1
|
Kim YA, Choi Y, Kim TG, Jeong J, Yu S, Kim T, Sheen K, Lee Y, Choi T, Park YH, Kang MS, Kim MS. Multi-System-Level Analysis with RNA-Seq on Pterygium Inflammation Discovers Association between Inflammatory Responses, Oxidative Stress, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4789. [PMID: 38732006 PMCID: PMC11083828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A pterygium is a common conjunctival degeneration and inflammatory condition. It grows onto the corneal surface or limbus, causing blurred vision and cosmetic issues. Ultraviolet is a well-known risk factor for the development of a pterygium, although its pathogenesis remains unclear, with only limited understanding of its hereditary basis. In this study, we collected RNA-seq from both pterygial tissues and conjunctival tissues (as controls) from six patients (a total of twelve biological samples) and retrieved publicly available data, including eight pterygium samples and eight controls. We investigated the intrinsic gene regulatory mechanisms closely linked to the inflammatory reactions of pterygiums and compared Asian (Korea) and the European (Germany) pterygiums using multiple analysis approaches from different perspectives. The increased expression of antioxidant genes in response to oxidative stress and DNA damage implies an association between these factors and pterygium development. Also, our comparative analysis revealed both similarities and differences between Asian and European pterygiums. The decrease in gene expressions involved in the three primary inflammatory signaling pathways-JAK/STAT, MAPK, and NF-kappa B signaling-suggests a connection between pathway dysfunction and pterygium development. We also observed relatively higher activity of autophagy and antioxidants in the Asian group, while the European group exhibited more pronounced stress responses against oxidative stress. These differences could potentially be necessitated by energy-associated pathways, specifically oxidative phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ah Kim
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea; (Y.-A.K.); (Y.C.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (T.K.); (K.S.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Yueun Choi
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea; (Y.-A.K.); (Y.C.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (T.K.); (K.S.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gi Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jisu Jeong
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea; (Y.-A.K.); (Y.C.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (T.K.); (K.S.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Yu
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea; (Y.-A.K.); (Y.C.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (T.K.); (K.S.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea; (Y.-A.K.); (Y.C.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (T.K.); (K.S.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisung Sheen
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea; (Y.-A.K.); (Y.C.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (T.K.); (K.S.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea; (Y.-A.K.); (Y.C.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (T.K.); (K.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Taesoo Choi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong Hwan Park
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min Seok Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Man S. Kim
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea; (Y.-A.K.); (Y.C.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (T.K.); (K.S.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Finocchio L, Zeppieri M, Gabai A, Toneatto G, Spadea L, Salati C. Recent Developments in Gene Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3221. [PMID: 38137442 PMCID: PMC10740940 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population. The anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has revolutionized the management and prognosis of neovascular AMD (nAMD) and is currently the standard of care for this disease. However, patients are required to receive repeated injections, imposing substantial social and economic burdens. The implementation of gene therapy methods to achieve sustained delivery of various therapeutic proteins holds the promise of a single treatment that could ameliorate the treatment challenges associated with chronic intravitreal therapy, and potentially improve visual outcomes. Several early-phase trials are currently underway, evaluating the safety and efficacy of gene therapy for nAMD; however, areas of controversy persist, including the therapeutic target, route of administration, and potential safety issues. In this review, we assess the evolution of gene therapy for nAMD and summarize several preclinical and early-stage clinical trials, exploring challenges and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Finocchio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Gabai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giacomo Toneatto
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hammadi S, Tzoumas N, Ferrara M, Meschede IP, Lo K, Harris C, Lako M, Steel DH. Bruch's Membrane: A Key Consideration with Complement-Based Therapies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2870. [PMID: 37109207 PMCID: PMC10145879 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is crucial for immune surveillance, providing the body's first line of defence against pathogens. However, an imbalance in its regulators can lead to inappropriate overactivation, resulting in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally affecting around 200 million people. Complement activation in AMD is believed to begin in the choriocapillaris, but it also plays a critical role in the subretinal and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) spaces. Bruch's membrane (BrM) acts as a barrier between the retina/RPE and choroid, hindering complement protein diffusion. This impediment increases with age and AMD, leading to compartmentalisation of complement activation. In this review, we comprehensively examine the structure and function of BrM, including its age-related changes visible through in vivo imaging, and the consequences of complement dysfunction on AMD pathogenesis. We also explore the potential and limitations of various delivery routes (systemic, intravitreal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal) for safe and effective delivery of conventional and gene therapy-based complement inhibitors to treat AMD. Further research is needed to understand the diffusion of complement proteins across BrM and optimise therapeutic delivery to the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hammadi
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nikolaos Tzoumas
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Queen Alexandra Rd., Sunderland SR2 9H, UK
| | | | - Ingrid Porpino Meschede
- Gyroscope Therapeutics Limited, a Novartis Company, Rolling Stock Yard, 6th Floor, 188 York Way, London N7 9AS, UK
| | - Katharina Lo
- Gyroscope Therapeutics Limited, a Novartis Company, Rolling Stock Yard, 6th Floor, 188 York Way, London N7 9AS, UK
| | - Claire Harris
- Gyroscope Therapeutics Limited, a Novartis Company, Rolling Stock Yard, 6th Floor, 188 York Way, London N7 9AS, UK
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David H. Steel
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Queen Alexandra Rd., Sunderland SR2 9H, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chiang MC, Chern E. Current Development, Obstacle and Futural Direction of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment in Degenerative Retinal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052529. [PMID: 35269671 PMCID: PMC8910526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative retinal disease is one of the major causes of vision loss around the world. The past several decades have witnessed emerging development of stem cell treatment for retinal disease. Nevertheless, sourcing stem cells remains controversial due to ethical concerns and their rarity. Furthermore, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are both isolated from patients’ mature tissues; thus, issues such as avoiding moral controversy and adverse events related to immunosuppression and obtaining a large number of cells have opened a new era in regenerative medicine. This review focuses on the current application and development, clinical trials, and latest research of stem cell therapy, as well as its limitations and future directions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiang M, Zhang H, Kou L, Chen J, Xu Z, He J. Low level of complement factor H increases the risk of cancer-related death in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Postgrad Med J 2021; 98:919-924. [PMID: 34725230 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-141186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary cancer is a kind of deeply invasive tumour which is difficult to treat, and its mortality rate is high. Previous research has shown that activation of complement could contribute to the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, little research has been done on SCLC. METHODS Complement factor H (CFH), complements C3 as well as C4 were measured in patients, and the prognostic impact of different parameters was assessed by log-rank function analysis and Cox multifactor models. Besides, we constructed a predictive model based on complement fractions and validated the accuracy of the model. RESULTS Among these 242 patients, 200 (82.6%) died. The median survival time was 18.3 months. We found by multifactorial analysis that high levels of CFH decreased the risk of death (HR 0.23, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.57, p<0.001), while elevated complement C4 displayed poor prognosis (HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.66 to 3.13, p<0.001). We screened variables by Cox models and constructed CFH-based prediction models to plot a nomogram by internal validation. The nomogram showed excellent accuracy in assessing the probability of death, yielding an adjusted C-statistics of 0.905. CONCLUSIONS CFH can be recognised as a biomarker to predict the risk of death in SCLC. The prediction model established based on CFH, C3 and C4 levels has good accuracy in patients' prognostic assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huachuan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingna Kou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihua Xu
- General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jintao He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
New and Innovative Treatments for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (nAMD). J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112436. [PMID: 34070899 PMCID: PMC8198303 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of vision loss. Advanced forms of AMD are seen in primarily two types—neovascular AMD (nAMD) with the presence of choroid neovascularization and non-neovascular AMD (nnAMD) with geographic atrophy. Neovascular AMD is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), which leads to a cascade of complications, including exudation, leakage, and ultimately fibrosis with photoreceptor loss. Inhibition of VEGF represents the current standard of care. However, there is a tremendous gap between the outcomes in randomized clinical trials and real-world settings. New agents for nAMD might offer the potential to improve treatment outcomes and reduce treatment of frequent intravitreal injections. We summarize all the newer molecules, their pivotal clinical trial results, and their unique mechanisms of action; these include longer-acting agents, combination strategies, sustained release, and genetic therapies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu ZG, May A, Dinh B, Lin V, Su F, Tran C, Adivikolanu H, Ehlen R, Che B, Wang ZH, Shaw DH, Borooah S, Shaw PX. The interplay of oxidative stress and ARMS2-HTRA1 genetic risk in neovascular AMD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 5. [PMID: 34017939 PMCID: PMC8133762 DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2020.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in adults over 60 years old globally. There are two forms of advanced AMD: “dry” and “wet”. Dry AMD is characterized by geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and overlying photoreceptors in the macular region; whereas wet AMD is characterized by vascular penetrance from the choroid into the retina, known as choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Both phenotypes eventually lead to loss of central vision. The pathogenesis of AMD involves the interplay of genetic polymorphisms and environmental risk factors, many of which elevate retinal oxidative stress. Excess reactive oxygen species react with cellular macromolecules, forming oxidation-modified byproducts that elicit chronic inflammation and promote CNV. Additionally, genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic variants in the age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2/high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (ARMS2-HTRA1) locus associated with the progression of late-stage AMD, especially the wet subtype. In this review, we will focus on the interplay of oxidative stress and HTRA1 in drusen deposition, chronic inflammation, and chronic angiogenesis. We aim to present a multifactorial model of wet AMD progression, supporting HTRA1 as a novel therapeutic target upstream of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the conventional target in AMD therapeutics. By inhibiting HTRA1’s proteolytic activity, we can reduce pro-angiogenic signaling and prevent proteolytic breakdown of the blood-retina barrier. The anti-HTRA1 approach offers a promising alternative treatment option to wet AMD, complementary to anti-VEGF therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Lu
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, Hubei, China.,Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam May
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian Dinh
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Victor Lin
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fei Su
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christina Tran
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Harini Adivikolanu
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rachael Ehlen
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Briana Che
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel H Shaw
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Westview High School, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Shyamanga Borooah
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter X Shaw
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The role of sirt1 in the retinal ganglion cells cultured by high glucose. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 41:845-852. [PMID: 33174070 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of sirt1 on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) with high glucose culture and to explore the role of sirt1 in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Method RGC was infected by sirt1 lentivirus overexpression vector pLV5-sirt1 and interference vector pLV3-si-sirt1. The normal control group and control virus vector group were set up at the same time. After 48 h of infection, the viability of RGC was detected by CCK8 kit, the apoptosis rate was detected by FCM analysis, and the protein expression of p53, FOXO3a, NF-κ B, caspase-3 was detected by Western blot. RESULTS After RGC were infected with lentivirus, the cell viability of lentivirus overexpression vector pLV5-sirt1 was significantly higher than that of the high glucose group and the sirt1 overexpression control group, while the cell viability of interference vector pLV3-si-sirt1 was significantly lower than that of the high glucose group and the sirt1 interference control group (P < 0.05). At the same time, the apoptosis rate of RGC cells infected by lentivirus overexpression vector pLV5-sirt1 was lower than that of the high glucose group and the control virus vector group, while the apoptosis rate of the interference vector pLV3-si-sirt1 cells was significantly higher than that of the high glucose group and the control virus vector group (P < 0.05). The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of p53, FOXO3a, NF-κ B and caspase-3 in RGC cells decreased significantly after infection with pLV5-sirt1 compared with the high glucose group and the control virus vector group, while the expression of p53, FOXO3a, NF-κB and caspase-3 in RGC cells increased significantly after infection with pLV3-si-sirt1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Sirt1 can inhibit the apoptosis of RGCs through regulating the expression of some apoptotic cytokinessome, and it can be used as a candidate gene for the biotherapy of retinal diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ricci F, Bandello F, Navarra P, Staurenghi G, Stumpp M, Zarbin M. Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Therapeutic Management and New-Upcoming Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218242. [PMID: 33153227 PMCID: PMC7662479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) constitutes a prevalent, chronic, and progressive retinal degenerative disease of the macula that affects elderly people and cause central vision impairment. Despite therapeutic advances in the management of neovascular AMD, none of the currently used treatments cures the disease or reverses its course. Medical treatment of neovascular AMD experienced a significant advance due to the introduction of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF), which dramatically changed the prognosis of the disease. However, although anti-VEGF therapy has become the standard treatment for neovascular AMD, many patients do not respond adequately to this therapy or experience a slow loss of efficacy of anti-VEGF agents after repeated administration. Additionally, current treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF agents is associated with a significant treatment burden for patients, caregivers, and physicians. New approaches have been proposed for treating neovascular AMD. Among them, designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) seem to be as effective as monthly ranibizumab, but with greater durability, which may enhance patient compliance with needed injections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-33-5663-3319
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita Salute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Catholic University, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michael Stumpp
- Molecular Partners AG—Wagistrasse, 14 8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland;
| | - Marco Zarbin
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Activation of Sirtuin1 by lyceum barbarum polysaccharides in protection against diabetic cataract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113165. [PMID: 32730875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) extracted from the Lycium barbarum L. has been widely used to improve diabetes and its relative complications. However, the mechanisms have not fully understood. A recent study has demonstrated that LBP upregulates suituin 1 (SIRT1). OBJECTIVE This study was to define the role of Sirt1 and its downstream signaling pathways in diabetic cataract using in vitro and in vivo models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human lens epithelial cell line SRA01/04 cells were cultured under high glucose (HG) medium with treatment of LBP or vehicle. Cell viability, apoptosis, protein and/or mRNA levels of Sirt1, BAX, Bcl-2, active-caspase-3, FOXO1, p27 and acetylated p53 were measured. SIRT1 upregulated- and knocked-down cells were generated and tested in high glucose culture. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by streptozotocin injection. Body weight, blood glucose levels, lens transparency and retinal function were assessed and SIRT1, as well as the aforementioned biomarkers were measured using Western blotting and qPCR in the animal lens samples. RESULTS The results showed that HG decreased cell viability and LBP prevented the decrease. The reduced viability in HG cultured SRA01/04 cells was associated with increased levels of BAX, active caspase 3, FOXO1, p27, and p53 and decreased levels of SIRT1 and Bcl-2. Further experiments using sirt1 gene modulated cells showed that upregulation of Sirt1 improved viability, increase cell division as reflected by an increased proportion of S phase in the cell cycle, reduced the number of apoptotic cell death and suppressed p53 acetylation and caspase 3 activation. Opposite results were observed in SIRT1 knock-down cells. Treating diabetic animals with LBP reduced body weight loss and blood glucose content in diabetic animals. Similarly, LBP hindered the development of cataract in lenses and improved retinal function. The beneficial effect of LBP on diabetic cataract was associated with the supression of p53, caspase 3, FOXO1, BAX, p27 and elevation of SIRT1 and Bcl-2, which were consistent with the in vitro findings. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that diabetes caused cataract is associated with suppression of SIRT1 and Bcl-2 and activation of other cell death related genes. LBP prevented diabetic cataract in animals by upregulating Sirt1 and Bcl-2 and suppressing cell death related genes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang CP, Lin YW, Huang YC, Tsai FJ. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Novel Target for Neuroprotective Nutraceuticals in Ocular Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071950. [PMID: 32629966 PMCID: PMC7400242 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The eyes require a rich oxygen and nutrient supply; hence, the high-energy demand of the visual system makes it sensitive to oxidative stress. Excessive free radicals result in mitochondrial dysfunction and lead to retinal neurodegeneration, as an early stage of retinal metabolic disorders. Retinal cells are vulnerable because of their coordinated interaction and intricate neural networks. Nutraceuticals are believed to target multiple pathways and have shown neuroprotective benefits by scavenging free radicals and promoting mitochondrial gene expression. Furthermore, encouraging results demonstrate that nutraceuticals improve the organization of retinal cells and visual functions. This review discusses the mitochondrial impairments of retinal cells and the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of nutraceuticals. However, some unsolved problems still exist between laboratory study and clinical therapy. Poor bioavailability and bioaccessibility strongly limit their development. A new delivery system and improved formulation may offer promise for health care applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (F.-J.T.)
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Children’s Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (F.-J.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Richert E, von der Burchard C, Klettner A, Arnold P, Lucius R, Brinkmann R, Roider J, Tode J. Modulation of inflammatory processes by thermal stimulating and RPE regenerative laser therapies in age related macular degeneration mouse models. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100031. [PMID: 33604557 PMCID: PMC7885883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammatory processes play a major role within the multifactorial pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neuroretina sparing laser therapies, thermal stimulation of the retina (TSR) and selective retina therapy (SRT), are known to reduce AMD-like pathology in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the effect of TSR and SRT on inflammatory processes in AMD mouse models. Methods One randomized eye of 8 months old apolipoprotein (Apo)E and 9 months old nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) -like 2 (NRF2) knock out mice were treated by TSR (10 ms, 532 nm, 50 µm2 spot size, mean 4.5 W, ~200 spots) or SRT (~1.4 µs pulses, 532 nm, 50 µm spot size, 100 Hz over 300 ms, mean 2.5 µJ per pulse, ~200 spots). Fellow eyes, untreated knock out mice and wild-type BL/6J mice acted as controls. All mice were examined funduscopically and by optical coherence tomography (OCT) at the day of laser treatment. Mice were euthanized and enucleated either 1 day or 7 days after laser treatment and examined by gene expression analysis of 84 inflammatory genes. Results The inflammatory gene expression profile of both knock out models compared to healthy BL/6J mice suggests a regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes especially concerning T-cell activity and immune cell recruitment. TSR resulted in downregulation of several pro-inflammatory cell-mediators both in ApoE -/- and NRF2-/- mice compared to treatment naïve litter mates one day after treatment. In contrast, SRT induced pro-inflammatory cell-mediators connected with necrosis one day after treatment as expected following laser-induced selective RPE cell death. Seven days after laser treatment, both findings were reversed. Conclusions Both TSR and SRT influence inflammatory processes in AMD mouse models. However, they act conversely. TSR leads to anti-inflammatory processes shortly after laser therapy and induces immune-cell recruitment one week after treatment. SRT leads to a quick inflammatory response to laser induced RPE necrotic processes. One week after SRT inflammation is inhibited. It remains unclear, if and to what extent this might play a role in a therapeutic or preventive approach of both laser modalities on AMD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Richert
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claus von der Burchard
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Anatomy, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Anatomy, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Brinkmann
- Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johann Roider
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Tode
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover, Germany.,Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lou H, Yao J, Sun Y, Sun H, Song Z, Li H, Wang X, Liu K, Liu X, Li Z. Role of Blueberry Anthocyanin Extract in the Expression of SIRT1 and NF-κB in Rat Lens Epithelial Cells in Experimentally Induced DM. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:45-51. [PMID: 32478572 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1776879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the mechanism of the protective effects of blueberry anthocyanin extract (BAE) against oxidative stress and the roles of SIRT1 and NF-κB in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataracts. METHODS Male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group (group A) and an experimental group. The rats in the experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg). Rats with blood glucose levels ≥16.7 mmol/L were considered to have DM. The rats in the experimental group were subdivided into group B (distilled water by oral gavage: 10 ml/kg/day), group C (5% blueberry anthocyanin extract by oral gavage: 10 ml/kg/day), and group D (15% blueberry anthocyanin extract by oral gavage: 10 ml/kg/day), with 15 rats in each group. At the end of 8 weeks, some biochemical parameters, including the expression of SIRT1 and NF-κB by qRT-PCR and western blotting and the activity of SOD and GSH, were measured in lens epithelial cells (LECs). RESULTS The lenses of the rats in the control group appeared transparent during the entire 8-week period. Four weeks following STZ injection, cataracts gradually progressed in the experimental rats. SIRT1 expression was upregulated in groups B, C and D compared to the control group. However, the expression of NF-κB decreased in the experimental groups with increasing doses of BAE (p < .05). Our study also showed that the activity of the SOD enzyme and GSH in the LECs of the rats in the experimental group increased with higher doses of BAE. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that BAE significantly delayed the progression of diabetic cataracts in rats. These effects may be due to the dose-dependent antioxidant activity of BAE, which is mediated by enhanced SOD and GSH activities, SIRT1 expression and reduced NF-κB expression. Abbreviations: SD rat: Sprague-Dawley rat; BAE: Blueberry anthocyanin extract; LECs: Lens epithelial cells; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GSH: Glutathione; DM: Diabetes mellitus; SIRT1: Silent information regulator protein-1; STZ: Streptozotocin; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lou
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital , Ningbo, China
| | - Jiayu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Heihe People's Hospital , Heihe, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province , Harbin, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harbin 242 Hospital , Harbin, China
| | - Zhaowei Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Huazhang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eamegdool SS, Sitiwin EI, Cioanca AV, Madigan MC. Extracellular matrix and oxidative stress regulate human retinal pigment epithelium growth. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:357-371. [PMID: 31751761 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of vision loss with ageing, is characterised by degeneration of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) underlying the RPE. The pathogenesis of AMD is still not fully understood. In this study we investigated the in vitro growth and function of primary human RPE cells in response to different ECM substrates, including nitrite-modified ECM. We initially confirmed the presence of disorganised retinal glial and photoreceptor cells, marked retinal cytoplasmic and Bruch's membrane expression of nitro-tyrosine (an oxidative stress marker) and increased numbers of Iba1+ macrophages/microglia in human donor eye sections (aged and AMD) using multi-marker immunohistochemistry (n = 3). Concurrently, we utilised two-photon microscopy to reveal topographical changes in flatmounts of RPE-associated ECM and in the underlying choroid of aged and AMD donor eyes (n = 3). To recapitulate these observations in vitro, we then used primary human RPE cells to investigate how different ECM proteins, including nitrite cross-linked RPE-secreted ECM, modified RPE cell growth and function. Collagen I or IV increased RPE attachment and spreading two-to three-fold, associated with significantly increased cell migration and proliferation, consistent with a preferential interaction with these matrix substrates. Primary human RPE cells grown on collagen I and IV also showed increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1 and IL-8. Nitrite-modification of RPE-secreted ECM (simulating ageing of Bruch's membrane) significantly reduced in vitro RPE attachment to the ECM and this was mitigated with collagen IV coating of the modified ECM. Taken together, our observations confirm the importance of RPE-ECM interactions for normal RPE growth and function, and for inducing RPE secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the findings are consistent with ageing and/or oxidative stress-induced disruption of RPE-ECM interactions contributing to the pathogenesis of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Eamegdool
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 2000, Australia; Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, 2145, Australia.
| | - Ephrem I Sitiwin
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 2000, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, 2052, Australia; Biomedical Imaging Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Adrian V Cioanca
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 2000, Australia; The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Michele C Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 2000, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Simmons KT, Mazzilli JL, Mueller-Ortiz SL, Domozhirov AY, Garcia CA, Zsigmond EM, Wetsel RA. Complement Receptor 1 (CR1/CD35)-expressing retinal pigment epithelial cells as a potential therapy for age-related macular degeneration. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:91-98. [PMID: 31862673 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify a membrane-bound complement inhibitor that could be overexpressed on retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) providing a potential therapy for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This type of therapy may allow replacement of damaged RPE with cells that are able to limit complement activation in the retina. Complement Receptor 1 (CR1) is a membrane-bound complement inhibitor commonly found on erythrocytes and immune cells. In this study, QPCR and flow cytometry data demonstrated that CR1 is not well-expressed by RPE, indicating that its overexpression may provide extra protection from complement activation. To screen CR1 for this ability, a stable CR1-expressing ARPE19 line was created using a combination of antibiotic selection and FACS. Cell-based assays were used to demonstrate that addition of CR1 inhibited deposition of complement proteins C3b and C6 on the transfected line. In the end, this study identifies CR1 as a complement inhibitor that may be overexpressed on stem cell-derived RPE to create a potential "enhanced" cell therapy for AMD. A combination cell/complement therapy may create transplantable RPE better suited to avoid complement-mediated lysis and limit chronic inflammation in the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken T Simmons
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - John L Mazzilli
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Stacey L Mueller-Ortiz
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Aleksey Y Domozhirov
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Charles A Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Eva M Zsigmond
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Trakkides TO, Schäfer N, Reichenthaler M, Kühn K, Brandwijk RJMGE, Toonen EJM, Urban F, Wegener J, Enzmann V, Pauly D. Oxidative Stress Increases Endogenous Complement-Dependent Inflammatory and Angiogenic Responses in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Independently of Exogenous Complement Sources. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8110548. [PMID: 31766295 PMCID: PMC6928869 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced damage of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and chronic inflammation have been suggested as major contributors to a range of retinal diseases. Here, we examined the effects of oxidative stress on endogenous complement components and proinflammatory and angiogenic responses in RPE cells. ARPE-19 cells exposed for 1–48 h to H2O2 had reduced cell–cell contact and increased markers for epithelial–mesenchymal transition but showed insignificant cell death. Stressed ARPE-19 cells increased the expression of complement receptors CR3 (subunit CD11b) and C5aR1. CD11b was colocalized with cell-derived complement protein C3, which was present in its activated form in ARPE-19 cells. C3, as well as its regulators complement factor H (CFH) and properdin, accumulated in the ARPE-19 cells after oxidative stress independently of external complement sources. This cell-associated complement accumulation was accompanied by increased nlrp3 and foxp3 expression and the subsequently enhanced secretion of proinflammatory and proangiogenic factors. The complement-associated ARPE-19 reaction to oxidative stress, which was independent of exogenous complement sources, was further augmented by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib. Our results indicate that ARPE-19 cell-derived complement proteins and receptors are involved in ARPE-19 cell homeostasis following oxidative stress and should be considered as targets for treatment development for retinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timon-Orest Trakkides
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye clinic, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.-O.T.); (N.S.); (M.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Nicole Schäfer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye clinic, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.-O.T.); (N.S.); (M.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Maria Reichenthaler
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye clinic, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.-O.T.); (N.S.); (M.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstanze Kühn
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye clinic, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.-O.T.); (N.S.); (M.R.); (K.K.)
| | | | - Erik J. M. Toonen
- R&D Department, Hycult Biotech, 5405 PD Uden, The Netherlands; (R.J.M.G.E.B.); (E.J.M.T.)
| | - Florian Urban
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (F.U.); (J.W.)
| | - Joachim Wegener
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (F.U.); (J.W.)
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Diana Pauly
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye clinic, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.-O.T.); (N.S.); (M.R.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-9228
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Upregulation of Complement Factor H by SOCS-1/3⁻STAT4 in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040471. [PMID: 30987235 PMCID: PMC6520728 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (CFH) is a fluid phase regulator of complement proteins and functions to prevent complement attack and immune surveillance. CFH is known to inactivate therapeutic antibody-dependent complement-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. We found that CFH was highly expressed in human lung cancer cells and tissues. To investigate mechanisms of CFH upregulation, we searched for a CFH transcription factor and its regulatory factors. First, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) expression patterns coincided with CFH expression patterns in lung cancer tissues. Knockdown of STAT4 led to decreased CFH secretion from lung cancer cells. STAT4 bound directly to the CFH promoter, as demonstrated by luciferase reporter assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, suggesting that STAT4 is a transcription factor for CFH. In addition, a low level of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1/3, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, was observed in lung cancer cells and its transfection decreased CFH protein levels and promoter activity. Unexpectedly, the low level of SOCS-1/3 was not due to epigenetic silencing. Instead, differential methylation was found on the regulatory region of STAT4 between normal and lung cancer cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that CFH is upregulated by constitutive activation of STAT4, which is accounted for by SOCS silencing in lung cancer cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Peixoto MJ, Domingues A, Batista S, Gonçalves JFM, Gomes AM, Cunha S, Valente LMP, Costas B, Ozório ROA. Physiopathological responses of sole (Solea senegalensis) subjected to bacterial infection and handling stress after probiotic treatment with autochthonous bacteria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:348-358. [PMID: 30227256 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of four autochthonous bacteria isolated from juvenile sole (Solea senegalensis) intestine as dietary probiotic supplement against bacterial pathogen infection and handling/transport stressors. Growth performance and immune responses were evaluated after 85 days of feeding trial. Sole (IBW = 16.07 ± 0.11 g) were fed six experimental diets, a control diet (CTRL, without the dietary probiotic supplementation), and five diets supplemented with probiotic bacteria: PB1 (Shewanella hafniensis), PB2 (Enterococcus raffinosus), PB3 (Shewanella hafniensis + Arthrobacter soli), PB4 (Pseudomonas protegens + Arthrobacter soli) and PB5 (Shewanella hafniensis + Arthrobacter soli + Enterococcus raffinosus). All bacteria were selected based on their in vitro antimicrobial activity. After the growth trial, fish were submitted to a stress factor (transport) and then each dietary group was divided in two additional groups: non-infected (placebo) and infected with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Immune and antioxidant responses were evaluated at day 10 post-infection. In infection trial A, fish were infected on the same day of transport, whereas in trial B fish were infected after a 7-day recovery from the transport stress. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed with PB2 and PB4 showed lower final body weight when compared with the other dietary groups. Respiratory burst activity and nitric oxide production were not affected by probiotic supplementation. Fish fed with PB5 presented lower peroxidase activity compared to CTRL. Lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activity (ACH50) showed no significant differences between treatments. The innate immune responses were significantly affected after handling stress and bacterial infection. In trial A, the ACH50 levels of infected fish were significantly lower than the placebo groups. On the other hand, in trial B fish infected with Pdp demonstrated higher ACH50 levels when compared to placebos. Peroxidase levels were strongly modulated by bacterial infection and handling stress. In trials A and B, infection had a clear downgrade effect in peroxidase levels. Lipid peroxidation, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase were altered by both bacterial infection and transport. Overall, dietary probiotic supplementation did not influence growth performance of sole. The immune and oxidative defenses of sole responded differently to infection depending on the probiotic and the synergy between pathogen infection and transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Peixoto
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - A Domingues
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; ESTM - Escola Superior de Turismo e Tecnologia do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Santuário Nossa Senhora dos Remédios, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - S Batista
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade de Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - J F M Gonçalves
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade de Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - A M Gomes
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquitecto Lobão Vital, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Cunha
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biología Funcional y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Vigo, Ciudad Universitaria de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, s/n, 36310, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - L M P Valente
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade de Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Costas
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade de Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - R O A Ozório
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Salvianolic acid A alleviates chronic ethanol-induced liver injury via promotion of β-catenin nuclear accumulation by restoring SIRT1 in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 350:21-31. [PMID: 29729281 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, alcoholic liver disease (ALD) has emerged as a growing public health problem worldwide. β-catenin plays an important role in the growth, development, regeneration and metabolic activity of the liver. Salvianolic acid A (SalA) is a water-soluble component from the root extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, and its effect on ALD has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SalA on chronic alcohol-induced liver injury and to explore the role of SIRT1-mediated β-catenin deacetylation in such an effect. In this study, SalA treatment significantly alleviated the accumulation of lipid droplets and reduced the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alcohol and ammonia levels in rats. SalA enhanced ethanol and ammonia metabolism and maintained mitochondrial homeostasis. Moreover, SalA restored the activity of the major ethanol-metabolizing enzymes and oxidative stress functions in the liver. Importantly, we found that SalA treatment effectively inhibited the ethanol-mediated decrease in nuclear β-catenin by upregulating SIRT1 in the liver. SIRT1 then deacetylated β-catenin to promote its accumulation in the nucleus, thereby preventing alcohol-induced liver injury. The results demonstrate that the SIRT1/β-catenin pathway is a key therapeutic target in liver injury caused by chronic alcohol exposure and that SalA protects against alcohol-induced liver injury via the SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of β-catenin.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou M, Luo J, Zhang H. Role of Sirtuin 1 in the pathogenesis of ocular disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:13-20. [PMID: 29693113 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin (SIRT)1, a member of the SIRT family, is a highly conserved NAD+‑dependent histone deacetylase, which has a regulatory role in numerous physiological and pathological processes by removing acetyl groups from various proteins. SIRT1 controls the activity of numerous transcription factors and cofactors, which impacts the downstream gene expression, and eventually alleviates oxidative stress and associated damage. Numerous studies have revealed that dysfunction of SIRT1 is linked with ocular diseases, including cataract, age‑associated macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, while ectopic upregulation of SIRT1 protects against various ocular diseases. In the present review, the significant role of SIRT1 and the potential therapeutic value of modulating SIRT1 expression in ocular development and eye diseases is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu K, Wu S, Li Z, Lou H, Yao J, Sun H, Sun Y, Dai Y. Expression of SIRT1 and P53 in Rat Lens Epithelial cells in Experimentally Induced DM. Curr Eye Res 2017; 43:493-498. [PMID: 29199862 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1410178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the etiopathogenesis of diabetic cataract by studying changes in relative expressions of silent information regulator protein-1 (SIRT1) and P53 in rat lens epithelial cells (LECs) in experimentally induced diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS Six-week-old male SD rats (n = 120) were randomly divided into experimental (n = 80 rats) and control (n = 40 rats) groups. DM was induced in the experimental group (diabetic model) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Control group rats were injected similarly with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Four and eight weeks after successful induction of DM, relative expressions of SIRT1 and P53 in LECs were analyzed using quantitative real-time (qRT) fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Expression of both SIRT1 and P53 was observed in LECs of control and experimental group rats at 4 and 8 weeks but was significantly greater in experimental compared with control group rats (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Expression of both SIRT1 and P53 increases in the early stages of diabetic cataract formation, indicating that they play potentially important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keke Xu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China.,b People's Hospital of Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Shubin Wu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- a Department of Ophthalmology , First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuxia Dai
- c People's Hospital of Zhaodong City , Heilongjiang , China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on RPE degeneration in non-neovascular AMD. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:201-218. [PMID: 28336424 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized, unique epithelial cell that interacts with photoreceptors on its apical side and with Bruch's membrane and the choriocapillaris on its basal side. Due to vital functions that keep photoreceptors healthy, the RPE is essential for maintaining vision. With aging and the accumulated effects of environmental stresses, the RPE can become dysfunctional and die. This degeneration plays a central role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathobiology, the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in western societies. Oxidative stress and inflammation have both physiological and potentially pathological roles in RPE degeneration. Given the central role of the RPE, this review will focus on the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on the RPE with AMD pathobiology. Physiological sources of oxidative stress as well as unique sources from photo-oxidative stress, the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments, and modifiable factors such as cigarette smoking and high fat diet ingestion that can convert oxidative stress into a pathological role, and the negative impact of impairing the cytoprotective roles of mitochondrial dynamics and the Nrf2 signaling system on RPE health in AMD will be discussed. Likewise, the response by the innate immune system to an inciting trigger, and the potential role of local RPE production of inflammation, as well as a potential role for damage by inflammation with chronicity if the inciting trigger is not neutralized, will be debated.
Collapse
|
23
|
Algvere PV, Kvanta A, Seregard S. Drusen maculopathy: a risk factor for visual deterioration. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:427-33. [PMID: 27009526 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of visual loss after the age of 65, displays a degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and photoreceptors in the retinal centre (macula). The central macula (fovea) that contains mostly cone photoreceptors mediates the high visual acuity. Drusen maculopathy may lead to visual deterioration. Drusen are extracellular deposits of debris that accumulate on Bruch's membrane. Drusen attract inflammatory, immunological and vasoactive stimuli. RPE and photoreceptor cells overlying drusen exhibit biochemical and morphological signs of degeneration. Strong and intermittent light exposure (photons) induces the formation of free radicals in the very high oxygen tension milieu of the retina. The negative effects of irradiation stimulate accumulation of lipofuscin in RPE and photoreceptor cells leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic cell death. A hydrophobic barrier is built up in Bruch's membrane reducing diffusion to the choroid. Hereditary and inflammatory factors modify the risk for AMD. There is a genetic dysregulation of the complement system leading to inappropriate complement activation. The genetic polymorphism of complement factor H (CFH) and age-related maculopathy susceptibilty 2 (ARMS2) increase the risk of progression to advanced AMD. The photoelectric effect creates free radicals, resulting in a continuous increase of lipofuscin formation and impairing mitochondrial activity. In addition, inflammation and complement dysregulation contribute to the formation of drusen and vasoproliferative reactions with neovascularization. Antioxidants neutralize reactive oxygen species and reduce lipofuscin accumulation in RPE and photoreceptor cells. For prophylactic treatment of drusen maculopathy, high doses of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, lutein, zeaxanthine and zinc are used according to the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS 2). The risk of developing advanced AMD was reduced by 27% at 10 years follow-up. No adverse events were noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peep V. Algvere
- Karolinska Institute; St Erik Eye Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Kvanta
- Karolinska Institute; St Erik Eye Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stefan Seregard
- Karolinska Institute; St Erik Eye Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shaw PX, Stiles T, Douglas C, Ho D, Fan W, Du H, Xiao X. Oxidative stress, innate immunity, and age-related macular degeneration. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016; 3:196-221. [PMID: 27239555 PMCID: PMC4882104 DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss affecting tens of millions of elderly worldwide. Early AMD is characterized by the appearance of soft drusen, as well as pigmentary changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). These soft, confluent drusen can progress into two forms of advanced AMD: geographic atrophy (GA, or dry AMD) or choroidal neovascularization (CNV, or wet AMD). Both forms of AMD result in a similar clinical progression in terms of loss of central vision. The exact mechanism for developing early AMD, as well as triggers responsible for progressing to advanced stage of disease, is still largely unknown. However, significant evidence exists demonstrating a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors as causes of AMD progression. Multiple genes and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found associated with AMD, including various genes involved in the complement pathway, lipid metabolism and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Of the known genetic contributors to disease risk, the CFH Y402H and HTRA1/ARMS polymorphisms contribute to more than 50% of the genetic risk for AMD. Environmentally, oxidative stress plays a critical role in many aging diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and AMD. Due to the exposure to sunlight and high oxygen concentration, the oxidative stress burden is higher in the eye than other tissues, which can be further complicated by additional oxidative stressors such as smoking. Increasingly, evidence is accumulating suggesting that functional abnormalities of the innate immune system incurred via high risk genotypes may be contributing to the pathogenesis of AMD by altering the inflammatory homeostasis in the eye, specifically in the handling of oxidation products. As the eye in non-pathological instances maintains a low level of inflammation despite the presence of a relative abundance of potentially inflammatory molecules, we have previously hypothesized that the tight homeostatic control of inflammation via the innate immune system is likely critical for avoidance of disease progression. However, the presence of a multitude of potential triggers of inflammation results in a sensitive balance in which perturbations thereof would subsequently alter the inflammatory state of the retina, leading to a state of chronic inflammation and pathologic progression. In this review, we will highlight the background literature surrounding the known genetic and environmental contributors to AMD risk, as well as a discussion of the potential mechanistic interplay of these factors that lead to disease pathogenesis with particular emphasis on the delicate control of inflammatory homeostasis and the centrality of the innate immune system in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter X Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Travis Stiles
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daisy Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wei Fan
- Huaxi Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | | | - Xu Xiao
- Sichuan People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kauppinen A, Paterno JJ, Blasiak J, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1765-86. [PMID: 26852158 PMCID: PMC4819943 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, e.g. Toll-like receptors, inflammasome receptors, and complement components initiate complex cellular cascades by recognizing or sensing different pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively. Cytokines and chemokines represent alarm messages for leukocytes and once activated, these cells travel long distances to targeted inflamed tissues. Although it is a crucial survival mechanism, prolonged inflammation is detrimental and participates in numerous chronic age-related diseases. This article will review the onset of inflammation and link its functions to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of severe vision loss in aged individuals in the developed countries. In this progressive disease, degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) results in the death of photoreceptors, leading to a loss of central vision. The RPE is prone to oxidative stress, a factor that together with deteriorating functionality, e.g. decreased intracellular recycling and degradation due to attenuated heterophagy/autophagy, induces inflammation. In the early phases, accumulation of intracellular lipofuscin in the RPE and extracellular drusen between RPE cells and Bruch's membrane can be clinically detected. Subsequently, in dry (atrophic) AMD there is geographic atrophy with discrete areas of RPE loss whereas in the wet (exudative) form there is neovascularization penetrating from the choroid to retinal layers. Elevations in levels of local and systemic biomarkers indicate that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of both disease forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kauppinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi J Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang L, Zhang H, Cheng CY, Wen F, Tam POS, Zhao P, Chen H, Li Z, Chen L, Tai Z, Yamashiro K, Deng S, Zhu X, Chen W, Cai L, Lu F, Li Y, Cheung CMG, Shi Y, Miyake M, Lin Y, Gong B, Liu X, Sim KS, Yang J, Mori K, Zhang X, Cackett PD, Tsujikawa M, Nishida K, Hao F, Ma S, Lin H, Cheng J, Fei P, Lai TYY, Tang S, Laude A, Inoue S, Yeo IY, Sakurada Y, Zhou Y, Iijima H, Honda S, Lei C, Zhang L, Zheng H, Jiang D, Zhu X, Wong TY, Khor CC, Pang CP, Yoshimura N, Yang Z. A missense variant in FGD6 confers increased risk of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Nat Genet 2016; 48:640-7. [PMID: 27089177 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), a subtype of 'wet' age-related macular degeneration (AMD), constitutes up to 55% of cases of wet AMD in Asian patients. In contrast to the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) subtype, the genetic risk factors for PCV are relatively unknown. Exome sequencing analysis of a Han Chinese cohort followed by replication in four independent cohorts identified a rare c.986A>G (p.Lys329Arg) variant in the FGD6 gene as significantly associated with PCV (P = 2.19 × 10(-16), odds ratio (OR) = 2.12) but not with CNV (P = 0.26, OR = 1.13). The intracellular localization of FGD6-Arg329 is distinct from that of FGD6-Lys329. In vitro, FGD6 could regulate proangiogenic activity, and oxidized phospholipids increased expression of FGD6. FGD6-Arg329 promoted more abnormal vessel development in the mouse retina than FGD6-Lys329. Collectively, our data suggest that oxidized phospholipids and FGD6-Arg329 might act synergistically to increase susceptibility to PCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Houbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pancy O S Tam
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiquan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lijia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengfu Tai
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiqi Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Li Cai
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chui-Ming G Cheung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Masahiro Miyake
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yin Lin
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gong
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kar-Seng Sim
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiyun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Keisuke Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Japan
| | - Xiongzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter D Cackett
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Motokazu Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fang Hao
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Ma
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - He Lin
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Fei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Timothy Y Y Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sibo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Augustinus Laude
- National Health care Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ian Y Yeo
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yoichi Sakurada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hiroyuki Iijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Honda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chuntao Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tien-Ying Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chi-Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tohari AM, Zhou X, Shu X. Protection against oxidative stress by vitamin D in cone cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:82-94. [PMID: 26890033 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor degeneration (PD) refers to a group of heterogeneous outer retinal dystrophies characterized by the death of photoreceptors. Both oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. We investigate whether vitamin D has a potential for the treatment of PD by evaluating the anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory properties of the active form of vitamin D3 , 1,α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 , in a mouse cone cell line, 661W. Mouse cone cells were treated with H2 O2 or a mixture of H2 O2 and vitamin D; cell viability was determined. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in treated and untreated cells was measured. The expression of key anti-oxidative stress and inflammatory genes in treated and untreated cells was determined. Treatment with vitamin D significantly increased cell viability and decreased ROS production in 661W cells under oxidative stress induced by H2 O2 . H2 O2 treatment in 661W cells can significantly down-regulate the expression of antioxidant genes and up-regulate the expression of neurotoxic cytokines. Vitamin D treatment significantly reversed these effects and restored the expression of antioxidant genes. Vitamin D treatment also can block H2 O2 induced oxidative damages. The data suggested that vitamin D may offer a therapeutic potential for patients with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammad Tohari
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,King Fahad Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xinzhi Zhou
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kondo A, Goto M, Mimura T, Matsubara M. Silent information regulator T1 in aqueous humor of patients with cataract. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:307-12. [PMID: 26929595 PMCID: PMC4760656 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1), a member of the sirtuin family, has a preventive role in various ocular diseases. We evaluated the relations between the aqueous humor level of SIRT1 and age, sex, systemic diseases, the severity of lens opacity, and other factors. SETTING This study was conducted at a university teaching hospital in Tokyo, Japan. DESIGN This study was designed based on the consecutive case series. METHODS Aqueous humor samples were obtained from 29 eyes of the 21 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for age-related cataract (ARC). SIRT1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Aqueous humor levels of SIRT1 showed a positive correlation with visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) and with the severity of nuclear cataract (r=0.32 and 0.30, respectively, P<0.05). However, only visual acuity was correlated with SIRT1 according to the stepwise multiple regression analysis (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that SIRT1 may have an effect on the formation of ARC, acting as a defensive factor against ARC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aki Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Goto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
PRMT1 and PRMT4 Regulate Oxidative Stress-Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Damage in SIRT1-Dependent and SIRT1-Independent Manners. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:617919. [PMID: 26583059 PMCID: PMC4637092 DOI: 10.1155/2015/617919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell damage is involved in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arginine methylation catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) has emerged as an important histone modification involved in diverse diseases. Sirtuin (SIRT1) is a protein deacetylase implicated in the onset of metabolic diseases. Therefore, we examined the roles of type I PRMTs and their relationship with SIRT1 in human RPE cells under H2O2-induced oxidative stress. H2O2 treatment increased PRMT1 and PRMT4 expression but decreased SIRT1 expression. Similar to H2O2 treatment, PRMT1 or PRMT4 overexpression increased RPE cell damage. Moreover, the H2O2-induced RPE cell damage was attenuated by PRMT1 or PRMT4 knockdown and SIRT1 overexpression. In this study, we revealed that SIRT1 expression was regulated by PRMT1 but not by PRMT4. Finally, we found that PRMT1 and PRMT4 expression is increased in the RPE layer of streptozotocin-treated rats. Taken together, we demonstrated that oxidative stress induces apoptosis both via PRMT1 in a SIRT1-dependent manner and via PRMT4 in a SIRT1-independent manner. The inhibition of the expression of type I PRMTs, especially PRMT1 and PRMT4, and increased SIRT1 could be therapeutic approaches for diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang Y, Huang Q, Tang M, Zhang J, Fan W. Complement Factor H Expressed by Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Can Suppress Neovascularization of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells: An in vitro Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129945. [PMID: 26091360 PMCID: PMC4474609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (CFH) is one of the most important soluble complement regulatory proteins and is closely associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in the elderly population in developed countries. Our study searches to investigate whether CFH expression is changed in oxidative damaged retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and the role of CFH in the in vitro neovascularization. First, it was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining that CFH was expressed by ARPE-19 cells. CFH mRNA and protein in oxidative (H2O2) damaged ARPE-19 cells were both reduced, as determined by Real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) also showed that ARPE-19 cells treated with H2O2 caused an increase in C3a content, which indicates complement activation. Then, wound assays were performed to show that CFH expression suppression promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) migration. Thereafter, ARPE-19 cells were transfected with CFH-specific siRNA and CFH knockdown was confirmed with the aid of Real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. The ELISA results showed that specific CFH knockdown in ARPE-19 cells activated the complement system. Finally, in vitro matrigel tube formation assay was performed to determine whether change of CFH expression in RPE would affect tube formation by HUVECs. More tubes were formed by HUVECs co-cultured with ARPE-19 cells transfected with CFH specific-siRNA when compared with controls. Our results suggested that RPE cells might be the local CFH source, and RPE cell injuries (such as oxidative stress) may cause CFH expression suppression, which in turn may lead to complement activation and promotion of tube formation by HUVECs. This finding is of importance in elucidating the role of complement in the pathogenesis of ocular neovascularization including choroidal neovascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ferraris JR, Ferraris V, Acquier AB, Sorroche PB, Saez MS, Ginaca A, Mendez CF. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement during the acute phase of typical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:118-25. [PMID: 25677399 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. We studied the activation state of classical and alternative pathways of complement during the acute phase of Shiga toxin-associated HUS by performing a prospective study of 18 patients and 17 age-matched healthy controls to evaluate C3, C3c, C4, C4d, Bb and SC5b-9 levels. SC5b-9 levels were increased significantly in all patients at admission compared to healthy and end-stage renal disease controls, but were significantly higher in patients presenting with oliguria compared to those with preserved diuresis. C3 and C4 levels were elevated significantly at admission in the non-oliguric group when compared to controls. No significant differences were found for C4d values, whereas factor Bb was elevated in all patients and significantly higher in oliguric patients when compared to both controls and non-oliguric individuals. A positive and significant association was detected when Bb formation was plotted as a function of plasma SC5b-9 at admission. Bb levels declined rapidly during the first week, with values not significantly different from controls by days 3 and 5 for non-oligurics and oligurics, respectively. Our data demonstrate the activation of the alternative pathway of complement during the acute phase of Stx-associated HUS. This finding suggests that complement activation may represent an important trigger for the cell damage that occurs during the syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Ferraris
- Pediatric Nephrology Service, Hospital Italiano.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires
| | - V Ferraris
- Pediatric Nephrology Service, Hospital Italiano
| | - A B Acquier
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires.,Institute for Biomedical Research (INBIOMED), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires and National Scientific and Technical Research Council
| | | | - M S Saez
- Central Laboratory, Hospital Italiano
| | - A Ginaca
- Immunology Service, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C F Mendez
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires.,Institute for Biomedical Research (INBIOMED), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires and National Scientific and Technical Research Council
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Upregulation of microRNA-146a by hepatitis B virus X protein contributes to hepatitis development by downregulating complement factor H. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.02459-14. [PMID: 25805734 PMCID: PMC4453536 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02459-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic injuries in hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients are caused by immune responses of the host. In our previous study, microRNA-146a (miR-146a), an innate immunity-related miRNA, and complement factor H (CFH), an important negative regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation, were differentially expressed in HBV-expressing and HBV-free hepatocytes. Here, the roles of these factors in HBV-related liver inflammation were analyzed in detail. The expression levels of miR-146a and CFH in HBV-expressing hepatocytes were assessed via analyses of hepatocyte cell lines, transgenic mice, adenovirus-infected mice, and HBV-positive human liver samples. The expression level of miR-146a was upregulated in HBV-expressing Huh-7 hepatocytes, HBV-expressing mice, and patients with HBV infection. Further results demonstrated that the HBV X protein (HBx) was responsible for its effects on miR-146a expression through NF-κB-mediated enhancement of miR-146a promoter activity. HBV/HBx also downregulated the expression of CFH mRNA in hepatocyte cell lines and the livers of humans and transgenic mice. Furthermore, overexpression and inhibition of miR-146a in Huh-7 cells downregulated and upregulated CFH mRNA levels, respectively. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-146a downregulated CFH mRNA expression in hepatocytes via 3′-untranslated-region (UTR) pairing. The overall effect of this process in vivo is to promote liver inflammation. These results demonstrate that the HBx–miR-146a–CFH–complement activation regulation pathway might play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of chronic HBV infection. These findings have important implications for understanding the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B and developing effective therapeutic interventions. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains an important pathogen and can cause severe liver diseases, including hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although HBV was found in 1966, the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis are still poorly understood. In the present study, we found that the HBV X protein (HBx) promoted the expression of miR-146a, an innate immunity-related miRNA, through the NF-κB signal pathway and that increasingly expressed miR-146a downregulated its target complement factor H (CFH), an important negative regulator of the complement alternative pathway, leading to the promotion of liver inflammation. We demonstrated that the HBx–miR-146a–CFH–complement activation regulation pathway is potentially an important mechanism of immunopathogenesis caused by chronic HBV infection. Our data provide a novel molecular mechanism of HBV pathogenesis and thus help to understand the correlations between the complement system, an important part of innate immunity, and HBV-associated disease. These findings will also be important to identify potential therapeutic targets for HBV infection.
Collapse
|
33
|
Warwick A, Khandhadia S, Ennis S, Lotery A. Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Disease of Systemic or Local Complement Dysregulation? J Clin Med 2014; 3:1234-57. [PMID: 26237601 PMCID: PMC4470180 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. The role of complement in the development of AMD is now well-established. While some studies show evidence of complement dysregulation within the eye, others have demonstrated elevated systemic complement activation in association with AMD. It is unclear which one is the primary driver of disease. This has important implications for designing novel complement-based AMD therapies. We present a summary of the current literature and suggest that intraocular rather than systemic modulation of complement may prove more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Warwick
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Samir Khandhadia
- Eye Unit, University Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Genomic Informatics, Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Andrew Lotery
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
- Eye Unit, University Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Querques G, Rosenfeld PJ, Cavallero E, Borrelli E, Corvi F, Querques L, Bandello FM, Zarbin MA. Treatment of Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmic Res 2014; 52:107-15. [DOI: 10.1159/000363187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
35
|
Albarracin R, Natoli R, Rutar M, Valter K, Provis J. 670 nm light mitigates oxygen-induced degeneration in C57BL/6J mouse retina. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:125. [PMID: 24134095 PMCID: PMC4015810 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irradiation with light wavelengths from the far red (FR) to the near infrared (NIR) spectrum (600 nm -1000 nm) has been shown to have beneficial effects in several disease models. In this study, we aim to examine whether 670 nm red light pretreatment can provide protection against hyperoxia-induced damage in the C57BL/6J mouse retina. Adult mice (90–110 days) were pretreated with 9 J/cm2 of 670 nm light once daily for 5 consecutive days prior to being placed in hyperoxic environment (75% oxygen). Control groups were exposed to hyperoxia, but received no 670 nm light pretreatment. Retinas were collected after 0, 3, 7, 10 or 14 days of hyperoxia exposure (n = 12/group) and prepared either for histological analysis, or RNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Photoreceptor damage and loss were quantified by counting photoreceptors undergoing cell death and measuring photoreceptor layer thickness. Localization of acrolein, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va (Cox Va) were identified through immunohistochemistry. Expression of heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox-1), complement component 3 (C3) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf-2) genes were quantified using qPCR. Results The hyperoxia-induced photoreceptor loss was accompanied by reduction of metabolic marker, Cox Va, and increased expression of oxidative stress indicator, acrolein and Hmox-1. Pretreatment with 670 nm red light reduced expression of markers of oxidative stress and C3, and slowed, but did not prevent, photoreceptor loss over the time course of hyperoxia exposure. Conclusion The damaging effects of hyperoxia on photoreceptors were ameliorated following pretreatment with 670 nm light in hyperoxic mouse retinas. These results suggest that pretreatment with 670 nm light may provide stability to photoreceptors in conditions of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rizalyn Albarracin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science and John Curtin School of Medical Research, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang N, Zimmerman K, Raab RW, McKown RL, Hutnik CML, Talla V, Tyler MF, Lee JK, Laurie GW. Lacritin rescues stressed epithelia via rapid forkhead box O3 (FOXO3)-associated autophagy that restores metabolism. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18146-61. [PMID: 23640897 PMCID: PMC3689958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.436584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis is essential for cell survival. However, homeostatic regulation of surface epithelia is poorly understood. The eye surface, lacking the cornified barrier of skin, provides an excellent model. Tears cover the surface of the eye and are deficient in dry eye, the most common eye disease affecting at least 5% of the world's population. Only a tiny fraction of the tear proteome appears to be affected, including lacritin, an epithelium-selective mitogen that promotes basal tearing when topically applied to rabbit eyes. Here we show that homeostasis of cultured corneal epithelia is entirely lacritin-dependent and elucidate the mechanism as a rapid autophagic flux to promptly restore cellular metabolism and mitochondrial fusion in keeping with the short residence time of lacritin on the eye. Accelerated flux appears to be derived from lacritin-stimulated acetylation of FOXO3 as a novel ligand for ATG101 and coupling of stress-acetylated FOXO1 with ATG7 (which remains uncoupled without lacritin) and be sufficient to selectively divert huntingtin mutant Htt103Q aggregates largely without affecting non-aggregated Htt25Q. This is in keeping with stress as a prerequisite for lacritin-stimulated autophagy. Lacritin targets the cell surface proteoglycan syndecan-1 via its C-terminal amino acids Leu(108)-Leu(109)-Phe(112) and is also available in saliva, plasma, and lung lavage. Thus, lacritin may promote epithelial homeostasis widely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronald W. Raab
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, and
| | - Robert L. McKown
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, and
| | - Cindy M. L. Hutnik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
| | | | | | - Jae K. Lee
- Public Health Sciences
- Systems and Information Engineering, and
| | - Gordon W. Laurie
- From the Departments of Cell Biology
- Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The role of SIRT1/AKT/ERK pathway in ultraviolet B induced damage on human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1728-36. [PMID: 23673314 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-induced damage plays a major role in ocular diseases, such as cataracts and retinal degeneration. UVB may also cause retinal phototoxicity and photic retinopathy. In this study, we explored the effects of UVB on the cell cycle and the role of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) in the UVB-induced damage. UVB dose-dependently suppressed the growth of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and triggering cell cycle arrest at the S phase. SIRT1, an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase, is involved in multiple biological processes, such as the stress response and the regulation of the cell cycle. However, its role in the effects of UVB on RPE cells is unclear. We showed that UVB down-regulates SIRT1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Resveratrol, an SIRT1 activator, prevented the UVB-induced damage by inhibiting AKT and ERK phosphorylation. A specific PI3K inhibitor attenuated the UVB-induced ERK1/2 and p53 phosphorylation. Finally, UVB activated the PI3K/AKT/ERK pathway by reducing the expression of SIRT1 in ARPE-19 cells. Our study, therefore, illustrated the molecular mechanisms of UVB-induced phototoxicity and damage of RPE cells. SIRT1 and resveratrol may be significant regulators, protecting against UVB-induced injury.
Collapse
|
38
|
Parainflammation associated with advanced glycation endproduct stimulation of RPE in vitro: implications for age-related degenerative diseases of the eye. Cytokine 2013; 62:369-81. [PMID: 23601964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in Western society. A hallmark of early stage AMD are drusen, extracellular deposits that accumulate in the outer retina. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) accumulate with aging and are linked to several age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis and AMD. AGE deposits are found in drusen and in Bruch's membrane of the eye and several studies have suggested its role in promoting oxidative stress, apoptosis and lipofuscin accumulation. Recently, complement activation and chronic inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. While AGEs have been shown to promote inflammation in other diseases, whether it plays a similar role in AMD is not known. This study investigates the effects of AGE stimulation on pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways in primary culture of human retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). Differential gene expression studies revealed a total of 41 up- and 18 down-regulated RPE genes in response to AGE stimulation. These genes fell into three categories as assessed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The main categories were inflammation (interferon-induced, immune response) and proteasome degradation, followed by caspase signaling. Using suspension array technology, protein levels of secreted cytokines and growth factors were also examined. Anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL10, IL1ra and IL9 were all overexpressed. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL4, IL15 and IFN-γ were overexpressed, while other pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL8, MCP1, IP10 were underexpressed after AGE stimulation, suggesting a para-inflammation state of the RPE under these conditions. Levels of mRNA of chemokine, CXCL11, and viperin, RSAD2, were up-regulated and may play a role in driving the inflammatory response via the NF-kB and JAK-STAT pathways. CXCL11 was strongly immunoreactive and associated with drusen in the AMD eye. The pathways and novel genes identified here highlight inflammation as a key response to AGE stimulation in primary culture of human RPE, and identify chemokine CXCL11 as putative novel agent associated with the pathogenesis of AMD.
Collapse
|
39
|
Gong L, Wu Z, Guo L, Li L, Zhao R, Zhu D, Zhou Q. Metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1 inhibits STAT3 signaling via a negative feedback mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:541-6. [PMID: 23583378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Persistent STAT3 activation is a critical event in tumorigenesis and metastatic progression. Recent studies have found higher levels of STAT3 in metastatic tissues than in primary tumor tissues. We speculated that such increased STAT3 activity might be attributed to a loss of function or reduction in expression of metastasis inhibitory protein during cancer progression, and we therefore examined the role of tumor metastasis-suppressor nm23-H1 in the activation of STAT3 in the A549 lung cancer cell line. We found that IL-6-dependent induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT3 were influenced by nm23-H1 inhibition. IL-6-induced STAT3(Tyr705) phosphorylation was significantly enhanced in A549 cells transfected with siRNA specific for nm23-H1, and the effect of nm23-H1 depletion on IL-6-induced STAT3(Tyr705) phosphorylation was reversed by ectopic expression of shRNA-resistant nm23-H1 protein. Moreover, STAT3 directly bound to the STAT3 binding site on the nm23-H1 promoter and activated its expression. Thus, we have identified a new feedback mechanism that might provide insight into an in-built metastasis-suppression function in tumor cells and which could be a logical new target for treatment of early metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xu J, Ji P, Wang B, Zhao L, Wang J, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Xu P, Sun X. Transcriptome sequencing and analysis of wild Amur Ide (Leuciscus waleckii) inhabiting an extreme alkaline-saline lake reveals insights into stress adaptation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59703. [PMID: 23573207 PMCID: PMC3613414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii) is an economically and ecologically important species in Northern Asia. The Dali Nor population inhabiting Dali Nor Lake, a typical saline-alkaline lake in Inner Mongolia, is well-known for its adaptation to extremely high alkalinity. Genome information is needed for conservation and aquaculture purposes, as well as to gain further understanding into the genetics of stress tolerance. The objective of the study is to sequence the transcriptome and obtain a well-assembled transcriptome of Amur ide. Results The transcriptome of Amur ide was sequenced using the Illumina platform and assembled into 53,632 cDNA contigs, with an average length of 647 bp and a N50 length of 1,094 bp. A total of 19,338 unique proteins were identified, and gene ontology and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analyses classified all contigs into functional categories. Open Reading Frames (ORFs) were detected from 34,888 (65.1%) of contigs with an average length of 577 bp, while 9,638 full-length cDNAs were identified. Comparative analyses revealed that 31,790 (59.3%) contigs have a significant similarity to zebrafish proteins, and 27,096 (50.5%), 27,524 (51.3%) and 27,996 (52.2%) to teraodon, medaka and three-spined stickleback proteins, respectively. A total of 10,395 microsatellites and 34,299 SNPs were identified and classified. A dN/dS analysis on unigenes was performed, which identified that 61 of the genes were under strong positive selection. Most of the genes are associated with stress adaptation and immunity, suggesting that the extreme alkaline-saline environment resulted in fast evolution of certain genes. Conclusions The transcriptome of Amur ide had been deeply sequenced, assembled and characterized, providing a valuable resource for a better understanding of the Amur ide genome. The transcriptome data will facilitate future functional studies on the Amur ide genome, as well as provide insight into potential mechanisms for adaptation to an extreme alkaline-saline environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peifeng Ji
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baosen Wang
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zixia Zhao
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiongtang Li
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (PX); (XS)
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (PX); (XS)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aziz M, Jacob A, Yang WL, Matsuda A, Wang P. Current trends in inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:329-42. [PMID: 23136259 PMCID: PMC3579020 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0912437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis refers to severe systemic inflammation in response to invading pathogens. An overwhelming immune response, as mediated by the release of various inflammatory mediators, can lead to shock, multiple organ damage, and even death. Cytokines, proteases, lipid mediators, gaseous substances, vasoactive peptides, and cell stress markers play key roles in sepsis pathophysiology. Various adhesion molecules and chemokines sequester and activate neutrophils into the target organs, further augmenting inflammation and tissue damage. Although the anti-inflammatory substances counterbalance proinflammatory mediators, prolonged immune modulation may cause host susceptibility to concurrent infections, thus reflecting enormous challenge toward developing effective clinical therapy against sepsis. To understand the complex interplay between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenomenon in sepsis, there is still an unmet need to study newly characterized mediators. In addition, revealing the current trends of novel mediators will upgrade our understanding on their signal transduction, cross-talk, and synergistic and immunomodulating roles during sepsis. This review highlights the latest discoveries of the mediators in sepsis linking to innate and adaptive immune systems, which may lead to resolution of many unexplored queries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Asha Jacob
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Weng-Lang Yang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Akihisa Matsuda
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Banda NK, Mehta G, Ferreira VP, Cortes C, Pickering MC, Pangburn MK, Arend WP, Holers VM. Essential role of surface-bound complement factor H in controlling immune complex-induced arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3560-9. [PMID: 23436934 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Factor H (fH) is an endogenous negative regulator of the alternative pathway (AP) that binds polyanions as well as complement activation fragments C3b and C3d. The AP is both necessary and sufficient to develop collagen Ab-induced arthritis (CAIA) in mice; the mechanisms whereby normal control of the AP is overcome and injury develops are unknown. Although primarily a soluble circulating protein, fH can also bind to tissues in a manner dependent on the carboxyl-terminal domain containing short consensus repeats 19 and 20. We examined the role of fH in CAIA by blocking its binding to tissues through administration of a recombinant negative inhibitor containing short consensus repeats 19 and 20 (rfH19-20), which impairs fH function and amplifies surface AP activation in vitro. Administration of rfH19-20, but not control rfH3-5, significantly worsened clinical disease activity, histopathologic injury, and C3 deposition in the synovium and cartilage in wild-type and fH(+/-) mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that rfH19-20 increased complement activation on cartilage extracts and injured fibroblast-like synoviocytes, two major targets of complement deposition in the joint. We conclude that endogenous fH makes a significant contribution to inhibition of the AP in CAIA through binding to sites of immune complex formation and complement activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ebrahimi KB, Fijalkowski N, Cano M, Handa JT. Decreased membrane complement regulators in the retinal pigmented epithelium contributes to age-related macular degeneration. J Pathol 2013; 229:729-42. [PMID: 23097248 DOI: 10.1002/path.4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated complement is thought to play a central role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis, but the specific mechanisms have yet to be determined. In maculae of AMD specimens, we found that the complement regulatory protein, CD59, was increased in regions of uninvolved retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) of early AMD, but decreased in the RPE overlying drusen and in geographic atrophy, an advanced form of AMD. While CD46 immunostaining was basolaterally distributed in the RPE of unaffected controls, it was decreased in diseased areas of early AMD samples. Since oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) collect in drusen of AMD and are a known complement trigger, we treated ARPE-19 cells with oxLDL and found that cellular CD46 and CD59 proteins were decreased by 2.9- and nine-fold (p < 0.01), respectively. OxLDLs increased complement factor B mRNA and Bb protein, but not factor D, I or H. OxLDLs increased C3b, but not C3a, C5 or C5b-9. C5b-9 was increased by 27% (p < 0.01) when the medium was supplemented with human serum, which was sufficient to induce poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, a marker of apoptosis. The decreased levels of CD46 and CD59 were in part explained by their release in exosomal and apoptotic membranous particles. In addition, CD59 was partially degraded through activation of IRE1α. Collectively, these results suggest that a combination of impaired complement regulators results in inadequately controlled complement by the RPE in AMD that induces RPE damage.
Collapse
|
44
|
Brantley MA, Sternberg P. Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Retinal Injury. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
Yuda K, Takahashi H, Inoue T, Ueta T, Iriyama A, Kadonosono K, Tamaki Y, Aburatani H, Nagai R, Yanagi Y. Adrenomedullin Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization via CCL2 in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1464-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
46
|
Amadi-Obi A, Yu CR, Dambuza I, Kim SH, Marrero B, Egwuagu CE. Interleukin 27 induces the expression of complement factor H (CFH) in the retina. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45801. [PMID: 23029250 PMCID: PMC3447806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (CFH) is a central regulator of the complement system and has been implicated in the etiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. In view of previous studies showing that reduced expression of CFH in the retina is a risk factor for developing AMD, there is significant interest in understanding how CFH expression is regulated in the retina. In this study, we have shown that the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-27, induced CFH expression in mouse retinal cells and human retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) through STAT1-mediated up-regulation of Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 (IRF-1) and IRF-8. We further show that cells in the ganglion and inner-nuclear layers of the retina constitutively express IRF-1 and IRF-8 and enhanced CFH expression in the retina during ocular inflammation correlated with significant increase in the expression of IRF-1, IRF-8 and IL-27 (IL-27p28 and Ebi3). Our data thus reveal a novel role of IL-27 in regulating complement activation through up-regulation of CFH and suggest that defects in IL-27 signaling or expression may contribute to the reduction of CFH expression in the retina of patients with AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahjoku Amadi-Obi
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ivy Dambuza
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sung-Hye Kim
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernadette Marrero
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bian Q, Gao S, Zhou J, Qin J, Taylor A, Johnson EJ, Tang G, Sparrow JR, Gierhart D, Shang F. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation reduces photooxidative damage and modulates the expression of inflammation-related genes in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1298-307. [PMID: 22732187 PMCID: PMC3744865 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage and inflammation are related to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Epidemiologic studies suggest that insufficient dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake or lower serum zeaxanthin levels are associated with increased risk for AMD. The objective of this work is to test the protective effects of lutein and zeaxanthin against photooxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) and oxidation-induced changes in expression of inflammation-related genes. To mimic lipofuscin-mediated photooxidation in vivo, we used ARPE-19 cells that accumulated A2E, a lipofuscin fluorophore and photosensitizer, as a model system to investigate the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation. The data show that supplementation with lutein or zeaxanthin in the medium resulted in accumulation of lutein or zeaxanthin in the RPE cells. The concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in the cells were 2- to 14-fold of that detected in the medium, indicating that ARPE-19 cells actively take up lutein or zeaxanthin. As compared with untreated cells, exposure of A2E-containing RPE to blue light resulted in a 40-60% decrease in proteasome activity, a 50-80% decrease in expression of CFH and MCP-1, and an~20-fold increase in expression of IL-8. The photooxidation-induced changes in expression of MCP-1, IL-8, and CFH were similar to those caused by chemical inhibition of the proteasome, suggesting that inactivation of the proteasome is involved in the photooxidation-induced alteration in expression of these inflammation-related genes. Incubation of the A2E-containing RPE with lutein or zeaxanthin prior to blue light exposure significantly attenuated the photooxidation-induced inactivation of the proteasome and photooxidation-induced changes in expression of MCP-1, IL-8, and CFH. Together, these data indicate that lutein or zeaxanthin modulates inflammatory responses in cultured RPE in response to photooxidation. Protecting the proteasome from oxidative inactivation appears to be one of the mechanisms by which lutein and zeaxanthin modulate the inflammatory response. Similar mechanisms may explain salutary effects of lutein and zeaxanthin in reducing the risk for AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingning Bian
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Shasha Gao
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Jilin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jian Qin
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Allen Taylor
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Elizabeth J. Johnson
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Guangwen Tang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - Fu Shang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
- Corresponding Author: Fu Shang, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111; Phone: (617) 556-3158;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ma W, Coon S, Zhao L, Fariss RN, Wong WT. A2E accumulation influences retinal microglial activation and complement regulation. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:943-60. [PMID: 22819137 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is an outer retinal disease that involves aging and immune dysfunction. In the aging retina, microglia aggregate in the outer retina and acquire intracellular autofluorescent lipofuscin deposits. In this study, we investigated whether accumulation of A2E, a key bisretinoid constituent of ocular lipofuscin, alters the physiology of retinal microglia in pathologically relevant ways. Our findings show that sublethal accumulations of intracellular A2E in cultured retinal microglia increased microglial activation and decreased microglial neuroprotection of photoreceptors. Increased A2E accumulation also lowered microglial expression of chemokine receptors and suppressed microglial chemotaxis, suggesting that lipofuscin accumulation may potentiate subretinal microglial accumulation. Significantly, A2E accumulation altered microglial complement regulation by increasing complement factor B and decreasing complement factor H expression, favoring increased complement activation and deposition in the outer retina. Taken together, our findings highlight the role of microglia in the local control of complement activation in the retina and present the age-related accumulation of ocular lipofuscin in subretinal microglia as a cellular mechanism capable of driving outer retinal immune dysregulation in age-related macular degeneration pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Ma
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mustafi D, Maeda T, Kohno H, Nadeau JH, Palczewski K. Inflammatory priming predisposes mice to age-related retinal degeneration. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2989-3001. [PMID: 22797304 DOI: 10.1172/jci64427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of cellular processes affected by multiple genes and accumulation of numerous insults throughout life dictate the progression of age-related disorders, but their complex etiology is poorly understood. Postmitotic neurons, such as photoreceptor cells in the retina and epithelial cells in the adjacent retinal pigmented epithelium, are especially susceptible to cellular senescence, which contributes to age-related retinal degeneration (ARD). The multigenic and complex etiology of ARD in humans is reflected by the relative paucity of effective compounds for its early prevention and treatment. To understand the genetic differences that drive ARD pathogenesis, we studied A/J mice, which develop ARD more pronounced than that in other inbred mouse models. Although our investigation of consomic strains failed to identify a chromosome associated with the observed retinal deterioration, pathway analysis of RNA-Seq data from young mice prior to retinal pathological changes revealed that increased vulnerability to ARD in A/J mice was due to initially high levels of inflammatory factors and low levels of homeostatic neuroprotective factors. The genetic signatures of an uncompensated preinflammatory state and ARD progression identified here aid in understanding the susceptible genetic loci that underlie pathogenic mechanisms of age-associated disorders, including several human blinding diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Mustafi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kauppinen A, Niskanen H, Suuronen T, Kinnunen K, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Oxidative stress activates NLRP3 inflammasomes in ARPE-19 cells--implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Immunol Lett 2012; 147:29-33. [PMID: 22698681 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are known to be associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells play the principal role in the immune defense of macula, and their dysfunction is a crucial event leading to clinically relevant changes seen in AMD. In the present study, we have examined the ability of oxidative stress to activate inflammasome signaling in the human ARPE-19 cells by adding the lipid peroxidation end product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) to cell cultures pre-treated or not treated with the endotoxin, LPS. Our results indicate that LPS and HNE significantly increased the production of IL-6 and IL-18, respectively. LPS treatment preceding HNE induced an even greater increase in the production of IL-18 than HNE alone. In addition to IL-18, HNE significantly increased the production of IL-1β. The productions of IL-1β and IL-18 were reduced in the cell cultures pre-treated with the Caspase-1 inhibitor. PCR analysis revealed that HNE induced an over 5-fold increase in the amount of NLRP3 mRNA compared to control cells; LPS had no effect. In conclusion, our present data suggest that oxidative stress can activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in RPE cells which occupy center stage in the pathogenesis of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|