1
|
Huynh NT, Ho TNT, Pham YND, Dang LH, Pham SH, Dang TT. Immunosuppressive Cyclotides: A Promising Approach for Treating Autoimmune Diseases. Protein J 2024; 43:159-170. [PMID: 38485875 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The immune system maintains constant surveillance to prevent the infiltration of both endogenous and exogenous threats into host organisms. The process is regulated by effector immune cells that combat external pathogens and regulatory immune cells that inhibit excessive internal body inflammation, ultimately establishing a state of homeostasis within the body. Disruption to this process could lead to autoimmunity, which is often associated with the malfunction of both T cells and B cells with T cells playing a more major role. A number of therapeutic mediators for autoimmune diseases are available, from conventional disease-modifying drugs to biologic agents and small molecule inhibitors. Recently, ribosomally synthesized peptides, specifically cyclotides from plants are currently attracting more attention as potential autoimmune disease therapeutics due to their decreased toxicity compared to small molecules inhibitors as well as their remarkable stability against a number of factors. This review provides a concise overview of various cyclotides exhibiting immunomodulatory properties and their potential as therapeutic interventions for autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thai Huynh
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thao N T Ho
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yen N D Pham
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Hang Dang
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Son H Pham
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tien T Dang
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue C, Chen K, Gao Z, Bao T, Dong L, Zhao L, Tong X, Li X. Common mechanisms underlying diabetic vascular complications: focus on the interaction of metabolic disorders, immuno-inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:298. [PMID: 37904236 PMCID: PMC10614351 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic vascular complications (DVCs), including macro- and micro- angiopathy, account for a high percentage of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Endothelial dysfunction is the initial and role step for the pathogenesis of DVCs. Hyperglycemia and lipid metabolism disorders contribute to endothelial dysfunction via direct injury of metabolism products, crosstalk between immunity and inflammation, as well as related interaction network. Although physiological and phenotypic differences support their specified changes in different targeted organs, there are still several common mechanisms underlying DVCs. Also, inhibitors of these common mechanisms may decrease the incidence of DVCs effectively. Thus, this review may provide new insights into the possible measures for the secondary prevention of DM. And we discussed the current limitations of those present preventive measures in DVCs research. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiang Xue
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Keyu Chen
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zezheng Gao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - LiShuo Dong
- Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Xiuyang Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.5 BeiXianGe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tu J, Li W, Hansbro PM, Yan Q, Bai X, Donovan C, Kim RY, Galvao I, Das A, Yang C, Zou J, Diwan A. Smoking and tetramer tryptase accelerate intervertebral disc degeneration by inducing METTL14-mediated DIXDC1 m 6 modification. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2524-2542. [PMID: 37340635 PMCID: PMC10422004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cigarette smoking (CS) and low back pain (LBP) are common worldwide, their correlations and the mechanisms of action remain unclear. We have shown that excessive activation of mast cells (MCs) and their proteases play key roles in CS-associated diseases, like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), blood coagulation, and lung cancer. Previous studies have also shown that MCs and their proteases induce degenerative musculoskeletal disease. By using a custom-designed smoke-exposure mouse system, we demonstrated that CS results in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and release of MC-restricted tetramer tryptases (TTs) in the IVDs. TTs were found to regulate the expression of methyltransferase 14 (METTL14) at the epigenetic level by inducing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) deposition in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the transcript that encodes dishevelled-axin (DIX) domain-containing 1 (DIXDC1). That reaction increases the mRNA stability and expression of Dixdc1. DIXDC1 functionally interacts with disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) to accelerate the degeneration and senescence of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells by activating a canonical Wnt pathway. Our study demonstrates the association between CS, MC-derived TTs, and LBP. These findings raise the possibility that METTL14-medicated DIXDC1 m6A modification could serve as a potential therapeutic target to block the development of degeneration of the NP in LBP patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tu
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wentian Li
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xupeng Bai
- Center for Innovation and Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Izabela Galvao
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Abhirup Das
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ashish Diwan
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Spine Service, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Redhu D, Franke K, Aparicio-Soto M, Kumari V, Pazur K, Illerhaus A, Hartmann K, Worm M, Babina M. Mast cells instruct keratinocytes to produce TSLP - relevance of the tryptase/PAR-2 axis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:2053-2061.e6. [PMID: 35240143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) promotes Th2 inflammation and is deeply intertwined with inflammatory dermatoses like atopic dermatitis. The mechanisms regulating TSLP are poorly defined. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether and by what mechanisms mast cells (MCs) foster TSLP responses in the cutaneous environment. METHODS Ex vivo and in vivo skin MC degranulation was induced by compound 48/80 in wildtype, PAR-2- and MC-deficient mice in the presence/absence of neutralizing antibodies, antagonists or exogenous mMCP6. Primary human keratinocytes (hKCs) and murine skin explants (mSEs) were stimulated with lysates/supernatants of human skin MCs, purified tryptase or MC-lysate diminished of tryptase. Chymase and histamine were also used. TSLP was quantified by ELISA, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Mrgprb2-activation elicited TSLP in intact skin, mainly in the epidermis. Responses were strictly MC-dependent and relied on PAR-2. Complementarily, TSLP was elicited by tryptase in mSEs. Exogenous mMCP6 could fully restore responsiveness in MC-deficient mSEs. Conversely, PAR-2-knockout mice were unresponsive to mMCP6, while displaying increased responsiveness to other inflammatory pathways, e.g. IL-1α. Indeed, IL-1α acted in concert with tryptase. In hKCs, MC-elicited TSLP generation was likewise abolished by tryptase inhibition or elimination. Chymase and histamine did not impact TSLP production, but histamine triggered IL-6, IL-8, and SCF. CONCLUSION MCs communicate with KCs more broadly than hitherto suspected. The tryptase-PAR-2 axis is a crucial component of this crosstalk, underlying MC-dependent stimulation of TSLP in neighboring KCs. Interference specifically with MC tryptase may offer a treatment option for disorders initiated or perpetuated by aberrant TSLP, such as atopic dermatitis. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Awareness of the crosstalk between MCs and KCs may permit improved management of skin disorders, e.g. by selective targeting of tryptase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davender Redhu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Aparicio-Soto
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vandana Kumari
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristijan Pazur
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Illerhaus
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Allergy, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sobiepanek A, Kuryk Ł, Garofalo M, Kumar S, Baran J, Musolf P, Siebenhaar F, Fluhr JW, Kobiela T, Plasenzotti R, Kuchler K, Staniszewska M. The Multifaceted Roles of Mast Cells in Immune Homeostasis, Infections and Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2249. [PMID: 35216365 PMCID: PMC8875910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play important roles in normal immune responses and pathological states. The location of MCs on the boundaries between tissues and the external environment, including gut mucosal surfaces, lungs, skin, and around blood vessels, suggests a multitude of immunological functions. Thus, MCs are pivotal for host defense against different antigens, including allergens and microbial pathogens. MCs can produce and respond to physiological mediators and chemokines to modulate inflammation. As long-lived, tissue-resident cells, MCs indeed mediate acute inflammatory responses such as those evident in allergic reactions. Furthermore, MCs participate in innate and adaptive immune responses to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The control of MC activation or stabilization is a powerful tool in regulating tissue homeostasis and pathogen clearance. Moreover, MCs contribute to maintaining the homeostatic equilibrium between host and resident microbiota, and they engage in crosstalk between the resident and recruited hematopoietic cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the functions of MCs in health and disease. Further, we discuss how mouse models of MC deficiency have become useful tools for establishing MCs as a potential cellular target for treating inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sobiepanek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.B.); (P.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Łukasz Kuryk
- National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Institute of Research, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland;
- Clinical Science, Targovax Oy, Lars Sonckin kaari 14, 02600 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Mariangela Garofalo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Clinical Science, Targovax Oy, Lars Sonckin kaari 14, 02600 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Joanna Baran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.B.); (P.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Paulina Musolf
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.B.); (P.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (J.W.F.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Wilhelm Fluhr
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (J.W.F.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kobiela
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (J.B.); (P.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Roberto Plasenzotti
- Department of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thaiwong T, Cirillo JV, Heller J, Kiupel M. Expression of Carboxypeptidase A3 and Tryptase as Markers for Lymph Node Metastasis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:815658. [PMID: 35237679 PMCID: PMC8882851 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.815658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of metastatic mast cell tumors (MCTs) in lymph nodes is a critical factor for treatment, prognosis, and clinical management. Presence/absence of mast cells in the lymph nodes cannot be used as a sole parameter to determine metastasis due to the inability to differentiate neoplastic from non-neoplastic/inflammatory mast cells. While cytologic and histopathologic classifications for assessment of metastatic MCTs based on the numbers and distribution of mast cells have been developed, inconsistency between the clinical interpretation of these grading schemes and actual metastatic status occurs. The aim of this study is to identify a novel diagnostic tool to accurately predict overt metastatic mast cell tumors in lymph nodes. We investigated the possibility of using RT-qPCR to detect mRNA expression of mast cell-specific genes in lymph nodes with different stages of MCT metastatic classification. We are able to establish a highly sensitive and discriminating RT-qPCR measuring Carboxy peptidase A3 (CPA3) and tryptase mRNA expression and identify the cut-off values with high sensitivity and specificity for overt metastatic MCTs in lymph nodes. An area of future interest would be to expand our analysis of the extent to which cut-off values for these markers in correctly identifying disease status, as well as predicting clinical outcomes and survival times. This would offer valuable information regarding the practical applicability of this technique and may enable us to improve our standards of detection metastasis, including possibility of molecular analysis of cytologic specimens obtained from suspicious nodes subjected to surgical excision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuddow Thaiwong
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Tuddow Thaiwong
| | - Juliana V. Cirillo
- Departamento de Patologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Services, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Srivastava M, Kaplan MH. Transcription Factors in the Development and Pro-Allergic Function of Mast Cells. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:679121. [PMID: 35387064 PMCID: PMC8974754 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.679121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are innate immune cells of hematopoietic origin localized in the mucosal tissues of the body and are broadly implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. Transcription factors have a pivotal role in the development and differentiation of mast cells in response to various microenvironmental signals encountered in the resident tissues. Understanding the regulation of mast cells by transcription factors is therefore vital for mechanistic insights into allergic diseases. In this review we summarize advances in defining the transcription factors that impact the development of mast cells throughout the body and in specific tissues, and factors that are involved in responding to the extracellular milieu. We will further describe the complex networks of transcription factors that impact mast cell physiology and expansion during allergic inflammation and functions from degranulation to cytokine secretion. As our understanding of the heterogeneity of mast cells becomes more detailed, the contribution of specific transcription factors in mast cell-dependent functions will potentially offer new pathways for therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Srivastava
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark H. Kaplan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramu S, Akbarshahi H, Mogren S, Berlin F, Cerps S, Menzel M, Hvidtfeldt M, Porsbjerg C, Uller L, Andersson CK. Direct effects of mast cell proteases, tryptase and chymase, on bronchial epithelial integrity proteins and anti-viral responses. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:35. [PMID: 34078278 PMCID: PMC8170739 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) are known to contribute to both acute and chronic inflammation. Bronchial epithelial cells are the first line of defence against pathogens and a deficient anti-viral response has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbations. However, effects of MC mediators on bronchial epithelial immune response have been less studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effects of stimulation with MC proteases, tryptase and chymase, on inflammatory and anti-viral responses in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). METHOD Cultured BEAS-2b cells and primary HBECs from 3 asthmatic patients were stimulated with tryptase or chymase (0.1 to 0.5 μg/ml) for 1, 3, 6 and 24 h. To study the effects of MC mediators on the anti-viral response, cells were stimulated with 10 μg/ml of viral mimic Poly (I:C) for 3 and 24 h following pre-treatment with 0.5 μg/ml tryptase or chymase for 3 h. Samples were analysed for changes in pro-inflammatory and anti-viral mediators and receptors using RT-qPCR, western blot and Luminex. RESULTS Tryptase and chymase induced release of the alarmin ATP and pro-inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-6, IL-22 and MCP-1 from HBECs. Moreover, tryptase and chymase decreased the expression of E-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 expression from HBECs. Pre-treatment of HBECs with tryptase and chymase further increased Poly (I:C) induced IL-8 release at 3 h. Furthermore, tryptase significantly reduced type-I and III interferons (IFNs) and pattern recognition receptor (PRR) expression in HBECs. Tryptase impaired Poly (I:C) induced IFN and PRR expression which was restored by treatment of a serine protease inhibitor. Similar effects of tryptase on inflammation and anti-viral responses were also confirmed in primary HBECs from asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION MC localization within the epithelium and the release of their proteases may play a critical role in asthma pathology by provoking pro-inflammatory and alarmin responses and downregulating IFNs. Furthermore, MC proteases induce downregulation of epithelial junction proteins which may lead to barrier dysfunction. In summary, our data suggests that mast cells may contribute towards impaired anti-viral epithelial responses during asthma exacerbations mediated by the protease activity of tryptase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Ramu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamid Akbarshahi
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Mogren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Berlin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Cerps
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mandy Menzel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Morten Hvidtfeldt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Uller
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Immunohistopathological response against anisakid nematode larvae and a coccidian in Micromesistius poutassou from NE Atlantic waters. J Helminthol 2021; 95:e14. [PMID: 33750484 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A survey on Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto (s.s.)) from blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean revealed the occurrence of high infection levels of third larval stages in visceral organs and flesh. Larvae were genetically identified with a multilocus approach as A. simplex (s.s.). Histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations were conducted on 30 M. poutassou specimens. Gonads, pyloric caeca and flesh harboured encapsulated larvae of A. simplex (s.s.) but no intense host reaction was encountered around the parasite in the above organs. In the liver, the most infected organ, the larvae co-occurred with the coccidian Goussia sp. Within the granuloma around the A. simplex (s.s.) larvae, two concentric layers were recognized, an inner mostly comprising electron-dense epithelioid cells and an outer layer made of less electron-dense epithelioid cells. Macrophages and macrophage aggregates (MAs) were abundant out of the granulomas, scattered in parenchyma, and inside the MAs, the presence of engulfed Goussia sp. was frequent. In liver tissue co-infected with Goussia sp. and A. simplex (s.s.), hepatocytes showed cytoplasmic rarefaction and acute cell swelling. Results suggest that the host-induced encapsulation of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae is a strategic compromise to minimize collateral tissue damage around the larval infection sites, to facilitate the survival of both parasite and host.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mast Cells Positive for c-Kit Receptor and Tryptase Correlate with Angiogenesis in Cancerous and Adjacent Normal Pancreatic Tissue. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020444. [PMID: 33669751 PMCID: PMC7923170 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mast cells (MCs) contain proangiogenic factors, in particular tryptase, associated with increased angiogenesis in several tumours. With special reference to pancreatic cancer, few data have been published on the role of MCs in angiogenesis in both pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue (PDAT) and adjacent normal tissue (ANT). In this study, density of mast cells positive for c-Kit receptor (MCDP-c-KitR), density of mast cells positive for tryptase (MCDPT), area of mast cells positive for tryptase (MCAPT), and angiogenesis in terms of microvascular density (MVD) and endothelial area (EA) were evaluated in a total of 45 PDAT patients with stage T2–3N0–1M0. Results: For each analysed tissue parameter, the mean ± standard deviation was evaluated in both PDAT and ANT and differences were evaluated by Student’s t-test (p ranged from 0.001 to 0.005). Each analysed tissue parameter was then correlated to each other one by Pearson t-test analysis (p ranged from 0.01 to 0.03). No other correlation among MCDP-c-KitR, MCDPT, MCAPT, MVD, EA and the main clinical–pathological characteristics was found. Conclusions: Our results suggest that tissue parameters increased from ANT to PDAT and that mast cells are strongly associated with angiogenesis in PDAT. On this basis, the inhibition of MCs through tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as masitinib, or inhibition of tryptase by gabexate mesylate may become potential novel antiangiogenetic approaches in pancreatic cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lobbes H, Reynaud Q, Mainbourg S, Lega JC, Durieu I, Durupt S. [Tryptase: A practical guide for the physician]. Rev Med Interne 2020; 41:748-755. [PMID: 32712042 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tryptase is the most abundant endopeptidase released by mast cells degranulation, involved in many pro and anti-inflammatory processes. Normal serum tryptase range is 0-11.4 μg/L. Tryptase is a useful diagnostic tool for anaphylaxis, systemic mastocytosis (SM) and mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), where specific threshold values must be used. SM diagnosis criteria include evidence of dense mast cell infiltrate either in the bone marrow or the affected organ (such as skin), presence of KIT D816V mutation and elevated serum tryptase level (>20 μg/L). In SM, tryptase level is correlated with the burden of mast cells in bone marrow. MCAS should be considered in case of severe and recurrent typical clinical signs of systemic mast cell activation involving at least two organs, associated with an increase in serum tryptase level of 20% + 2 μg/L from the individual's baseline. Anaphylaxis is the most severe among hypersensitivity reactions. A clonal mast cell disorder is a central question in anaphylaxis and appropriate explorations should be conducted in these patients. Triggers for anaphylactic reactions vary significantly in the general population and in patients with MS or MCAS. Finally, physicians must be aware of the many pathological and physiological situations that affect tryptase levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Lobbes
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Estaing, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, 1 Place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Service de Médecine Interne et Vasculaire, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France.
| | - Q Reynaud
- Service de Médecine Interne et Vasculaire, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - S Mainbourg
- Service de Médecine Interne et Vasculaire, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - J C Lega
- Service de Médecine Interne et Vasculaire, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - I Durieu
- Service de Médecine Interne et Vasculaire, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - S Durupt
- Service de Médecine Interne et Vasculaire, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Palomba M, Cipriani P, Giulietti L, Levsen A, Nascetti G, Mattiucci S. Differences in Gene Expression Profiles of Seven Target Proteins in Third-Stage Larvae of Anisakis simplex (Sensu Stricto) by Sites of Infection in Blue Whiting ( Micromesistius poutassou). Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050559. [PMID: 32429519 PMCID: PMC7288290 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The third-stage larvae of the parasitic nematode genus Anisakis tend to encapsulate in different tissues including the musculature of fish. Host tissue penetration and degradation involve both mechanic processes and the production of proteins encoded by an array of genes. Investigating larval gene profiles during the fish infection has relevance in understanding biological traits in the parasite’s adaptive ability to cope with the fish hosts’ defense responses. The present study aimed to investigate the gene expression levels of some proteins in L3 of A. simplex (s.s.) infecting different tissues of blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou, a common fish host of the parasite in the NE Atlantic. The following genes encoding for Anisakis spp. proteins were studied: Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor (TI), hemoglobin (hb), glycoprotein (GP), trehalase (treh), zinc metallopeptidase 13 (nas 13), ubiquitin-protein ligase (hyd) and sideroflexin 2 (sfxn 2). Significant differences in gene transcripts (by quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) were observed in larvae located in various tissues of the fish host, with respect to the control. ANOVA analysis showed that relative gene expression levels of the seven target genes in the larvae are linked to the infection site in the fish host. Genes encoding some of the target proteins seem to be involved in the host tissue migration and survival of the parasite in the hostile target tissues of the fish host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Cipriani
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (P.C.); (L.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Lucilla Giulietti
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (P.C.); (L.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Arne Levsen
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (P.C.); (L.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Nascetti
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649914894
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Altered Metabolism of Phospholipases, Diacylglycerols, Endocannabinoids, and N-Acylethanolamines in Patients with Mastocytosis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:5836476. [PMID: 31355297 PMCID: PMC6636572 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5836476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastocytosis is a condition characterized by the expansion and accumulation of mast cells (MCs) in various organs. The symptoms are related to the increased release of MC-derived mediators that exert local and distant effects. MCs are a source and target of phospholipase enzymes (PLs), which catalyze the cleavage of membrane phospholipids releasing lipid mediators (e.g., diacylglycerols (DAGs) and the endocannabinoid (EC) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)). To date, there are no data on the role of these lipid mediators in mastocytosis. Here, we analyzed plasma levels of PLA2, PLC, DAG, ECs, and EC-related N-acylethanolamines in patients with mastocytosis. Methods In 23 patients with mastocytosis and 23 healthy individuals, we measured plasma PLA2 and PLC activities, DAG, 2-AG, anandamide (AEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). Results Plasma PLA2 and PLC activities were increased in mastocytosis patients compared to controls. Concentrations of DAG (18:1 20:4 and 18:0 20:4), two second messengers produced by PLC, were higher in mastocytosis compared to controls, whereas the concentrations of their metabolite, 2-AG, were not altered. AEA was decreased in mastocytosis patients compared to controls; by contrast, AEA congener, PEA, was increased. PLA2 and PLC activities were increased only in patients with mediator-related symptoms. Moreover, PLC activity was positively correlated with disease severity and tryptase concentrations. By contrast, AEA was negatively correlated with tryptase concentrations. Conclusions PLs and some lipid mediators are altered in patients with mastocytosis. Our results may pave the way for investigating the functions of these mediators in the pathophysiology of mastocytosis and provide new potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
14
|
Derbala Y, Elazzamy H, Bilal M, Reed R, Salazar Garcia MD, Skariah A, Dambaeva S, Fernandez E, Germain A, Gilman‐Sachs A, Beaman K, Kwak‐Kim J. Mast cell–induced immunopathology in recurrent pregnancy losses. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13128. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Derbala
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Haidy Elazzamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Mahmood Bilal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Rachel Reed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Maria Dinorah Salazar Garcia
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Annie Skariah
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Svetlana Dambaeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | | | | | - Alice Gilman‐Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Kenneth Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Joanne Kwak‐Kim
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jain R, Tikoo S, Weninger W. Mast cell granules: Modulating adaptive immune response remotely. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1731-1733. [PMID: 30557603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
| | - Shweta Tikoo
- Immune Imaging Program Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Phenotypes, endotypes and biomarkers in anaphylaxis: current insights. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 18:370-376. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
17
|
Jimenez-Rodriguez TW, Garcia-Neuer M, Alenazy LA, Castells M. Anaphylaxis in the 21st century: phenotypes, endotypes, and biomarkers. J Asthma Allergy 2018; 11:121-142. [PMID: 29950872 PMCID: PMC6016596 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s159411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is the most serious of all allergic reactions and can be fatal. The diagnosis is frequently delayed, and misdiagnosis often occurs with asthma or urticaria. Biomarkers such as tryptase are not routinely checked, and appropriate treatment with epinephrine is not administered in a majority of cases, increasing the risk of poor outcomes. The objective of this review is to provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis with a description of phenotypes, endotypes, and biomarkers available in both the clinical and research settings. Expanding knowledge with regard to the presentation, causes, and triggers for anaphylaxis among health care providers will improve its diagnosis and management, increase patient safety, and decrease morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teodorikez Wilfox Jimenez-Rodriguez
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Allergy Section, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
- PhD Program in Public Health, Medical and Surgical Sciences, Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marlene Garcia-Neuer
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leila A Alenazy
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariana Castells
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mast Cells Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects in an IL10 -/- Model of Spontaneous Colitis. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7817360. [PMID: 29849494 PMCID: PMC5932457 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7817360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are well established as divergent modulators of inflammation and immunosuppression, but their role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains to be fully defined. While previous studies have demonstrated a proinflammatory role for mast cells in acute models of chemical colitis, more recent investigations have shown that mast cell deficiency can exacerbate inflammation in spontaneous colitis models, thus suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role of mast cells in IBD. Here, we tested the hypothesis that in chronic, spontaneous colitis, mast cells are protective. We compared colitis and intestinal barrier function in IL10−/− mice to mast cell deficient/IL10−/− (double knockout (DKO): KitWsh/Wsh × IL10−/−) mice. Compared with IL10−/− mice, DKO mice exhibited more severe colitis as assessed by increased colitis scores, mucosal hypertrophy, intestinal permeability, and colonic cytokine production. PCR array analyses demonstrated enhanced expression of numerous cytokine and chemokine genes and downregulation of anti-inflammatory genes (e.g., Tgfb2, Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp6, and Bmp7) in the colonic mucosa of DKO mice. Systemic reconstitution of DKO mice with bone marrow-derived mast cells resulted in significant amelioration of IL10−/−-mediated colitis and intestinal barrier injury. Together, the results presented here demonstrate that mast cells exert anti-inflammatory properties in an established model of chronic, spontaneous IBD. Given the previously established proinflammatory role of mast cells in acute chemical colitis models, the present findings provide new insight into the divergent roles of mast cells in modulating inflammation during different stages of colitis. Further investigation of the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory role of the mast cells may elucidate novel therapies.
Collapse
|
19
|
Maun HR, Liu PS, Franke Y, Eigenbrot C, Forrest WF, Schwartz LB, Lazarus RA. Dual functionality of β-tryptase protomers as both proteases and cofactors in the active tetramer. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9614-9628. [PMID: 29661938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.812016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human β-tryptase, a tetrameric trypsin-like serine protease, is an important mediator of the allergic inflammatory responses in asthma. During acute hypersensitivity reactions, mast cells degranulate, releasing active tetramer as a complex with proteoglycans. Extensive efforts have focused on developing therapeutic β-tryptase inhibitors, but its unique activation mechanism is less well-explored. Tryptase is active only after proteolytic removal of the pro-domain followed by tetramer formation via two distinct symmetry-related interfaces. We show that the cleaved I16G mutant cannot tetramerize, likely due to impaired insertion of its N terminus into its "activation pocket," indicating allosteric linkage at multiple sites on each protomer. We engineered cysteines into each of the two distinct interfaces (Y75C for small or I99C for large) to assess the activity of each tetramer and disulfide-locked dimer. Using size-exclusion chromatography and enzymatic assays, we demonstrate that the two large tetramer interfaces regulate enzymatic activity, elucidating the importance of this protein-protein interaction for allosteric regulation. Notably, the I99C large interface dimer is active, even in the absence of heparin. We show that a monomeric β-tryptase mutant (I99C*/Y75A/Y37bA, where C* is cysteinylated Cys-99) cannot form a dimer or tetramer, yet it is active but only in the presence of heparin. Thus heparin both stabilizes the tetramer and allosterically conditions the active site. We hypothesize that each β-tryptase protomer in the tetramer has two distinct roles, acting both as a protease and as a cofactor for its neighboring protomer, to allosterically regulate enzymatic activity, providing a rationale for direct correlation of tetramer stability with proteolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry R Maun
- From the Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry
| | | | | | | | - William F Forrest
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080 and
| | - Lawrence B Schwartz
- the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Manera M, Bosi G, Merella P, DePasquale JA, Giari L. Intestinal granular cells of a cartilaginous fish, thornback ray Raja clavata: Morphological characterization and expression of different molecules. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:172-180. [PMID: 29432864 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aims to fill gaps in our understanding of the intestinal immune cells of elasmobranchs. Whole digestive tracts of fifteen thornback ray Raja clavata were provided by a trawl fleet from the Gulf of Asinara (Sardinia, western Mediterranean Sea). Histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations were conducted on the spiral intestine. Three types of granular cells were identified; type I in epithelium, types II and III in lamina propria-submucosa, with each of them containing cytoplasmic granules with different ultrastructural characteristics. Data on size and density of each granular cell type are provided. Immunostaining of intestinal sections showed the reactivity of the granular cells: type I cells were positive for lysozyme, mast cell tryptase and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ based on antibody staining; type III cells were immune-reactive to anti-interleukin 6 antibody, whilst type II cells were negative to all the antibodies used. Comparison of each granular cell type with immune cells of teleosts or mammals and an hypothesis on their nature and function are reported. A potential role for granular cells in intestinal cellular immunity is also discussed with respect to type I and type III cells having similarities to Paneth cells and neutrophils, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Borsari St. 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - M Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Balzarini St. 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - G Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Trentacoste St. 2, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - P Merella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - J A DePasquale
- Morphogenyx Inc, PO Box 717, East Northport, NY, 11731, USA
| | - L Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Borsari St. 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yamanishi Y, Miyake K, Iki M, Tsutsui H, Karasuyama H. Recent advances in understanding basophil-mediated Th2 immune responses. Immunol Rev 2018; 278:237-245. [PMID: 28658549 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Basophils, the least common granulocytes, represent only ~0.5% of peripheral blood leukocytes. Because of the small number and some similarity with mast cells, the functional significance of basophils remained questionable for a long time. Recent studies using newly-developed analytical tools have revealed crucial and non-redundant roles for basophils in various immune responses, particularly Th2 immunity including allergy and protective immunity against parasitic infections. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms how basophils mediate Th2 immune responses and the nature of basophil-derived factors involved in them. Activated basophils release serine proteases, mouse mast cell protease 8 (mMCP-8), and mMCP-11, that are preferentially expressed by basophils rather than mast cells in spite of their names. These proteases elicit microvascular hyperpermeability and leukocyte infiltration in affected tissues, leading to inflammation. Basophil-derived IL-4 also contributes to eosinophil infiltration while it acts on tissue-infiltrating inflammatory monocytes to promote their differentiation into M2 macrophages that in turn dampen inflammation. Although basophils produce little or no MHC class II (MHC-II) proteins, they can acquire peptide-MHC-II complexes from dendritic cells via trogocytosis and present them together with IL-4 to naive CD4 T cells, leading to Th2 cell differentiation. Thus, basophils contribute to Th2 immunity at various levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yamanishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Iki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Tsutsui
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nakashima C, Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Recent advancement in the mechanism of basophil activation. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:3-8. [PMID: 29602578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Basophils have been recognized as crucial players in allergic inflammation. Basophils have the potential to initiate and expand inflammation through the production of specific cytokines and proteases, and are associated with T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. In addition, recent studies revealed the heterogeneity in basophil populations. Basophils have been clarified important roles in not only IgE-mediated allergic inflammation but also TSLP-mediated and IgE-independent inflammation. Moreover, basophils infiltrate in many human cutaneous diseases. Basophils are responsible for recruiting other inflammatory cells such as macrophages, eosinophils, and fibroblasts. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of basophil activation and migration in allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Translational Research Department for Skin and Brain Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rodarte EM, Ramos MA, Davalos AJ, Moreira DC, Moreno DS, Cardenas EI, Rodarte AI, Petrova Y, Molina S, Rendon LE, Sanchez E, Breaux K, Tortoriello A, Manllo J, Gonzalez EA, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF, Burns AR, Heidelberger R, Adachi R. Munc13 proteins control regulated exocytosis in mast cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:345-358. [PMID: 29141910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.816884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are involved in host defenses against pathogens and inflammation. Stimulated MCs release substances stored in their granules via regulated exocytosis. In other cell types, Munc13 (mammalian homolog of Caenorhabditis elegans uncoordinated gene 13) proteins play essential roles in regulated exocytosis. Here, we found that MCs express Munc13-2 and -4, and we studied their roles using global and conditional knock-out (KO) mice. In a model of systemic anaphylaxis, we found no difference between WT and Munc13-2 KO mice, but global and MC-specific Munc13-4 KO mice developed less hypothermia. This protection correlated with lower plasma histamine levels and with histological evidence of defective MC degranulation but not with changes in MC development, distribution, numbers, or morphology. In vitro assays revealed that the defective response in Munc13-4-deficient MCs was limited to regulated exocytosis, leaving other MC secretory effector responses intact. Single cell capacitance measurements in MCs from mouse mutants differing in Munc13-4 expression levels in their MCs revealed that as levels of Munc13-4 decrease, the rate of exocytosis declines first, and then the total amount of exocytosis decreases. A requirement for Munc13-2 in MC exocytosis was revealed only in the absence of Munc13-4. Electrophysiology and EM studies uncovered that the number of multigranular compound events (i.e. granule-to-granule homotypic fusion) was severely reduced in the absence of Munc13-4. We conclude that although Munc13-2 plays a minor role, Munc13-4 is essential for regulated exocytosis in MCs, and that this MC effector response is required for a full anaphylactic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa M Rodarte
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Marco A Ramos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alfredo J Davalos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Daniel C Moreira
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - David S Moreno
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Eduardo I Cardenas
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Alejandro I Rodarte
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Youlia Petrova
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sofia Molina
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Luis E Rendon
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Elizabeth Sanchez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Keegan Breaux
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alejandro Tortoriello
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - John Manllo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Erika A Gonzalez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Michael J Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Burton F Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alan R Burns
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Ruth Heidelberger
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Roberto Adachi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Castells M. Diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis in precision medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:321-333. [PMID: 28780940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is the most severe and frightening of the allergic reactions, placing patients at high risk and demanding prompt recognition and immediate management by health care providers. Yet because its symptoms imitate those of other diseases, such as asthma and urticaria, current data suggest that its diagnosis is often missed, with underuse of tryptase measurement; its treatment is delayed, with little use of epinephrine; and its underlying cause or causes are poorly investigated. Deaths from anaphylaxis are difficult to investigate because of miscoding. Surprisingly, patients treated with new and powerful chemotherapy agents and humanized mAbs present with nonclassical symptoms of anaphylaxis, and patients may present with unrecognized clonal mast cell disorders with KIT mutations may present as Hymenoptera-induced or idiopathic anaphylaxis. The goal of this review is to recognize the presentations of anaphylaxis with the description of its current phenotypes, to provide new insight and understanding of its mechanisms and causes through its endotypes, and to address its biomarkers for broad clinical use. Ultimately, the aim is to empower allergists and heath care providers with new tools that can help alleviate patients' symptoms, preventing and protecting them against anaphylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Castells
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Paulucci BP, Pereira J, Picciarelli P, Levy D, di Francesco RC. Expression of CysLTR1 and 2 in Maturating Lymphocytes of Hyperplasic Tonsils Compared to Peripheral Cells in Children. Inflammation 2017; 39:1216-24. [PMID: 27115897 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl-leukotriene receptors 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and 2) are related to allergic inflammatory responses. Recent studies demonstrated their role in lymphocyte division and maturation in the bone marrow. Few data are available about CysLTRs function in lymphocyte maturation in tonsils. The objectives of this study are to compare CysLTRs expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes with expression in maturating lymphocytes of hyperplasic tonsil and to check the influence of respiratory allergies in this process. Leukocytes of peripheral blood (PL) and hyperplasic tonsils of children were immunostained for CysLTR1, CysLTR2, CD3 (T cells), and CD19 (B cells) and read in flow cytometer. Lymphocyte of tonsils were divided in differentiating small cells (SC) and mitotic large cells (LC); percentage of B and T cells expressing CysLTRs was determined, and comparison was done using ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Data were analyzed as a whole and categorizing patients according the presence of allergies. Sixty children were enrolled in this study. There was a large expression of CysLTR1 and 2 in CD3+ LC, and such expression decreased progressively in SC and PL. In B cells, the highest expression of CysLTR1 and 2 was found in PL while SC showed the lowest and LC showed the intermediate expression. This pattern kept unchanged in groups of allergic and non-allergic individuals. CysLTRs seem to be involved in lymphocyte maturation that occurs in tonsils, without influence of allergies. New studies aiming the clinic treatment of tonsil hyperplasia must be targeted to the development of drugs capable of blocking both CysLTR1 and 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peres Paulucci
- Department of Otolaryngology of Clinics Hospital, University of Sao Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255 - 6° andar - sala 6167, 05403-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Department of Hematology of Clinics Hospital, University of Sao Paulo-Brazil, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Picciarelli
- Department of Pathology of Clinics Hospital, University of Sao Paulo-Brazil, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Debora Levy
- Laboratory of Research in Hematology of Clinics Hospital, University of Sao Paulo-Brazil, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Cantisani di Francesco
- Department of Otolaryngology of Clinics Hospital, University of Sao Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255 - 6° andar - sala 6167, 05403-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Basophil tryptase mMCP-11 plays a crucial role in IgE-mediated, delayed-onset allergic inflammation in mice. Blood 2016; 128:2909-2918. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-729392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Mice deficient for basophil tryptase mMCP-11 showed ameliorated IgE-mediated allergic inflammation with reduced leukocyte infiltration. This is the first demonstration that the basophil-derived protease plays a crucial role in allergic inflammation.
Collapse
|
27
|
Tsutsui H, Yamanishi Y, Ohtsuka H, Sato S, Yoshikawa S, Karasuyama H. The Basophil-specific Protease mMCP-8 Provokes an Inflammatory Response in the Skin with Microvascular Hyperpermeability and Leukocyte Infiltration. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1061-1067. [PMID: 27932459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils have often been erroneously considered to be minor relatives or blood-circulating precursors of tissue-resident mast cells because of some phenotypic similarity between them, including basophilic secretory granules in the cytoplasm. However, recent studies revealed that the repertoire of serine proteases stored in secretory granules is distinct in them. Particularly, mouse mast cell protease 8 (mMCP-8) is specifically expressed by basophils but not mast cells despite its name. Therefore, mMCP-8 is commonly used as a basophil-specific marker, but its functional property remains uncertain. Here we prepared recombinant mMCP-8 and examined its activity in vitro and in vivo Purified recombinant mMCP-8 showed heat-sensitive proteolytic activity when α-tubulin was used as a substrate. One intradermal shot of mMCP-8, not heat-inactivated, induced cutaneous swelling with increased microvascular permeability in a cyclooxygenase-dependent manner. Moreover, repeated intradermal injection of mMCP-8 promoted skin infiltration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, monocytes and eosinophils, in conjunction with up-regulation of chemokine expression in the skin lesion. These results suggest that mMCP-8 is an important effector molecule in basophil-elicited inflammation, providing novel insights into how basophils exert a crucial and non-redundant role, distinct from that played by mast cells, in immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidemitsu Tsutsui
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanishi
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ohtsuka
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shingo Sato
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- From the Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Paulucci BP, Pereira J, Picciarelli P, Levy D, Di Francesco RC. Expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) in the lymphocytes of hyperplastic tonsils: comparison between allergic and nonallergic snoring children. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:1151-1158. [PMID: 27221082 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) are involved in allergic processes and play a role in adenotonsillar hyperplasia (AH). Clinically, only CysLTR1 may be blocked by montelukast. Our objective was to compare the expression of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in the B and T cells of hyperplasic tonsils of sensitized (SE) and control (NS) snoring children. METHODS Sixty children, 5 to 10 years of age, referred for adenotonsillectomy, were divided into SE and NS groups, according to their responses to the skin-prick test. Cells from the removed tissues were stained for CysLTR1, CysLTR2, CD19, and CD3 and counted via flow cytometry. messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the CysLTRs genes was measured real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS The SE group showed reduced expression of the small CD3+/CysLTR1+ lymphocytes (4.6 ± 2.2 vs 6.5 ± 5.0; p = 0.04). Regarding the large lymphocytes, the SE group showed lower expression of CD3+/CysLTR1+ (40.9 ± 14.5 vs 47.6 ± 11.7; p = 0.05), CD19+/CysLTR1+ (44.6 ± 16.9 vs 54.1 ± 12.4; p = 0.01), and CD19+/CysLTR2+ (55.3 ± 11.3 vs 61.5 ± 12.6; p = 0.05) lymphocytes. Considering the total number of lymphocytes, the SE group had fewer CD3+/CysLTR1+ lymphocytes (11.1 ± 5.5 vs 13.7 ± 6.2; p = 0.04). All other cell populations exhibited reduced expression in the SE group without statistical significance. The expression of CysLTR2 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than CysLTR1 in most studied cell populations. The mRNA expression did not show significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION The expression of CysLTR is higher in the lymphocytes of the NS children, and CysLTR2 shows greater expression than CysLTR1 Respiratory allergies do not appear to be a stimulus for AH occurrence. Newer drugs capable of blocking both CysLTRs warrant further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peres Paulucci
- Department of Otolaryngology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ,
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Department of Hematology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Picciarelli
- Department of Pathology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Levy
- Laboratory of Research in Hematology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to describe the current knowledge regarding mediators involved in anaphylactic reactions, with a special focus on key effector cells and mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS New insight into the potential relevance of pathways other than mast cell degranulation has been unravelled, such as the role of cytokines, platelet activation factor, lipid mediators and their metabolism or the activation of the contact system. SUMMARY Gaining knowledge into these pathophysiologic mechanisms will allow researchers to pursue the identification of risk factors and new preventive and therapeutic strategies in anaphylaxis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou S, Tanaka K, O’Keeffe M, Qi M, El-Assaad F, Weaver JC, Chen G, Weatherall C, Wang Y, Giannakopoulos B, Chen L, Yu D, Hamilton MJ, Wensing LA, Stevens RL, Krilis SA. CD117+ Dendritic and Mast Cells Are Dependent on RasGRP4 to Function as Accessory Cells for Optimal Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Responses to Lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151638. [PMID: 26982501 PMCID: PMC4794117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein-4 (RasGRP4) is an evolutionarily conserved calcium-regulated, guanine nucleotide exchange factor and diacylglycerol/phorbol ester receptor. While an important intracellular signaling protein for CD117+ mast cells (MCs), its roles in other immune cells is less clear. In this study, we identified a subset of in vivo-differentiated splenic CD117+ dendritic cells (DCs) in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice that unexpectedly contained RasGRP4 mRNA and protein. In regard to the biologic significance of these data to innate immunity, LPS-treated splenic CD117+ DCs from WT mice induced natural killer (NK) cells to produce much more interferon-γ (IFN-γ) than comparable DCs from RasGRP4-null mice. The ability of LPS-responsive MCs to cause NK cells to increase their expression of IFN-γ was also dependent on this intracellular signaling protein. The discovery that RasGRP4 is required for CD117+ MCs and DCs to optimally induce acute NK cell-dependent immune responses to LPS helps explain why this signaling protein has been conserved in evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saijun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, TJ, China
| | - Kumiko Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meredith O’Keeffe
- Dendritic Cell Research Laboratory, Immunity Vaccines and Immunisation, Burnet Institute, Prahran, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miao Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fatima El-Assaad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James C. Weaver
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, St. George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Weatherall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bill Giannakopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liming Chen
- Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, TJ, China
| | - DeMint Yu
- Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, TJ, China
| | - Matthew J. Hamilton
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lislaine A. Wensing
- Departament of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard L. Stevens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven A. Krilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang S, Li L, Shi R, Liu X, Zhang J, Zou Z, Hao Z, Tao A. Mast Cell Targeted Chimeric Toxin Can Be Developed as an Adjunctive Therapy in Colon Cancer Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E71. [PMID: 26978404 PMCID: PMC4810216 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of colitis with colorectal cancer has become increasingly clear with mast cells being identified as important inflammatory cells in the process. In view of the relationship between mast cells and cancer, we studied the effect and mechanisms of mast cells in the development of colon cancer. Functional and mechanistic insights were gained from ex vivo and in vivo studies of cell interactions between mast cells and CT26 cells. Further evidence was reversely obtained in studies of mast cell targeted Fcε-PE40 chimeric toxin. Experiments revealed mast cells could induce colon tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Cancer progression was found to be related to the density of mast cells in colonic submucosa. The activation of MAPK, Rho-GTPase, and STAT pathways in colon cancer cells was triggered by mast cells during cell-to-cell interaction. Lastly, using an Fcε-PE40 chimeric toxin we constructed, we confirmed the promoting effect of mast cells in development of colon cancer. Mast cells are a promoting factor of colon cancer and thus also a potential therapeutic target. The Fcε-PE40 chimeric toxin targeting mast cells could effectively prevent colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. Consequently, these data may demonstrate a novel immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Linmei Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Renren Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Xueting Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Junyan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Zehong Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Zhuofang Hao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Ailin Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou 510260, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chai OH, Song CH. Role of mast cell in the late phase of contact hypersensitivity induced by trimellitic anhydride. Anat Cell Biol 2015; 48:225-34. [PMID: 26770872 PMCID: PMC4701695 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2015.48.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are known as effector cells of IgE-mediated allergic responses, but role of mast cells in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) has been considered controversial. In this study, we investigated role of mast cell in trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced CHS. The mice were sensitized to TMA on the back and repeatedly challenged with TMA on the left ear at 1-week intervals. The ear after challenge showed biphasic responses. The repetition of TMA challenge shifted in time course of ear response and enlarged the extent of early and late phase reactions in proportion to the frequency of TMA challenges in C57BL/6 mice. In late phase reaction, peak of ear response by single challenge showed at 24 hours after challenge, but the peak by repeat challenges at 8 hours after the last challenge. Number of mast cells and eosinophils per unit area increased in proportion to frequency of TMA challenges. However, mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-KitW/KitW-v mice developed the late phase reaction without the early phase reaction. The repetition of TMA challenge shifted in time course of ear response and enlarged the extent of ear response and the infiltration of eosinophils. The magnitude of these responses observed according to the frequency of the TMA challenge in mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-KitW/KitW-v mice was significantly lower than that in C57BL/6 mice. Also TMA elicited mast cell degranulation and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusively, TMA induces the early and late phase reactions in CHS, and mast cells may be required for TMA-induced CHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ok Hee Chai
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sala-Cunill A, Guilarte M. The Role of Mast Cells Mediators in Angioedema Without Wheals. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-015-0067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
Mast cell proteases as pharmacological targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:44-55. [PMID: 25958181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are rich in proteases, which are the major proteins of intracellular granules and are released with histamine and heparin by activated cells. Most of these proteases are active in the granule as well as outside of the mast cell when secreted, and can cleave targets near degranulating mast cells and in adjoining tissue compartments. Some proteases released from mast cells reach the bloodstream and may have far-reaching actions. In terms of relative amounts, the major mast cell proteases include the tryptases, chymases, cathepsin G, carboxypeptidase A3, dipeptidylpeptidase I/cathepsin C, and cathepsins L and S. Some mast cells also produce granzyme B, plasminogen activators, and matrix metalloproteinases. Tryptases and chymases are almost entirely mast cell-specific, whereas other proteases, such as cathepsins G, C, and L are expressed by a variety of inflammatory cells. Carboxypeptidase A3 expression is a property shared by basophils and mast cells. Other proteases, such as mastins, are largely basophil-specific, although human basophils are protease-deficient compared with their murine counterparts. The major classes of mast cell proteases have been targeted for development of therapeutic inhibitors. Also, a human β-tryptase has been proposed as a potential drug itself, to inactivate of snake venins. Diseases linked to mast cell proteases include allergic diseases, such as asthma, eczema, and anaphylaxis, but also include non-allergic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune arthritis, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and scarring diseases of lungs and other organs. In some cases, studies performed in mouse models suggest protective or homeostatic roles for specific proteases (or groups of proteases) in infections by bacteria, worms and other parasites, and even in allergic inflammation. At the same time, a clearer picture has emerged of differences in the properties and patterns of expression of proteases expressed in human mast cell subsets, and in humans versus other mammals. These considerations are influencing prioritization of specific protease targets for therapeutic inhibition, as well as options of pre-clinical models, disease indications, and choice of topical versus systemic routes of inhibitor administration.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-based immune cells that participate to both innate and adaptive immunities as well as to tissue-remodelling processes. Their evolutionary history appears as a fascinating process, whose outline we can only partly reconstruct according to current remnant evidence. MCs have been identified in all vertebrate classes, and a cell population with the overall characteristics of higher vertebrate MCs is identifiable even in the most evolutionarily advanced fish species. In invertebrates, cells related to vertebrate MCs have been recognized in ascidians, a class of urochordates which appeared approximately 500 million years ago. These comprise the granular hemocyte with intermediate characteristics of basophils and MCs and the "test cell" (see below). Both types of cells contain histamine and heparin, and provide defensive functions. The test cell releases tryptase after stimulation with compound 48/80. A leukocyte ancestor operating in the context of a primitive local innate immunity probably represents the MC phylogenetic progenitor. This cell was likely involved in phagocytic and killing activity against pathogens and operated as a general inducer of inflammation. This early type of defensive cell possibly expressed concomitant tissue-reparative functions. With the advent of recombinase activating gene (RAG)-mediated adaptive immunity in the Cambrian era, some 550 million years ago, and the emergence of early vertebrates, MC progenitors differentiated towards a more complex cellular entity. Early MCs probably appeared in the last common ancestor we shared with hagfish, lamprey, and sharks about 450-500 million years ago.
Collapse
|
36
|
Vitte J. Human mast cell tryptase in biology and medicine. Mol Immunol 2015; 63:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that carry out protective roles against pathogens. In disease states, such as inflammatory bowel disease, these granulocytes release a diverse array of mediators that contribute to inflammatory processes. They also participate in wound repair and tissue remodeling. In this review, the composition of MCs and how their phenotypes can be altered during inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is detailed. Animal and human clinical studies that have implicated the participation of MCs in inflammatory bowel disease are reviewed, including the contribution of the cell's mediators to clinical symptoms, stress-triggered inflammation, and fistula and strictures. Studies that have focused on negating the proinflammatory roles of MCs and their mediators in animal models suggest new targets for therapies for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wong GW, Zhuo L, Kimata K, Lam BK, Satoh N, Stevens RL. Ancient origin of mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:314-8. [PMID: 25094046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The sentinel roles of mammalian mast cells (MCs) in varied infections raised the question of their evolutionary origin. We discovered that the test cells in the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis morphologically and histochemically resembled cutaneous human MCs. Like the latter, C. intestinalis test cells stored histamine and varied heparin·serine protease complexes in their granules. Moreover, they exocytosed these preformed mediators when exposed to compound 48/80. In support of the histamine data, a C. intestinalis-derived cDNA was isolated that resembled that which encodes histidine decarboxylase in human MCs. Like heparin-expressing mammalian MCs, activated test cells produced prostaglandin D2 and contained cDNAs that encode a protein that resembles the synthase needed for its biosynthesis in human MCs. The accumulated morphological, histochemical, biochemical, and molecular biology data suggest that the test cells in C. intestinalis are the counterparts of mammalian MCs that reside in varied connective tissues. The accumulated data point to an ancient origin of MCs that predates the emergence of the chordates >500million years ago, well before the development of adaptive immunity. The remarkable conservation of MCs throughout evolution is consistent with their importance in innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- Research Complex for the Medicine Frontiers, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480 1195, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Research Complex for the Medicine Frontiers, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480 1195, Japan
| | - Bing K Lam
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nori Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Richard L Stevens
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Donato G, Conforti F, Camastra C, Ammendola M, Donato A, Renzulli A. The role of mast cell tryptases in cardiac myxoma: Histogenesis and development of a challenging tumor. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:379-383. [PMID: 24959280 PMCID: PMC4063662 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of available studies have focused on the role of mastocytes and their angiogenic factors, such as tryptase expression, in cancer growth as a major research objective. Cardiac myxoma is a rare neoplasia and is the most common primary tumor of the heart. The cellular elements of cardiac myxoma have an endothelial phenotype; however, its histogenesis remains unclear. Currently, no available studies have correlated the pathological characteristics of cardiac myxomas, such as cell differentiation and vascularization, with the angiogenic factors of mast cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of mast cell tryptases on the development of cardiac myxomas and examine the histogenesis of tumoral cells. A series of 10 cardiac myxomas were examined by immunohistochemical analysis for the presence of tryptase-positive mast cells. Statistical analysis of our data demonstrated that angiogenesis and the development of pseudovascular structures were correlated with the number of tryptase-positive mast cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that cardiac myxoma cells are endothelial precursors which are able to generate mature vascular structures. Further morphological and immunophenotypic analyses of tumoral cells may corroborate such a hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro I-88100, Italy
| | - Francesco Conforti
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro I-88100, Italy
| | - Caterina Camastra
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro I-88100, Italy
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro I-88100, Italy
| | - Annalidia Donato
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro I-88100, Italy
| | - Attilio Renzulli
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro I-88100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Prieto-García A, Castells MC, Hansbro PM, Stevens RL. Mast cell-restricted tetramer-forming tryptases and their beneficial roles in hemostasis and blood coagulation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 34:263-81. [PMID: 24745673 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetramer-forming tryptase (hTryptase-β) was recently discovered to have a prominent role in preventing the internal accumulation of life-threatening fibrin deposits and fibrin-platelet clots. The anticoagulant activity of hTryptase-β is an explanation for the presence of hemorrhagic disorders in some patients with anaphylaxis or mastocytosis. The fragments of hFibrinogen formed by the proteolysis of this prominent protein by hTryptase-β could be used as biomarkers in the blood and/or urine for the identification and monitoring of patients with mast cell-dependent disorders. Recombinant hTryptase-β has potential to be used in clinical settings where it is desirable to inhibit blood coagulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Prieto-García
- Allergy Service, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Dr Esquerdo 46, Madrid 28007, Spain.
| | - Mariana C Castells
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Smith Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Richard L Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Smith Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gan X, Liu D, Ge M, Luo C, Gao W, Hei Z. Treatment of mice with cromolyn sodium after reperfusion, but not prior to ischemia, attenuates small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:928-34. [PMID: 23864254 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilizing mast cells (MCs) can either inhibit or augment inflammation; however, how improved therapeutic benefits against small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IIRI) can be achieved by stabilizing MCs remains to be elucidated. The present study was designed to evaluate different treatments with cromolyn sodium (CS, an MC stabilizer), which was administrated either prior to ischemia or after reperfusion. Kunming mice were randomized into a sham-operated group (SH), a sole IIR group (M), in which mice were subjected to 30 min superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 3 day or 3 h reperfusion, or IIR, treated with CS 15 min prior to ischemia or 15 min after reperfusion in the PreCr and PostCr groups. The survival rate and Chiu's scores were evaluated. The levels of ET-1, histamine, TNF-α and IL-6, and expression of MC protease 7 (MCP7), MC counts and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were quantified. IIR resulted in severe injury as demonstrated by significant increases in mortality and injury score. IIR also led to substantial elevations in the levels of ET-1, histamine, TNF-α and IL-6, expression of MCP7, MC counts and MPO activities (P<0.05, M vs. SH groups). All biochemical changes were markedly reduced in the PostCr group (P<0.05, PostCr vs. M groups), whereas pretreatment of IIR mice with CS prior to ischemia exhibited no changes of ET-1 levels, injury score and inflammation (P>0.05, PreCr vs. M groups). In conclusion, administration of CS after reperfusion, but not prior to ischemia, attenuates IIRI by downregulating ET-1 and suppressing sustained MC activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Magarinos NJ, Bryant KJ, Fosang AJ, Adachi R, Stevens RL, McNeil HP. Mast cell-restricted, tetramer-forming tryptases induce aggrecanolysis in articular cartilage by activating matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -13 zymogens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1404-12. [PMID: 23797671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-6-null C57BL/6 mice lost less aggrecan proteoglycan from the extracellular matrix of their articular cartilage during inflammatory arthritis than wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that this mast cell (MC)-specific mouse tryptase plays prominent roles in articular cartilage catabolism. We used ex vivo mouse femoral head explants to determine how mMCP-6 and its human ortholog hTryptase-β mediate aggrecanolysis. Exposure of the explants to recombinant hTryptase-β, recombinant mMCP-6, or lysates harvested from WT mouse peritoneal MCs (PMCs) significantly increased the levels of enzymatically active matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in cartilage and significantly induced aggrecan loss into the conditioned media, relative to replicate explants exposed to medium alone or lysates collected from mMCP-6-null PMCs. Treatment of cartilage explants with tetramer-forming tryptases generated aggrecan fragments that contained C-terminal DIPEN and N-terminal FFGVG neoepitopes, consistent with MMP-dependent aggrecanolysis. In support of these data, hTryptase-β was unable to induce aggrecan release from the femoral head explants obtained from Chloe mice that resist MMP cleavage at the DIPEN↓FFGVG site in the interglobular domain of aggrecan. In addition, the abilities of mMCP-6-containing lysates from WT PMCs to induce aggrecanolysis were prevented by inhibitors of MMP-3 and MMP-13. Finally, recombinant hTryptase-β was able to activate latent pro-MMP-3 and pro-MMP-13 in vitro. The accumulated data suggest that human and mouse tetramer-forming tryptases are MMP convertases that mediate cartilage damage and the proteolytic loss of aggrecan proteoglycans in arthritis, in part, by activating the zymogen forms of MMP-3 and MMP-13, which are constitutively present in articular cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia J Magarinos
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Givi ME, Blokhuis BR, Da Silva CA, Adcock I, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Redegeld FA, Mortaz E. Cigarette smoke suppresses the surface expression of c-kit and FcεRI on mast cells. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:813091. [PMID: 23476107 PMCID: PMC3583132 DOI: 10.1155/2013/813091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multicomponent disease characterized by emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis. COPD is mostly associated with cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoke contains over 4,700 chemical compounds, including free radicals and LPS (a Toll-Like Receptor 4 agonist) at concentrations which may contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases like COPD. We have previously shown that short-term exposure to cigarette smoke medium (CSM) can stimulate several inflammatory cells via TLR4 and that CSM reduces the degranulation of bone-marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). In the current study, the effect of CSM on mast cells maturation and function was investigated. Coculturing of BMMC with CSM during the development of bone marrow progenitor cells suppressed the granularity and the surface expression of c-kit and Fc ε RI receptors. Stimulation with IgE/antigen resulted in decreased degranulation and release of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The effects of CSM exposure could not be mimicked by the addition of LPS to the culture medium. In conclusion, this study shows that CSM may affect mast cell development and subsequent response to allergic activation in a TLR4-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Givi
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. R. Blokhuis
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C. A. Da Silva
- Integrative Pharmacology, Department of Biosciences, AstraZeneca R&D Lund Respiratory and Inflammation Research Area, 22 187 Lund, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - I. Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J. Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Research-Centre for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G. Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F. A. Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E. Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center and National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19575/154, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Anower-E-Khuda MF, Habuchi H, Nagai N, Habuchi O, Yokochi T, Kimata K. Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase isoform-dependent regulatory effects of heparin on the activities of various proteases in mast cells and the biosynthesis of 6-O-sulfated heparin. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3705-17. [PMID: 23223449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.416651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (HS6ST) is an enzyme involved in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis that transfers a sulfate residue to position 6 of the GlcNAc/GlcNSO(3) residues of HS, and it consists of three isoforms. Heparin, the highly sulfated form of HS, resides in connective tissue mast cells and is involved in the storage of mast cell proteases (MCPs). However, it is not well understood which isoform(s) of HS6ST participates in 6-O-sulfation of heparin and how the 6-O-sulfate residues in heparin affect MCPs. To investigate these issues, we prepared fetal skin-derived mast cells (FSMCs) from wild type (WT) and HS6ST-deficient mice (HS6ST-1(-/-), HS6ST-2(-/-), and HS6ST-1(-/-)/HS6ST-2(-/-)) and determined the structure of heparin, the protease activity, and the mRNA expression of each MCP in cultured FSMCs. The activities of tryptase and carboxypeptidase-A were decreased in HS6ST-2(-/-)-FSMCs in which 6-O-sulfation of heparin was decreased at 50% of WT-FSMCs and almost lost in HS6ST-1(-/-)/HS6ST-2(-/-)-FSMCs, which lacked the 6-O-sulfation in heparin nearly completely. In contrast, chymase activity was retained even in HS6ST-1(-/-)/HS6ST-2(-/-)-FSMCs. Each MCP mRNA was not decreased in any of the mutant FSMCs. Western blot analysis showed that tryptase (mMCP-6) was almost absent from HS6ST-1(-/-)/HS6ST-2(-/-)-FSMCs indicating degradation/secretion of the enzyme protein. These observations suggest that both HS6ST-1 and HS6ST-2 are involved in 6-O-sulfation of heparin and that the proper packaging and storage of tryptase, carboxypeptidase-A, and chymase may be regulated differently by the 6-O-sulfate residues in heparin. It is thus likely that 6-O-sulfation of heparin plays important roles in regulating MCP functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Ferdous Anower-E-Khuda
- Research Complex for the Medicine Frontiers, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mortaz E, Givi ME, Da Silva CA, Folkerts G, Redegeld FA. A relation between TGF-β and mast cell tryptase in experimental emphysema models. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1822:1154-60. [PMID: 22481124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multicomponent disease characterized by emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on mast cells and mast cell function in vitro and in vivo in order to get further insight in the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Cigarette smoke conditioned medium (CSM) induced the expression of mast cell tryptase (MMCP-6) in primary cultured mast cells. This tryptase expression was caused by the CSM-stimulated production of TGF-β in culture and neutralization of TGF-β suppressed the CSM-induced expression of tryptase in mast cells. An increase in mast cell tryptase expression was also found in an experimental model for emphysema. Exposure of mice to cigarette smoke increased the number of mast cells in the airways and the expression of mast cell tryptase. In accordance with the in vitro findings, TGF-β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of smoke-exposed animals was significantly increased. Our study indicates that mast cells may be a source of TGF-β production after cigarette smoke exposure and that in turn TGF-β may change the tryptase expression in mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Basophil-derived mouse mast cell protease 11 induces microvascular leakage and tissue edema in a mast cell-independent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:709-13. [PMID: 22086176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mast cell protease 11 (mMCP-11) is the most recently identified member of the mouse mast cell tryptase family. This tryptase is preferentially produced by basophils in contrast to other members that are expressed by mast cells but not basophils. Although blood-circulating basophils have long been considered as minor and redundant relatives of tissue-resident mast cells, recent studies illustrated that basophils and mast cells play distinct roles in vivo. To explore the in vivo role of basophil-derived mMCP-11, here we prepared recombinant mMCP-11 and its protease-dead mutant. Subcutaneous injection of the wild-type mMCP-11 but not the mutant induced edematous skin swelling with increased microvascular permeability in a dose-dependent manner. No apparent infiltration of proinflammatory cells including neutrophils and eosinophils was detected in the skin lesions. The cutaneous swelling was abolished by the pretreatment of mice with indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, suggesting the major contribution of prostaglandins to the microvascular leakage. Of note, the cutaneous swelling was elicited even in mast cell-deficient mice, indicating that mast cells are dispensable for the mMCP-11-induced cutaneous swelling. Thus, basophil-derived mMCP-11 can induce microvascular leakage via prostaglandins in a mast cell-independent manner, and may contribute to the development of basophil-mediated inflammatory responses.
Collapse
|
47
|
Khazaie K, Blatner NR, Khan MW, Gounari F, Gounaris E, Dennis K, Bonertz A, Tsai FN, Strouch MJ, Cheon E, Phillips JD, Beckhove P, Bentrem DJ. The significant role of mast cells in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:45-60. [PMID: 21287360 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are a bone marrow-derived, long-lived, heterogeneous cellular population that function both as positive and negative regulators of immune responses. They are arguably the most productive chemical factory in the body and influence other cells through both soluble mediators and cell-to-cell interaction. MC are commonly seen in various tumors and have been attributed alternatively with tumor rejection or tumor promotion. Tumor-infiltrating MC are derived both from sentinel and recruited progenitor cells. MC can directly influence tumor cell proliferation and invasion but also help tumors indirectly by organizing its microenvironment and modulating immune responses to tumor cells. Best known for orchestrating inflammation and angiogenesis, the role of MC in shaping adaptive immune responses has become a focus of recent investigations. MC mobilize T cells and antigen-presenting dendritic cells. They function as intermediaries in regulatory T cells (Treg)-induced tolerance but can also modify or reverse Treg-suppressive properties. The central role of MC in the control of innate and adaptive immunity endows them with the ability to tune the nature of host responses to cancer and ultimately influence the outcome of disease and fate of the cancer patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khashayarsha Khazaie
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Lurie 3-250, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Belhocine W, Ibrahim Z, Grandné V, Buffat C, Robert P, Gras D, Cleach I, Bongrand P, Carayon P, Vitte J. Total serum tryptase levels are higher in young infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22:600-7. [PMID: 21736626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells participate in immune defense and allergic disease. At baseline, serum tryptase levels primarily reflect mast cell burden, while mast cell degranulation leads to granule tryptase release, which may be detectable as a transitory elevation of serum tryptase levels. Thus, mast cell burden and mast cell activity are reflected by serum tryptase levels, but reports are scarce in infants under 1 yr. We aimed at defining levels of total serum tryptase levels in this population. METHODS Total serum tryptase levels (ImmunoCAP; Phadia) were measured in 372 sera from infants younger than 1 yr. Two hundred and forty-two sera came from non-atopic, non-allergic infants in good condition, who had blood drawn for routine follow-up or diagnosis of illnesses that are not known to induce changes in serum tryptase levels. Seventy-two sera were from atopic and/or allergic infants, and 58 sera were from non-atopic, non-allergic infants requiring intensive care. RESULTS Median serum tryptase levels were highest in infant2s under 3 months (6.12 ± 3.47 μg/l) and gradually decreased before reaching levels similar to those described in adults and older children (3.85 ± 1.8 μg/l between 9 and 12 months). Atopic/allergic status was associated with even higher tryptase levels (14.20 ± 10.22 μg/l in infants younger than 3 months). Intensive care patients had lower levels of serum tryptase (4.12 ± 3.38 μg/l in infants younger than 3 months). Longitudinal follow-up was performed in 27 patients and showed tryptase levels decrease over time in individual patients. Infants'sex was not found to interfere with serum tryptase levels. CONCLUSION Total serum tryptase levels are significantly higher in younger infants compared with older ones. In infants of the same age, serum tryptase levels may vary according to the clinical condition and thus suggest mast cell involvement in the physiologic as well as in the allergic immune responses of young infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wahib Belhocine
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital de La Conception, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dudeck A, Dudeck J, Scholten J, Petzold A, Surianarayanan S, Köhler A, Peschke K, Vöhringer D, Waskow C, Krieg T, Müller W, Waisman A, Hartmann K, Gunzer M, Roers A. Mast cells are key promoters of contact allergy that mediate the adjuvant effects of haptens. Immunity 2011; 34:973-84. [PMID: 21703544 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A prominent feature of sensitizing environmental compounds that cause allergic contact dermatitis is the rapid induction of an innate inflammatory response that seems to provide danger signals for efficient T cell priming. We generated mouse models of mast cell deficiency, mast cell-specific gene inactivation, and mast cell reporter mice for intravital imaging and showed that these adjuvant effects of contact allergens are mediated by mast cells and histamine. Mast cell deficiency resulted in impaired emigration of skin DCs to the lymph node and contact hypersensitivity was dramatically reduced in the absence of mast cells. In addition, mast cell-specific inactivation of the Il10 gene did not reveal any role for mast cell-derived IL-10 in the regulation of contact allergy. Collectively, we demonstrate that mast cells are essential promoters of contact hypersensitivity, thereby highlighting their potential to promote immune responses to antigens entering via the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dudeck
- Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Guo Q, Subramanian H, Gupta K, Ali H. Regulation of C3a receptor signaling in human mast cells by G protein coupled receptor kinases. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22559. [PMID: 21799898 PMCID: PMC3143157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complement component C3a activates human mast cells via its cell surface G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) C3aR. For most GPCRs, agonist-induced receptor phosphorylation leads to receptor desensitization, internalization as well as activation of downstream signaling pathways such as ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Previous studies in transfected COS cells overexpressing G protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) demonstrated that GRK2, GRK3, GRK5 and GRK6 participate in agonist-induced C3aR phosphorylation. However, the roles of these GRKs on the regulation of C3aR signaling and mediator release in human mast cells remain unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We utilized lentivirus short hairpin (sh)RNA to stably knockdown the expression of GRK2, GRK3, GRK5 and GRK6 in human mast cell lines, HMC-1 and LAD2, that endogenously express C3aR. Silencing GRK2 or GRK3 expression caused a more sustained Ca2+ mobilization, attenuated C3aR desensitization, and enhanced degranulation as well as ERK1/2 phosphorylation when compared to shRNA control cells. By contrast, GRK5 or GRK6 knockdown had no effect on C3aR desensitization, but caused a significant decrease in C3a-induced mast cell degranulation. Interestingly, GRK5 or GRK6 knockdown rendered mast cells more responsive to C3a for ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Conclusion/Significance This study demonstrates that GRK2 and GRK3 are involved in C3aR desensitization. Furthermore, it reveals the novel finding that GRK5 and GRK6 promote C3a-induced mast cell degranulation but inhibit ERK1/2 phosphorylation via C3aR desensitization-independent mechanisms. These findings thus reveal a new level of complexity for C3aR regulation by GRKs in human mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kshitij Gupta
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|