatment is currently available. Since infected persons vary in presentation from healthy asymptomatic mild symptoms to those who need intensive care support and eventually succumb to the disease, this illness is considered to depend primarily on individual immunity. Demographic distribution and disease severity in several regions of the world vary; therefore, it is believed that natural inherent immunity provided through dietary sources and traditional medicines could play an important role in infection prevention and disease progression. People can boost their immunity to prevent them from infection after COVID-19 exposure and can reduce their inflammatory reactions to protect their organ deterioration in case suffering from the disease. Some drugs with in-situ immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity are also identified as adjunctive therapy in the COVID-19 era. This review discusses the importance of COVID-19 interactions with immune cells and inflammatory cells; and further emphasizes the possible pathways related with traditional herbs, medications and nutritional products. We believe that such pathophysiological pathway approach treatment is rational and important for future development of new therapeutic agents for prevention or cure of COVID-19 infection.

Resveratrol: Mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Resveratrol, trans 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, is a stilbenoid polyphenol with a wide range of properties including antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. It is found in the skins of grape (50-100 μg/mL), red wine, peanuts, bilberries, blueberries and cranberries. The most important effects of resveratrol have been found in cardiovascular disease, with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) being a major severe and progressive component. Many factors are involved in the pathogenesis of PAH, including enzymes, transcription factors, proteins, chemokines, cytokines, hypoxia, oxidative stress and others. Resveratrol treats PAH through its actions on various signaling pathways. These signaling pathways are mainly suppressed SphK1-mediated NF-κB activation, BMP/SMAD signaling pathway, miR-638 and NR4A3/cyclin D1 pathway, SIRT1 pathway, Nrf-2, HIF-1 α expression, MAPK/ERK1 and PI3K/AKT pathways, and RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway. Resveratrol efficiently inhibits the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and right ventricular remodeling, which are underlying processes leading to enhanced PAH. While supportive evidence from randomized controlled trials is yet to be available, current in vitro and in vivo studies seem to be convincing and suggest a therapeutic promise for the use of resveratrol in PAH.

miR-31-5p promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of goat hair follicle stem cells by targeting RASA1/MAP3K1 pathway

The Yangtze River Delta white goat is a sole goat species that can naturally produce superior-quality brush hair. It's worth to mention that study the developmental mechanism of goat hair follicle stem cells is vital for future breed preservation and molecular breeding. In this study, we successfully isolated hair follicle stem cells from the skin tissue of fetal sheep neck spine, and harvested superior-quality and normal-quality brush hair goat tissue. The expression of miR-31-5p in goat hair follicle stem cells was verified by qPCR and Western blot. The effects of overexpression or inhibition of miR-31-5p on the proliferation and apoptosis of hair follicle stem cells were detected by EdU, CCK-8, flow cytometry, etc. miR-31-5p can significantly improve cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis by targeting RASA1 and upregulating MAP3K1 level, whereas miR-31-5p knockdown led to an opposite effect. These results reveal a miR-31-5p-associated regulatory network between miR-31-5p and RASA1/MAP3K1 during the progression of superiorquality brush hair traits.

Regular Supplementation With Resveratrol Improves Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol in red grapes and berries, can act as a phytoestrogen. It has been shown to improve both systemic and cerebral circulatory functions, possibly through activation of endothelial estrogen receptors. in vitro and in vivo studies in rodent models also indicate a bone-protective role for resveratrol, particularly in ovariectomized rat models that mimic postmenopausal osteoporosis caused by estrogen deficiency. Hypothesizing a circulatory benefit of resveratrol in bone tissue, we investigated whether resveratrol supplementation could improve bone health in postmenopausal women. The Resveratrol for Healthy Aging in Women (RESHAW) trial was a 24-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover intervention conducted to evaluate the effects of resveratrol (75 mg twice daily) on cognition, cerebrovascular function, bone health, cardiometabolic markers, and well-being in postmenopausal women. After 12 months of supplementation with resveratrol versus placebo, there were positive effects on bone density in the lumbar spine (+0.016 ± 0.003 g/cm² ) and neck of femur (+0.005 ± 0.002 g/cm² ), which were accompanied by a 7.24% reduction in C-terminal telopeptide type-1 collagen levels, a bone resorption marker, compared with placebo. The increase in bone mineral density in the femoral neck resulted in an improvement in T-score (+0.070 ± 0.018) and a reduction in the 10-year probability of major and hip fracture risk. The magnitude of improvement was higher in women with poor bone health biomarker status. Importantly, the improvement in femoral neck T-score with resveratrol correlated with improvement in perfusion. Our subanalysis also revealed that the bone-protective benefit of resveratrol was greater in participants who supplemented with vitamin D plus calcium. Regular supplementation with 75 mg of resveratrol twice daily has the potential to slow bone loss in the lumbar spine and femoral neck, common fracture sites in postmenopausal women without overt osteoporosis. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

The Protective Effect of Chlorogenic Acid on Vascular Senescence via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

The world faces the serious problem of aging. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on vascular senescence. C57/BL6 female mice that were 14 ± 3 months old were infused with either Angiotensin II (AngII) or saline subcutaneously for two weeks. These mice were administered CGA of 20 or 40 mg/kg/day, or saline via oral gavage. AngII infusion developed vascular senescence, which was confirmed by senescence associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. CGA administration attenuated vascular senescence in a dose-dependent manner, in association with the increase of Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and with the decrease of p-Akt, PAI-1, p53, and p21. In an in vitro study, with or without pre-treatment of CGA, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with H2O2 for an hour, then cultured in the absence or presence of 0.5-5.0 μM CGA for the indicated time. Endothelial cell senescence was induced by H2O2, which was attenuated by CGA treatment. Pre-treatment of CGA increased Nrf2 in HUVECs. After H2O2 treatment, translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus and the subsequent increase of Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were observed earlier in CGA-treated cells. Furthermore, the HO-1 inhibitor canceled the beneficial effect of CGA on vascular senescence in mice. In conclusion, CGA exerts a beneficial effect on vascular senescence, which is at least partly dependent on the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-factor 2 (Nrf2)/HO-1 pathway.

Effect of a new herbal composition comprised of red clover and hop extract on human endothelial cell damage and vasorelaxant activity

Hormone replacement therapy may cause various side effects, including enhancing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women. Here, we investigated the effect of red clover and hop extract combination (RHEC) on estrogen receptor (ER) binding and endothelial function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to develop an herbal agent for reducing the risk of CVDs. In ER competitor assay, RHEC showed binding affinity toward ERα and ERβ with IC50 values of 5.92 µg/ml and 1.66 µg/ml, respectively. In HUVECs, RHEC significantly increased the cell viability and reduced the reactive oxygen species production against oxidative stress-induced damage. We also showed that RHEC increased the NO production through upregulating the endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression via ER activation in estrogen depleted condition. In particular, RHEC showed greater efficacy with increase in NO and decrease in endothelin-1 than red clover or hop treatment alone. Additionally, 0.3-0.5 mg/ml of RHEC-induced vasorelaxation of rat aortic rings precontracted by phenylephrine. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Recently, a large interest has grown in the synergistic effects of phytochemicals for better therapies to treat various diseases. Red clover and hop are well-known edible plants which are widely used to help relieve postmenopausal symptoms including CVD. However, their combination has not been studied so far. For the first time, we demonstrated that RHEC, a new herbal combination comprising the extracts from red clover and hop, appeared to be effective in protection of endothelial function against oxidative stress and estrogen depletion. Therefore, RHEC could be a potent herbal agent for reducing the risk of endothelial damage.

Effects of Supplementing Grape Pomace to Broilers Fed Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enriched Diets on Meat Quality

Simple Summary

Chicken meat and its products are among the first-choice foods in most countries, due to the health benefits they provide and the relatively low price. However, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are highly susceptible to peroxidation, affecting nutritional, sensory characteristics and meat shelf life. A reasonable way and a good tactic to delay their lipid peroxidation would be using a natural antioxidant in feed formulation. Grape pomace (GP) is an agro-industrial by-product with high nutritional value as it is a rich source of polyphenols. The supplementation of broiler diets with grape pomace indicated an intensified color, improved texture and a decrease of lipid peroxidation parameters of broilers’ meat that had been fed with PUFA enriched diets.

Abstract

The effects of using grape pomace as natural antioxidant in polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched broiler diets (4% flaxseed meal) on color, texture and lipid peroxidation of meat were evaluated. The 4-week feeding trial was conducted on 200, Cobb 500 broilers, assigned to 5 groups and housed in an experimental hall with floored pens. Compared to the control group, the diet for the experimental groups included 3% or 6% of two grape pomace varieties, white and red. Diet formulation enrichment with red grape pomace influenced the meat color parameters, underlining an accentuated total color difference (ΔE) for both breast and thigh as compared to the control. The dietary supplementation with grape pomace led to the increase of meat hardness regardless of the amount and variety added. The grape pomace inclusion in broiler diets positively influenced meat color and texture. Regarding the lipid oxidation parameters, there was a decrease of the value of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in thigh meat in all experimental groups. Additionally, significant differences were highlighted for breast in 3% white grape pomace and 6% red grape pomace supplemented groups when compared to the control group. In conclusion, the supplementation of broiler diets enriched in PUFA with grape pomace improved meat color and texture, which are essential parameters for consumer’s choice. Also, the grape pomace supplementation indicated an improvement of thigh meat oxidative stability, especially regarding the TBARS value.

Liuwei Dihuang prevents postmenopausal atherosclerosis and endothelial cell apoptosis via inhibiting DNMT1-medicated ERα methylation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The classical and traditional Chinese medicine prescription, Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), has been commonly used to treat the menopausal syndrome. It has been reported that LWDH could improve estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression to prevent atherosclerosis (AS), while the mechanism of LWDH on regulating ERα expression was still unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To reveal the mechanism of LWDH on regulating the ERα expression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The protective effect of LWDH on Hcy-induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was examined. The expression of ERα and DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1) were detected by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The methylation rate of the ERα gene was assayed by the bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP). High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was applied to determine the level of S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) and S-Adenosyl homocysteine (SAH). In vivo, the ApoE^-/- mice were ovariectomized to establish postmenopausal atherosclerosis (AS) model.

RESULTS

In vitro study showed that LWDH protects HUVECs from Hcy-induced apoptosis. Treatment with LWDH significantly increased the ERα expression and reduced the methylation rate of the ERα gene by inhibiting the DNMT1 expression. The level of main methyl donor SAM and the ration of SAM/SAH were reduced by LWDH. In vivo, LWDH prevented the formation of plaque and reduced the concentration of Hcy. In addition, LWDH upregulated the ERα expression, as well as inhibiting the expression of DNMT1 in atherosclerotic mice.

CONCLUSIONS

LWDH exerted protective effects on postmenopausal AS mice, and HUVECs treated with Hcy. LWDH increased of ERα expression via inhibiting DNMT1-dependent ERα methylation.

Phosphorylation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) oil and its fractions

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) oil (RFO) is utilized by inhabitants of the Papua Island to treat diseases such as infections, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, but the mechanism of action is unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We have recently shown that RFO stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells. The present study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanism of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activation by RFO.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

NO production by endothelial cells was determined with electron paramagnetic resonance. The vascular function of isolated mouse aorta was examined using a wire myograph system. Phosphorylation of eNOS was studied with Western blot analyses.

RESULTS

RFO induced concentration-dependent vasodilation in isolated mouse aorta. The vasodilator effect of RFO was lost in endothelium-denuded aorta and in aorta from mice deficient in eNOS. Treatment of human EA.hy 926 endothelial cells with RFO led to an enhancement of eNOS phosphorylation at serine 1177 and NO production. The RFO-induced eNOS phosphorylation and NO production were reduced by inhibitors of Akt or AMPK, but not by an inhibitor of CaMKII. The effects of RFO were decreased by pharmacological inhibition of PI3K, indicating an involvement of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Moreover, acetone-soluble fractions and oily fractions of RFO showed higher efficacies than the RFO polar fraction in activating eNOS.

CONCLUSIONS

RFO contains highly active compounds that enhance NO production through Akt- or AMPK-mediated eNOS phosphorylation. The increase in endothelial NO production is likely to represent one of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of RFO.

Effects of Drugs, Phytoestrogens, Nutrients and Probiotics on Endothelial Dysfunction in the Estrogen-Deficient State

BACKGROUND

Endothelial dysfunction is commonly present in estrogen-deficient states, e.g., after menopause. In the search for alternatives to hormone replacement therapy (HRT), treatments based on phytoestrogens or in non-hormonal mechanisms have been under evaluation.

OBJECTIVE

Here we aim to present an overview of innovative potential treatments for endothelial dysfunction in estrogen-deficient states, introducing our own preliminary data about the probiotic kefir.

METHODS

We conducted a review based on a PubMed database search for keywords of interest (Menopause, Ovariectomy, Vascular dysfunction, Hot flashes, Metformin, Statins, Phytoestrogens, Omega-3, Vitamin D, Probiotics).

RESULTS

Vascular parameters were found to be improved by both metformin and statins through pleiotropic effects, being related to a decrease in oxidative stress and restoration of the nitric oxide pathway. Phytoestrogens such as genistein and resveratrol have also been shown to improve vascular dysfunction, which seems to involve their estrogenic-like actions. Omega-3, vitamin D and its analogues, as well as probiotics, have shown similar vascular beneficial effects in both postmenopausal women and an animal model of ovariectomy (OVX), which could be related to antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, our preliminary data on the probiotic kefir treatment in OVX rats suggested a vascular antioxidant effect. In particular, some evidence points to statins and vitamin D having anti-atherogenic effects.

CONCLUSION

Pleiotropic effects of common medications and natural compounds could have therapeutic potential for endothelial dysfunction in estrogen-deficient states. They could, therefore, work as future complementary or alternative treatments to HRT.

Sirtuins transduce STACs signals through steroid hormone receptors

SIRT1 protects against several complex metabolic and ageing-related diseases (MARDs), and is therefore considered a polypill target to improve healthy ageing. Although dietary sirtuin-activating compounds (dSTACs) including resveratrol are promising drug candidates, their clinical application has been frustrated by an imprecise understanding of how their signals are transduced into increased healthspan. Recent work indicates that SIRT1 and orthologous sirtuins coactivate the oestrogen receptor/ER and the worm steroid receptor DAF-12. Here they are further shown to ligand-independently transduce dSTACs signals through these receptors. While some dSTACs elicit ER subtype-selectivity in the presence of hormone, most synergize with 17β-oestradiol and dafachronic acid respectively to increase ER and DAF-12 coactivation by the sirtuins. These data suggest that dSTACs functionally mimic gonadal steroid hormones, enabling sirtuins to transduce the cognate signals through a conserved endocrine pathway. Interestingly, resveratrol non-monotonically modulates sirtuin signalling, suggesting that it may induce hormesis, i.e. “less is more”. Together, the findings suggest that dSTACs may be informational molecules that use exploitative mimicry to modulate sirtuin signalling through steroid receptors. Hence dSTACs’ intrinsic oestrogenicity may underlie their proven ability to impart the health benefits of oestradiol, and also provides a mechanistic insight into how they extend healthspan or protect against MARDs.

Effects of resveratrol or estradiol on postexercise endothelial function in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women

Regular exercise enhances endothelial function in older men, but not consistently in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Estradiol treatment improves basal endothelial function and restores improvements in endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) to aerobic exercise training in postmenopausal women; however, estradiol treatment is controversial. Resveratrol, an estrogen receptor ligand, enhances exercise training effects on cardiovascular function and nitric oxide (NO) release in animal models, but impairs exercise training effects in men. We conducted a randomized cross-over, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study to determine whether acute (single dose) resveratrol (250-mg tablet) or estradiol (0.05 mg/day transdermal patch) treatment enhances FMD at rest and after a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in healthy estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women (n = 15, 58.1 ± 3.2 yr). FMD was measured before and after (30, 60, and 120 min) a 40-min bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (60-75% peak heart rate) under the respective conditions (separated by 1-2 wk). FMD was higher (P < 0.05) before exercise and at all post-exercise time points in the resveratrol and estradiol conditions compared to placebo. FMD was increased from baseline by 120 min postexercise in the estradiol condition (P < 0.001), but not resveratrol or PL conditions. Consistent with our previous findings, estradiol also enhances endothelial function in response to acute endurance exercise. Although resveratrol improved basal FMD, there was no apparent enhancement of FMD to acute exercise and, therefore, may not act as an estradiol mimetic.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The benefits of endurance exercise training on endothelial function are diminished in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, but estradiol treatment appears to restore improvements in endothelial function in this group. We show that basal endothelial function is enhanced with both acute estradiol and resveratrol treatments in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, but endothelial function is only enhanced following acute endurance exercise with estradiol treatment.

Deciphering Adverse Outcome Pathway Network Linked to Bisphenol F Using Text Mining and Systems Toxicology Approaches

Bisphenol F (BPF) is one of several Bisphenol A (BPA) substituents that is increasingly used in manufacturing industry leading to detectable human exposure. Whereas a large number of studies have been devoted to decipher BPA effects, much less is known about its substituents. To support decision making on BPF's safety, we have developed a new computational approach to rapidly explore the available data on its toxicological effects, combining text mining and integrative systems biology, and aiming at connecting BPF to adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). We first extracted from different databases BPF-protein associations that were expanded to protein complexes using protein-protein interaction datasets. Over-representation analysis of the protein complexes allowed to identify the most relevant biological pathways putatively targeted by BPF. Then, automatic screening of scientific abstracts from literature using the text mining tool, AOP-helpFinder, combined with data integration from various sources (AOP-wiki, CompTox, etc.) and manual curation allowed us to link BPF to AOP events. Finally, we combined all the information gathered through those analyses and built a comprehensive complex framework linking BPF to an AOP network including, as adverse outcomes, various types of cancers such as breast and thyroid malignancies. These results which integrate different types of data can support regulatory assessment of the BPA substituent, BPF, and trigger new epidemiological and experimental studies.

Resveratrol Mitigates High-Fat Diet-Induced Vascular Dysfunction by Activating the Akt/eNOS/NO and Sirt1/ER Pathway

We investigated whether resveratrol (RSV) can attenuate obesity and diabetes progression and improve diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction, and we attempted to delineate its underlying mechanisms. Male C57Bl/6 mice were administered a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks. Mice developed type 2 diabetes with increased body weight, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Oral gavage with RSV significantly reversed the symptoms induced by the HFD. Insulin sensitivity likewise improved after the RSV intervention in these mice. Phenylephrine-induced cremaster arteriolar constriction was impaired, whereas RSV treatment significantly mitigated the vessel responsiveness to phenylephrine. The obese diabetic mice exhibited increased leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and transmigration in the postcapillary venules of the cremaster muscle. By contrast, RSV treatment significantly attenuated HFD-induced extravasation. RSV significantly recovered phosphorylated Akt and eNOS expression in the thoracic aorta. In addition, activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in the thoracic aorta was involved in the improvement of epithelial function after RSV intervention. RSV considerably upregulated the plasma NO level in HFD mice. Moreover, RSV-enhanced human umbilical vein endothelial cells healing through Sirt1/ER pathway may be involved in the prevention of leukocyte extravasation. Collectively, RSV attenuates diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction by activating Akt/eNOS/NO and Sirt1/ER pathway. Our mechanistic study provides a potential RSV-based therapeutic strategy against cardiovascular disease.

Resveratrol and Vascular Function

Resveratrol increases the production of nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells by upregulating the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), stimulating eNOS enzymatic activity, and preventing eNOS uncoupling. At the same time, resveratrol inhibits the synthesis of endothelin-1 and reduces oxidative stress in both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Pathological stimuli-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation, vascular remodeling, and arterial stiffness can be ameliorated by resveratrol as well. In addition, resveratrol also modulates immune cell function, inhibition of immune cell infiltration into the vascular wall, and improves the function of perivascular adipose tissue. All these mechanisms contribute to the protective effects of resveratrol on vascular function and blood pressure in vivo. Sirtuin 1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and estrogen receptors represent the major molecules mediating the vascular effects of resveratrol.

Resveratrol and Its Effects on the Vascular System

Resveratrol, the phenolic substance isolated initially from Veratrum grandiflorum and richly present in grapes, wine, peanuts, soy, and berries, has been attracting attention of scientists and medical doctors for many decades. Herein, we review its effects on the vascular system. Studies utilizing cell cultures and pre-clinical models showed that resveratrol alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, resveratrol suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, promotes autophagy, and has been investigated in the context of vascular senescence. Pre-clinical models unambiguously demonstrated numerous vasculoprotective effects of resveratrol. In clinical trials, resveratrol moderately diminished systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients, as well as blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus. Yet, open questions remain, as exemplified by a recent report which states that the intake of resveratrol might blunt certain positive effects of exercise in older persons, and further research addressing the framework for long-term use of resveratrol as a food supplement, will stay in demand.

Focus on Cdc42 in Breast Cancer: New Insights, Target Therapy Development and Non-Coding RNAs

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumors in females. Although the conventional treatment has demonstrated a certain effect, some limitations still exist. The Rho guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Cdc42 (Cell division control protein 42 homolog) is often upregulated by some cell surface receptors and oncogenes in breast cancer. Cdc42 switches from inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound to active GTP-bound though guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs), results in activation of signaling cascades that regulate various cellular processes such as cytoskeletal changes, proliferation and polarity establishment. Targeting Cdc42 also provides a strategy for precise breast cancer therapy. In addition, Cdc42 is a potential target for several types of non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and lncRNAs. These non-coding RNAs is extensively involved in Cdc42-induced tumor processes, while many of them are aberrantly expressed. Here, we focus on the role of Cdc42 in cell morphogenesis, proliferation, motility, angiogenesis and survival, introduce the Cdc42-targeted non-coding RNAs, as well as present current development of effective Cdc42-targeted inhibitors in breast cancer.

Resveratrol attenuates oxidative injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through regulating mitochondrial fusion via TyrRS-PARP1 pathway

Background/aims

Oxidative stress-induced damage in endothelial cells is a crucial initiator of atherosclerosis (AS), which is highly related to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dynamics. Resveratrol (RSV) exerts beneficial effects against endothelial oxidative injury, while the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Thus, we aimed to explore the role of mitochondria dynamics during the anti-oxidative activities of RSV in palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and to verify whether tyrosyl transfer- RNA synthetase (TyrRS) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) are targeted during this process.

Methods

HUVECs were exposed to 200 μM of PA for 16 h before treated with 10 μM of RSV for 8 h. Cell viability was detected using Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The intracellular ROS level and mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) were measured using microplate reader and flow cytometry. The malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were measured using the microplate reader. The mitochondrial morphology and fusion process was observed under transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. TyrRS and PARP1 were knocked down with the specific small interference RNAs (siRNA), and the protein expressions of TyrRS, PARP1, and mitochondrial fusion proteins (MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1) were measured by western blot.

Results

RSV treatment suppressed the PA-induced injuries in HUVECs, including the damage to cell viability, oxidative stress, and loss of MMP. Additionally, RSV improved the protein levels of MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1 as well as inhibited the PA-induced fragmentation of mitochondria. However, the effects of RSV on oxidative stress and mitochondrial fusion were abolished by the pretreatment of siRNAs of TyrRS and PARP1, indicating that these effects of RSV were dependent on the TyrRS-PARP1 pathway.

Conclusions

RSV attenuated endothelial oxidative injury by regulating mitochondrial fusion via TyrRS-PARP1 signaling pathway.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-019-0338-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.