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Cui Q, Liang S, Li H, Guo Y, Lv J, Wang X, Qin P, Xu H, Huang TY, Lu Y, Tian Q, Zhang T. SNX17 Mediates Dendritic Spine Maturation via p140Cap. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1346-1362. [PMID: 37704928 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Sorting nexin17 (SNX17) is a member of the sorting nexin family, which plays a crucial role in endosomal trafficking. Previous research has shown that SNX17 is involved in the recycling or degradation of various proteins associated with neurodevelopmental and neurological diseases in cell models. However, the significance of SNX17 in neurological function in the mouse brain has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we generated Snx17 knockout mice and observed that the homozygous deletion of Snx17 (Snx17-/-) resulted in lethality. On the other hand, heterozygous mutant mice (Snx17+/-) exhibited anxiety-like behavior with a reduced preference for social novelty. Furthermore, Snx17 haploinsufficiency led to impaired synaptic transmission and reduced maturation of dendritic spines. Through GST pulldown and interactome analysis, we identified the SRC kinase inhibitor, p140Cap, as a potential downstream target of SNX17. We also demonstrated that the interaction between p140Cap and SNX17 is crucial for dendritic spine maturation. Together, this study provides the first in vivo evidence highlighting the important role of SNX17 in maintaining neuronal function, as well as regulating social novelty and anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Cui
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao Li
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yiqing Guo
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Junkai Lv
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Pengwei Qin
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Youming Lu
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qing Tian
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Tongmei Zhang
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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2
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Zadka Ł, Sochocka M, Hachiya N, Chojdak-Łukasiewicz J, Dzięgiel P, Piasecki E, Leszek J. Endocytosis and Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2024; 46:71-85. [PMID: 37646904 PMCID: PMC10828383 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and is the most common cause of dementia. The pathogenesis of AD still remains unclear, including two main hypotheses: amyloid cascade and tau hyperphosphorylation. The hallmark neuropathological changes of AD are extracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Endocytosis plays an important role in a number of cellular processes including communication with the extracellular environment, nutrient uptake, and signaling by the cell surface receptors. Based on the results of genetic and biochemical studies, there is a link between neuronal endosomal function and AD pathology. Taking this into account, we can state that in the results of previous research, endolysosomal abnormality is an important cause of neuronal lesions in the brain. Endocytosis is a central pathway involved in the regulation of the degradation of amyloidogenic components. The results of the studies suggest that a correlation between alteration in the endocytosis process and associated protein expression progresses AD. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge about endosomal abnormalities in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zadka
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Sochocka
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Naomi Hachiya
- Shonan Research Center, Central Glass Co., Ltd, Shonan Health Innovation Park 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | | | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Egbert Piasecki
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże L. Pasteura 10, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland
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3
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Abdul-Rahman T, Ghosh S, Kalmanovich JB, Awuah AW, Zivcevska M, Khalifa S, Bassey EE, Ali NA, Ferreira MMDS, Umar TP, Garg N, Nweze VN, Inturu VSS, Abdelwahab MM, Kurian S, Alexiou A, Alfaleh M, Alqurashi TMA, Ashraf GM. The role of membrane trafficking and retromer complex in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25261. [PMID: 38284858 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a physiological process encompassing different pathways involved in transporting cellular products across cell membranes to specific cell locations via encapsulated vesicles. This process is required for cells to mature and function properly, allowing them to adapt to their surroundings. The retromer complex is a complex composed of nexin proteins and peptides that play a vital role in the endosomal pathway of membrane trafficking. In humans, any interference in normal membrane trafficking or retromer complex can cause profound changes such as those seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Several studies have explored the potential causative mechanisms in developing both disease processes; however, the role of retromer trafficking in their pathogenesis is becoming increasingly significant with promising therapeutic applications. This manuscript describes the processes involved in membrane transport and the roles of the retromer in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Moreover, we will also explore how these aberrant mechanisms may serve as possible avenues for treatment development in both diseases and the prospect of its future application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Marija Zivcevska
- Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Samar Khalifa
- Clinical Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Garg
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, One Medical Center Drive Stratford, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Mohammed Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer M A Alqurashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Cook L, Gharzia FG, Bartsch JW, Yildiz D. A jack of all trades - ADAM8 as a signaling hub in inflammation and cancer. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 38097912 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the family of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases (ADAM) ADAM8 is preferentially expressed in lymphatic organs, immune cells, and tumor cells. The substrate spectrum for ADAM8 proteolytic activity is not exclusive but is related to effectors of inflammation and signaling in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, complexes of ADAM8 with extracellular binding partners such as integrin β-1 cause an extensive intracellular signaling in tumor cells, thereby activating kinase pathways with STAT3, ERK1/2, and Akt signaling, which causes increased cell survival and enhanced motility. The cytoplasmic domain of ADAM8 harbors five SRC homology-3 (SH3) domains that can potentially interact with several proteins involved in actin dynamics and cell motility, including Myosin 1F (MYO1F), which is essential for neutrophil motility. The concept of ADAM8 thus involves immune cell recruitment, in most cases leading to an enhancement of inflammatory (asthma, COPD) and tumor (including pancreatic and breast cancers) pathologies. In this review, we report on available studies that qualify ADAM8 as a therapeutic target in different pathologies. As a signaling hub, ADAM8 controls extracellular, intracellular, and intercellular communication, the latter one mainly mediated by the release of extracellular vesicles with ADAM8 as cargo. Here, we will dissect the contribution of different domains to these distinct ways of communication in several pathologies. We conclude that therapeutic targeting attempts for ADAM8 should consider blocking more than a single domain and that this requires a thorough evaluation of potent molecules targeting ADAM8 in an in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Cook
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Federico Guillermo Gharzia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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5
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Rojo D, Dal Cengio L, Badner A, Kim S, Sakai N, Greene J, Dierckx T, Mehl LC, Eisinger E, Ransom J, Arellano-Garcia C, Gumma ME, Soyk RL, Lewis CM, Lam M, Weigel MK, Damonte VM, Yalçın B, Jones SE, Ollila HM, Nishino S, Gibson EM. BMAL1 loss in oligodendroglia contributes to abnormal myelination and sleep. Neuron 2023; 111:3604-3618.e11. [PMID: 37657440 PMCID: PMC10873033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Myelination depends on the maintenance of oligodendrocytes that arise from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We show that OPC-specific proliferation, morphology, and BMAL1 are time-of-day dependent. Knockout of Bmal1 in mouse OPCs during development disrupts the expression of genes associated with circadian rhythms, proliferation, density, morphology, and migration, leading to changes in OPC dynamics in a spatiotemporal manner. Furthermore, these deficits translate into thinner myelin, dysregulated cognitive and motor functions, and sleep fragmentation. OPC-specific Bmal1 loss in adulthood does not alter OPC density at baseline but impairs the remyelination of a demyelinated lesion driven by changes in OPC morphology and migration. Lastly, we show that sleep fragmentation is associated with increased prevalence of the demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting a link between MS and sleep that requires further investigation. These findings have broad mechanistic and therapeutic implications for brain disorders that include both myelin and sleep phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rojo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Louisa Dal Cengio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anna Badner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Noriaki Sakai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jacob Greene
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tess Dierckx
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lindsey C Mehl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ella Eisinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Ransom
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caroline Arellano-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mohammad E Gumma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca L Soyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheyanne M Lewis
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mable Lam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maya K Weigel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Valentina Martinez Damonte
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Belgin Yalçın
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seiji Nishino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erin M Gibson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
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6
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Hu J, Zheng L, Guan Z, Zhong K, Huang F, Huang Q, Yang J, Li W, Li S. Sensory gamma entrainment: Impact on amyloid protein and therapeutic mechanism. Brain Res Bull 2023; 202:110750. [PMID: 37625524 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is one of the main pathological features of AD. The much-talked sensory gamma entrainment may be a new treatment for Aβ load. Here we reviewed the generation and clearance pathways of Aβ, aberrant gamma oscillation in AD, and the therapeutic effect of sensory gamma entrainment on AD. In addition, we discuss these results based on stimulus parameters and possible potential mechanisms. This provides the support for sensory gamma entrainment targeting Aβ to improve AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Hu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Leyan Zheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Ziyu Guan
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Kexin Zhong
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Fankai Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Qiankai Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Weiyun Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China.
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7
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Huang J, Tiu AC, Jose PA, Yang J. Sorting nexins: role in the regulation of blood pressure. FEBS J 2023; 290:600-619. [PMID: 34847291 PMCID: PMC9149145 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of proteins that regulate cellular cargo sorting and trafficking, maintain intracellular protein homeostasis, and participate in intracellular signaling. SNXs are also important in the regulation of blood pressure via several mechanisms. Aberrant expression and dysfunction of SNXs participate in the dysregulation of blood pressure. Genetic studies show a correlation between SNX gene variants and the response to antihypertensive drugs. In this review, we summarize the progress in SNX-mediated regulation of blood pressure, discuss the potential role of SNXs in the pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension, and propose novel strategies for the medical therapy of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 410020, P.R. China
| | - Andrew C. Tiu
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 410020, P.R. China
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8
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Limone A, Veneruso I, D'Argenio V, Sarnataro D. Endosomal trafficking and related genetic underpinnings as a hub in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3803-3815. [PMID: 35994714 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies support the amyloid cascade as the leading hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although significant efforts have been made in untangling the amyloid and other pathological events in AD, ongoing interventions for AD have not been revealed efficacious for slowing down disease progression. Recent advances in the field of genetics have shed light on the etiology of AD, identifying numerous risk genes associated with late-onset AD, including genes related to intracellular endosomal trafficking. Some of the bases for the development of AD may be explained by the recently emerging AD genetic "hubs," which include the processing pathway of amyloid precursor protein and the endocytic pathway. The endosomal genetic hub may represent a common pathway through which many pathological effects can be mediated and novel, alternative biological targets could be identified for therapeutic interventions. The aim of this review is to focus on the genetic and biological aspects of the endosomal compartments related to AD progression. We report recent studies which describe how changes in endosomal genetics impact on functional events, such as the amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic processing, degradative pathways, and the importance of receptors related to endocytic trafficking, including the 37/67 kDa laminin-1 receptor ribosomal protein SA, and their implications for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Limone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Iolanda Veneruso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Vrijsen S, Vrancx C, Del Vecchio M, Swinnen JV, Agostinis P, Winderickx J, Vangheluwe P, Annaert W. Inter-organellar Communication in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease: Looking Beyond Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contact Sites. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:900338. [PMID: 35801175 PMCID: PMC9253489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.900338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are generally considered proteinopathies but whereas this may initiate disease in familial cases, onset in sporadic diseases may originate from a gradually disrupted organellar homeostasis. Herein, endolysosomal abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and altered lipid metabolism are commonly observed in early preclinical stages of major NDs, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the multitude of underlying defective molecular mechanisms that have been suggested in the past decades, dysregulation of inter-organellar communication through the so-called membrane contact sites (MCSs) is becoming increasingly apparent. Although MCSs exist between almost every other type of subcellular organelle, to date, most focus has been put on defective communication between the ER and mitochondria in NDs, given these compartments are critical in neuronal survival. Contributions of other MCSs, notably those with endolysosomes and lipid droplets are emerging, supported as well by genetic studies, identifying genes functionally involved in lysosomal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the molecular identity of the organelle interactome in yeast and mammalian cells, and critically evaluate the evidence supporting the contribution of disturbed MCSs to the general disrupted inter-organellar homeostasis in NDs, taking PD and AD as major examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vrijsen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Vrancx
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mara Del Vecchio
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johannes V. Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, VIB-Center for Cancer Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Lee D, Lee E, Jang S, Kim K, Cho E, Mun SJ, Son W, Jeon HI, Kim HK, Jeong YJ, Lee Y, Oh JE, Yoo HH, Lee Y, Min SJ, Yang CS. Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3364c-Derived Small Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Agents to Target SNX9 for Sepsis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:386-408. [PMID: 34982557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor Rv3364c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is highly expressed in cells during MTB exposure. In this study, we showed that the 12WLVSKF17 motif of Rv3364c interacts with the BAR domain of SNX9 and inhibits endosome trafficking to interact with p47phox, thereby suppressing TLR4 inflammatory signaling in macrophages. Derived from the structure of this Rv3364c peptide motif, 2,4-diamino-6-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,5-trazine, DATPT as a 12WLVSKF17 peptide-mimetic small molecule has been identified. DATPT can block the SNX9-p47phox interaction in the endosome and suppress reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokine production; it demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. DATPT has considerably improved potency, with an IC50 500-fold (in vitro) or 2000-fold (in vivo) lower than that of the 12WLVSKF17 peptide. Furthermore, DATPT shows potent antibacterial activities by reduction in ATP production and leakage of intracellular ATP out of bacteria. These results provide evidence for peptide-derived small molecule DATPT with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Eunbi Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Sein Jang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Euni Cho
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, S. Korea
| | - Seok-Jun Mun
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, S. Korea
| | - Wooic Son
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Hye-In Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Hyo Keun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Yuno Lee
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, S. Korea
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Youngbok Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
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11
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Takada-Takatori Y. [Donepezil Reduces Amyloid Precursor Protein Endocytosis by Resulting from Increase in the Expression of Sorting Nexin Protein 33]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:851-856. [PMID: 34078793 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil, the most widely used drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and is thought to improve cognition by stimulating cholinergic neurotransmission. However, no correlation has yet been established between the inhibitory role of AChE inhibitors and their therapeutic effects when used in AD patients. The cleavage pathway of amyloid precursor protein (APP) includes amyloidgenic (β, γ-cleavage) and non-amyloidgenic (α-cleavage) pathways. The intracellular transportation of APP is important in determining these cleavage pathways. It has been suggested that sorting nexin (SNX) family proteins regulates the intracellular transport of APP, thereby enhancing α-cleavage. In this study, we examined the effects of donepezil on SNX33 expression changes and APP processing in primary cultures of fetal rat cortical neurons. While donepezil treatment increased the levels of SNX33 expression and soluble APPα (sAPPα) in culture media, no changes were observed regarding full-length APP expression in the cell lysate. Donepezil also reduced the release of amyloid β (Aβ) into culture media in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This reduction was not affected by acetylcholine receptor antagonists. The membrane surface expression of APP was elevated by donepezil. Furthermore, SNX knockdown by antisense morpholino oligos prevented the effects of donepezil. These results indicated that donepezil increased APP expression at the surface of the plasma membrane by decreasing APP endocytosis through upregulation of SNX33, suggesting donepezil might stimulate the non-amyloidogenic pathway. This new mechanism of action for the currently used anti-AD drug may provide a valuable basis for future drug discovery.
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12
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Vieira N, Rito T, Correia-Neves M, Sousa N. Sorting Out Sorting Nexins Functions in the Nervous System in Health and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4070-4106. [PMID: 33931804 PMCID: PMC8280035 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental process that controls protein/lipid composition of the plasma membrane, thereby shaping cellular metabolism, sensing, adhesion, signaling, and nutrient uptake. Endocytosis is essential for the cell to adapt to its surrounding environment, and a tight regulation of the endocytic mechanisms is required to maintain cell function and survival. This is particularly significant in the central nervous system (CNS), where composition of neuronal cell surface is crucial for synaptic functioning. In fact, distinct pathologies of the CNS are tightly linked to abnormal endolysosomal function, and several genome wide association analysis (GWAS) and biochemical studies have identified intracellular trafficking regulators as genetic risk factors for such pathologies. The sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of proteins involved in protein trafficking regulation and signaling. SNXs dysregulation occurs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Down’s syndrome (DS), schizophrenia, ataxia and epilepsy, among others, establishing clear roles for this protein family in pathology. Interestingly, restoration of SNXs levels has been shown to trigger synaptic plasticity recovery in a DS mouse model. This review encompasses an historical and evolutionary overview of SNXs protein family, focusing on its organization, phyla conservation, and evolution throughout the development of the nervous system during speciation. We will also survey SNXs molecular interactions and highlight how defects on SNXs underlie distinct pathologies of the CNS. Ultimately, we discuss possible strategies of intervention, surveying how our knowledge about the fundamental processes regulated by SNXs can be applied to the identification of novel therapeutic avenues for SNXs-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide Vieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Rito
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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13
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Hanley SE, Cooper KF. Sorting Nexins in Protein Homeostasis. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010017. [PMID: 33374212 PMCID: PMC7823608 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is maintained by removing misfolded, damaged, or excess proteins and damaged organelles from the cell by three major pathways; the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and the endo-lysosomal pathway. The requirement for ubiquitin provides a link between all three pathways. Sorting nexins are a highly conserved and diverse family of membrane-associated proteins that not only traffic proteins throughout the cells but also provide a second common thread between protein homeostasis pathways. In this review, we will discuss the connections between sorting nexins, ubiquitin, and the interconnected roles they play in maintaining protein quality control mechanisms. Underlying their importance, genetic defects in sorting nexins are linked with a variety of human diseases including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections, and cancer. This serves to emphasize the critical roles sorting nexins play in many aspects of cellular function.
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14
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Takemura S, Isonishi A, Tanaka T, Okuda H, Tatsumi K, Yamano M, Wanaka A. Neural expression of sorting nexin 25 and its regulation of tyrosine receptor kinase B trafficking. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2615-2642. [PMID: 32955616 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sorting nexin 25 (SNX25) belongs to the sorting nexin superfamily, whose members are responsible for membrane attachment to organelles of the endocytic system. Recent reports point to critical roles for SNX25 as a negative regulator of transforming growth factor β signaling, but the expression patterns of SNX25 in the central nervous system (CNS) remain almost uncharacterized. Here, we show widespread neuronal expression of SNX25 protein and Snx25 mRNA using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. As an exception, SNX25 was present in the Bergmann glia of the cerebellum. SNX25 immunoreactivity was found in cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons. Moreover, SNX25 colocalized with tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the neurons of the cortex and hippocampus. In vitro, SNX25 can interact with full-length TrkB, but not with its C-terminal-truncated isoform. Overexpression of SNX25 accelerated degradation of full-lengh TrkB, indicating that SNX25 promotes the trafficking of TrkB for lysosomal degradation. These findings suggest that SNX25 is a new actor in endocytic signaling, perhaps contributing to the regulation of BDNF-TrkB signaling in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Takemura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Ayami Isonishi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.,Center for Diversity and Inclusion, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.,Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Kouko Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamano
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Akio Wanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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15
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Xie Y, Niu M, Ji C, Huang TY, Zhang C, Tian Y, Shi Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Luo H, Can D, Xu H, Zhang YW, Zhang X. SNX8 Enhances Non-amyloidogenic APP Trafficking and Attenuates Aβ Accumulation and Memory Deficits in an AD Mouse. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:410. [PMID: 31551717 PMCID: PMC6743354 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of various APP trafficking components in the endosome has been previously implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although single nucleotide polymorphisms within the gene locus encoding the endosomal component, SNX8 have been previously associated with AD, how SNX8 levels are altered and its contribution to AD onset is currently unknown. Here, we observe decreased expression of SNX8 in human AD and AD mouse brain. SNX8 predominantly localized to early and late endosomes, where SNX8 overexpression enhanced total APP levels, cell surface APP distribution and consequent soluble APPα cleavage. SNX8 depletion resulted in elevated β-amyloid (Aβ) levels, while SNX8 overexpression reduced Aβ levels in cells and in an APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Importantly, SNX8 overexpression rescued cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Together, these results implicate a neuroprotective role for SNX8 in enhancing non-amyloidogenic APP trafficking and processing pathways. Given that endosomal dysfunction is an early event in AD, restoration of dysfunctional endosomal components such as SNX8 may be beneficial in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhuang Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengxi Niu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chengxiang Ji
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhun Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dan Can
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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16
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Donepezil modulates amyloid precursor protein endocytosis and reduction by up-regulation of SNX33 expression in primary cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11922. [PMID: 31417133 PMCID: PMC6695423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Donepezil, a therapeutic drug for Alzheimer’s disease, ameliorates cognitive dysfunction through selective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. However, recent studies have also reported off-target effects of donepezil that likely contribute to its therapeutic effects. In this study, we investigated the (i) role of donepezil in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and (ii) involvement of sorting nexin protein 33 (SNX33), a member of the sorting nexin protein family, in this processing. Results showed that donepezil induces an increase in SNX33 expression in primary cortical neurons. The secretion of sAPPα in culture media increased, whereas the expression of full-length APP in the cell lysate remained unchanged. Exposure of cortical cultures to donepezil led to a decrease in amyloid β (Aβ) protein levels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This decrease was not affected by concomitant treatment with acetylcholine receptor antagonists. SNX33 knockdown by target-specific morpholino oligos inhibited the effects of donepezil. Donepezil treatment increased cell membrane surface expression of APP in SNX33 expression-dependent manner. These results suggested that donepezil decreases the level of Aβ by increasing SNX33 expression and APP cleavage by α-secretase in cortical neurons.
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17
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Federspiel JD, Greco TM, Lum KK, Cristea IM. Hdac4 Interactions in Huntington's Disease Viewed Through the Prism of Multiomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:S92-S113. [PMID: 31040226 PMCID: PMC6692770 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic disorder, driven by the expansion of a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat within the huntingtin (Htt) gene and culminating in neuronal degeneration in the brain, predominantly in the striatum and cortex. Histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) was previously found to contribute to the disease progression, providing a potential therapeutic target. Hdac4 knockdown reduced accumulation of misfolded Htt protein and improved HD phenotypes. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear, given its independence on deacetylase activity and the predominant cytoplasmic Hdac4 localization in the brain. Here, we undertook a multiomics approach to uncover the function of Hdac4 in the context of HD pathogenesis. We characterized the interactome of endogenous Hdac4 in brains of HD mouse models. Alterations in interactions were investigated in response to Htt polyQ length, comparing mice with normal (Q20) and disease (Q140) Htt, at both pre- and post-symptomatic ages (2 and 10 months, respectively). Parallel analyses for Hdac5, a related class IIa Hdac, highlighted the unique interaction network established by Hdac4. To validate and distinguish interactions specifically enhanced in an HD-vulnerable brain region, we next characterized endogenous Hdac4 interactions in dissected striata from this HD mouse series. Hdac4 associations were polyQ-dependent in the striatum, but not in the whole brain, particularly in symptomatic mice. Hdac5 interactions did not exhibit polyQ dependence. To identify which Hdac4 interactions and functions could participate in HD pathogenesis, we integrated our interactome with proteome and transcriptome data sets generated from the striata. We discovered an overlap in enriched functional classes with the Hdac4 interactome, particularly in vesicular trafficking and synaptic functions, and we further validated the Hdac4 interaction with the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein and SCAR Homolog (WASH) complex. This study expands the knowledge of Hdac4 regulation and functions in HD, adding to the understanding of the molecular underpinning of HD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Federspiel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Krystal K Lum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544.
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18
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Godini R, Pocock R, Fallahi H. Caenorhabditis elegans hub genes that respond to amyloid beta are homologs of genes involved in human Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219486. [PMID: 31291334 PMCID: PMC6619800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prominent characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) proteins in the form of plaques that cause molecular and cellular alterations in the brain. Due to the paucity of brain samples of early-stage Abeta aggregation, animal models have been developed to study early events in AD. Caenorhabditis elegans is a genetically tractable animal model for AD. Here, we used transcriptomic data, network-based protein-protein interactions and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), to detect modules and their gene ontology in response to Abeta aggregation in C. elegans. Additionally, hub genes and their orthologues in human and mouse were identified to study their relation to AD. We also found several transcription factors (TFs) responding to Abeta accumulation. Our results show that Abeta expression in C. elegans relates to general processes such as molting cycle, locomotion, and larval development plus AD-associated processes, including protein phosphorylation, and G-protein coupled receptor-regulated pathways. We reveal that many hub genes and TFs including ttbk-2, daf-16, and unc-49 have human and mouse orthologues that are directly or potentially associated with AD and neural development. In conclusion, using systems biology we identified important genes and biological processes in C. elegans that respond to Abeta aggregation, which could be used as potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets. In addition, because of evolutionary relationship to AD in human, we suggest that C. elegans is a useful model for studying early molecular events in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Godini
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- * E-mail:
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19
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Lichtenthaler SF, Lemberg MK, Fluhrer R. Proteolytic ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins in mammals-hardware, concepts, and recent developments. EMBO J 2018; 37:e99456. [PMID: 29976761 PMCID: PMC6068445 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic removal of membrane protein ectodomains (ectodomain shedding) is a post-translational modification that controls levels and function of hundreds of membrane proteins. The contributing proteases, referred to as sheddases, act as important molecular switches in processes ranging from signaling to cell adhesion. When deregulated, ectodomain shedding is linked to pathologies such as inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. While proteases of the "a disintegrin and metalloprotease" (ADAM) and "beta-site APP cleaving enzyme" (BACE) families are widely considered as sheddases, in recent years a much broader range of proteases, including intramembrane and soluble proteases, were shown to catalyze similar cleavage reactions. This review demonstrates that shedding is a fundamental process in cell biology and discusses the current understanding of sheddases and their substrates, molecular mechanisms and cellular localizations, as well as physiological functions of protein ectodomain shedding. Moreover, we provide an operational definition of shedding and highlight recent conceptual advances in the field. While new developments in proteomics facilitate substrate discovery, we expect that shedding is not a rare exception, but rather the rule for many membrane proteins, and that many more interesting shedding functions await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Marius K Lemberg
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biomedizinisches Centrum (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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Vieira N, Bessa C, Rodrigues AJ, Marques P, Chan FY, de Carvalho AX, Correia-Neves M, Sousa N. Sorting nexin 3 mutation impairs development and neuronal function in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2027-2044. [PMID: 29196797 PMCID: PMC11105199 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sorting nexins family of proteins (SNXs) plays pleiotropic functions in protein trafficking and intracellular signaling and has been associated with several disorders, namely Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Despite the growing association of SNXs with neurodegeneration, not much is known about their function in the nervous system. The aim of this work was to use the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that encodes in its genome eight SNXs orthologs, to dissect the role of distinct SNXs, particularly in the nervous system. By screening the C. elegans SNXs deletion mutants for morphological, developmental and behavioral alterations, we show here that snx-3 gene mutation leads to an array of developmental defects, such as delayed hatching, decreased brood size and life span and reduced body length. Additionally, ∆snx-3 worms present increased susceptibility to osmotic, thermo and oxidative stress and distinct behavioral deficits, namely, a chemotaxis defect which is independent of the described snx-3 role in Wnt secretion. ∆snx-3 animals also display abnormal GABAergic neuronal architecture and wiring and altered AIY interneuron structure. Pan-neuronal expression of C. elegans snx-3 cDNA in the ∆snx-3 mutant is able to rescue its locomotion defects, as well as its chemotaxis toward isoamyl alcohol. Altogether, the present work provides the first in vivo evidence of the SNX-3 role in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide Vieira
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carlos Bessa
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana J Rodrigues
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo Marques
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Xavier de Carvalho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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21
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Mañucat-Tan NB, Saadipour K, Wang YJ, Bobrovskaya L, Zhou XF. Cellular Trafficking of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Amyloidogenesis Physiological and Pathological Significance. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:812-830. [PMID: 29797184 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of excess intracellular or extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) is one of the key pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is generated from the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta secretase-1 (BACE1) and gamma secretase (γ-secretase) within the cells. The endocytic trafficking of APP facilitates amyloidogenesis while at the cell surface, APP is predominantly processed in a non-amyloidogenic manner. Several adaptor proteins bind to both APP and BACE1, regulating their trafficking and recycling along the secretory and endocytic pathways. The phosphorylation of APP at Thr668 and BACE1 at Ser498, also influence their trafficking. Neurotrophins and proneurotrophins also influence APP trafficking through their receptors. In this review, we describe the molecular trafficking pathways of APP and BACE1 that lead to Aβ generation, the involvement of different signaling molecules or adaptor proteins regulating APP and BACE1 subcellular localization. We have also discussed how neurotrophins could modulate amyloidogenesis through their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noralyn Basco Mañucat-Tan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - Khalil Saadipour
- Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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22
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Zhang H, Huang T, Hong Y, Yang W, Zhang X, Luo H, Xu H, Wang X. The Retromer Complex and Sorting Nexins in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:79. [PMID: 29632483 PMCID: PMC5879135 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The retromer complex and associated sorting nexins (SNXs) comprise a critical trafficking machinery which mediates endosomal protein sorting. Retromer and/or SNX dysfunction has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Down’s syndrome (DS). In AD, deficiency of the retromer complex or its cargo proteins impairs endosomal trafficking of amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the overproduction of β-amyloid (Aβ). Several SNX components directly interact with APP or APP-cleaving enzymes (β- and γ-secretases) to regulate amyloidogenic APP processing and Aβ generation. In addition, PD-linked mutations in retromer components cause mistrafficking of retromer cargo proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysregulation retromer-mediated trafficking has been considered as an important cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). Moreover, SNX27 deficiency is an important contributor for synaptic and cognitive impairment in DS. Here we review recent findings describing the retromer complex and/or SNXs-mediated endosomal sorting in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Timothy Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yujuan Hong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weijie Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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23
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Liu C, Zhai X, Du H, Cao Y, Cao H, Wang Y, Yu X, Gao J, Xu Z. Sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) is not essential for development and auditory function in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68921-68932. [PMID: 27655699 PMCID: PMC5356600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexins are a large family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that play fundamental roles in endocytosis, endosomal sorting and signaling. As an important member of sorting nexin family, sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) has been shown to participate in coordinating actin polymerization with membrane tubulation and vesicle formation. We previously showed that SNX9 is expressed in mouse auditory hair cells and might regulate actin polymerization in those cells. To further examine the physiological role of SNX9, we generated Snx9 knockout mice using homologous recombination method. Unexpectedly, Snx9 knockout mice have normal viability and fertility, and are morphologically and behaviorally indistinguishable from control mice. Further investigation revealed that the morphology and function of auditory hair cells are not affected by Snx9 inactivation, and Snx9 knockout mice have normal hearing threshold. In conclusion, our data revealed that Snx9-deficient mice do not show defects in development as well as auditory function, suggesting that SNX9 is not essential for mice development and hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Huiren Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
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24
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Xu S, Nigam SM, Brodin L. Overexpression of SNX3 Decreases Amyloid-β Peptide Production by Reducing Internalization of Amyloid Precursor Protein. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018; 18:26-37. [PMID: 29414832 DOI: 10.1159/000486199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorting nexins (SNXs) have diverse functions in protein sorting and membrane trafficking. Recently, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SNX3 were found to be associated with Alzheimer disease. However, it remains unknown whether SNX3 participates in amyloid (A)β peptide production. OBJECTIVE To examine the role of SNX3 in Aβ production and APP processing. METHODS The effect of increased expression of SNX3 was studied in HEK293T cells. Aβ peptides were measured by immunoassay. Protein-protein association was analyzed by a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay. APP uptake was measured with an α-bungarotoxin-binding assay, and flow cytometry was used to measure cell surface APP levels. RESULTS We found that overexpression of SNX3 in HEK293T cells decreases the levels of secreted Aβ and soluble N-terminal APP fragments (sAPPβ). The reduction correlated with a decreased association of APP with BACE1, as revealed by BiFC. This effect may, in part, be explained by a reduced internalization of APP; SNX3 overexpression reduced APP internalization as determined by an α-bungarotoxin-binding assay, and caused increased APP levels on the cell surface, as shown by flow cytometry. In addition, SNX3 overexpression increased the cellular levels of full-length APP. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that SNX3 regulates Aβ production by influencing the internalization of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saket M Nigam
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lennart Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Miller JA, Guillozet-Bongaarts A, Gibbons LE, Postupna N, Renz A, Beller AE, Sunkin SM, Ng L, Rose SE, Smith KA, Szafer A, Barber C, Bertagnolli D, Bickley K, Brouner K, Caldejon S, Chapin M, Chua ML, Coleman NM, Cudaback E, Cuhaciyan C, Dalley RA, Dee N, Desta T, Dolbeare TA, Dotson NI, Fisher M, Gaudreault N, Gee G, Gilbert TL, Goldy J, Griffin F, Habel C, Haradon Z, Hejazinia N, Hellstern LL, Horvath S, Howard K, Howard R, Johal J, Jorstad NL, Josephsen SR, Kuan CL, Lai F, Lee E, Lee F, Lemon T, Li X, Marshall DA, Melchor J, Mukherjee S, Nyhus J, Pendergraft J, Potekhina L, Rha EY, Rice S, Rosen D, Sapru A, Schantz A, Shen E, Sherfield E, Shi S, Sodt AJ, Thatra N, Tieu M, Wilson AM, Montine TJ, Larson EB, Bernard A, Crane PK, Ellenbogen RG, Keene CD, Lein E. Neuropathological and transcriptomic characteristics of the aged brain. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29120328 PMCID: PMC5679757 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As more people live longer, age-related neurodegenerative diseases are an increasingly important societal health issue. Treatments targeting specific pathologies such as amyloid beta in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have not led to effective treatments, and there is increasing evidence of a disconnect between traditional pathology and cognitive abilities with advancing age, indicative of individual variation in resilience to pathology. Here, we generated a comprehensive neuropathological, molecular, and transcriptomic characterization of hippocampus and two regions cortex in 107 aged donors (median = 90) from the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study as a freely-available resource (http://aging.brain-map.org/). We confirm established associations between AD pathology and dementia, albeit with increased, presumably aging-related variability, and identify sets of co-expressed genes correlated with pathological tau and inflammation markers. Finally, we demonstrate a relationship between dementia and RNA quality, and find common gene signatures, highlighting the importance of properly controlling for RNA quality when studying dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura E Gibbons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Anne Renz
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Allison E Beller
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Chris Barber
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | - Krissy Brouner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Mike Chapin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Mindy L Chua
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Natalie M Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Eiron Cudaback
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Tsega Desta
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Tim A Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Michael Fisher
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Garrett Gee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Fiona Griffin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Caroline Habel
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Zeb Haradon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Nika Hejazinia
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Leanne L Hellstern
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Kim Howard
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Robert Howard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Justin Johal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Nikolas L Jorstad
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Samuel R Josephsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Florence Lai
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Eric Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Felix Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Tracy Lemon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Xianwu Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Desiree A Marshall
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jose Melchor
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Y Rha
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Samantha Rice
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - David Rosen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Abharika Sapru
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Aimee Schantz
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Elaine Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Emily Sherfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Shu Shi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Andy J Sodt
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Michael Tieu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Angela M Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Eric B Larson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Richard G Ellenbogen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
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26
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Xu S, Zhang L, Brodin L. Overexpression of SNX7 reduces Aβ production by enhancing lysosomal degradation of APP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:12-19. [PMID: 29080748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal production of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) by proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is thought to be central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although many efforts have been made to investigate mechanisms that regulate APP processing, many details remain incompletely understood. Sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of proteins which are involved in many intracellular trafficking events. Several SNXs have been implicated in APP processing and Aβ production. In this study, we extended the investigation to SNX7. We found that overexpression of SNX7 in HEK293T cells reduces the levels of secreted Aβ and β-cleaved N-terminal APP fragments (sAPPβ). Moreover, SNX7 overexpression caused a significant reduction of the steady-state levels of APP as well as of the cell surface APP levels. By using NH4Cl and Bafilomycin A1 to inhibit the lysosomal degradative pathway, we found that the reduction of APP induced by SNX7 overexpression was prevented by such inhibition. No change in the cell surface distribution or steady-state levels of BACE1 was detected after overexpression of SNX7. Taken together, these results suggest that SNX7 regulates Aβ production by directing APP for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Sharma N, Khurana N, Muthuraman A. Lower vertebrate and invertebrate models of Alzheimer's disease - A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:312-323. [PMID: 28943103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by the presence of beta- amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Till now, various higher vertebrate models have been in use to study the pathophysiology of this disease. But, these models possess some limitations like ethical restrictions, high cost, difficult maintenance of large quantity and lesser reproducibility. Besides, various lower chordate animals like Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and Ciona intestinalis have been proved to be an important model for the in vivo determination of targets of drugs with least limitations. In this article, we reviewed different studies conducted on theses models for the better understanding of the pathophysiology of AD and their subsequent application as a potential tool in the preclinical evaluation of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Department of Pharmacology, Akal College of Pharmacy and Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
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28
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Wang Z, Wang C, Liu S, He W, Wang L, Gan J, Huang Z, Wang Z, Wei H, Zhang J, Dong L. Specifically Formed Corona on Silica Nanoparticles Enhances Transforming Growth Factor β1 Activity in Triggering Lung Fibrosis. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1659-1672. [PMID: 28085241 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A corona is a layer of macromolecules formed on a nanoparticle surface in vivo. It can substantially change the biological identity of nanomaterials and possibly trigger adverse responses from the body tissues. Dissecting the role of the corona in the development of a particular disease may provide profound insights for understanding toxicity of nanomaterials in general. In our present study, we explored the capability of different silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) to induce silicosis in the mouse lung and analyzed the composition of coronas formed on these particles. We found that SiNPs of certain size and surface chemistry could specifically recruit transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) into their corona, which subsequently induces the development of lung fibrosis. Once embedded into the corona on SiNPs, TGF-β1 was remarkably more stable than in its free form, and its fibrosis-triggering activity was significantly prolonged. Our study meaningfully demonstrates that a specific corona component on a certain nanoparticle could initiate a particular pathogenic process in a clinically relevant disease model. Our findings may shed light on the understanding of molecular mechanisms of human health risks correlated with exposure to small-scale substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Shang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lintao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - JingJing Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhenheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haoyang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Laboratory for Nano-Technology, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
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29
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Kim NY, Cho MH, Won SH, Kang HJ, Yoon SY, Kim DH. Sorting nexin-4 regulates β-amyloid production by modulating β-site-activating cleavage enzyme-1. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:4. [PMID: 28109317 PMCID: PMC5251330 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved by β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) to produce β-amyloid (Aβ), a critical pathogenic peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ generation can be affected by the intracellular trafficking of APP or its related secretases, which is thus important to understanding its pathological alterations. Although sorting nexin (SNX) family proteins regulate this trafficking, the relevance and role of sorting nexin-4 (SNX4) regarding AD has not been studied yet. METHODS In this study, human brain tissue and APP/PS1 mouse brain tissue were used to check the disease relevance of SNX4. To investigate the role of SNX4 in AD pathogenesis, several experiments were done, such as coimmunoprecipitation, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and gradient fractionation. RESULTS We found that SNX4 protein levels changed in the brains of patients with AD and of AD model mice. Overexpression of SNX4 significantly increased the levels of BACE1 and Aβ. Downregulation of SNX4 had the opposite effect. SNX4 interacts with BACE1 and prevents BACE1 trafficking to the lysosomal degradation system, resulting in an increased half-life of BACE1 and increased production of Aβ. CONCLUSIONS We show that SNX4 regulates BACE1 trafficking. Our findings suggest novel therapeutic implications of modulating SNX4 to regulate BACE1-mediated β-processing of APP and subsequent Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Kim
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Cho
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Won
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoe-Jin Kang
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Yoon
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea. .,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hou Kim
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea. .,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Alzheimer disease: modeling an Aβ-centered biological network. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:861-71. [PMID: 27021818 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In genetically complex diseases, the search for missing heritability is focusing on rare variants with large effect. Thanks to next generation sequencing technologies, genome-wide characterization of these variants is now feasible in every individual. However, a lesson from current studies is that collapsing rare variants at the gene level is often insufficient to obtain a statistically significant signal in case-control studies, and that network-based analyses are an attractive complement to classical approaches. In Alzheimer disease (AD), according to the prevalent amyloid cascade hypothesis, the pathology is driven by the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. In past years, based on experimental studies, several hundreds of proteins have been shown to interfere with Aβ production, clearance, aggregation or toxicity. Thanks to a manual curation of the literature, we identified 335 genes/proteins involved in this biological network and classified them according to their cellular function. The complete list of genes, or its subcomponents, will be of interest in ongoing AD genetic studies.
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Sun X, Chen WD, Wang YD. β-Amyloid: the key peptide in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:221. [PMID: 26483691 PMCID: PMC4588032 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is a critical initiator that triggers the progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) via accumulation and aggregation, of which the process may be caused by Aβ overproduction or perturbation clearance. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein through sequential cleavage of β- and γ-secretases while Aβ removal is dependent on the proteolysis and lysosome degradation system. Here, we overviewed the biogenesis and toxicity of Aβ as well as the regulation of Aβ production and clearance. Moreover, we also summarized the animal models correlated with Aβ that are essential in AD research. In addition, we discussed current immunotherapeutic approaches targeting Aβ to give some clues for exploring the more potentially efficient drugs for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng, China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University Kaifeng, China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing, China
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32
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Feng T, Niu M, Ji C, Gao Y, Wen J, Bu G, Xu H, Zhang YW. SNX15 Regulates Cell Surface Recycling of APP and Aβ Generation. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3690-3701. [PMID: 26115702 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is generated from amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) through sequential proteolytic cleavages by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Trafficking dysregulation of APP, BACE1, and γ-secretase may affect Aβ generation and disease pathogenesis. Sorting nexin 15 (SNX15) is known to regulate protein trafficking. Here, we report that SNX15 is abundantly expressed in mouse neurons and astrocytes. In addition, we show that although not affecting the protein levels of APP, BACE1, and γ-secretase components and the activity of BACE1 and γ-secretase, overexpression and downregulation of SNX15 reduce and promote Aβ production, respectively. Furthermore, we find that overexpression of SNX15 increases APP protein levels in cell surface through accelerating APP recycling, whereas downregulation of SNX15 has an opposite effect. Finally, we show that exogenous expression of human SNX15 in the hippocampal dentate gyrus by adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection can significantly reduce Aβ pathology in the hippocampus and improve short-term working memory in the APPswe/PSEN1dE9 double transgenic AD model mice. Together, our results suggest that SNX15 regulates the recycling of APP to cell surface and, thus, its processing for Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuancheng Feng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Mengmeng Niu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chengxiang Ji
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuehong Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Yang X, Sheng W, Ridgley DM, Haidekker MA, Sun GY, Lee JC. Astrocytes regulate α-secretase-cleaved soluble amyloid precursor protein secretion in neuronal cells: Involvement of group IIA secretory phospholipase A2. Neuroscience 2015; 300:508-17. [PMID: 26037803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are major supportive cells in brains with important functions including providing nutrients and regulating neuronal activities. In this study, we demonstrated that astrocytes regulate amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing in neuronal cells through secretion of group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA). When astrocytic cells (DITNC) were mildly stimulated with the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF α and IL-1β, sPLA2-IIA was secreted into the medium. When conditioned medium containing sPLA2-IIA was applied to human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells, there was an increase in both cell membrane fluidity and secretion of α-secretase-cleaved soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPPα). These changes were abrogated by KH064, a selective inhibitor of sPLA2-IIA. In addition, exposing SH-SY5Y cells to recombinant human sPLA2-IIA also increased membrane fluidity, accumulation of APP at the cell surface, and secretion of sAPPα, but without altering total expressions of APP, α-secretases and β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1). Taken together, our results provide novel information regarding a functional role of sPLA2-IIA in astrocytes for regulating APP processing in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - W Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - D M Ridgley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - M A Haidekker
- College of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - G Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - J C Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
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Zhu D, Bungart BL, Yang X, Zhumadilov Z, Lee JCM, Askarova S. Role of membrane biophysics in Alzheimer's-related cell pathways. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:186. [PMID: 26074758 PMCID: PMC4444756 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular membrane alterations are commonly observed in many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Membrane biophysical properties, such as membrane molecular order, membrane fluidity, organization of lipid rafts, and adhesion between membrane and cytoskeleton, play an important role in various cellular activities and functions. While membrane biophysics impacts a broad range of cellular pathways, this review addresses the role of membrane biophysics in amyloid-β peptide aggregation, Aβ-induced oxidative pathways, amyloid precursor protein processing, and cerebral endothelial functions in AD. Understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the effects of cell membrane properties on cellular processes should shed light on the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhu
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State UniversityGreensboro, NC, USA
| | - Brittani L. Bungart
- Indiana University School of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
- The Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhaxybay Zhumadilov
- Department of Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev UniversityAstana, Kazakhstan
| | - James C-M. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- Department of Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev UniversityAstana, Kazakhstan
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Korbolina EE, Ershov NI, Bryzgalov LO, Kolosova NG. Application of quantitative trait locus mapping and transcriptomics to studies of the senescence-accelerated phenotype in rats. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 12:S3. [PMID: 25563673 PMCID: PMC4303943 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s12-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Etiology of complex disorders, such as cataract and neurodegenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), remains poorly understood due to the paucity of animal models, fully replicating the human disease. Previously, two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with early cataract, AMD-like retinopathy, and some behavioral aberrations in senescence-accelerated OXYS rats were uncovered on chromosome 1 in a cross between OXYS and WAG rats. To confirm the findings, we generated interval-specific congenic strains, WAG/OXYS-1.1 and WAG/OXYS-1.2, carrying OXYS-derived loci of chromosome 1 in the WAG strain. Both congenic strains displayed early cataract and retinopathy but differed clinically from OXYS rats. Here we applied a high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) strategy to facilitate nomination of the candidate genes and functional pathways that may be responsible for these differences and can contribute to the development of the senescence-accelerated phenotype of OXYS rats. Results First, the size and map position of QTL-derived congenic segments were determined by comparative analysis of coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were identified for OXYS, WAG, and congenic retinal RNAs after sequencing. The transferred locus was not what we expected in WAG/OXYS-1.1 rats. In rat retina, 15442 genes were expressed. Coherent sets of differentially expressed genes were identified when we compared RNA-Seq retinal profiles of 20-day-old WAG/OXYS-1.1, WAG/OXYS-1.2, and OXYS rats. The genes most different in the average expression level between the congenic strains included those generally associated with the Wnt, integrin, and TGF-β signaling pathways, widely involved in neurodegenerative processes. Several candidate genes (including Arhgap33, Cebpg, Gtf3c1, Snurf, Tnfaip3, Yme1l1, Cbs, Car9 and Fn1) were found to be either polymorphic in the congenic loci or differentially expressed between the strains. These genes may contribute to the development of cataract and retinopathy. Conclusions This study is the first RNA-Seq analysis of the rat retinal transcriptome generated with 40 mln sequencing read depth. The integration of QTL and transcriptomic analyses in our study forms the basis of future research into the relationship between the candidate genes within the congenic regions and specific changes in the retinal transcriptome as possible causal mechanisms that underlie age-associated disorders.
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Wang X, Huang T, Zhao Y, Zheng Q, Thompson RC, Bu G, Zhang YW, Hong W, Xu H. Sorting nexin 27 regulates Aβ production through modulating γ-secretase activity. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1023-33. [PMID: 25437557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Down syndrome (DS) invariably develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in their 40s. We have recently found that overexpression of a chromosome 21-encoded microRNA-155 results in decreased levels of the membrane trafficking component, SNX27, diminishing glutamate receptor recycling and thereby impairing synaptic functions in DS. Here, we report a function of SNX27 in regulating β-amyloid (Aβ) generation by modulating γ-secretase activity. Downregulation of SNX27 using RNAi increased Aβ production, whereas overexpression of full-length SNX27, but not SNX27ΔPDZ, reversed the RNAi-mediated Aβ elevation. Moreover, genetic deletion of Snx27 promoted Aβ production and neuronal loss, whereas overexpression of SNX27 using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector reduced hippocampal Aβ levels in a transgenic AD mouse model. SNX27 associates with the γ-secretase complex subunit presenilin 1; this interaction dissociates the γ-secretase complex, thus decreasing its proteolytic activity. Our study establishes a molecular mechanism for Aβ-dependent pathogenesis in both DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Degenerative Disease Research Program, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Timothy Huang
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qiuyang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Degenerative Disease Research Program, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert C Thompson
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yun-wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Degenerative Disease Research Program, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute for Biomedical Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Degenerative Disease Research Program, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Wang X, Huang T, Bu G, Xu H. Dysregulation of protein trafficking in neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:31. [PMID: 25152012 PMCID: PMC4237948 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein trafficking plays an important role in neuronal function and survival. Protein misfolding is a common theme found in many neurodegenerative diseases, and intracellular trafficking machinery contributes to the pathological accumulation and clearance of misfolded proteins. Although neurodegenerative diseases exhibit distinct pathological features, abnormal endocytic trafficking is apparent in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Down syndrome (DS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this review, we will focus on protein sorting defects in three major neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, DS and PD. An important pathological feature of AD is the presence of extracellular senile plaques in the brain. Senile plaques are composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide aggregates. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that over-production/aggregation of Aβ in the brain is a primary cause of AD and attenuation of Aβ generation has become a topic of extreme interest in AD research. Aβ is generated from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavage by β-secretase and the γ-secretase complex. Alternatively, APP can be cleaved by α-secretase within the Aβ domain to release soluble APPα which precludes Aβ generation. DS patients display a strikingly similar pathology to AD patients, including the generation of neuronal amyloid plaques. Moreover, all DS patients develop an AD-like neuropathology by their 40 s. Therefore, understanding the metabolism/processing of APP and how these underlying mechanisms may be pathologically compromised is crucial for future AD and DS therapeutic strategies. Evidence accumulated thus far reveals that synaptic vesicle regulation, endocytic trafficking, and lysosome-mediated autophagy are involved in increased susceptibility to PD. Here we review current knowledge of endosomal trafficking regulation in AD, DS and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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Shindyapina AV, Petrunia IV, Komarova TV, Sheshukova EV, Kosorukov VS, Kiryanov GI, Dorokhov YL. Dietary methanol regulates human gene activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102837. [PMID: 25033451 PMCID: PMC4102594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanol (MeOH) is considered to be a poison in humans because of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-mediated conversion of MeOH to formaldehyde (FA), which is toxic. Our recent genome-wide analysis of the mouse brain demonstrated that an increase in endogenous MeOH after ADH inhibition led to a significant increase in the plasma MeOH concentration and a modification of mRNA synthesis. These findings suggest endogenous MeOH involvement in homeostasis regulation by controlling mRNA levels. Here, we demonstrate directly that study volunteers displayed increasing concentrations of MeOH and FA in their blood plasma when consuming citrus pectin, ethanol and red wine. A microarray analysis of white blood cells (WBC) from volunteers after pectin intake showed various responses for 30 significantly differentially regulated mRNAs, most of which were somehow involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There was also a decreased synthesis of hemoglobin mRNA, HBA and HBB, the presence of which in WBC RNA was not a result of red blood cells contamination because erythrocyte-specific marker genes were not significantly expressed. A qRT-PCR analysis of volunteer WBCs after pectin and red wine intake confirmed the complicated relationship between the plasma MeOH content and the mRNA accumulation of both genes that were previously identified, namely, GAPDH and SNX27, and genes revealed in this study, including MME, SORL1, DDIT4, HBA and HBB. We hypothesized that human plasma MeOH has an impact on the WBC mRNA levels of genes involved in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V. Petrunia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Gleb I. Kiryanov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri L. Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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Cellular membrane fluidity in amyloid precursor protein processing. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:119-29. [PMID: 24553856 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The senile plaque is a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), the main constituent of senile plaques, is neurotoxic especially in its oligomeric form. Aβ is derived from the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases in the amyloidogenic pathway. Alternatively, APP can be cleaved by α-secretases within the Aβ domain to produce neurotrophic and neuroprotective α-secretase-cleaved soluble APP (sAPPα) in the nonamyloidogenic pathway. Since APP and α-, β-, and γ-secretases are membrane proteins, APP processing should be highly dependent on the membrane composition and the biophysical properties of cellular membrane. In this review, we discuss the role of the biophysical properties of cellular membrane in APP processing, especially the effects of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s), fatty acids, cholesterol, and Aβ on membrane fluidity in relation to their effects on APP processing.
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Jiang S, Li Y, Zhang X, Bu G, Xu H, Zhang YW. Trafficking regulation of proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:6. [PMID: 24410826 PMCID: PMC3891995 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide has been postulated to be a key determinant in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ is produced through sequential cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. APP and relevant secretases are transmembrane proteins and traffic through the secretory pathway in a highly regulated fashion. Perturbation of their intracellular trafficking may affect dynamic interactions among these proteins, thus altering Aβ generation and accelerating disease pathogenesis. Herein, we review recent progress elucidating the regulation of intracellular trafficking of these essential protein components in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yun-wu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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Sorting nexin 24 genetic variation associates with coronary artery aneurysm severity in Kawasaki disease patients. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:44. [PMID: 24268062 PMCID: PMC4176999 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The sorting nexin (SNX) family is involved in endocytosis and protein trafficking and plays multiple roles in various diseases. The role of SNX proteins in Kawasaki disease (KD) is not known. We attempted to test whether genetic SNX variation associates with the risk of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) formation in KD. Methods and results Chi-square tests were used to identify SNX24 genetic variants associated with KD susceptibility and CAA formation in KD; models were adjusted for fever duration and time of first administration of intravenous immunoglobulin. We obtained clinical characteristics and genotypes from KD patients (76 with CAA and 186 without CAA) in a population-based retrospective KD cohort study (n = 262). Clinical and genetic factors were associated with CAA formation in KD. In addition, endothelial cell inflammation was evaluated. Significant correlation was observed between KD with CAA complications and the rs28891 single-nucleotide polymorphism in SNX24. Patients with CC + CT genotypes had lesser CAA complications. In lipopolysaccharide-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells, siRNA knockdown of SNX24 significantly decreased gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8. Conclusions Polymorphisms in SNX24 may be used as genetic markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CAA formation in KD.
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Sorting nexin 9 recruits clathrin heavy chain to the mitotic spindle for chromosome alignment and segregation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68387. [PMID: 23861900 PMCID: PMC3702553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) and clathrin heavy chain (CHC) each have roles in mitosis during metaphase. Since the two proteins directly interact for their other cellular function in endocytosis we investigated whether they also interact for metaphase and operate on the same pathway. We report that SNX9 and CHC functionally interact during metaphase in a specific molecular pathway that contributes to stabilization of mitotic spindle kinetochore (K)-fibres for chromosome alignment and segregation. This function is independent of their endocytic role. SNX9 residues in the clathrin-binding low complexity domain are required for CHC association and for targeting both CHC and transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3) to the mitotic spindle. Mutation of these sites to serine increases the metaphase plate width, indicating inefficient chromosome congression. Therefore SNX9 and CHC function in the same molecular pathway for chromosome alignment and segregation, which is dependent on their direct association.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is poised to become the most serious healthcare issue of our generation. The leading theory of AD pathophysiology is the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis, and clinical trials are now proceeding based on this hypothesis. Here, we review the original evidence for the Amyloid Hypothesis, which was originally focused on the extracellular deposition of beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) in large fibrillar aggregates, as well as how this theory has been extended in recent years to focus on highly toxic small soluble amyloid oligomers. We will also examine emerging evidence that Aβ may actually begin to accumulate intracellularly in lysosomes, and the role for intracellular Aβ and lysosomal dysfunction may play in AD pathophysiology. Finally, we will review the clinical implications of these findings.
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Ma MPC, Chircop M. SNX9, SNX18 and SNX33 are required for progression through and completion of mitosis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4372-82. [PMID: 22718350 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.105981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis involves considerable membrane remodelling and vesicular trafficking to generate two independent cells. Consequently, endocytosis and endocytic proteins are required for efficient mitotic progression and completion. Several endocytic proteins also participate in mitosis in an endocytosis-independent manner. Here, we report that the sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) subfamily members - SNX9, SNX18 and SNX33 - are required for progression and completion of mitosis. Depletion of any one of these proteins using siRNA induces multinucleation, an indicator of cytokinesis failure, as well as an accumulation of cytokinetic cells. Time-lapse microscopy on siRNA-treated cells revealed a role for SNX9 subfamily members in progression through the ingression and abscission stages of cytokinesis. Depletion of these three proteins disrupted MRLC(S19) localization during ingression and recruitment of Rab11-positive recycling endosomes to the intracellular bridge between nascent daughter cells. SNX9 depletion also disrupted the localization of Golgi during cytokinesis. Endocytosis of transferrin was blocked during cytokinesis by depletion of the SNX9 subfamily members, suggesting that these proteins participate in cytokinesis in an endocytosis-dependent manner. In contrast, depletion of SNX9 did not block transferrin uptake during metaphase but did delay chromosome alignment and segregation, suggesting that SNX9 plays an additional non-endocytic role at early mitotic stages. We conclude that SNX9 subfamily members are required for mitosis through both endocytosis-dependent and -independent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie P C Ma
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhang YW. Sorting nexin 12 interacts with BACE1 and regulates BACE1-mediated APP processing. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:30. [PMID: 22709416 PMCID: PMC3439308 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) cleaves β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) to initiate the production of β-amyloid (Aβ), the prime culprit in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Dysregulation of the intracellular trafficking of BACE1 may affect Aβ generation, contributing to AD pathology. In this study, we investigated whether BACE1 trafficking and BACE1-mediated APP processing/Aβ generation are affected by sorting nexin 12 (SNX12), a member of the sorting nexin (SNX) family that is involved in protein trafficking regulation. Results Herein, we find that SNX12 is widely expressed in brain tissues and is mainly localized in the early endosomes. Overexpression of SNX12 does not affect the steady-state levels of APP, BACE1 or γ-secretase components, but dramatically reduces the levels of Aβ, soluble APPβ and APP β-carboxyl terminal fragments. Downregulation of SNX12 has the opposite effects. Modulation of SNX12 levels does not affect γ-secretase activity or in vitro β-secretase activity. Further studies reveal that SNX12 interacts with BACE1 and downregulation of SNX12 accelerates BACE1 endocytosis and decreases steady-state level of cell surface BACE1. Finally, we find that the SNX12 protein level is dramatically decreased in the brain of AD patients as compared to that of controls. Conclusion This study demonstrates that SNX12 can regulate the endocytosis of BACE1 through their interaction, thereby affecting β-processing of APP for Aβ production. The reduced level of SNX12 in AD brains suggests that an alteration of SNX12 may contribute to AD pathology. Therefore, inhibition of BACE1-mediated β-processing of APP by regulating SNX12 might serve as an alternative strategy in developing an AD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
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Hunter S, Brayne C. Relationships between the amyloid precursor protein and its various proteolytic fragments and neuronal systems. Alzheimers Res Ther 2012; 4:10. [PMID: 22498202 PMCID: PMC3583130 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and in its familial form is associated with mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the presenilins (PSs). Much data regarding the interactions of APP, its proteolytic fragments and PS have been generated, expanding our understanding of the roles of these proteins in mechanisms underlying cognitive function and revealing many complex relationships with wide ranging cellular systems. In this review, we examine the multiple interactions of APP and its proteolytic fragments with other neuronal systems in terms of feedback loops and use these relationships to build a map. We highlight the complexity involved in the APP proteolytic system and discuss alternative perspectives on the roles of APP and its proteolytic fragments in dynamic processes associated with disease progression in AD. We highlight areas where data are missing and suggest potential confounding factors. We suggest that a systems biology approach enhances representations of the data and may be more useful in modelling both normal cognition and disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hunter
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
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Dislich B, Lichtenthaler SF. The Membrane-Bound Aspartyl Protease BACE1: Molecular and Functional Properties in Alzheimer's Disease and Beyond. Front Physiol 2012; 3:8. [PMID: 22363289 PMCID: PMC3281277 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a transmembrane aspartyl protease involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis and in myelination. BACE1 initiates the generation of the pathogenic amyloid β-peptide, which makes BACE1 a major drug target for AD. BACE1 also cleaves and activates neuregulin 1, thereby contributing to postnatal myelination, in particular in the peripheral nervous system. Additional proteins are also cleaved by BACE1, but less is known about the physiological consequences of their cleavage. Recently, new phenotypes were described in BACE1-deficient mice. Although it remains unclear through which BACE1 substrates they are mediated, the phenotypes suggest a versatile role of this protease for diverse physiological processes. This review summarizes the enzymatic and cellular properties of BACE1 as well as its regulation by lipids, by transcriptional, and by translational mechanisms. The main focus will be on the recent progress in understanding BACE1 function and its implication for potential mechanism-based side effects upon therapeutic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Dislich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Germany
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Insights into the PX (phox-homology) domain and SNX (sorting nexin) protein families: structures, functions and roles in disease. Biochem J 2011; 441:39-59. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian genome encodes 49 proteins that possess a PX (phox-homology) domain, responsible for membrane attachment to organelles of the secretory and endocytic system via binding of phosphoinositide lipids. The PX domain proteins, most of which are classified as SNXs (sorting nexins), constitute an extremely diverse family of molecules that play varied roles in membrane trafficking, cell signalling, membrane remodelling and organelle motility. In the present review, we present an overview of the family, incorporating recent functional and structural insights, and propose an updated classification of the proteins into distinct subfamilies on the basis of these insights. Almost all PX domain proteins bind PtdIns3P and are recruited to early endosomal membranes. Although other specificities and localizations have been reported for a select few family members, the molecular basis for binding to other lipids is still not clear. The PX domain is also emerging as an important protein–protein interaction domain, binding endocytic and exocytic machinery, transmembrane proteins and many other molecules. A comprehensive survey of the molecular interactions governed by PX proteins highlights the functional diversity of the family as trafficking cargo adaptors and membrane-associated scaffolds regulating cell signalling. Finally, we examine the mounting evidence linking PX proteins to different disorders, in particular focusing on their emerging importance in both pathogen invasion and amyloid production in Alzheimer's disease.
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Qualmann B, Koch D, Kessels MM. Let's go bananas: revisiting the endocytic BAR code. EMBO J 2011; 30:3501-15. [PMID: 21878992 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Against the odds of membrane resistance, members of the BIN/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain superfamily shape membranes and their activity is indispensable for a plethora of life functions. While crystal structures of different BAR dimers advanced our understanding of membrane shaping by scaffolding and hydrophobic insertion mechanisms considerably, especially life-imaging techniques and loss-of-function studies of clathrin-mediated endocytosis with its gradually increasing curvature show that the initial idea that solely BAR domain curvatures determine their functions is oversimplified. Diagonal placing, lateral lipid-binding modes, additional lipid-binding modules, tilde shapes and formation of macromolecular lattices with different modes of organisation and arrangement increase versatility. A picture emerges, in which BAR domain proteins create macromolecular platforms, that recruit and connect different binding partners and ensure the connection and coordination of the different events during the endocytic process, such as membrane invagination, coat formation, actin nucleation, vesicle size control, fission, detachment and uncoating, in time and space, and may thereby offer mechanistic explanations for how coordination, directionality and effectiveness of a complex process with several steps and key players can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Qualmann
- Institute for Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
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Zhi P, Chia PZC, Chia C, Gleeson PA. Intracellular trafficking of the β-secretase and processing of amyloid precursor protein. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:721-9. [PMID: 21834057 DOI: 10.1002/iub.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of those with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a polymerized form of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and is considered to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disorder. Aβ is derived from the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Beta site APP-cleaving enzyme, BACE1 (also known as β-secretase) is a membrane-bound aspartyl protease responsible for the initial step in the generation of Aβ peptide and is thus a prime target for therapeutic intervention. Substantive evidence now indicates that the processing of APP by BACE1 is regulated by the intracellular sorting of the enzyme and, moreover, perturbations in these intracellular trafficking pathways have been linked to late-onset AD. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of the intracellular sorting of BACE1 and APP and illustrate why the trafficking of these cargos represent a key issue for understanding the membrane-mediated events associated with the generation of the neurotoxic Aβ products in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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