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Hu Q, Zhang Y, Tu Z, Wen S, Wang J, Wang M, Li H. The identification and functional characterization of the LcMCT gene from Liriodendron chinense reveals its potenatial role in carotenoids biosyanthesis. Gene 2024; 902:148180. [PMID: 38253298 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids are not only important component of plant floral scent, but also indispensable elements in the formation of floral color. The petals of Liriodendron chinense are rich in tetraterpene carotenoids and release large amounts of volatile monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds during full blooming stage. However, the mechanism of terpenoid synthesis is not clear in L. chinense. In this study, we identified a LcMCT gene and characterized its potential function in carotenoids biosynthesis. A total of 2947 up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discerned from the transcriptomic data of L. chinense petals, with a significant enrichment of DEGs related to plant hormone signal transduction and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. After comprehensive analysis on these DEGs, the LcMCT gene was selected for subsequent function characterization. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that LcMCT was expressed at the highest level in the petals during full blooming stage, suggesting a possible role in carotenoids biosynthesis and volatile terpenoid biosynthesis. Subcellular localization showed that the LcMCT protein was localized in the chloroplast. Overexpression of LcMCT in Arabidopsis thaliana affected the expression levels of MEP pathway genes. Moreover, the MCT enzyme activity and carotenoids contents in transgenic A. thaliana were increased by 69.27% and 15.57%, respectively. These results suggest that LcMCT promotes the biosynthesis of terpenoid precursors via the MEP pathway. Our work lays a foundation for exploring the mechanism of terpenoid synthesis in L. chinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhonghua Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shaoying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Minxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huogen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Ponciano G, Dong N, Dong C, Breksa A, Vilches A, Abutokaikah MT, McMahan C, Holguin FO. Overexpression of tocopherol biosynthesis genes in guayule (Parthenium argentatum) reduces rubber, resin and argentatins content in stem and leaf tissues. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 222:114060. [PMID: 38522560 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Natural rubber produced in stems of the guayule plant (Parthenium argentatum) is susceptible to post-harvest degradation from microbial or thermo-oxidative processes, especially once stems are chipped. As a result, the time from harvest to extraction must be minimized to recover high quality rubber, especially in warm summer months. Tocopherols are natural antioxidants produced in plants through the shikimate and methyl-erythtiol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathways. We hypothesized that increased in vivo guayule tocopherol content might protect rubber from post-harvest degradation, and/or allow reduced use of chemical antioxidants during the extraction process. With the objective of enhancing tocopherol content in guayule, we overexpressed four Arabidopsis thaliana tocopherol pathway genes in AZ-2 guayule via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Tocopherol content was increased in leaf and stem tissues of most transgenic lines, and some improvement in thermo-oxidative stability was observed. Overexpression of the four tocopherol biosynthesis enzymes, however, altered other isoprenoid pathways resulting in reduced rubber, resin and argentatins content in guayule stems. The latter molecules are mainly synthesized from precursors derived from the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Our results suggest the existence of crosstalk between the MEP and MVA pathways in guayule and the possibility that carbon metabolism through the MEP pathway impacts rubber biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisel Ponciano
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| | - Niu Dong
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Andrew Breksa
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Ana Vilches
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Maha T Abutokaikah
- Research Cores Program, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Colleen McMahan
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - F Omar Holguin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
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Boateng ID. Polyprenols in Ginkgo biloba; a review of their chemistry (synthesis of polyprenols and their derivatives), extraction, purification, and bioactivities. Food Chem 2023; 418:136006. [PMID: 36996648 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The Ginkgo biloba L. (GB) contains high bioactive compounds. To date, flavonoids and terpene trilactone have received the majority of attention in GB studies, and the GB has been utilized globally in functional food and pharmacological firms, with sales > $10 billion since 2017, while the other active components, for instance, polyprenols (a natural lipid) with various bioactivities have received less attention. Hence, this review focused on polyprenols' chemistry (synthesis of polyprenols and their derivatives) extraction, purification, and bioactivities from GB for the first time. The various extractions and purification methods (nano silica-based adsorbent, bulk ionic liquid membrane, etc.) were delved into, and their advantages and limitations were discussed. Besides, numerous bioactivities of the extracted Ginkgo biloba polyprenols (GBP) were reviewed. The review showed that GB contains some polyprenols in acetic esters' form. Prenylacetic esters are free of adverse effects. Besides, the polyprenols from GB have numerous bioactivities such as anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-viral activity, etc. The application of GBPs in the food, cosmetics, and drugs industries such as micelles, liposomes, and nano-emulsions was delved into. Finally, the toxicity of polyprenol was reviewed, and it was concluded that GBP was not carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic, giving a theoretical justification for using GBP as a raw material for functional foods. This article will aid researchers to better understand the need to explore GBP usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, 1406 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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Krause T, Wiesinger P, González-Cabanelas D, Lackus N, Köllner TG, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Rohwer J, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. HDR, the last enzyme in the MEP pathway, differently regulates isoprenoid biosynthesis in two woody plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:767-788. [PMID: 36848194 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) serves as the universal C5 precursors of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. These compounds are formed by the last step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, catalyzed by (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase (HDR). In this study, we investigated the major HDR isoforms of two woody plant species, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and gray poplar (Populus × canescens), to determine how they regulate isoprenoid formation. Since each of these species has a distinct profile of isoprenoid compounds, they may require different proportions of DMADP and IDP with proportionally more IDP being needed to make larger isoprenoids. Norway spruce contained two major HDR isoforms differing in their occurrence and biochemical characteristics. PaHDR1 produced relatively more IDP than PaHDR2 and it encoding gene was expressed constitutively in leaves, likely serving to form substrate for production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and other primary isoprenoids derived from a C20 precursor. On the other hand, Norway spruce PaHDR2 produced relatively more DMADP than PaHDR1 and its encoding gene was expressed in leaves, stems, and roots, both constitutively and after induction with the defense hormone methyl jasmonate. This second HDR enzyme likely forms a substrate for the specialized monoterpene (C10), sesquiterpene (C15), and diterpene (C20) metabolites of spruce oleoresin. Gray poplar contained only one dominant isoform (named PcHDR2) that produced relatively more DMADP and the gene of which was expressed in all organs. In leaves, where the requirement for IDP is high to make the major carotenoid and chlorophyll isoprenoids derived from C20 precursors, excess DMADP may accumulate, which could explain the high rate of isoprene (C5) emission. Our results provide new insights into the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in woody plants under conditions of differentially regulated biosynthesis of the precursors IDP and DMADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Piera Wiesinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Diego González-Cabanelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, Germany
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, Germany
| | - Johann Rohwer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Lee S, Jo SH, Hong CE, Lee J, Cha B, Park JM. Plastid methylerythritol phosphate pathway participates in the hypersensitive response-related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032682. [PMID: 36388595 PMCID: PMC9645581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), a characteristic feature of hypersensitive response (HR) in plants, is an important cellular process often associated with the defense response against pathogens. Here, the involvement of LytB, a gene encoding 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase that participates in the final step of the plastid methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, in plant HR cell death was studied. In Nicotiana benthmiana plants, silencing of the NbLytB gene using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) caused plant growth retardation and albino leaves with severely malformed chloroplasts. In NbLytB-silenced plants, HR-related cell death mediated by the expression of either the human proapoptotic protein gene Bax or an R gene with its cognate Avr effector gene was inhibited, whereas that induced by the nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 was enhanced. To dissect the isoprenoid pathway and avoid the pleiotropic effects of VIGS, chemical inhibitors that specifically inhibit isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants were employed. Treatment of N. benthamiana plants with fosmidomycin, a specific inhibitor of the plastid MEP pathway, effectively inhibited HR-related PCD, whereas treatment with mevinolin (a cytoplasmic mevalonate pathway inhibitor) and fluridone (a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor) did not. Together, these results suggest that the MEP pathway as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the chloroplast play an important role in HR-related PCD, which is not displaced by the cytosolic isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Jo
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chi Eun Hong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Byeongjin Cha
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
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Zhong C, Chen C, Gao X, Tan C, Bai H, Ning K. Multi-omics profiling reveals comprehensive microbe-plant-metabolite regulation patterns for medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1874-1887. [PMID: 35668676 PMCID: PMC9491449 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is a medicinal plant widely used to treat multiple diseases in Europe and Asia, and its efficacy largely depends on liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid. The regulatory pattern responsible for the difference in efficacy between wild and cultivated G. uralensis remains largely undetermined. Here, we collected roots and rhizosphere soils from wild (WT) G. uralensis as well as those farmed for 1 year (C1) and 3 years (C3), generated metabolite and transcript data for roots, microbiota data for rhizospheres and conducted comprehensive multi-omics analyses. We updated gene structures for all 40 091 genes in G. uralensis, and based on 52 differentially expressed genes, we charted the route-map of both liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis, with genes BAS, CYP72A154 and CYP88D6 critical for glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis being significantly expressed higher in wild G. uralensis than in cultivated G. uralensis. Additionally, multi-omics network analysis identified that Lysobacter was strongly associated with CYP72A154, which was required for glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis. Finally, we developed a holistic multi-omics regulation model that confirmed the importance of rhizosphere microbial community structure in liquiritin accumulation. This study thoroughly decoded the key regulatory mechanisms of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid, and provided new insights into the interactions of the plant's key metabolites with its transcriptome, rhizosphere microbes and environment, which would guide future cultivation of G. uralensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular‐imaging, Center of AI Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
- Key Laboratory of Karst Biodiversity and Ecological Security, College of Environmental and Life SciencesNanning Normal UniversityNanningChina
| | - Chaoyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular‐imaging, Center of AI Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular‐imaging, Center of AI Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Chongyang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular‐imaging, Center of AI Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Hong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular‐imaging, Center of AI Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Kang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular‐imaging, Center of AI Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
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Zhang H, Deng W, Lu C, He M, Yan H. SMRT sequencing of full-length transcriptome and gene expression analysis in two chemical types of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12940. [PMID: 35223208 PMCID: PMC8877398 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. also called patchouli, is a traditional medicinal and aromatic plant that grows mainly in Southeast Asia and China. In China, P. cablin is divided into two chemical types: the patchouliol-type and the pogostone-type. Patchouliol-type patchouli usually grow taller, with thicker stems and bigger leaves, and produce more aromatic oil. METHODS To better understand the genetic differences between the two chemical types that contribute to their differences in morphology and biosynthetic capabilities, we constructed de novo transcriptomes from both chemical types using the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) Sequel platform and performed differential expression analysis of multiple tissues using Illumina short reads. RESULTS In this study, using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) long-read sequencing, we obtained 22.07 GB of clean data and 134,647 nonredundant transcripts from two chemical types. Additionally, we identified 126,576 open reading frames (ORFs), 100,638 coding sequences (CDSs), 4,106 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 6,829 transcription factors (TFs) from two chemical types of P. cablin. We adopted PacBio and Illumina sequencing to identify differentially expressed transcripts (DEGs) in three tissues of the two chemical types. More DEGs were observed in comparisons of different tissues collected from the same chemical type relative to comparisons of the same tissue collected from different chemical types. Furthormore, using KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs, we found that the most enriched biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites of the two chemical types were "terpenoid backbone biosynthesis", "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis", "plant hormone signal transduction", "sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis", "ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis", "flavonoid biosynthesis", and "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis". However, the main pathways of the patchouliol-type also included "diterpene biosynthesis" and "monoterpene biosynthesis". Additionally, by comparing the expression levels of the three tissues verified by qRT-PCR, more DEGs in the roots were upregulated in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm, but more DEGs in the leaves were upregulated in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastid, both of which are important pathways for terpenoids biosynthesis. These findings promote the study of further genome annotation and transcriptome research in P. cablin.
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Van Gelder K, Virta LKA, Easlick J, Prudhomme N, McAlister JA, Geddes-McAlister J, Akhtar TA. A central role for polyprenol reductase in plant dolichol biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110773. [PMID: 33487357 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dolichol is an essential polyisoprenoid within the endoplasmic reticulum of all eukaryotes. It serves as a membrane bound anchor onto which N-glycans are assembled prior to being transferred to nascent polypeptides, many of which enter the secretory pathway. Historically, it has been posited that the accumulation of dolichol represents the 'rate-limiting' step in the evolutionary conserved process of N-glycosylation, which ultimately affects the efficacy of approximately one fifth of the entire eukaryotic proteome. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance dolichol accumulation by manipulating the enzymes involved in its biosynthesis using an established Nicotiana benthamiana platform. Co-expression of a Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cis-prenyltransferase (CPT) and its cognate partner protein, CPT binding protein (CPTBP), that catalyze the antepenultimate step in dolichol biosynthesis led to a 400-fold increase in the levels of long-chain polyprenols but resulted in only modest increases in dolichol accumulation. However, when combined with a newly characterized tomato polyprenol reductase, dolichol biosynthesis was enhanced by approximately 20-fold. We provide further evidence that in the aquatic macrophyte, Lemna gibba, dolichol is derived exclusively from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway with little participation from the evolutionary co-adopted non-MVA pathway. Taken together these results indicate that to effectively enhance the in planta accumulation of dolichol, coordinated synthesis and reduction of polyprenol to dolichol, is strictly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Van Gelder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lilia K A Virta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jeremy Easlick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicholas Prudhomme
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jason A McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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9
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Arroo RRJ, Bhambra AS, Hano C, Renda G, Ruparelia KC, Wang MF. Analysis of plant secondary metabolism using stable isotope-labelled precursors. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:62-68. [PMID: 32706176 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Analysis of biochemical pathways typically involves feeding a labelled precursor to an organism, and then monitoring the metabolic fate of the label. Initial studies used radioisotopes as a label and then monitored radioactivity in the metabolic products. As analytical equipment improved and became more widely available, preference shifted the use stable 'heavy' isotopes like deuterium (2 H)-, carbon-13 (13 C)- and nitrogen-15 (15 N)-atoms as labels. Incorporation of the labels could be monitored by mass spectrometry (MS), as part of a hyphenated tool kits, e.g. Liquid chromatography (LC)-MS, gas chromatography (GC)-MS, LC-MS/MS. MS offers great sensitivity but the exact location of an isotope label in a given metabolite cannot always be unambiguously established. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can also be used to pick up signals of stable isotopes, and can give information on the precise location of incorporated label in the metabolites. However, the detection limit for NMR is quite a bit higher than that for MS. OBJECTIVES A number of experiments involving feeding stable isotope-labelled precursors followed by NMR analysis of the metabolites is presented. The aim is to highlight the use of NMR analysis in identifying the precise fate of isotope labels after precursor feeding experiments. As more powerful NMR equipment becomes available, applications as described in this review may become more commonplace in pathway analysis. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS NMR is a widely accepted tool for chemical structure elucidation and is now increasingly used in metabolomic studies. In addition, NMR, combined with stable isotope feeding, should be considered as a tool for metabolic flux analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph R J Arroo
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Avninder S Bhambra
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Gülin Renda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Ortahisar/Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ketan C Ruparelia
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Meng F Wang
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Lu Y, Liu Y, Zhou J, Li D, Gao W. Biosynthesis, total synthesis, structural modifications, bioactivity, and mechanism of action of the quinone-methide triterpenoid celastrol. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1022-1060. [PMID: 33174200 DOI: 10.1002/med.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Celastrol, a quinone-methide triterpenoid, was extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. in 1936 for the first time. Almost 70 years later, it is considered one of the molecules most likely to be developed into modern drugs, as it exhibits notable bioactivity, including anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity, and exerts antiobesity effects. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying its bioactivity are being widely studied, which offers new avenues for its development as a pharmaceutical reagent. Owing to its potential therapeutic effects and unique chemical structure, celastrol has attracted considerable interest in the fields of organic, biosynthesis, and medicinal chemistry. As several steps in the biosynthesis of celastrol have been revealed, the mechanisms of key enzymes catalyzing the formation and postmodifications of the celastrol scaffold have been gradually elucidated, which lays a good foundation for the future heterogeneous biosynthesis of celastrol. Chemical synthesis is also an effective approach to obtain celastrol. The total synthesis of celastrol was realized for the first time in 2015, which established a new strategy to obtain celastroid natural products. However, owing to the toxic effects and suboptimal pharmacological properties of celastrol, its clinical applications remain limited. To search for drug-like derivatives, several structurally modified compounds were synthesized and tested. This review focuses primarily on the latest research progress in the biosynthesis, total synthesis, structural modifications, bioactivity, and mechanism of action of celastrol. We anticipate that this paper will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of this promising compound and provide constructive references for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Metabolic Engineering of the Native Monoterpene Pathway in Spearmint for Production of Heterologous Monoterpenes Reveals Complex Metabolism and Pathway Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176164. [PMID: 32859057 PMCID: PMC7504178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spearmint produces and stores large amounts of monoterpenes, mainly limonene and carvone, in glandular trichomes and is the major natural source of these compounds. Towards producing heterologous monoterpenes in spearmint, we first reduced the flux into the native limonene pathway by knocking down the expression of limonene synthase (MsLS) by RNAi method. The MsLS RNAi lines exhibited a huge reduction in the synthesis of limonene and carvone. Detailed GC-MS and LC-MS analysis revealed that MsLS RNAi plants also showed an increase in sesquiterpene, phytosterols, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic metabolites, suggesting an interaction between the MEP, MVA shikimate and fatty acid pathways in spearmint. Three different heterologous monoterpene synthases namely, linalool synthase and myrcene synthase from Picea abies and geraniol synthase from Cananga odorata were cloned and introduced independently into the MsLS RNAi mutant background. The expression of these heterologous terpene synthases resulted mainly in production of monoterpene derivatives. Of all the introduced monoterpenes geraniol showed the maximum number of derivatives. Our results provide new insights into MEP pathway interactions and regulation and reveals the existence of mechanisms for complex metabolism of monoterpenes in spearmint.
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12
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Metabolomics profiling reveals new aspects of dolichol biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13264. [PMID: 32764679 PMCID: PMC7414040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cis-polyisoprenoid lipids namely polyprenols, dolichols and their derivatives are linear polymers of several isoprene units. In eukaryotes, polyprenols and dolichols are synthesized as a mixture of four or more homologues of different length with one or two predominant species with sizes varying among organisms. Interestingly, co-occurrence of polyprenols and dolichols, i.e. detection of a dolichol along with significant levels of its precursor polyprenol, are unusual in eukaryotic cells. Our metabolomics studies revealed that cis-polyisoprenoids are more diverse in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum than previously postulated as we uncovered active de novo biosynthesis and substantial levels of accumulation of polyprenols and dolichols of 15 to 19 isoprene units. A distinctive polyprenol and dolichol profile both within the intraerythrocytic asexual cycle and between asexual and gametocyte stages was observed suggesting that cis-polyisoprenoid biosynthesis changes throughout parasite’s development. Moreover, we confirmed the presence of an active cis-prenyltransferase (PfCPT) and that dolichol biosynthesis occurs via reduction of the polyprenol to dolichol by an active polyprenol reductase (PfPPRD) in the malaria parasite.
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13
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Emamverdian A, Ding Y, Mokhberdoran F. The role of salicylic acid and gibberellin signaling in plant responses to abiotic stress with an emphasis on heavy metals. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1777372. [PMID: 32508222 PMCID: PMC8570706 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1777372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellins (GAs), as two important plant growth hormones, play a key role in increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stress. They contribute to the increased plant antioxidant activities in ROS scavenging, which is related to the enzymes involved in H2O2-detoxifying. In photosynthetic cycles, the endogenous form of these phytohormones enhances photosynthetic properties such as stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis (PN), photosynthetic oxygen evolution, and efficiency of carboxylation. Furthermore, in cell cycle, they are able to influence division and expansion of cell growth in plants under stress, leading to increased growth of radicle cells in a meristem, and ultimately contributing to the increased germination rate and lengths of shoot and root in the stress-affected plants. In the case of crosstalk between SA and GA, exogenous GA3 can upregulate biosynthesis of SA and consequently result in rising levels of SA, enhancing plant defense response to environmental abiotic stresses. The aim of this paper was to investigate the mechanisms related to GA and SA phytohormones in amelioration of abiotic stress, in particular, heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghassem Emamverdian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- CONTACT Yulong Ding NO.159, Londpan Road Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Farzad Mokhberdoran
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Kumar SR, Rai A, Bomzan DP, Kumar K, Hemmerlin A, Dwivedi V, Godbole RC, Barvkar V, Shanker K, Shilpashree HB, Bhattacharya A, Smitha AR, Hegde N, Nagegowda DA. A plastid-localized bona fide geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase plays a necessary role in monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:248-265. [PMID: 32064705 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP, C20 ) synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) serves as precursor for vital metabolic branches including specialized metabolites. Here, we report the characterization of a GGPPS (CrGGPPS2) from the Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) and demonstrate its role in monoterpene (C10 )-indole alkaloids (MIA) biosynthesis. The expression of CrGGPPS2 was not induced in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and was similar to the gene encoding type-I protein geranylgeranyltransferase_β subunit (CrPGGT-I_β), which modulates MIA formation in C. roseus cell cultures. Recombinant CrGGPPS2 exhibited a bona fide GGPPS activity by catalyzing the formation of GGPP as the sole product. Co-localization of fluorescent protein fusions clearly showed CrGGPPS2 was targeted to plastids. Downregulation of CrGGPPS2 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) significantly decreased the expression of transcription factors and pathway genes related to MIA biosynthesis, resulting in reduced MIA. Chemical complementation of CrGGPPS2-vigs leaves with geranylgeraniol (GGol, alcoholic form of GGPP) restored the negative effects of CrGGPPS2 silencing on MIA biosynthesis. In contrast to VIGS, transient and stable overexpression of CrGGPPS2 enhanced the MIA biosynthesis. Interestingly, VIGS and transgenic-overexpression of CrGGPPS2 had no effect on the main GGPP-derived metabolites, cholorophylls and carotenoids in C. roseus leaves. Moreover, silencing of CrPGGT-I_β, similar to CrGGPPS2-vigs, negatively affected the genes related to MIA biosynthesis resulting in reduced MIA. Overall, this study demonstrated that plastidial CrGGPPS2 plays an indirect but necessary role in MIA biosynthesis. We propose that CrGGPPS2 might be involved in providing GGPP for modifying proteins of the signaling pathway involved in MIA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarma Rajeev Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dikki Pedenla Bomzan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Rucha C Godbole
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 4110077, India
| | - Vitthal Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 4110077, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - H B Shilpashree
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Ankita Bhattacharya
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Attibele Ramamurthy Smitha
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Namratha Hegde
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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15
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Athanasakoglou A, Kampranis SC. Diatom isoprenoids: Advances and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107417. [PMID: 31326522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms are among the most productive and ecologically important groups of microalgae in contemporary oceans. Due to their distinctive metabolic and physiological features, they offer exciting opportunities for a broad range of commercial and industrial applications. One such feature is their ability to synthesize a wide diversity of isoprenoid compounds. However, limited understanding of how these molecules are synthesized have until recently hindered their exploitation. Following comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of various diatom species, the biosynthetic mechanisms and regulation of the different branches of the pathway are now beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent advances in understanding diatom isoprenoid synthesis and discuss the exploitation potential of diatoms as chassis for high-value isoprenoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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16
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Xue L, He Z, Bi X, Xu W, Wei T, Wu S, Hu S. Transcriptomic profiling reveals MEP pathway contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:383. [PMID: 31101014 PMCID: PMC6524269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng C. A. Mey is one of famous medicinal herb plant species. Its major bioactive compounds are various ginsenosides in roots and rhizomes. It is commonly accepted that ginsenosides are synthesized from terpene precursors, IPP and DMAPP, through the cytoplasmic mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Another plastic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway was proved also contributing to ginsenoside generation in the roots of P. ginseng by using specific chemical inhibitors recently. But their gene expression characteristics are still under reveal in P. ginseng. With the development of the high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, we have opportunities to discover more about the complex ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways in P. ginseng. Results We carried out deep RNA sequencing and comprehensive analyses on the ginseng root samples of 1–5 years old and five different tissues of 5 years old ginseng plants. The de novo assembly totally generated 48,165 unigenes, including 380 genes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis and all the genes encoding the enzymes of the MEP pathway and the MVA pathway. We further illustrated the gene expression profiles related to ginsenoside biosynthesis among 1–5 year-old roots and different tissues of 5 year-old ginseng plants. Particularly for the first time, we revealed that the gene transcript abundances of the MEP pathway were similar to those of the MVA pathway in ginseng roots but higher in ginseng leaves. The IspD was predicated to be the rate-limiting enzyme in the MEP pathway through both co-expression network and gene expression profile analyses. Conclusions At the transcriptional level, the MEP pathway has similar contribution to ginsenoside biosynthesis in ginseng roots, but much higher in ginseng leaves, compared with the MVA pathway. The IspD might be the key enzyme for ginsenoside generation through the MEP pathway. These results provide new information for further synthetic biology study on ginsenoside metabolic regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5718-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zilong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaochun Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ting Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuangxiu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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17
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de Souza VF, Niinemets Ü, Rasulov B, Vickers CE, Duvoisin Júnior S, Araújo WL, Gonçalves JFDC. Alternative Carbon Sources for Isoprene Emission. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:1081-1101. [PMID: 30472998 PMCID: PMC6354897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and other plastidial isoprenoids are produced primarily from recently assimilated photosynthates via the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. However, when environmental conditions limit photosynthesis, a fraction of carbon for MEP pathway can come from extrachloroplastic sources. The flow of extrachloroplastic carbon depends on the species and on leaf developmental and environmental conditions. The exchange of common phosphorylated intermediates between the MEP pathway and other metabolic pathways can occur via plastidic phosphate translocators. C1 and C2 carbon intermediates can contribute to chloroplastic metabolism, including photosynthesis and isoprenoid synthesis. Integration of these metabolic processes provide an example of metabolic flexibility, and results in the synthesis of primary metabolites for plant growth and secondary metabolites for plant defense, allowing effective use of environmental resources under multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil; University of Amazonas State, Manaus, AM 69050-010, Brazil
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Bahtijor Rasulov
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, EcoSciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | | | - Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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18
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Van Gelder K, Rea KA, Virta LKA, Whitnell KL, Osborn M, Vatta M, Khozin A, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Surmacz L, Akhtar TA. Medium-Chain Polyprenols Influence Chloroplast Membrane Dynamics in Solanum lycopersicum. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2350-2365. [PMID: 30192960 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of polyprenols throughout the plant kingdom is well documented, yet their functional role is poorly understood. These lipophilic compounds are known to be assembled from isoprenoid precursors by a class of enzymes designated as cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs), which are encoded by small CPT gene families in plants. In this study, we report that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of one member of the tomato CPT family (SlCPT5) reduced polyprenols in leaves by about 70%. Assays with recombinant SlCPT5 produced in Escherichia coli determined that the enzyme synthesizes polyprenols of approximately 50-55 carbons (Pren-10, Pren-11) in length and accommodates a variety of trans-prenyldiphosphate precursors as substrates. Introduction of SlCPT5 into the polyprenol-deficient yeast Δrer2 mutant resulted in the accumulation of Pren-11 in yeast cells, restored proper protein N-glycosylation and rescued the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype that is associated with its polyprenol deficiency. Subcellular fractionation studies together with in vivo localization of SlCPT5 fluorescent protein fusions demonstrated that SlCPT5 resides in the chloroplast stroma and that its enzymatic products accumulate in both thylakoid and envelope membranes. Transmission electron microscopy images of polyprenol-deficient leaves revealed alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure, and anisotropy measurements revealed a more disordered state of their envelope membranes. In polyprenol-deficient leaves, CO2 assimilation was hindered and their thylakoid membranes exhibited lower phase transition temperatures and calorimetric enthalpies, which coincided with a decreased photosynthetic electron transport rate. Taken together, these results uncover a role for polyprenols in governing chloroplast membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Van Gelder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Kevin A Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Lilia K A Virta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Kenna L Whitnell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Michael Osborn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Maritza Vatta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Alexandra Khozin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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19
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Dynamics of Monoterpene Formation in Spike Lavender Plants. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7040065. [PMID: 29257083 PMCID: PMC5746745 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic cross-talk between the mevalonate (MVA) and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways was analyzed in spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia Med) on the basis of 13CO2-labelling experiments using wildtype and transgenic plants overexpressing the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR), the first and key enzyme of the MVA pathway. The plants were labelled in the presence of 13CO2 in a gas chamber for controlled pulse and chase periods of time. GC/MS and NMR analysis of 1,8-cineole and camphor, the major monoterpenes present in their essential oil, indicated that the C5-precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) of both monoterpenes are predominantly biosynthesized via the MEP pathway. Surprisingly, overexpression of HMGR did not have significant impact upon the crosstalk between the MVA and MEP pathways indicating that the MEP route is the preferred pathway for the synthesis of C5 monoterpene precursors in spike lavender.
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20
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Ding K, Pei T, Bai Z, Jia Y, Ma P, Liang Z. SmMYB36, a Novel R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor, Enhances Tanshinone Accumulation and Decreases Phenolic Acid Content in Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5104. [PMID: 28698552 PMCID: PMC5506036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04909-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic acids and tanshinones are two major bioactive components in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. A novel endogenous R2R3-MYB transcription factor, SmMYB36, was identified in this research. This transcript factor can simultaneously influence the content of two types of components in SmMYB36 overexpression hairy roots. SmMYB36 was mainly localized in the nucleus of onion epidermis and it has transactivation activity. The overexpression of SmMYB36 promoted tanshinone accumulation but inhibited phenolic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The altered metabolite content was due to changed metabolic flow which was regulated by transcript expression of metabolic pathway genes. The gene transcription levels of the phenylpropanoid general pathway, tyrosine derived pathway, methylerythritol phosphate pathway and downstream tanshinone biosynthetic pathway changed significantly due to the overexpression of SmMYB36. The wide distribution of MYB binding elements (MBS, MRE, MBSI and MBSII) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay results indicated that SmMYB36 may be an effective tool to regulate metabolic flux shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianlin Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengqing Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Akhtar TA, Surowiecki P, Siekierska H, Kania M, Van Gelder K, Rea KA, Virta LKA, Vatta M, Gawarecka K, Wojcik J, Danikiewicz W, Buszewicz D, Swiezewska E, Surmacz L. Polyprenols Are Synthesized by a Plastidial cis-Prenyltransferase and Influence Photosynthetic Performance. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1709-1725. [PMID: 28655749 PMCID: PMC5559739 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants accumulate a family of hydrophobic polymers known as polyprenols, yet how they are synthesized, where they reside in the cell, and what role they serve is largely unknown. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model, we present evidence for the involvement of a plastidial cis-prenyltransferase (AtCPT7) in polyprenol synthesis. Gene inactivation and RNAi-mediated knockdown of AtCPT7 eliminated leaf polyprenols, while its overexpression increased their content. Complementation tests in the polyprenol-deficient yeast ∆rer2 mutant and enzyme assays with recombinant AtCPT7 confirmed that the enzyme synthesizes polyprenols of ∼55 carbons in length using geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate as substrates. Immunodetection and in vivo localization of AtCPT7 fluorescent protein fusions showed that AtCPT7 resides in the stroma of mesophyll chloroplasts. The enzymatic products of AtCPT7 accumulate in thylakoid membranes, and in their absence, thylakoids adopt an increasingly "fluid membrane" state. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements from the leaves of polyprenol-deficient plants revealed impaired photosystem II operating efficiency, and their thylakoids exhibited a decreased rate of electron transport. These results establish that (1) plastidial AtCPT7 extends the length of GGPP to ∼55 carbons, which then accumulate in thylakoid membranes; and (2) these polyprenols influence photosynthetic performance through their modulation of thylakoid membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Przemysław Surowiecki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Siekierska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kania
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kristen Van Gelder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kevin A Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lilia K A Virta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Maritza Vatta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wojcik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Buszewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Jozwiak A, Lipko A, Kania M, Danikiewicz W, Surmacz L, Witek A, Wojcik J, Zdanowski K, Pączkowski C, Chojnacki T, Poznanski J, Swiezewska E. Modeling of Dolichol Mass Spectra Isotopic Envelopes as a Tool to Monitor Isoprenoid Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:857-874. [PMID: 28385729 PMCID: PMC5462023 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The cooperation of the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, operating in parallel in plants to generate isoprenoid precursors, has been studied extensively. Elucidation of the isoprenoid metabolic pathways is indispensable for the rational design of plant and microbial systems for the production of industrially valuable terpenoids. Here, we describe a new method, based on numerical modeling of mass spectra of metabolically labeled dolichols (Dols), designed to quantitatively follow the cooperation of MVA and MEP reprogrammed upon osmotic stress (sorbitol treatment) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The contribution of the MEP pathway increased significantly (reaching 100%) exclusively for the dominating Dols, while for long-chain Dols, the relative input of the MEP and MVA pathways remained unchanged, suggesting divergent sites of synthesis for dominating and long-chain Dols. The analysis of numerically modeled Dol mass spectra is a novel method to follow modulation of the concomitant activity of isoprenoid-generating pathways in plant cells; additionally, it suggests an exchange of isoprenoid intermediates between plastids and peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Agata Lipko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Magdalena Kania
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Witek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Jacek Wojcik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Konrad Zdanowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Tadeusz Chojnacki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Jaroslaw Poznanski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.);
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.);
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland (A.J., A.L., L.S., A.W., J.W., K.Z., T.C., J.P., E.S.);
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland (M.K., W.D.);
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland (K.Z.); and
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland (C.P.)
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23
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Lipko A, Swiezewska E. Isoprenoid generating systems in plants - A handy toolbox how to assess contribution of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways to the biosynthetic process. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:70-92. [PMID: 27133788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids comprise an astonishingly diverse group of metabolites with numerous potential and actual applications in medicine, agriculture and the chemical industry. Generation of efficient platforms producing isoprenoids is a target of numerous laboratories. Such efforts are generally enhanced if the native biosynthetic routes can be identified, and if the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the biosynthesis of the compound(s) of interest can be determined. In this review a critical summary of the techniques applied to establish the contribution of the two alternative routes of isoprenoid production operating in plant cells, the mevalonate and methylerythritol pathways, with a focus on their co-operation (cross-talk) is presented. Special attention has been paid to methodological aspects of the referred studies, in order to give the reader a deeper understanding for the nuances of these powerful techniques. This review has been designed as an organized toolbox, which might offer the researchers comments useful both for project design and for interpretation of results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Lipko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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24
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Pulice G, Pelaz S, Matías-Hernández L. Molecular Farming in Artemisia annua, a Promising Approach to Improve Anti-malarial Drug Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:329. [PMID: 27047510 PMCID: PMC4796020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a parasite infection affecting millions of people worldwide. Even though progress has been made in prevention and treatment of the disease; an estimated 214 million cases of malaria occurred in 2015, resulting in 438,000 estimated deaths; most of them occurring in Africa among children under the age of five. This article aims to review the epidemiology, future risk factors and current treatments of malaria, with particular focus on the promising potential of molecular farming that uses metabolic engineering in plants as an effective anti-malarial solution. Malaria represents an example of how a health problem may, on one hand, influence the proper development of a country, due to its burden of the disease. On the other hand, it constitutes an opportunity for lucrative business of diverse stakeholders. In contrast, plant biofarming is proposed here as a sustainable, promising, alternative for the production, not only of natural herbal repellents for malaria prevention but also for the production of sustainable anti-malarial drugs, like artemisinin (AN), used for primary parasite infection treatments. AN, a sesquiterpene lactone, is a natural anti-malarial compound that can be found in Artemisia annua. However, the low concentration of AN in the plant makes this molecule relatively expensive and difficult to produce in order to meet the current worldwide demand of Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs), especially for economically disadvantaged people in developing countries. The biosynthetic pathway of AN, a process that takes place only in glandular secretory trichomes of A. annua, is relatively well elucidated. Significant efforts have been made using plant genetic engineering to increase production of this compound. These include diverse genetic manipulation approaches, such as studies on diverse transcription factors which have been shown to regulate the AN genetic pathway and other biological processes. Results look promising; however, further efforts should be addressed toward optimization of the most cost-effective biofarming approaches for synthesis and production of medicines against the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pulice
- Sequentia Biotech, Parc Científic de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Soraya Pelaz
- Plant Development and Signal Transduction Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural GenomicsBarcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis AvançatsBarcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Matías-Hernández
- Sequentia Biotech, Parc Científic de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Plant Development and Signal Transduction Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural GenomicsBarcelona, Spain
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25
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Liao P, Hemmerlin A, Bach TJ, Chye ML. The potential of the mevalonate pathway for enhanced isoprenoid production. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:697-713. [PMID: 26995109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytosol-localised mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway delivers the basic isoprene unit isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). In higher plants, this central metabolic intermediate is also synthesised by the plastid-localised methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Both MVA and MEP pathways conspire through exchange of intermediates and regulatory interactions. Products downstream of IPP such as phytosterols, carotenoids, vitamin E, artemisinin, tanshinone and paclitaxel demonstrate antioxidant, cholesterol-reducing, anti-ageing, anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Other isoprenoid precursors including isoprene, isoprenol, geraniol, farnesene and farnesol are economically valuable. An update on the MVA pathway and its interaction with the MEP pathway is presented, including the improvement in the production of phytosterols and other isoprenoid derivatives. Such attempts are for instance based on the bioengineering of microbes such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as plants. The function of relevant genes in the MVA pathway that can be utilised in metabolic engineering is reviewed and future perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Andréa Hemmerlin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Jozwiak A, Gutkowska M, Gawarecka K, Surmacz L, Buczkowska A, Lichocka M, Nowakowska J, Swiezewska E. POLYPRENOL REDUCTASE2 Deficiency Is Lethal in Arabidopsis Due to Male Sterility. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:3336-3353. [PMID: 26628744 PMCID: PMC4707453 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dolichol is a required cofactor for protein glycosylation, the most common posttranslational modification modulating the stability and biological activity of proteins in all eukaryotic cells. We have identified and characterized two genes, PPRD1 and -2, which are orthologous to human SRD5A3 (steroid 5α reductase type 3) and encode polyprenol reductases responsible for conversion of polyprenol to dolichol in Arabidopsis thaliana. PPRD1 and -2 play dedicated roles in plant metabolism. PPRD2 is essential for plant viability; its deficiency results in aberrant development of the male gametophyte and sporophyte. Impaired protein glycosylation seems to be the major factor underlying these defects although disturbances in other cellular dolichol-dependent processes could also contribute. Shortage of dolichol in PPRD2-deficient cells is partially rescued by PPRD1 overexpression or by supplementation with dolichol. The latter has been discussed as a method to compensate for deficiency in protein glycosylation. Supplementation of the human diet with dolichol-enriched plant tissues could allow new therapeutic interventions in glycosylation disorders. This identification of PPRD1 and -2 elucidates the factors mediating the key step of the dolichol cycle in plant cells which makes manipulation of dolichol content in plant tissues feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Gutkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Buczkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Mendoza-Poudereux I, Kutzner E, Huber C, Segura J, Eisenreich W, Arrillaga I. Metabolic cross-talk between pathways of terpenoid backbone biosynthesis in spike lavender. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 95:113-20. [PMID: 26254184 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic cross-talk between the mevalonate (MVA) and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways in developing spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia Med) was analyzed using specific inhibitors and on the basis of (13)C-labeling experiments. The presence of mevinolin (MEV), an inhibitor of the MVA pathway, at concentrations higher than 0.5 μM significantly reduced plant development, but not the synthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids. On the other hand, fosmidomycin (FSM), an inhibitor of the MEP pathway, at concentrations higher than 20 μM blocked the synthesis of chlorophyll, carotenoids and essential oils, and significantly reduced stem development. Notably, 1.2 mM MVA could recover the phenotype of MEV-treated plants, including the normal growth and development of roots, and could partially restore the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and, to a lesser extent, of the essential oils in plantlets treated with FSM. Spike lavender shoot apices were also used in (13)C-labeling experiments, where the plantlets were grown in the presence of [U-(13)C6]glucose. GC-MS-analysis of 1,8-cineole and camphor indicated that the C5-precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) of both monoterpenes are predominantly biosynthesized via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. However, on the basis of the isotopologue profiles, a minor contribution of the MVA pathway was evident that was increased in transgenic spike lavender plants overexpressing the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR), the first enzyme of the MVA pathway. Together, these findings provide evidence for a transport of MVA-derived precursors from the cytosol to the plastids in leaves of spike lavender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mendoza-Poudereux
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina BIOTECMED, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Erika Kutzner
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Juan Segura
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina BIOTECMED, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Isabel Arrillaga
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, ISIC/ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina BIOTECMED, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain.
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28
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Zhang Q, Huang L, Zhang C, Xie P, Zhang Y, Ding S, Xu F. Synthesis and biological activity of polyprenols. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:184-93. [PMID: 26358482 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The polyprenols and their derivatives are highlighted in this study. These lipid linear polymers of isoprenoid residues are widespread in nature from bacteria to human cells. This review primarily presents the synthesis and biological activities of polyprenyl derivatives. Attention is focused on the synthesis and biological activity of dolichols, polyprenyl ester derivatives and polyprenyl amines. Other polyprenyl derivatives, such as oxides of polyprenols, aromatic polyprenols, polyprenyl bromide and polyprenyl sulphates, are mentioned. It is noted that polyprenyl phosphates and polyprenyl-linked glycosylation have better antibacterial, gene therapy and immunomodulating performance, whereas polyprenyl amines have better for antibacterial and antithrombotic activity. Dolichols, polyprenyl acetic esters, polyprenyl phosphates and polyprenyl-linked glycosylation have pharmacological anti-tumour effects. Finally, the postulated prospect of polyprenols and their derivatives are discussed. Further in vivo studies on the above derivatives are needed. The compatibility of polyprenols and their derivatives with other drugs should be studied, and new preparations of polyprenyl derivatives, such as hydrogel glue and release-controlled drugs, are suggested for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China.
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Pujun Xie
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Shasha Ding
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Short-chain polyisoprenoids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae - New companions of the old guys. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1296-303. [PMID: 26143379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dolichols are, among others, obligatory cofactors of protein glycosylation in eukaryotic cells. It is well known that yeast cells accumulate a family of dolichols with Dol-15/16 dominating while upon certain physiological conditions a second family with Dol-21 dominating is noted. In this report we identified the presence of additional short-chain length polyprenols - all-trans Pren-7 in three yeast strains (SS328, BY4741 and L5366), Pren-7 was accompanied by traces of putative Pren-6 and -8. Moreover, in two of these strains a single polyprenol mainly-cis-Pren-11 was synthesized at the stationary phase of growth. Identity of polyprenols was confirmed by HR-HPLC/MS, NMR and metabolic labeling. Additionally, simvastatin inhibited their biosynthesis.
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Cloning and characterisation of the gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase in Tripterygium wilfordii. Molecules 2014; 19:19696-707. [PMID: 25438080 PMCID: PMC6271793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191219696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii is a traditional Chinese medical plant used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. The main bioactive compounds of the plant are diterpenoids and triterpenoids. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) catalyses the reaction of acetoacetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, which is the first committed enzyme in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. The sequence information of HMGS in Tripterygium wilfordii is a basic resource necessary for studying the terpenoids in the plant. In this paper, full-length cDNA encoding HMGS was isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii (abbreviated TwHMGS, GenBank accession number: KM978213). The full length of TwHMGS is 1814 bp, and the gene encodes a protein with 465 amino acids. Sequence comparison revealed that TwHMGS exhibits high similarity to HMGSs of other plants. The tissue expression patterns revealed that the expression level of TwHMGS is highest in the stems and lowest in the roots. Induced expression of TwHMGS can be induced by MeJA, and the expression level is highest 4 h after induction. The functional complement assays in the YML126C knockout yeast demonstrated that TwHMGS participates in yeast terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Zhao S, Wang L, Liu L, Liang Y, Sun Y, Wu J. Both the mevalonate and the non-mevalonate pathways are involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:393-400. [PMID: 24258243 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE When one of them was inhibited, the two pathways could compensate with each other to guarantee normal growth. Moreover, the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor miconazole could enhance ginsenoside level. ABSTRACT Ginsenosides, a kind of triterpenoid saponins derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), represent the main pharmacologically active constituents of ginseng. In plants, two pathways contribute to IPP biosynthesis, namely, the mevalonate pathway in cytosol and the non-mevalonate pathway in plastids. This motivates biologists to clarify the roles of the two pathways in biosynthesis of IPP-derived compounds. Here, we demonstrated that both pathways are involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, based on the analysis of the effects from suppressing either or both of the pathways on ginsenoside accumulation in Panax ginseng hairy roots with mevinolin and fosmidomycin as specific inhibitors for the mevalonate and the non-mevalonate pathways, respectively. Furthermore, the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor miconazole could enhance ginsenoside levels in the hairy roots. These results shed some light on the way toward better understanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujing Zhao
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
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Opitz S, Nes WD, Gershenzon J. Both methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonate pathways contribute to biosynthesis of each of the major isoprenoid classes in young cotton seedlings. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 98:110-9. [PMID: 24359633 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, both the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways contribute to the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. However, despite a significant amount of research on the activity of these pathways under different conditions, the relative contribution of each to the biosynthesis of diverse isoprenoids remains unclear. In this work, we examined the formation of several classes of isoprenoids in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). After feeding [5,5-(2)H2]-1-deoxy-D-xylulose ([5,5-(2)H2]DOX) and [2-(13)C]MVA to intact cotton seedlings hydroponically, incorporation into isoprenoids was analyzed by MS and NMR. The predominant pattern of incorporation followed the classical scheme in which C5 units from the MEP pathway were used to form monoterpenes (C10), phytol side chains (C20) and carotenoids (C40) while C5 units from the MVA pathway were used to form sesquiterpenes (C15), terpenoid aldehydes (C15 and C25) and steroids/triterpenoids (C30). However, both pathways contributed to all classes of terpenoids, sometimes substantially. For example, the MEP pathway provided up to 20% of the substrate for sterols and the MVA pathway provided as much as 50% of the substrate for phytol side chains and carotenoids. Incorporation of C5 units from the MEP pathway was highest in cotyledons, compared to true leaves, and not observed at all in the roots. Incorporation of C5 units from the MVA pathway was highest in the roots (into sterols) and more prominent in the first true leaves than in other above-ground organs. The relative accumulation of label in intermediates vs. end products of phytosterol metabolism confirmed previous identification of slow steps in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Opitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - W David Nes
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Polyisoprenoid alcohols are representatives of high-molecular terpenoids. Their hydrocarbon chains are built of 5 to more than 100 isoprene units giving rise to polymer molecules that differ in chain-length and/or geometrical configuration. Plants have been shown to accumulate diverse polyisoprenoid mixtures with tissue-specific composition. In this chapter, methods of analysis of polyisoprenoid alcohols in plant material are described, including isolation and purification of polyisoprenoids from plant tissue, fast semiquantitative analysis of the polyisoprenoid profile by thin-layer chromatography (straight phase adsorption and reversed phase partition techniques), and quantification of polyisoprenoids with the aid of high performance liquid chromatography. This approach results in full characterization of complex polyisoprenoid mixtures accumulated in various plant tissues and other matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Webb H, Lanfear R, Hamill J, Foley WJ, Külheim C. The yield of essential oils in Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) is regulated through transcript abundance of genes in the MEP pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60631. [PMID: 23544156 PMCID: PMC3609730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) leaves contain large amounts of an essential oil, dominated by monoterpenes. Several enzymes of the chloroplastic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway are hypothesised to act as bottlenecks to the production of monoterpenes. We investigated, whether transcript abundance of genes encoding for enzymes of the MEP pathway were correlated with foliar terpenes in M. alternifolia using a population of 48 individuals that ranged in their oil concentration from 39 -122 mg.g DM−1. Our study shows that most genes in the MEP pathway are co-regulated and that the expression of multiple genes within the MEP pathway is correlated with oil yield. Using multiple regression analysis, variation in expression of MEP pathway genes explained 87% of variation in foliar monoterpene concentrations. The data also suggest that sesquiterpenes in M. alternifolia are synthesised, at least in part, from isopentenyl pyrophosphate originating from the plastid via the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Webb
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Lanfear
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John Hamill
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Hairy root cultures: A suitable biological system for studying secondary metabolic pathways in plants. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Different roles of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways in cell growth and tanshinone production of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46797. [PMID: 23209548 PMCID: PMC3510226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza has been widely used in the treatment of coronary heart disease. Tanshinones, a group of diterpenoids are the main active ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza. Two biosynthetic pathways were involved in tanshinone biosynthesis in plants: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytosol and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the MVA pathway. The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) are the key enzymes of the MEP pathway. In this study, to reveal roles of the MVA and the MEP pathways in cell growth and tanshinone production of S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots, specific inhibitors of the two pathways were used to perturb metabolic flux. The results showed that the MVA pathway inhibitor (mevinolin, MEV) was more powerful to inhibit the hairy root growth than the MEP pathway inhibitor (fosmidomycin, FOS). Both MEV and FOS could significantly inhibit tanshinone production, and FOS was more powerful than MEV. An inhibitor (D, L-glyceraldehyde, DLG) of IPP translocation strengthened the inhibitory effects of MEV and FOS on cell growth and tanshinone production. Application of MEV resulted in a significant increase of expression and activity of HMGR at 6 h, and a sharp decrease at 24 h. FOS treatment resulted in a significant increase of DXR and DXS expression and DXS activity at 6 h, and a sharp decrease at 24 h. Our results suggested that the MVA pathway played a major role in cell growth, while the MEP pathway was the main source of tanshinone biosynthesis. Both cell growth and tanshinone production could partially depend on the crosstalk between the two pathways. The inhibitor-mediated changes of tanshinone production were reflected in transcript and protein levels of genes of the MVA and MEP pathways.
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Jozwiak A, Ples M, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Kania M, Dydak M, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. Sugar availability modulates polyisoprenoid and phytosterol profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana hairy root culture. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012. [PMID: 23178167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sugars are recognized as signaling molecules regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Here, a modulatory effect of sugars on dolichol and phytosterol profiles was noted in the hairy roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis roots contain a complex dolichol mixture comprising three groups ('families') of dolichols differing in the chain-length. These dolichols, especially the longest ones are accompanied by considerable amounts of polyprenols of the same length. The spectrum of polyisoprenoid alcohols, i.e. dolichols and polyprenols, was dependent on sugar type (glucose or sucrose) and its concentration in the medium. Among the long-chain dolichols Dol/Pren-20 (dolichol or prenol molecule composed of 20 isoprene residues) and Dol/Pren-23 were the main components at 0.5% and 2% glucose, respectively. Moreover, the ratio of polyprenols versus respective dolichols was also modulated by sugar in this group of polyisoprenoids, with polyprenols dominating at 3% sucrose and dolichols at 2% glucose. Glucose concentration affected the expression level of genes encoding cis-prenyltransferases, enzymes responsible for elongation of the polyisoprenoid chain. The most abundant phytosterols of the A. thaliana roots, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol, were accompanied by corresponding stanols and traces of brassicasterol, stigmast-4,22-dien-3-one and stigmast-4-en-3-one. Similar to the polyisoprenoids, sterol profile responded to the sugar present in the medium, β-sitosterol dominating in roots grown on 3% or lower glucose concentrations and stigmasterol in 3% sucrose. These results indicate an involvement of sugar signaling in the regulation of cis-prenyltransferases and phytosterol pathway enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Carretero-Paulet L, Cairó A, Talavera D, Saura A, Imperial S, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Campos N, Boronat A. Functional and evolutionary analysis of DXL1, a non-essential gene encoding a 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 2012; 524:40-53. [PMID: 23154062 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), catalyzed by the enzyme DXP synthase (DXS), represents a key regulatory step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In plants DXS is encoded by small multigene families that can be classified into, at least, three specialized subfamilies. Arabidopsis thaliana contains three genes encoding proteins with similarity to DXS, including the well-known DXS1/CLA1 gene, which clusters within subfamily I. The remaining proteins, initially named DXS2 and DXS3, have not yet been characterized. Here we report the expression and functional analysis of A. thaliana DXS2. Unexpectedly, the expression of DXS2 failed to rescue Escherichia coli and A. thaliana mutants defective in DXS activity. Coherently, we found that DXS activity was negligible in vitro, being renamed as DXL1 following recent nomenclature recommendation. DXL1 is targeted to plastids as DXS1, but shows a distinct expression pattern. The phenotypic analysis of a DXL1 defective mutant revealed that the function of the encoded protein is not essential for growth and development. Evolutionary analyses indicated that DXL1 emerged from DXS1 through a recent duplication apparently specific of the Brassicaceae lineage. Divergent selective constraints would have affected a significant fraction of sites after diversification of the paralogues. Furthermore, amino acids subjected to divergent selection and likely critical for functional divergence through the acquisition of a novel, although not yet known, biochemical function, were identified. Our results provide with the first evidences of functional specialization at both the regulatory and biochemical level within the plant DXS family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Carretero-Paulet
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Chaurasiya ND, Sangwan NS, Sabir F, Misra L, Sangwan RS. Withanolide biosynthesis recruits both mevalonate and DOXP pathways of isoprenogenesis in Ashwagandha Withania somnifera L. (Dunal). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1889-97. [PMID: 22733207 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Withanolides are pharmaceutically important C(28)-phytochemicals produced in most prodigal amounts and diversified forms by Withania somnifera. Metabolic origin of withanolides from triterpenoid pathway intermediates implies that isoprenogenesis could significantly govern withanolide production. In plants, isoprenogenesis occurs via two routes: mevalonate (MVA) pathway in cytosol and non-mevalonate or DOXP/MEP pathway in plastids. We have investigated relative carbon contribution of MVA and DOXP pathways to withanolide biosynthesis in W. somnifera. The quantitative NMR-based biosynthetic study involved tracing of (13)C label from (13)C(1)-D-glucose to withaferin A in withanolide producing in vitro microshoot cultures of the plant. Enrichment of (13)C abundance at each carbon of withaferin A from (13)C(1)-glucose-fed cultures was monitored by normalization and integration of NMR signal intensities. The pattern of carbon position-specific (13)C enrichment of withaferin A was analyzed by a retro-biosynthetic approach using a squalene-intermediated metabolic model of withanolide (withaferin A) biosynthesis. The pattern suggested that both DOXP and MVA pathways of isoprenogenesis were significantly involved in withanolide biosynthesis with their relative contribution on the ratio of 25:75, respectively. The results have been discussed in a new conceptual line of biosynthetic load-driven model of relative recruitment of DOXP and MVA pathways for biosynthesis of isoprenoids. Key message The study elucidates significant contribution of DOXP pathway to withanolide biosynthesis. A new connotation of biosynthetic load-based role of DOXP/MVA recruitment in isoprenoid biosynthesis has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan D Chaurasiya
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
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40
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Yang D, Ma P, Liang X, Wei Z, Liang Z, Liu Y, Liu F. PEG and ABA trigger methyl jasmonate accumulation to induce the MEP pathway and increase tanshinone production in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 146:173-83. [PMID: 22356467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones, a group of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza, are derived from at least two biosynthetic pathways, which are the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytosol and the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids. Abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) are two well-known plant hormones induced by water stress. In this study, effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG), ABA and MJ on tanshinone production in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots were investigated, and the role of MJ in PEG- and ABA-induced tanshinone production was further elucidated. The results showed that tanshinone production was significantly enhanced by treatments with PEG, ABA and MJ. The mRNA levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A reductase (HMGR), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), as well as the enzyme activities of HMGR and DXS were stimulated by all three treatments. PEG and ABA triggered MJ accumulation. Effects of PEG and ABA on tanshinone production were completely abolished by the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor [tungstate (TUN)] and the MJ biosynthesis inhibitor [ibuprofen (IBU)], while effects of MJ were almost unaffected by TUN. In addition, MJ-induced tanshinone production was completely abolished by the MEP pathway inhibitor [fosmidomycin (FOS)], but was just partially arrested by the MVA pathway inhibitor [mevinolin (MEV)]. In conclusion, a signal transduction model was proposed that exogenous applications of PEG and ABA triggered endogenous MJ accumulation by activating ABA signaling pathway to stimulate tanshinone production, while exogenous MJ could directly induce tanshinone production mainly via the MEP pathway in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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41
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Kania M, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Swiezewska E, Danikiewicz W. Atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry as a valuable method for the identification of polyisoprenoid alcohols. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1705-1710. [PMID: 22730090 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The aim of this study was to determine whether Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI) was better suited for the mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of polyisoprenoid alcohols than the commonly used Electrospray Ionization (ESI) method. The APPI method should make possible the use of non-polar solvents without any of the additives required by ESI, together with improved detection limits. METHODS The liquid chromatography (LC)/APPI-MS and LC/ESI-MS spectra of polyisoprenoid alcohol standards were acquired in both positive and negative ion mode, in methanol and hexane, using a triple quadrupole/linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometer equipped with both an ESI and an APPI ion source. RESULTS In the positive ion mode peaks corresponding to [M + H - H(2)O](+) and [M + H](+) ions were observed in the APPI-MS spectra of polyprenols and dolichols, respectively. In the negative ion mode peaks corresponding to [M + O(2)](-•) and [M + Cl](-) ions were observed for both classes of polyisoprenoid alcohols. The detection limit of polyisoprenoid alcohols was established at the level of 10 pg. CONCLUSIONS APPI turned out to be a method of choice for the identification and quantitation of polyisoprenoid alcohols by MS using both polar and non-polar solvents. APPI also enabled greater differentiation of polyprenols and dolichols occurring together in natural samples and gave much better TIC chromatograms without the need for the post-column salt addition required by ESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kania
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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Willer T, Lee H, Lommel M, Yoshida-Moriguchi T, de Bernabe DBV, Venzke D, Cirak S, Schachter H, Vajsar J, Voit T, Muntoni F, Loder AS, Dobyns WB, Winder TL, Strahl S, Mathews KD, Nelson SF, Moore SA, Campbell KP. ISPD loss-of-function mutations disrupt dystroglycan O-mannosylation and cause Walker-Warburg syndrome. Nat Genet 2012; 44:575-80. [PMID: 22522420 PMCID: PMC3371168 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is clinically defined as congenital muscular dystrophy accompanied by a variety of brain and eye malformations. It represents the most severe clinical phenotype in a spectrum of alpha-dystroglycan posttranslational processing abnormalities, which share a defect in laminin binding glycan synthesis1. Although six WWS causing genes have been described, only half of all patients can currently be diagnosed genetically2. A cell fusion complementation assay using fibroblasts from undiagnosed WWS individuals identified five novel complementation groups. Further evaluation of one group by linkage analysis and targeted sequencing identified recessive mutations in the isoprenoid synthase domain containing (ISPD) gene. Confirmation of the pathogenicity of the identified ISPD mutations was demonstrated by complementation of fibroblasts with wild-type ISPD. Finally, we show that recessive mutations in ISPD abolish the initial step in laminin binding glycan synthesis by disrupting dystroglycan O-mannosylation. This establishes a novel mechanism for WWS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Willer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Gutkowska M, Swiezewska E. Structure, regulation and cellular functions of Rab geranylgeranyl transferase and its cellular partner Rab Escort Protein. Mol Membr Biol 2012; 29:243-56. [DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2012.693211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lohr M, Schwender J, Polle JEW. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in eukaryotic phototrophs: a spotlight on algae. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 185-186:9-22. [PMID: 22325862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are one of the largest groups of natural compounds and have a variety of important functions in the primary metabolism of land plants and algae. In recent years, our understanding of the numerous facets of isoprenoid metabolism in land plants has been rapidly increasing, while knowledge on the metabolic network of isoprenoids in algae still lags behind. Here, current views on the biochemistry and genetics of the core isoprenoid metabolism in land plants and in the major algal phyla are compared and some of the most pressing open questions are highlighted. Based on the different evolutionary histories of the various groups of eukaryotic phototrophs, we discuss the distribution and regulation of the mevalonate (MVA) and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways in land plants and algae and the potential consequences of the loss of the MVA pathway in groups such as the green algae. For the prenyltransferases, serving as gatekeepers to the various branches of terpenoid biosynthesis in land plants and algae, we explore the minimal inventory necessary for the formation of primary isoprenoids and present a preliminary analysis of their occurrence and phylogeny in algae with primary and secondary plastids. The review concludes with some perspectives on genetic engineering of the isoprenoid metabolism in algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lohr
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Chow KS, Mat-Isa MN, Bahari A, Ghazali AK, Alias H, Mohd.-Zainuddin Z, Hoh CC, Wan KL. Metabolic routes affecting rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis latex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1863-71. [PMID: 22162870 PMCID: PMC3295384 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway in Hevea brasiliensis latex is the conventionally accepted pathway which provides isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) for cis-polyisoprene (rubber) biosynthesis. However, the plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway may be an alternative source of IPP since its more recent discovery in plants. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) expression profiles of genes from both pathways in latex showed that subcellular compartmentalization of IPP for cis-polyisoprene synthesis is related to the degree of plastidic carotenoid synthesis. From this, the occurrence of two schemes of IPP partitioning and utilization within one species is proposed whereby the supply of IPP for cis-polyisoprene from the MEP pathway is related to carotenoid production in latex. Subsequently, a set of latex unique gene transcripts was sequenced and assembled and they were then mapped to IPP-requiring pathways. Up to eight such pathways, including cis-polyisoprene biosynthesis, were identified. Our findings on pre- and post-IPP metabolic routes form an important aspect of a pathway knowledge-driven approach to enhancing cis-polyisoprene biosynthesis in transgenic rubber trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-See Chow
- Biotechnology Unit, Malaysian Rubber Board, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd.-Noor Mat-Isa
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Bahari
- Biotechnology Unit, Malaysian Rubber Board, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad-Kamal Ghazali
- Science Vision SB, Setia Avenue, 33A-4 Jalan Setia Prima S, U13/S, Setia Alam, Seksyen U13, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Halimah Alias
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zainorlina Mohd.-Zainuddin
- Biotechnology Unit, Malaysian Rubber Board, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Choong Hoh
- Science Vision SB, Setia Avenue, 33A-4 Jalan Setia Prima S, U13/S, Setia Alam, Seksyen U13, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Jadid N, Mialoundama AS, Heintz D, Ayoub D, Erhardt M, Mutterer J, Meyer D, Alioua A, Van Dorsselaer A, Rahier A, Camara B, Bouvier F. DOLICHOL PHOSPHATE MANNOSE SYNTHASE1 mediates the biogenesis of isoprenyl-linked glycans and influences development, stress response, and ammonium hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1985-2005. [PMID: 21558543 PMCID: PMC3123950 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant posttranslational modification in nature is the attachment of preassembled high-mannose-type glycans, which determines the fate and localization of the modified protein and modulates the biological functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored and N-glycosylated proteins. In eukaryotes, all mannose residues attached to glycoproteins from the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) derive from the polyprenyl monosaccharide carrier, dolichol P-mannose (Dol-P-Man), which is flipped across the ER membrane to the lumen. We show that in plants, Dol-P-Man is synthesized when Dol-P-Man synthase1 (DPMS1), the catalytic core, interacts with two binding proteins, DPMS2 and DPMS3, that may serve as membrane anchors for DPMS1 or provide catalytic assistance. This configuration is reminiscent of that observed in mammals but is distinct from the single DPMS protein catalyzing Dol-P-Man biosynthesis in bakers' yeast and protozoan parasites. Overexpression of DPMS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in disorganized stem morphology and vascular bundle arrangements, wrinkled seed coat, and constitutive ER stress response. Loss-of-function mutations and RNA interference-mediated reduction of DPMS1 expression in Arabidopsis also caused a wrinkled seed coat phenotype and most remarkably enhanced hypersensitivity to ammonium that was manifested by extensive chlorosis and a strong reduction of root growth. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unsuspected role of the prenyl-linked carrier pathway for plant development and physiology that may help integrate several aspects of candidate susceptibility genes to ammonium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Jadid
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Department of Biology, Botanical and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Sepuluh Nopember Institut of Technology (Its), Gedung H Kampus Its Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, East-Java, Indonesia
| | - Alexis Samba Mialoundama
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Denise Meyer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Abdelmalek Alioua
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alain Rahier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bilal Camara
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Polyisoprenoids – Secondary metabolites or physiologically important superlipids? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:627-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Singh RS, Gara RK, Bhardwaj PK, Kaachra A, Malik S, Kumar R, Sharma M, Ahuja PS, Kumar S. Expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, p-hydroxybenzoate-m-geranyltransferase and genes of phenylpropanoid pathway exhibits positive correlation with shikonins content in arnebia [Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnston]. BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:88. [PMID: 21092138 PMCID: PMC3002352 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) and p-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) are the basic precursors involved in shikonins biosynthesis. GPP is derived from mevalonate (MVA) and/or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway(s), depending upon the metabolite and the plant system under consideration. PHB, however, is synthesized by only phenylpropanoid (PP) pathway. GPP and PHB are central moieties to yield shikonins through the synthesis of m-geranyl-p-hydroxybenzoate (GHB). Enzyme p-hydroxybenzoate-m-geranyltransferase (PGT) catalyses the coupling of GPP and PHB to yield GHB. The present research was carried out in shikonins yielding plant arnebia [Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnston], wherein no molecular work has been reported so far. The objective of the work was to identify the preferred GPP synthesizing pathway for shikonins biosynthesis, and to determine the regulatory genes involved in the biosynthesis of GPP, PHB and GHB. RESULTS A cell suspension culture-based, low and high shikonins production systems were developed to facilitate pathway identification and finding the regulatory gene. Studies with mevinolin and fosmidomycin, inhibitors of MVA and MEP pathway, respectively suggested MVA as a preferred route of GPP supply for shikonins biosynthesis in arnebia. Accordingly, genes of MVA pathway (eight genes), PP pathway (three genes), and GHB biosynthesis were cloned. Expression studies showed down-regulation of all the genes in response to mevinolin treatment, whereas gene expression was not influenced by fosmidomycin. Expression of all the twelve genes vis-à-vis shikonins content in low and high shikonins production system, over a period of twelve days at frequent intervals, identified critical genes of shikonins biosynthesis in arnebia. CONCLUSION A positive correlation between shikonins content and expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (AeHMGR) and AePGT suggested critical role played by these genes in shikonins biosynthesis. Higher expression of genes of PP pathway was a general feature for higher shikonins biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Singh
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)-176061, India
| | - Rishi K Gara
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)-176061, India
- Endocrinology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)-226001, India
| | - Pardeep K Bhardwaj
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)-176061, India
| | - Anish Kaachra
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)-176061, India
| | - Sonia Malik
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)-176061, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)-176061, India
| | - Madhu Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)-176061, India
| | - Paramvir S Ahuja
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)-176061, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)-176061, India
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Narayanasamy P, Eoh H, Brennan PJ, Crick DC. Synthesis of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate and kinetic studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis IspF. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2010; 17:117-22. [PMID: 20189102 PMCID: PMC2837070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogenic bacteria utilize the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for the biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, two major building blocks of isoprenoid compounds. The fifth enzyme in the MEP pathway, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-CPP) synthase (IspF), catalyzes the conversion of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate (CDP-ME2P) to ME-CPP with a corresponding release of cytidine 5-monophosphate (CMP). Because there is no ortholog of IspF in human cells, IspF is of interest as a potential drug target. However, study of IspF has been hindered by a lack of enantiopure CDP-ME2P. Herein, we report the first, to our knowledge, synthesis of enantiomerically pure CDP-ME2P from commercially available D-arabinose. Cloned, expressed, and purified M. tuberculosis IspF was able to utilize the synthetic CDP-ME2P as a substrate, a result confirmed by mass spectrometry. A convenient, sensitive, in vitro IspF assay was developed by coupling the CMP released during production of ME-CPP to mononucleotide kinase, which can be used for high throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick J. Brennan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins CO 80523-1682, USA
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