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He B, Guo L, Hu Y, Huang H, Wan L, Xu K, Wang F, Wen Z. Desmocollin-2 inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma via the ERK/c-MYC signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8805-8817. [DOI: 10.18632/aging.204370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Youwen Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Lijun Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Fenfen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Zhili Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
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2
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Response of human gingival keratinocytes to hybrid CAD/CAM material eluates. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1532-1546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Apoptolysis: a less understood concept in the pathogenesis of Pemphigus Vulgaris. Apoptosis 2022; 27:322-328. [PMID: 35445279 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) is a severe autoimmune disease characterized by supra-basal blisters in the skin and mucous membranes of a wide range of mammals, including humans. It not only affects the skin but also has severe oral manifestations. It has been stated that auto-antibodies are produced, for unknown reasons, which are directed against desmogleins present on the epithelium and thus leads to acantholysis and intraepithelial blistering. But the exact mechanism is still not completely understood. Here we would like to shed light on a new pathologic mechanism i.e., apoptolysis, which emphasizes that apoptotic enzymes contribute to acantholysis development both in terms of molecular events and chronologic sequence. A possible role of apoptolysis has been discussed in purview of PV.
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Bumiller-Bini Hoch V, Schneider L, Pumpe AE, Lüders E, Hundt JE, Boldt ABW. Marked to Die-Cell Death Mechanisms for Keratinocyte Acantholysis in Pemphigus Diseases. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030329. [PMID: 35330080 PMCID: PMC8948972 DOI: 10.3390/life12030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a group of blistering autoimmune diseases causing painful skin lesions, characterized by acantholysis and by the production of autoantibodies against, mainly, adhesion proteins. We reviewed the literature for molecules and/ or features involved in the 12 cell death pathways described by Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death, taking place in pemphigus patients, cell lines, or human skin organ cultures treated with sera or IgG from pemphigus patients or in pemphigus mouse models, and found 61 studies mentioning 97 molecules involved in cell death pathways. Among the molecules, most investigated were pleiotropic molecules such as TNF and CASP3, followed by FASL and CASP8, and then by FAS, BAX, BCL2, and TP53, all involved in more than one pathway but interpreted to function only within apoptosis. Most of these previous investigations focused only on apoptosis, but four recent studies, using TUNEL assays and/or electron microscopy, disqualified this pathway as a previous event of acantholysis. For PV, apoptolysis was suggested as a cell death mechanism based on pathogenic autoantibodies diversity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and p38 MAPK signaling. To answer those many questions that remain on cell death and pemphigus, we propose well-controlled, statistically relevant investigations on pemphigus and cell death pathways besides apoptosis, to overcome the challenges of understanding the etiopathology of pemphigus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Bumiller-Bini Hoch
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (V.B.-B.H.); (L.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.E.P.); (E.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Larissa Schneider
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (V.B.-B.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Anna Elisabeth Pumpe
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.E.P.); (E.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Emelie Lüders
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.E.P.); (E.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Jennifer Elisabeth Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (A.E.P.); (E.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (V.B.-B.H.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Hegazy M, Perl AL, Svoboda SA, Green KJ. Desmosomal Cadherins in Health and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 17:47-72. [PMID: 34425055 PMCID: PMC8792335 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-092912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomal cadherins are a recent evolutionary innovation that make up the adhesive core of highly specialized intercellular junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomal cadherins, which are grouped into desmogleins and desmocollins, are related to the classical cadherins, but their cytoplasmic domains are tailored for anchoring intermediate filaments instead of actin to sites of cell-cell adhesion. The resulting junctions are critical for resisting mechanical stress in tissues such as the skin and heart. Desmosomal cadherins also act as signaling hubs that promote differentiation and facilitate morphogenesis, creating more complex and effective tissue barriers in vertebrate tissues. Interference with desmosomal cadherin adhesive and supra-adhesive functions leads to a variety of autoimmune, hereditary, toxin-mediated, and malignant diseases. We review our current understanding of how desmosomal cadherins contribute to human health and disease, highlight gaps in our knowledge about their regulation and function, and introduce promising new directions toward combatting desmosome-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Abbey L. Perl
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Sophia A. Svoboda
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Müller L, Hatzfeld M, Keil R. Desmosomes as Signaling Hubs in the Regulation of Cell Behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745670. [PMID: 34631720 PMCID: PMC8495202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions, which preserve tissue integrity during homeostatic and stress conditions. These functions rely on their unique structural properties, which enable them to respond to context-dependent signals and transmit them to change cell behavior. Desmosome composition and size vary depending on tissue specific expression and differentiation state. Their constituent proteins are highly regulated by posttranslational modifications that control their function in the desmosome itself and in addition regulate a multitude of desmosome-independent functions. This review will summarize our current knowledge how signaling pathways that control epithelial shape, polarity and function regulate desmosomes and how desmosomal proteins transduce these signals to modulate cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Müller
- Department for Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Department for Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Department for Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Environmental allergens trigger type 2 inflammation through ripoptosome activation. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1316-1326. [PMID: 34531562 PMCID: PMC8487942 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental allergens, including fungi, insects and mites, trigger type 2 immunity; however, the innate sensing mechanisms and initial signaling events remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that allergens trigger RIPK1-caspase 8 ripoptosome activation in epithelial cells. The active caspase 8 subsequently engages caspases 3 and 7, which directly mediate intracellular maturation and release of IL-33, a pro-atopy, innate immunity, alarmin cytokine. Mature IL-33 maintained functional interaction with the cognate ST2 receptor and elicited potent pro-atopy inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. Inhibiting caspase 8 pharmacologically and deleting murine Il33 and Casp8 each attenuated allergic inflammation in vivo. Clinical data substantiated ripoptosome activation and IL-33 maturation as likely contributors to human allergic inflammation. Our findings reveal an epithelial barrier, allergen-sensing mechanism that converges on the ripoptosome as an intracellular molecular signaling platform, triggering type 2 innate immune responses. These findings have significant implications for understanding and treating human allergic diseases.
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8
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Schmitt T, Waschke J. Autoantibody-Specific Signalling in Pemphigus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:701809. [PMID: 34434944 PMCID: PMC8381052 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.701809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune disease impairing barrier functions of epidermis and mucosa. Autoantibodies primarily target the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg 3 and induce loss of desmosomal adhesion. Strikingly, autoantibody profiles in pemphigus correlate with clinical phenotypes. Mucosal-dominant pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is characterised by autoantibodies (PV-IgG) against Dsg3 whereas epidermal blistering in PV and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is associated with autoantibodies against Dsg1. Therapy in pemphigus is evolving towards specific suppression of autoantibody formation and autoantibody depletion. Nevertheless, during the acute phase and relapses of the disease additional treatment options to stabilise desmosomes and thereby rescue keratinocyte adhesion would be beneficial. Therefore, the mechanisms by which autoantibodies interfere with adhesion of desmosomes need to be characterised in detail. Besides direct inhibition of Dsg adhesion, autoantibodies engage signalling pathways interfering with different steps of desmosome turn-over. With this respect, recent data indicate that autoantibodies induce separate signalling responses in keratinocytes via specific signalling complexes organised by Dsg1 and Dsg3 which transfer the signal of autoantibody binding into the cell. This hypothesis may also explain the different clinical pemphigus phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
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9
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Lee JYW, McGrath JA. Mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins: spectrum of cutaneous and extracutaneous abnormalities. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:596-605. [PMID: 32593191 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The desmosome is a type of intercellular junction found in epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes and other specialized cell types. Composed of a network of transmembranous cadherins and intracellular armadillo, plakin and other proteins, desmosomes contribute to cell-cell adhesion, signalling, development and differentiation. Mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins result in a spectrum of erosive skin and mucosal phenotypes that also may affect hair or heart. This review summarizes the molecular pathology and phenotypes associated with desmosomal dysfunction with a focus on inherited disorders that involve the skin/hair, as well as associated extracutaneous pathologies. We reviewed the relevant literature to collate studies of pathogenic human mutations in desmosomes that have been reported over the last 25 years. Mutations in 12 different desmosome genes have been documented, with mutations in nine genes affecting the skin/mucous membranes (DSG1, DSG3, DSC2, DSC3, JUP, PKP1, DSP, CDSN, PERP) and eight resulting in hair abnormalities (DSG4, DSC2, DSC3, JUP, PKP1, DSP, CDSN, PERP). Mutations in three genes can result in cardiocutaneous syndromes (DSC2, JUP, DSP), although mutations have been described in five genes in inherited heart disorders that may lack any dermatological manifestations (DSG2, DSC2, JUP, PKP2, DSP). Understanding the diverse nature of these clinical phenotypes, as well as the desmosome gene mutation(s), has clinical value in managing and counselling patients, as well as demonstrating the biological role and activity of specific components of desmosomes in skin and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y W Lee
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - J A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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10
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Elimination of KLK5 inhibits early skin tumorigenesis by reducing epidermal proteolysis and reinforcing epidermal microstructure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Bumiller-Bini V, Cipolla GA, Spadoni MB, Augusto DG, Petzl-Erler ML, Beltrame MH, Boldt ABW. Condemned or Not to Die? Gene Polymorphisms Associated With Cell Death in Pemphigus Foliaceus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2416. [PMID: 31681304 PMCID: PMC6813369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune blistering skin disease that occurs sporadically across the globe and is endemic in Brazil. Keratinocyte adhesion loss (acantholysis) is associated with high levels of anti-desmoglein 1 IgG autoantibodies, but the role of cell death is poorly understood in PF. Current evidence disqualifies apoptosis as the major cell death mechanism and no other process has yet been investigated. To approach the role of variation in genes responsible for cell death pathways in pemphigus susceptibility, we systematically investigated the frequencies of 1,167 polymorphisms from genes encoding products of all 12 well-established cell death cascades (intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic, NETotic, lysosome-dependent, autophagy-dependent, and immunogenic). By multivariate logistic regression, we compared allelic and genotypic frequencies of 227 PF patients and 194 controls obtained by microarray hybridization. We found 10 variants associated with PF (p < 0.005), belonging to six cell death pathways: apoptosis (TNF, TRAF2, CD36, and PAK2), immunogenic cell death (EIF2AK3, CD47, and SIRPA), necroptosis (TNF and TRAF2), necrosis (RAPGEF3), parthanatos (HK1), and pyroptosis (PRKN). Five polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility: TNF rs1800630*A (OR = 1.9, p = 0.0003), CD36 rs4112274*T (OR = 2.14, p = 0.0015), CD47 rs12695175*G (OR = 1.77, p = 0.0043), SIRPA rs6075340*A/A (OR = 2.75, p = 0.0009), and HK1 rs7072268*T (OR = 1.48, p = 0.0045). Other five variants were associated with protection: TRAF2 rs10781522*G (OR = 0.64, p = 0.0014), PAK2 rs9325377*A/A (OR = 0.48, p = 0.0023), EIF2AK3 rs10167879*T (OR = 0.48, p = 0.0007), RAPGEF3 rs10747521*A/A (OR = 0.42, p = 0.0040), and PRKN rs9355950*C (OR = 0.57, p = 0.0004). Through functional annotation, we found that all associated alleles, with the exception of PRKN rs9355950*C, were previously associated with differential gene expression levels in healthy individuals (mostly in skin and peripheral blood). Further functional validation of these genetic associations may contribute to the understanding of PF etiology and to the development of new drugs and therapeutic regimens for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Bumiller-Bini
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adelman Cipolla
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Basso Spadoni
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Danillo Gardenal Augusto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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12
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Kumar C, Song S, Jiang L, He X, Zhao Q, Pu Y, Malhi KK, Kamboh AA, Ma Y. Sequence Characterization of DSG3 Gene to Know Its Role in High-Altitude Hypoxia Adaptation in the Chinese Cashmere Goat. Front Genet 2018; 9:553. [PMID: 30510564 PMCID: PMC6254015 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan cashmere goat is one of the main goat breeds used by people living in the plateau. It exhibits the distinct phenotypic characteristics observed in lowland goats, allowing them to adapt to the challenging conditions at high altitudes. It provides an ideal model for understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying high-altitude adaptation and hypoxia-related diseases. Our previous exome sequencing of five Chinese cashmere breeds revealed a candidate gene, DSG3 (Desmoglein 3), responsible for the high-altitude adaptation of the Tibetan goat. However, the whole DSG3 gene (44 kbp) consisting of 16 exons in the goat genome was not entirely covered by the exome sequencing. In this study, we resequenced all the 16 exons of the DSG3 gene in ten Chinese native goat populations. Twenty-seven SNP variants were found between the lowland and highland goat populations. The genetic distance (FST) of significant SNPs between the lowland and highland populations ranged from 0.42 to 0.58. By using correlation coefficient analysis, linkage disequilibrium, and haplotype network construction, we found three non-synonymous SNPs (R597E, T595I, and G572S) in exon 5 and two synonymous SNPs in exons 8 and 16 in DSG3. These mutations significantly segregated high- and low-altitude goats in two clusters, indicating the contribution of DSG3 to the high-altitude hypoxia adaptation in the Tibetan goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandar Kumar
- The Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Shen Song
- The Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- The Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong He
- The Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianjun Zhao
- The Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yabin Pu
- The Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kanwar Kumar Malhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Yuehui Ma
- The Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yulis M, Kusters DHM, Nusrat A. Cadherins: cellular adhesive molecules serving as signalling mediators. J Physiol 2018; 596:3883-3898. [PMID: 29968384 PMCID: PMC6117591 DOI: 10.1113/jp275328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The single pass, transmembrane proteins of the cadherin family have been appreciated as important proteins that regulate intercellular adhesion. In addition to this critical function, cadherins contribute to important signalling events that control cellular homeostasis. Many examples exist of classical, desmosomal and atypical cadherins participating in the regulation of signalling events that control homeostatic functions in cells. Much of the work on cadherin mediated signalling focuses on classical cadherins or on specific disease states such as pemphigus vulgaris. Cadherin mediated signalling has been shown to play critical roles during development, in proliferation, apoptosis, disease pathobiology and beyond. It is becoming increasingly clear that cadherins operate through a range of molecular mechanisms. The diversity of pathways and cellular functions regulated by cadherins suggests that we have only scratched the surface in terms of the roles that these versatile proteins play in signalling and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Yulis
- Department of PathologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of PathologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA
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14
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Yulis M, Quiros M, Hilgarth R, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Intracellular Desmoglein-2 cleavage sensitizes epithelial cells to apoptosis in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29523777 PMCID: PMC5844960 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomal cadherins mediate intercellular adhesion and have also been shown to regulate homeostatic signaling in epithelial cells. We have previously reported that select pro-inflammatory cytokines induce Dsg2 ectodomain cleavage and shedding from intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Dsg2 extracellular cleaved fragments (Dsg2 ECF) function to induce paracrine pro-proliferative signaling in epithelial cells. In this study, we show that exposure of IECs to pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) resulted in Dsg2 intracellular cleavage and generation of a ~55 kDa fragment (Dsg2 ICF). Dsg2 intracellular cleavage is mediated by caspase-8 and occurs prior to Dsg2 extracellular cleavage and the execution of apoptosis. Expression of exogenous Dsg2 ICF in model IECs resulted in increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli and apoptosis execution. Additionally, expression of the Dsg2 ICF repressed the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member proteins Bcl-XL and Mcl1. Taken together, our findings identify a novel mechanism by which pro-inflammatory mediators induce modification of Dsg2 to activate apoptosis and eliminate damaged cells, while also promoting release of Dsg2 ECF that promotes proliferation of neighboring cells and epithelial barrier recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Yulis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Miguel Quiros
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Roland Hilgarth
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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15
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Lotti R, Shu E, Petrachi T, Marconi A, Palazzo E, Quadri M, Lin A, O'Reilly LA, Pincelli C. Soluble Fas Ligand Is Essential for Blister Formation in Pemphigus. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535737 PMCID: PMC5834757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a blistering disease characterized by pemphigus autoantibodies (PVIgG) directed mostly against desmogleins (Dsgs), resulting in the loss of keratinocyte adhesion (acantholysis). Yet, the mechanisms underlying blister formation remain to be clarified. We have shown previously that anti-Fas ligand (FasL) antibody (Ab) prevents PVIgG-induced caspase-8 activation and Dsg cleavage in human keratinocytes, and that sera from pemphigus patients contain abnormally increased levels of FasL. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant FasL induces the activation of caspases prior to Dsg degradation, and anti-FasL Ab prevents acantholysis in cultured keratinocytes. Moreover, the silencing of FasL reduces PVIgG-induced caspase-8 activation and Dsg3 cleavage. Following injection of PVIgG into mice, FasL is upregulated at 1–3 h and is followed by caspase-8-mediated keratinocyte apoptosis, before blister formation. The administration of anti-FasL Ab after PVIgG injection blocks blister formation in mice. Furthermore, we injected PVIgG into two different gene-targeted mutant mice that selectively lack either secreted soluble FasL (sFasL), FasLΔs/Δs mice, or the membrane-bound form of FasL (mFasL), FasLΔm/Δm mice. After PVIgG treatment, blisters are only visible in FasLΔm/Δm animals, lacking mFasL, but still producing sFasL, similar to wild-type (C57BL/6) animals. By contrast, a significant decrease in the relative acantholytic area is observed in the FasLΔs/Δs animals. These results demonstrate that soluble FasL plays a crucial role in the mechanisms of blister formation, and blockade of FasL could be an effective therapeutic approach for pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lotti
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - En Shu
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tiziana Petrachi
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marconi
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Palazzo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marika Quadri
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ann Lin
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Abstract
Epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI) is a rare disorder of cornification caused by mutations in KRT1 and KRT10, encoding two suprabasal epidermal keratins. Because of the variable clinical features and severity of the disease, histopathology is often required to correctly direct the molecular analysis. EI is characterized by hyperkeratosis and vacuolar degeneration of the upper epidermis, also known as epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, hence the name of the disease. In the current report, the authors describe members of 2 families presenting with clinical features consistent with EI. The patients were shown to carry classical mutations in KRT1 or KRT10, but did not display epidermolytic changes on histology. These observations underscore the need to remain aware of the limitations of pathological features when considering a diagnosis of EI.
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17
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Patel SJ, Darie CC, Clarkson BD. Effect of purified fractions from cell culture supernate of high-density pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (ALL3) on the growth of ALL3 cells at low density. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:417-428. [PMID: 27804141 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the aberrant growth and interactions between cells are not understood very well. The pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells directly obtained from an adult patient grow very poorly or do not grow at all at low density (LD), but grow better at high starting cell density (HD). We found that the LD ALL3 cells can be stimulated to grow in the presence of diffusible, soluble factors secreted by ALL3 cells themselves growing at high starting cell density. We then developed a biochemical purification procedure that allowed us to purify the factor(s) with stimulatory activity and analyzed them by nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS). Using nanoLC-MS/MS we have identified several proteins which were further processed using various bioinformatics tools. This resulted in eight protein candidates which might be responsible for the growth activity on non-growing LD ALL3 cells and their involvement in the stimulatory activity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapan J Patel
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Molecular Pharmacology Program, New York, NY, USA.,Clarkson University, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Clarkson University, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Bayard D Clarkson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Molecular Pharmacology Program, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Cirillo N, Hassona Y, Celentano A, Lim K, Manchella S, Parkinson E, Prime S. Cancer-associated fibroblasts regulate keratinocyte cell–cell adhesion via TGF-β-dependent pathways in genotype-specific oral cancer. Carcinogenesis 2016; 38:76-85. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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The first EGF domain of coagulation factor IX attenuates cell adhesion and induces apoptosis. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160098. [PMID: 27129300 PMCID: PMC5293593 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor IX (FIX) is an essential plasma protein for blood coagulation. The first epidermal growth factor (EGF) motif of FIX (EGF-F9) has been reported to attenuate cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of this motif on cell adhesion and apoptosis. Treatment with a recombinant EGF-F9 attenuated cell adhesion to the ECM within 10 min. De-adhesion assays with native FIX recombinant FIX deletion mutant proteins suggested that the de-adhesion activity of EGF-F9 requires the same process of FIX activation as that which occurs for coagulation activity. The recombinant EGF-F9 increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity release into the medium and increased the number of cells stained with annexin V and activated caspase-3, by 8.8- and 2.7-fold respectively, indicating that EGF-F9 induced apoptosis. Activated caspase-3 increased very rapidly after only 5 min of administration of recombinant EGF-F9. Treatment with EGF-F9 increased the level of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not that of phosphorylated MAPK 44/42 or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibitors of caspase-3 suppressed the release of LDH. Caspase-3 inhibitors also suppressed the attenuation of cell adhesion and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK by EGF-F9. Our data indicated that EGF-F9 activated signals for apoptosis and induced de-adhesion in a caspase-3 dependent manner.
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20
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Chen YB, Xiao W, Li M, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Hu JS, Luo KJ. N-TERMINALLY ELONGATED SpliInx2 AND SpliInx3 REDUCE BACULOVIRUS-TRIGGERED APOPTOSIS VIA HEMICHANNEL CLOSURE. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:24-37. [PMID: 27030553 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hemichannel and gap junction channel are major portals for the release of factors responsible for the effects of apoptotic cells on the spread of apoptosis to neighboring cells and apoptotic corpse clearance, typically by phagocytes. The N-terminal cytoplasmic domain in the connexins, gap junction proteins in vertebrate, has been implicated in regulating channel closure. However, little is known about how the hemichannel close responds to apoptotic signaling transduction leading to the reduction of neighboring cellular apoptosis in an invertebrate. An insect Bac-to-Bac expression system, pFastBac(TM) HT A, allows us to construct an N-terminally elongated SpliInx2 (Nte-Inx2) and SpliInx3 (Nte-Inx3). Here, we demonstrated that recombinant baculovirus Bac-Nte-Inx2 (reBac-Net-Inx2) and Bac-Nte-Inx3 (reBac-Nte-Inx3) closed the endogenous hemichannel on the Sf9 cell surface. Importantly, primary baculovirus infections significantly caused early apoptosis, and this apoptosis was reduced by hemichannel-closed Sf9 cells at 24-h post-infection (PI). Although N-terminal-elongated residue led to the increase in the phosphorylated sites in both Nte-Inx2 and Nte-Inx3 and an additional transmembrane domain in Nte-Inx3, both the proteins localized on the cell surface, suggesting Nte-Inxs proteins could mediate hemichannel closure. Further supporting evidence showed that hemichannel closure was dependent on N-Inxs expressed by baculovirus polyhedrin promoter, which began to express at 18-24 h PI. These results identify an unconventional function of N-terminal-elongated innexins that could act as a plug to manipulate hemichannel closure and provide a mechanism connecting the effect of hemichannel closure directly to apoptotic signaling transduction from intracellular to extracellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Bin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Sheng Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Jun Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
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21
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Kamekura R, Nava P, Feng M, Quiros M, Nishio H, Weber DA, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Inflammation-induced desmoglein-2 ectodomain shedding compromises the mucosal barrier. Mol Biol Cell 2015. [PMID: 26224314 PMCID: PMC4569309 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines promote desmoglein-2 (Dsg2) ectodomain shedding in intestinal epithelial cells. Epithelial exposure to Dsg2 ectodomains compromises intercellular adhesion while also promoting proliferation. These findings identify mechanisms by which mucosal inflammation–induced cleavage of Dsg2 influences intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Desmosomal cadherins mediate intercellular adhesion and control epithelial homeostasis. Recent studies show that proteinases play an important role in the pathobiology of cancer by targeting epithelial intercellular junction proteins such as cadherins. Here we describe the proinflammatory cytokine-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain–containing protein 10, which promote the shedding of desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-2 (Dsg2) ectodomains in intestinal epithelial cells. Epithelial exposure to Dsg2 ectodomains compromises intercellular adhesion by promoting the relocalization of endogenous Dsg2 and E-cadherin from the plasma membrane while also promoting proliferation by activation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/3 signaling. Cadherin ectodomains were detected in the inflamed intestinal mucosa of mice with colitis and patients with ulcerative colitis. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel response pathway in which inflammation-induced modification of columnar epithelial cell cadherins decreases intercellular adhesion while enhancing cellular proliferation, which may serve as a compensatory mechanism to promote repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Kamekura
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 0608556, Japan
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico DF 07360, Mexico
| | - Mingli Feng
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Miguel Quiros
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Hikaru Nishio
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dominique A Weber
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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22
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Abstract
Desmosomes represent adhesive, spot-like intercellular junctions that in association with intermediate filaments mechanically link neighboring cells and stabilize tissue architecture. In addition to this structural function, desmosomes also act as signaling platforms involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, morphogenesis, and apoptosis. Thus, deregulation of desmosomal proteins has to be considered to contribute to tumorigenesis. Proteolytic fragmentation and downregulation of desmosomal cadherins and plaque proteins by transcriptional or epigenetic mechanisms were observed in different cancer entities suggesting a tumor-suppressive role. However, discrepant data in the literature indicate that context-dependent differences based on alternative intracellular, signal transduction lead to altered outcome. Here, modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by plakoglobin or desmoplakin and of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling appears to be of special relevance. This review summarizes current evidence on how desmosomal proteins participate in carcinogenesis, and depicts the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Huber
- a Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743 Jena , Germany.,b Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital , Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena , Germany
| | - Iver Petersen
- c Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena , Germany
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23
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McAleer MA, Pohler E, Smith FJD, Wilson NJ, Cole C, MacGowan S, Koetsier JL, Godsel LM, Harmon RM, Gruber R, Crumrine D, Elias PM, McDermott M, Butler K, Broderick A, Sarig O, Sprecher E, Green KJ, McLean WHI, Irvine AD. Severe dermatitis, multiple allergies, and metabolic wasting syndrome caused by a novel mutation in the N-terminal plakin domain of desmoplakin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1268-76. [PMID: 26073755 PMCID: PMC4649901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Severe dermatitis, multiple allergies, and metabolic wasting (SAM) syndrome is a recently recognized syndrome caused by mutations in the desmoglein 1 gene (DSG1). To date, only 3 families have been reported. Objective We studied a new case of SAM syndrome known to have no mutations in DSG1 to detail the clinical, histopathologic, immunofluorescent, and ultrastructural phenotype and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms in this rare genodermatosis. Methods Histopathologic, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent studies were performed. Whole-exome sequencing data were interrogated for mutations in desmosomal and other skin structural genes, followed by Sanger sequencing of candidate genes in the patient and his parents. Results No mutations were identified in DSG1; however, a novel de novo heterozygous missense c.1757A>C mutation in the desmoplakin gene (DSP) was identified in the patient, predicting the amino acid substitution p.His586Pro in the desmoplakin polypeptide. Conclusions SAM syndrome can be caused by mutations in both DSG1 and DSP. Knowledge of this genetic heterogeneity is important for both analysis of patients and genetic counseling of families. This condition and these observations reinforce the importance of heritable skin barrier defects, in this case desmosomal proteins, in the pathogenesis of atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve A McAleer
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Frances J D Smith
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Wilson
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Cole
- Division of Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart MacGowan
- Division of Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, and the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, and the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Michael McDermott
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karina Butler
- Infectious Disease Department, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annemarie Broderick
- Department of Gastroenterology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin and School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Gastroenterology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin and School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - W H Irwin McLean
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
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24
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Luyet C, Schulze K, Sayar BS, Howald D, Müller EJ, Galichet A. Preclinical studies identify non-apoptotic low-level caspase-3 as therapeutic target in pemphigus vulgaris. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119809. [PMID: 25748204 PMCID: PMC4352034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients suffer from a live-threatening loss of intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes (acantholysis). The disease is caused by auto-antibodies that bind to desmosomal cadherins desmoglein (Dsg) 3 or Dsg3 and Dsg1 in mucous membranes and skin. A currently unresolved controversy in PV is whether apoptosis is involved in the pathogenic process. The objective of this study was to perform preclinical studies to investigate apoptotic pathway activation in PV pathogenesis with the goal to assess its potential for clinical therapy. For this purpose, we investigated mouse and human skin keratinocyte cultures treated with PV antibodies (the experimental Dsg3 monospecific antibody AK23 or PV patients IgG), PV mouse models (passive transfer of AK23 or PVIgG into adult and neonatal mice) as well as PV patients' biopsies (n=6). A combination of TUNEL assay, analyses of membrane integrity, early apoptotic markers such as cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and the collapse of actin cytoskeleton failed to provide evidence for apoptosis in PV pathogenesis. However, the in vitro and in vivo PV models, allowing to monitor progression of lesion formation, revealed an early, transient and low-level caspase-3 activation. Pharmacological inhibition confirmed the functional implication of caspase-3 in major events in PV such as shedding of Dsg3, keratin retraction, proliferation including c-Myc induction, p38MAPK activation and acantholysis. Together, these data identify low-level caspase-3 activation downstream of disrupted Dsg3 trans- or cis-adhesion as a major event in PV pathogenesis that is non-synonymous with apoptosis and represents, unlike apoptotic components, a promising target for clinical therapy. At a broader level, these results posit that an impairment of adhesive functions in concert with low-level, non-lethal caspase-3 activation can evoke profound cellular changes which may be of relevance for other diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Luyet
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Schulze
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beyza S. Sayar
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denise Howald
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane J. Müller
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Galichet
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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25
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Abstract
The arrival of multicellularity in evolution facilitated cell-cell signaling in conjunction with adhesion. As the ectodomains of cadherins interact with each other directly in trans (as well as in cis), spanning the plasma membrane and associating with multiple other entities, cadherins enable the transduction of "outside-in" or "inside-out" signals. We focus this review on signals that originate from the larger family of cadherins that are inwardly directed to the nucleus, and thus have roles in gene control or nuclear structure-function. The nature of cadherin complexes varies considerably depending on the type of cadherin and its context, and we will address some of these variables for classical cadherins versus other family members. Substantial but still fragmentary progress has been made in understanding the signaling mediators used by varied cadherin complexes to coordinate the state of cell-cell adhesion with gene expression. Evidence that cadherin intracellular binding partners also localize to the nucleus is a major point of interest. In some models, catenins show reduced binding to cadherin cytoplasmic tails favoring their engagement in gene control. When bound, cadherins may serve as stoichiometric competitors of nuclear signals. Cadherins also directly or indirectly affect numerous signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, receptor tyrosine kinase, Hippo, NFκB, and JAK/STAT), enabling cell-cell contacts to touch upon multiple biological outcomes in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Program in Genes & Development, Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Meghan T Maher
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Desmosomes serve as intercellular junctions in various tissues including the skin and the heart where they play a crucial role in cell-cell adhesion, signalling and differentiation. The desmosomes connect the cell surface to the keratin cytoskeleton and are composed of a transmembranal part consisting mainly of desmosomal cadherins, armadillo proteins and desmoplakin, which form the intracytoplasmic desmosomal plaque. Desmosomal genodermatoses are caused by mutations in genes encoding the various desmosomal components. They are characterized by skin, hair and cardiac manifestations occurring in diverse combinations. Their classification into a separate and distinct clinical group not only recognizes their common pathogenesis and facilitates their diagnosis but might also in the future form the basis for the design of novel and targeted therapies for these occasionally life-threatening diseases.
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27
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Malheiros D, Panepucci RA, Roselino AM, Araújo AG, Zago MA, Petzl-Erler ML. Genome-wide gene expression profiling reveals unsuspected molecular alterations in pemphigus foliaceus. Immunology 2014; 143:381-95. [PMID: 24813052 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by bullous skin lesions and the presence of antibodies against desmoglein 1. In this study we sought to contribute to a better understanding of the molecular processes in endemic PF, as the identification of factors that participate in the pathogenesis is a prerequisite for understanding its biological basis and may lead to novel therapeutic interventions. CD4+ T lymphocytes are central to the development of the disease. Therefore, we compared genome-wide gene expression profiles of peripheral CD4+ T cells of various PF patient subgroups with each other and with that of healthy individuals. The patient sample was subdivided into three groups: untreated patients with the generalized form of the disease, patients submitted to immunosuppressive treatment, and patients with the localized form of the disease. Comparisons between different subgroups resulted in 135, 54 and 64 genes differentially expressed. These genes are mainly related to lymphocyte adhesion and migration, apoptosis, cellular proliferation, cytotoxicity and antigen presentation. Several of these genes were differentially expressed when comparing lesional and uninvolved skin from the same patient. The chromosomal regions 19q13 and 12p13 concentrate differentially expressed genes and are candidate regions for PF susceptibility genes and disease markers. Our results reveal genes involved in disease severity, potential therapeutic targets and previously unsuspected processes involved in the pathogenesis. Besides, this study adds original information that will contribute to the understanding of PF's pathogenesis and of the still poorly defined in vivo functions of most of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Malheiros
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Johnson JL, Najor NA, Green KJ. Desmosomes: regulators of cellular signaling and adhesion in epidermal health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015297. [PMID: 25368015 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that mediate cell-cell adhesion and anchor the intermediate filament network to the plasma membrane, providing mechanical resilience to tissues such as the epidermis and heart. In addition to their critical roles in adhesion, desmosomal proteins are emerging as mediators of cell signaling important for proper cell and tissue functions. In this review we highlight what is known about desmosomal proteins regulating adhesion and signaling in healthy skin-in morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis, wound healing, and protection against environmental damage. We also discuss how human diseases that target desmosome molecules directly or interfere indirectly with these mechanical and signaling functions to contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Nicole A Najor
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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FANG WANGKAI, LIAO LIANDI, ZENG FAMIN, ZHANG PIXIAN, WU JIANYI, SHEN JIAN, XU LIYAN, LI ENMIN. Desmocollin‑2 affects the adhesive strength and cytoskeletal arrangement in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2358-64. [PMID: 25119898 PMCID: PMC4214350 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmocollin‑2 (DSC2), a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the desmosomal cadherin family, has been found to be differentially expressed in several types of cancer and to be involved in tumor progression. The tumor metastasis suppressing property of DSC2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been described, however, its contribution to cell cohesion in ESCC remains to be elucidated. In the present study, using RNA interference (RNAi), the expression of DSC2 was silenced in SHEEC and KYSE510 cells. Hanging drop and fragmentation assays were performed to investigate the role of DSC2 in cell‑cell adhesion. Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy were used to analyze the expression and localization of cell adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal arrangement. The results demonstrated that DSC2 knock down by RNAi caused defects in cell‑cell adhesion and a concomitant reduction in desmosomal protein expression and adherens junction molecule distribution. A decrease in the expression of DSC2 caused an increase in free γ‑catenin levels, thus promoting its recruitment to the adherens junction complex. In addition, the RNAi‑mediated inhibition of DSC2 led to keratin intermediate filament retraction and filamentous‑actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. Taken together, these data support our previous findings and the proposal that DSC2 may be involved in the regulation of the invasive behavior of cells by a mechanism that controls cell‑cell attachment and cytoskeleton rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- WANG-KAI FANG
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - LIAN-DI LIAO
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - FA-MIN ZENG
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - PI-XIAN ZHANG
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - JIAN-YI WU
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - JIAN SHEN
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - LI-YAN XU
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Li-Yan Xu, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail: . Professor En-Min Li, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - EN-MIN LI
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Li-Yan Xu, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail: . Professor En-Min Li, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
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30
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Nava P, Kamekura R, Nusrat A. Cleavage of transmembrane junction proteins and their role in regulating epithelial homeostasis. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e24783. [PMID: 24665393 PMCID: PMC3879235 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues form a selective barrier that separates the external environment from the internal tissue milieu. Single epithelial cells are densely packed and associate via distinct intercellular junctions. Intercellular junction proteins not only control barrier properties of the epithelium but also play an important role in regulating epithelial homeostasis that encompasses cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and regulated shedding. Recent studies have revealed that several proteases target epithelial junction proteins during physiological maturation as well as in pathologic states such as inflammation and cancer. This review discusses mechanisms and biological consequences of transmembrane junction protein cleavage. The influence of junction protein cleavage products on pathogenesis of inflammation and cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio Nava
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA ; Department of Physiology; Biophysics and Neurosciences; Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV); México DF, Mexico
| | - Ryuta Kamekura
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
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31
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The desmosomal protein desmoglein 1 aids recovery of epidermal differentiation after acute UV light exposure. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2154-2162. [PMID: 24594668 PMCID: PMC4102640 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal structure is damaged by exposure to UV light, but the molecular mechanisms governing structural repair are largely unknown. UVB (290-320 nm wavelengths) exposure before induction of differentiation reduced expression of differentiation-associated proteins, including desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), desmocollin 1 (Dsc1), and keratins 1 and 10 (K1/K10), in a dose-dependent manner in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). The UVB-induced reduction in both Dsg1 transcript and protein was associated with reduced binding of the p63 transcription factor to previously unreported enhancer regulatory regions of the Dsg1 gene. As Dsg1 promotes epidermal differentiation in addition to participating in cell-cell adhesion, the role of Dsg1 in aiding differentiation after UVB damage was tested. Compared with controls, depleting Dsg1 via short hairpin RNA resulted in further reduction of Dsc1 and K1/K10 expression in monolayer NHEK cultures and in abnormal epidermal architecture in organotypic skin models recovering from UVB exposure. Ectopic expression of Dsg1 in keratinocyte monolayers rescued the UVB-induced differentiation defect. Treatment of UVB-exposed monolayer or organotypic cultures with trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, partially restored differentiation marker expression, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for reversing UV-induced impairment of epidermal differentiation after acute sun exposure.
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32
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Genome-wide expression analysis suggests unique disease-promoting and disease-preventing signatures in Pemphigus vulgaris. Genes Immun 2013; 14:487-99. [PMID: 23985570 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate pathogenetic mechanisms underlying disease development and progression in the autoimmune skin disease Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), we examined global peripheral blood gene expression in patients and healthy controls. Our goals were to: (1) assign blood gene expression signatures to patients and controls; (2) identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and investigate functional pathways associated with these signatures; and (3) evaluate the distribution of DEGs across the genome to identify transcriptional 'hot spots'. Unbiased hierarchical clustering clearly separated patients from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched controls (MCRs; 'disease' signature), and active from remittent patients ('activity' signature). DEGs associated with these signatures are involved in immune response, cytoskeletal reorganization, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, oxidation-reduction and apoptosis. We further found that MCRs carrying the PV-associated HLA risk alleles cluster distinctly from unmatched controls (UMCR) revealing an HLA-associated 'control' signature. A subset of DEGs within the 'control' signature overlap with the 'disease' signature, but are inversely regulated in MCR when compared with either PV patients or UMCR, suggesting the existence of a 'protection' signature in healthy individuals carrying the PV HLA genetic risk elements. Finally, we identified 19 transcriptional 'hot spots' across the signatures, which may guide future studies aimed at pinpointing disease risk genes.
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33
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Samuelov L, Sarig O, Harmon RM, Rapaport D, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Isakov O, Koetsier JL, Gat A, Goldberg I, Bergman R, Spiegel R, Eytan O, Geller S, Peleg S, Shomron N, Goh CSM, Wilson NJ, Smith FJD, Pohler E, Simpson MA, McLean WHI, Irvine AD, Horowitz M, McGrath JA, Green KJ, Sprecher E. Desmoglein 1 deficiency results in severe dermatitis, multiple allergies and metabolic wasting. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1244-1248. [PMID: 23974871 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The relative contribution of immunological dysregulation and impaired epithelial barrier function to allergic diseases is still a matter of debate. Here we describe a new syndrome featuring severe dermatitis, multiple allergies and metabolic wasting (SAM syndrome) caused by homozygous mutations in DSG1. DSG1 encodes desmoglein 1, a major constituent of desmosomes, which connect the cell surface to the keratin cytoskeleton and have a crucial role in maintaining epidermal integrity and barrier function. Mutations causing SAM syndrome resulted in lack of membrane expression of DSG1, leading to loss of cell-cell adhesion. In addition, DSG1 deficiency was associated with increased expression of a number of genes encoding allergy-related cytokines. Our deciphering of the pathogenesis of SAM syndrome substantiates the notion that allergy may result from a primary structural epidermal defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Samuelov
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Robert M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Debora Rapaport
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ofer Isakov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrea Gat
- Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Goldberg
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Reuven Bergman
- Department of Dermatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Spiegel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Institute of Human Genetics, Haemek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Ori Eytan
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Shamir Geller
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarit Peleg
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Pediatric Department B, Haemek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.,Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Haemek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Neil J Wilson
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Frances J D Smith
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London, UK
| | - W H Irwin McLean
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mia Horowitz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - John A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London, UK
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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España A, Mòdol T, Gil MP, López-Zabalza MJ. Neural nitric oxide synthase participates in pemphigus vulgaris acantholysis through upregulation of Rous sarcoma, mammalian target of rapamycin and focal adhesion kinase. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:125-30. [PMID: 23362871 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering skin disease characterized by suprabasal acantholysis produced as a consequence of desmoglein (Dsg) and non-Dsg autoantibodies binding to several targeting molecules localized on the membrane of keratinocytes. Nitric oxide (NO) may exert a pathogenic function in several immunological processes. We have previously demonstrated that neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) plays part in PV acantholysis. Also, our group has described a relevant role for HER [human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) related] isoforms and several kinases such as Src (Rous sarcoma), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as well as caspases in PV development. Using a passive transfer mouse model of PV, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the increase in nNOS and EGFR, Src, mTOR and FAK kinase upregulation observed in PV lesions. Our results revealed a new function for nNOS, which contributes to EGFR-mediated PV acantholysis through the upregulation of Src, mTOR and FAK. In addition, we found that nNOS participates actively in PV at least in part by increasing caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities. These findings underline the important issue that in PV acantholysis, caspase activation is a nNOS-linked process downstream of Src, mTOR and FAK kinase upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín España
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinic of Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain.
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35
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Harmon RM, Simpson CL, Johnson JL, Koetsier JL, Dubash AD, Najor NA, Sarig O, Sprecher E, Green KJ. Desmoglein-1/Erbin interaction suppresses ERK activation to support epidermal differentiation. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1556-70. [PMID: 23524970 DOI: 10.1172/jci65220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic disorders of the Ras/MAPK pathway, termed RASopathies, produce numerous abnormalities, including cutaneous keratodermas. The desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein-1 (DSG1), promotes keratinocyte differentiation by attenuating MAPK/ERK signaling and is linked to striate palmoplantar keratoderma (SPPK). This raises the possibility that cutaneous defects associated with SPPK and RASopathies share certain molecular faults. To identify intermediates responsible for executing the inhibition of ERK by DSG1, we conducted a yeast 2-hybrid screen. The screen revealed that Erbin (also known as ERBB2IP), a known ERK regulator, binds DSG1. Erbin silencing disrupted keratinocyte differentiation in culture, mimicking aspects of DSG1 deficiency. Furthermore, ERK inhibition and the induction of differentiation markers by DSG1 required both Erbin and DSG1 domains that participate in binding Erbin. Erbin blocks ERK signaling by interacting with and disrupting Ras-Raf scaffolds mediated by SHOC2, a protein genetically linked to the RASopathy, Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH). DSG1 overexpression enhanced this inhibitory function, increasing Erbin-SHOC2 interactions and decreasing Ras-SHOC2 interactions. Conversely, analysis of epidermis from DSG1-deficient patients with SPPK demonstrated increased Ras-SHOC2 colocalization and decreased Erbin-SHOC2 colocalization, offering a possible explanation for the observed epidermal defects. These findings suggest a mechanism by which DSG1 and Erbin cooperate to repress MAPK signaling and promote keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Barjaktarovic Z, Anastasov N, Azimzadeh O, Sriharshan A, Sarioglu H, Ueffing M, Tammio H, Hakanen A, Leszczynski D, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S. Integrative proteomic and microRNA analysis of primary human coronary artery endothelial cells exposed to low-dose gamma radiation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:87-98. [PMID: 23138885 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-012-0439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High doses of ionising radiation significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the vascular endothelium representing one of the main targets. Whether radiation doses lower than 500 mGy induce cardiovascular damage is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate radiation-induced expression changes on protein and microRNA (miRNA) level in primary human coronary artery endothelial cells after a single 200 mGy radiation dose (Co-60). Using a multiplex gel-based proteomics technology (2D-DIGE), we identified 28 deregulated proteins showing more than ±1.5-fold expression change in comparison with non-exposed cells. A great majority of the proteins showed up-regulation. Bioinformatics analysis indicated "cellular assembly and organisation, cellular function and maintenance and molecular transport" as the most significant radiation-responsive network. Caspase-3, a central regulator of this network, was confirmed to be up-regulated using immunoblotting. We also analysed radiation-induced alterations in the level of six miRNAs known to play a role either in CVD or in radiation response. The expression of miR-21 and miR-146b showed significant radiation-induced deregulation. Using miRNA target prediction, three proteins found differentially expressed in this study were identified as putative candidates for miR-21 regulation. A negative correlation was observed between miR-21 levels and the predicted target proteins, desmoglein 1, phosphoglucomutase and target of Myb protein. This study shows for the first time that a low-dose exposure has a significant impact on miRNA expression that is directly related to protein expression alterations. The data presented here may facilitate the discovery of low-dose biomarkers of radiation-induced cardiovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarko Barjaktarovic
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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37
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Cirillo N, Al-Jandan BA. Desmosomal adhesion and pemphigus vulgaris: the first half of the story. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1-10. [PMID: 23368972 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.763799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a paradigm of autoimmune disease affecting intercellular adhesion. The mechanisms that lead to cell-cell detachment (acantholysis) have crucial therapeutic implications and are currently undergoing major scrutiny. The first part of this review focuses on the classical view of the pathogenesis of PV, which is dominated by the cell adhesion molecules of the desmosome, namely desmogleins (Dsgs). Cloning of the DSG3 gene, generation DSG3 knock-out mice and isolation of monoclonal anti-Dsg3 IgG have aided to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of PV, which are in part dependent on the fate of desmosomal molecules. These include perturbation of the desmosomal network at the transcriptional, translational, and interaction level, kinase activation, proteinase-mediated degradation, and hyper-adhesion. By the use of PV models, translational research has in turn helped shed light into the basic structure, function, and dynamics of assembly of desmosomal cadherins. The combined efforts of basic and applied research has resulted in tremendous advance into the understanding of epidermal adhesion and helped debunk old myths on the supposedly unique role of desmogleins in the mechanisms of cell-cell detachment in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia.
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Abstract
The contribution of adherens junction inactivation, typically by downregulation or mutation of the transmembrane core component E-cadherin, to cancer progression is well recognized. In contrast, the role of the desmosomal cadherin components of the related cell-cell adhesion junction, the desmosome, in cancer development has not been well explored. Here, we use mouse models to probe the functional role of desmosomal cadherins in carcinogenesis. Because mice lacking the desmosomal cadherin Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) have revealed a crucial role for Dsg3 in cell-cell adhesion in stratified epithelia, we investigate the consequence of Dsg3 loss in two models of skin carcinogenesis. First, using Dsg3−/− keratinocytes, we show that these cells display adhesion defects in vitro and compromised tumor growth in allograft assays, suggesting that Dsg3 enables tumor formation in certain settings. In contrast, using an autochthonous model for SCC development in response to chronic UVB treatment, we discover a surprising lack of enhanced tumorigenesis in Dsg3−/− mice relative to controls, unlike mice lacking the desmosomal component Perp. Accordingly, there is no defect in the apoptotic response to UVB or enhanced immune cell infiltration upon Dsg3 loss that could promote tumorigenesis. Thus, Dsg3 does not display a clear function as a tumor suppressor in these mouse skin cancer models. Continued unraveling of the roles of Dsg3 and other desmosomal constituents in carcinogenesis in different contexts will be important for ultimately improving cancer diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Baron
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Anabel Hoang
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Laura D. Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Chen J, Nekrasova OE, Patel DM, Klessner JL, Godsel LM, Koetsier JL, Amargo EV, Desai BV, Green KJ. The C-terminal unique region of desmoglein 2 inhibits its internalization via tail-tail interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 199:699-711. [PMID: 23128240 PMCID: PMC3494854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201202105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tail–tail interactions of desmoglein 2, promoted by its C-terminal unique region, inhibit its internalization, stabilizing it at the cell surface and promoting intercellular adhesion. Desmosomal cadherins, desmogleins (Dsgs) and desmocollins, make up the adhesive core of intercellular junctions called desmosomes. A critical determinant of epithelial adhesive strength is the level and organization of desmosomal cadherins on the cell surface. The Dsg subclass of desmosomal cadherins contains a C-terminal unique region (Dsg unique region [DUR]) with unknown function. In this paper, we show that the DUR of Dsg2 stabilized Dsg2 at the cell surface by inhibiting its internalization and promoted strong intercellular adhesion. DUR also facilitated Dsg tail–tail interactions. Forced dimerization of a Dsg2 tail lacking the DUR led to decreased internalization, supporting the conclusion that these two functions of the DUR are mechanistically linked. We also show that a Dsg2 mutant, V977fsX1006, identified in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy patients, led to a loss of Dsg2 tail self-association and underwent rapid endocytosis in cardiac muscle cells. Our observations illustrate a new mechanism desmosomal cadherins use to control their surface levels, a key factor in determining their adhesion and signaling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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40
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Wu J, Pan Z, Wang Z, Zhu W, Shen Y, Cui R, Lin J, Yu H, Wang Q, Qian J, Yu Y, Zhu D, Lou Y. Ginsenoside Rg1 protection against β-amyloid peptide-induced neuronal apoptosis via estrogen receptor α and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent anti-protein nitration pathway. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:349-61. [PMID: 22534050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) acts as a neuroprotective agent against various insults, however, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated yet. Here, we report that Rg1 protects primary rat cerebrocortical neurons against β-amyloid peptide₂₅₋₃₅ (Aβ₂₅₋₃₅) injury via estrogen receptor α (ERα) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent anti-protein nitration pathway. In primary rat cerebrocortical neuron cultures under basal conditions, Rg1 leads to nuclear translocation of ERα and GR, induces related responsive gene PR, pS₂ and MKP-1, SGK transcription. Meantime, Rg1 also increases the basal level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In the presence of toxic level of Aβ₂₅₋₃₅, Rg1 maintains ERK1/2 phosphorylation, attenuates iNOS expression, NO production, and inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation, protein nitration and cell death. The antiapoptotic effects of Rg1 via both ERα and GR were abolished by small interfering RNAs (siRNA). ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibitor U0126 can block downstream iNOS expression and NO generation. Interestingly, the anti-protein nitration effect of Rg1 is well matched with ERα and GR activation, although its anti-ROS production effect is in an ERα- and GR-independent manner. These results suggest that Rg1 ameliorates Aβ₂₅₋₃₅-induced neuronal apoptosis at least in part by two complementary ERα- and GR-dependent downstream pathways: (1) upregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation followed by inhibiting iNOS expression, NO generation and protein tyrosine nitration. (2) reduction NF-κB nuclear translocation. These data provide new understanding into the mechanisms of Rg1 anti-apoptotic functions after Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ exposure, suggesting that ERα and GR-dependent anti-protein tyrosine nitration pathway might take an important role in the neuroprotective effect of Rg1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wu
- Division of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular and Hepatic Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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41
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Abstract
Background: Our purpose was to investigate if dysregulation of cell adhesion molecules could be linked to prognosis in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the anal region. Methods: Protein expression of desmoglein-1 (DSG1), desmocollin-1 (DSC1) and E-cadherin was studied by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 53 anal carcinoma patients treated by radiation alone or combined with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C. Results: Univariate analyses identified, among others, negative membranous DSG1 staining (P=0.009), negative cytoplasmic DSC1 staining (P=0.012) and negative DSG1 (membranous)+negative DSC1 (cytoplasmic) staining (P=0.004) to be associated with improved cancer-specific survival (CSS). On multivariate analyses positive DSG1 (membranous)+DSC1 (cytoplasmic) staining (HR 6.95, P=0.044), large tumour size and lymph node metastases (HR 6.44, P=0.004) and radiation without chemotherapy (HR 6.73 P=0.004) were associated with worse CSS. On univariate analysis, improved disease-free survival was associated with negative membranous staining of DSG1 (P=0.047), and negative DSG1 (membranous)+negative DSC1 (cytoplasmic) staining (P=0.025), among others. Conclusion: Membrane negativity for DSG1 and cytoplasmic negativity for DSC1 are favourable markers for CSS in SCCs of the anal region.
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Zhang X, Wu J, Dou Y, Xia B, Rong W, Rimbach G, Lou Y. Asiatic acid protects primary neurons against C2-ceramide-induced apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 679:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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43
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Gil MP, Modol T, España A, López-Zabalza MJ. Inhibition of FAK prevents blister formation in the neonatal mouse model of pemphigus vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:254-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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44
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Kolegraff K, Nava P, Laur O, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Characterization of full-length and proteolytic cleavage fragments of desmoglein-2 in native human colon and colonic epithelial cell lines. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:306-14. [PMID: 21715983 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.4.16911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-2 (Dsg2) is a transmembrane cell adhesion protein that is widely expressed in epithelial and non-epithelial tissues, such as the intestine, epidermis, testis, and heart. Dsg2 has been shown to regulate numerous cellular processes, including proliferation and apoptosis, and we have previously reported that intracellular fragments of Dsg2 promote apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells. While several studies have shown that both the extracellular and intracellular domains of Dsg2 can be targeted by proteases, identification of these putative Dsg2 fragments in colonic epithelial cells has not been performed. Here, we report that the mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) AH12.2 binds to the first extracellular domain of Dsg2. Using this antibody along with previously described mAb against the extracellular (6D8) and intracellular (DG3.10) domains of Dsg2, we characterize the expression and identify the cleavage fragments of Dsg2 in colonic epithelial cells. This study provides a detailed description of the extracellular and intracellular Dsg2 cleavage fragments that are generated in the simple epithelium of the colon and will guide future studies examining the relationship of these fragments to cellular fate and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Kolegraff
- Epithelial Pathobiology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Gu D, Tonthat NK, Lee M, Ji H, Bhat KP, Hollingsworth F, Aldape KD, Schumacher MA, Zwaka TP, McCrea PD. Caspase-3 cleavage links delta-catenin to the novel nuclear protein ZIFCAT. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23178-88. [PMID: 21561870 PMCID: PMC3123085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.167544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
δ-Catenin is an Armadillo protein of the p120-catenin subfamily capable of modulating cadherin stability, small GTPase activity, and nuclear transcription. From yeast two-hybrid screening of a human embryonic stem cell cDNA library, we identified δ-catenin as a potential interacting partner of the caspase-3 protease, which plays essential roles in apoptotic as well as non-apoptotic processes. Interaction of δ-catenin with caspase-3 was confirmed using cleavage assays conducted in vitro, in Xenopus apoptotic extracts, and in cell line chemically induced contexts. The cleavage site, a highly conserved caspase consensus motif (DELD) within Armadillo repeat 6 of δ-catenin, was identified through peptide sequencing. Cleavage thus generates an amino-terminal (residues 1-816) and carboxyl-terminal (residues 817-1314) fragment, each containing about half of the central Armadillo domain. We found that cleavage of δ-catenin both abolishes its association with cadherins and impairs its ability to modulate small GTPases. Interestingly, 817-1314 possesses a conserved putative nuclear localization signal that may facilitate the nuclear targeting of δ-catenin in defined contexts. To probe for novel nuclear roles of δ-catenin, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening of a mouse brain cDNA library, resolving and then validating interaction with an uncharacterized KRAB family zinc finger protein, ZIFCAT. Our results indicate that ZIFCAT is nuclear and suggest that it may associate with DNA as a transcriptional repressor. We further determined that other p120 subfamily catenins are similarly cleaved by caspase-3 and likewise bind ZIFCAT. Our findings potentially reveal a simple yet novel signaling pathway based upon caspase-3 cleavage of p120-catenin subfamily members, facilitating the coordinate modulation of cadherins, small GTPases, and nuclear functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Gu
- From the Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Nam Ky Tonthat
- From the Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Moonsup Lee
- From the Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Hong Ji
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Krishna P. Bhat
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Faith Hollingsworth
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Kenneth D. Aldape
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Maria A. Schumacher
- From the Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Thomas P. Zwaka
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Pierre D. McCrea
- From the Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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Cavallaro U, Dejana E. Adhesion molecule signalling: not always a sticky business. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:189-97. [PMID: 21346732 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The signalling activity of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) such as cadherins, immunoglobulin-like CAMs or integrins has long been considered to be a direct consequence of their adhesive properties. However, there are physiological and pathological processes that reduce or even abrogate the adhesive properties of CAMs, such as cleavage, conformational changes, mutations and shedding. In some cases these 'adhesion deficient' CAMs still retain signalling properties through their cytoplasmic domains and/or their mutated or truncated extracellular domains. The ability of CAMs to activate signal transduction cascades in the absence of cell adhesion significantly extends their range of biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Cavallaro
- Cell Adhesion and Signalling, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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47
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Lie PPY, Cheng CY, Mruk DD. The biology of the desmosome-like junction a versatile anchoring junction and signal transducer in the seminiferous epithelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 286:223-69. [PMID: 21199783 PMCID: PMC4381909 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385859-7.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis, a complex process that involves the movement of developing germ cells across the seminiferous epithelium, entails extensive restructuring of Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell junctions. Presently, it is not entirely clear how zygotene spermatocytes gain entry into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium, which is sealed off from the systemic circulation by the Sertoli cell component of the blood-testis barrier, without compromising barrier integrity. To begin to address this question, it is critical that we first have a good understanding of the biology and the regulation of different types of Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell junctions in the testis. Supported by recent studies in the field, we discuss how crosstalk between different types of junctions contributes to their restructuring during germ cell movement across the blood-testis barrier. We place special emphasis on the emerging role of desmosome-like junctions as signal transducers during germ cell movement across the seminiferous epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl P Y Lie
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, New York, New York, USA
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48
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Simpson CL, Kojima SI, Cooper-Whitehair V, Getsios S, Green KJ. Plakoglobin rescues adhesive defects induced by ectodomain truncation of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 1: implications for exfoliative toxin-mediated skin blistering. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2921-37. [PMID: 21075858 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) is a desmosomal cadherin that is essential to epidermal integrity. In the blistering diseases bullous impetigo and staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome, pathogenesis depends on cleavage of Dsg1 by a bacterial protease, exfoliative toxin A, which removes residues 1 to 381 of the Dsg1 ectodomain. However, the cellular responses to Dsg1 cleavage that precipitate keratinocyte separation to induce blister formation are unknown. Here, we show that ectodomain-deleted Dsg1 (Δ381-Dsg1) mimics the toxin-cleaved cadherin, disrupts desmosomes, and reduces the mechanical integrity of keratinocyte sheets. In addition, we demonstrate that truncated Dsg1 remains associated with its catenin partner, plakoglobin, and causes a reduction in the levels of endogenous desmosomal cadherins in a dose-dependent manner, leading us to hypothesize that plakoglobin sequestration by truncated Dsg1 destabilizes other cadherins. Accordingly, a triple-point mutant of the ectodomain-deleted cadherin, which is uncoupled from plakoglobin, does not impair adhesion, indicating that this interaction is essential to the pathogenic potential of truncated Dsg1. Moreover, we demonstrate that increasing plakoglobin levels rescues cadherin expression, desmosome organization, and functional adhesion in cells expressing Δ381-Dsg1 or treated with exfoliative toxin A. Finally, we report that histone deacetylase inhibition up-regulates desmosomal cadherins and prevents the loss of adhesion induced by Dsg1 truncation. These findings further our understanding of the mechanism of exfoliative toxin-induced pathology and suggest novel strategies to suppress blistering in bulbous impetigo and staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory L Simpson
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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49
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Beaudry VG, Jiang D, Dusek RL, Park EJ, Knezevich S, Ridd K, Vogel H, Bastian BC, Attardi LD. Loss of the p53/p63 regulated desmosomal protein Perp promotes tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001168. [PMID: 20975948 PMCID: PMC2958815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated cell–cell adhesion plays a critical role in epithelial cancer development. Studies of human and mouse cancers have indicated that loss of adhesion complexes known as adherens junctions contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. In contrast, little is known regarding the role of the related cell–cell adhesion junction, the desmosome, during cancer development. Studies analyzing expression of desmosome components during human cancer progression have yielded conflicting results, and therefore genetic studies using knockout mice to examine the functional consequence of desmosome inactivation for tumorigenesis are essential for elucidating the role of desmosomes in cancer development. Here, we investigate the consequences of desmosome loss for carcinogenesis by analyzing conditional knockout mice lacking Perp, a p53/p63 regulated gene that encodes an important component of desmosomes. Analysis of Perp-deficient mice in a UVB-induced squamous cell skin carcinoma model reveals that Perp ablation promotes both tumor initiation and progression. Tumor development is associated with inactivation of both of Perp's known functions, in apoptosis and cell–cell adhesion. Interestingly, Perp-deficient tumors exhibit widespread downregulation of desmosomal constituents while adherens junctions remain intact, suggesting that desmosome loss is a specific event important for tumorigenesis rather than a reflection of a general change in differentiation status. Similarly, human squamous cell carcinomas display loss of PERP expression with retention of adherens junctions components, indicating that this is a relevant stage of human cancer development. Using gene expression profiling, we show further that Perp loss induces a set of inflammation-related genes that could stimulate tumorigenesis. Together, these studies suggest that Perp-deficiency promotes cancer by enhancing cell survival, desmosome loss, and inflammation, and they highlight a fundamental role for Perp and desmosomes in tumor suppression. An understanding of the factors affecting cancer progression is important for ultimately improving the diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of cancer. Changes in tissue architecture, such as loss of adhesion between cells, have been shown to facilitate cancer development, especially metastasis where cells can detach from a tumor and spread throughout the body. While various studies have demonstrated that inactivation of an adhesion complex known as the adherens junction promotes cancer development and metastasis, little is known about the role of the desmosome—a related cell–cell adhesion complex—in tumorigenesis. Here we examine the consequence of desmosome-deficiency for tumor development by studying mice lacking a key component of desmosomes in the skin, a protein known as Perp. Using a mouse model for human skin cancer, in which ultraviolet light promotes skin cancer development, we demonstrate that Perp-deficiency indeed leads to accelerated skin tumorigenesis. We similarly observe that PERP is lost during human skin cancer development, suggesting that PERP is also important as a tumor suppressor in humans. These findings demonstrate that desmosome-deficiency achieved by Perp inactivation can promote cancer and suggest the potential utility of monitoring PERP status for staging, prognostication, or treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica G. Beaudry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Dusek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Eunice J. Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stevan Knezevich
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Katie Ridd
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Boris C. Bastian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laura D. Attardi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions whose primary function is strong intercellular adhesion, known as hyperadhesion. In the present review, we discuss how their structure appears to support this function as well as how they are assembled and down-regulated. Desmosomal components also have signalling functions that are important in tissue development and remodelling. Their adhesive and signalling functions are both compromised in genetic and autoimmune diseases that affect the heart, skin and mucous membranes. We conclude that much work is required on structure–function relationships within desmosomes in vivo and on how they participate in signalling processes to enhance our knowledge of tissue homoeostasis and human disease.
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