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Otarbayev D, Myung K. Exploring factors influencing choice of DNA double-strand break repair pathways. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 140:103696. [PMID: 38820807 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent one of the most severe threats to genomic integrity, demanding intricate repair mechanisms within eukaryotic cells. A diverse array of factors orchestrates the complex choreography of DSB signaling and repair, encompassing repair pathways, such as non-homologous end-joining, homologous recombination, and polymerase-θ-mediated end-joining. This review looks into the intricate decision-making processes guiding eukaryotic cells towards a particular repair pathway, particularly emphasizing the processing of two-ended DSBs. Furthermore, we elucidate the transformative role of Cas9, a site-specific endonuclease, in revolutionizing our comprehension of DNA DSB repair dynamics. Additionally, we explore the burgeoning potential of Cas9's remarkable ability to induce sequence-specific DSBs, offering a promising avenue for precise targeting of tumor cells. Through this comprehensive exploration, we unravel the intricate molecular mechanisms of cellular responses to DSBs, shedding light on both fundamental repair processes and cutting-edge therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyar Otarbayev
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
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2
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Cho CJ, Brown JW, Mills JC. Origins of cancer: ain't it just mature cells misbehaving? EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00099-0. [PMID: 38773319 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A pervasive view is that undifferentiated stem cells are alone responsible for generating all other cells and are the origins of cancer. However, emerging evidence demonstrates fully differentiated cells are plastic, can be coaxed to proliferate, and also play essential roles in tissue maintenance, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. Here, we review the mechanisms governing how differentiated cells become cancer cells. First, we examine the unique characteristics of differentiated cell division, focusing on why differentiated cells are more susceptible than stem cells to accumulating mutations. Next, we investigate why the evolution of multicellularity in animals likely required plastic differentiated cells that maintain the capacity to return to the cell cycle and required the tumor suppressor p53. Finally, we examine an example of an evolutionarily conserved program for the plasticity of differentiated cells, paligenosis, which helps explain the origins of cancers that arise in adults. Altogether, we highlight new perspectives for understanding the development of cancer and new strategies for preventing carcinogenic cellular transformations from occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Cho
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Nikjoo H, Rahmanian S, Taleei R. Modelling DNA damage-repair and beyond. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 190:1-18. [PMID: 38754703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The paper presents a review of mechanistic modelling studies of DNA damage and DNA repair, and consequences to follow in mammalian cell nucleus. We hypothesize DNA deletions are consequences of repair of double strand breaks leading to the modifications of genome that play crucial role in long term development of genetic inheritance and diseases. The aim of the paper is to review formation mechanisms underlying naturally occurring DNA deletions in the human genome and their potential relevance for bridging the gap between induced DNA double strand breaks and deletions in damaged human genome from endogenous and exogenous events. The model of the cell nucleus presented enables simulation of DNA damage at molecular level identifying the spectrum of damage induced in all chromosomal territories and loops. Our mechanistic modelling of DNA repair for double stand breaks (DSB), single strand breaks (SSB) and base damage (BD), shows the complexity of DNA damage is responsible for the longer repair times and the reason for the biphasic feature of mammalian cells repair curves. In the absence of experimentally determined data, the mechanistic model of repair predicts the in vivo rate constants for the proteins involved in the repair of DSB, SSB, and of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooshang Nikjoo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (DPAG), Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
| | | | - Reza Taleei
- Medical Physics Division, Department of Radiation Oncology Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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4
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Nasimi Shad A, Moghbeli M. Integrins as the pivotal regulators of cisplatin response in tumor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:265. [PMID: 38741195 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is a widely used first-line chemotherapeutic drug in various cancers. However, CDDP resistance is frequently observed in cancer patients. Therefore, it is required to evaluate the molecular mechanisms associated with CDDP resistance to improve prognosis among cancer patients. Integrins are critical factors involved in tumor metastasis that regulate cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. They modulate several cellular mechanisms including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, polarity, and chemo resistance. Modification of integrin expression levels can be associated with both tumor progression and inhibition. Integrins are also involved in drug resistance of various solid tumors through modulation of the tumor cell interactions with interstitial matrix and extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, in the present review we discussed the role of integrin protein family in regulation of CDDP response in tumor cells. It has been reported that integrins mainly promoted the CDDP resistance through interaction with PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and WNT signaling pathways. They also regulated the CDDP mediated apoptosis in tumor cells. This review paves the way to suggest the integrins as the reliable therapeutic targets to improve CDDP response in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Nasimi Shad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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5
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Justice JL, Reed TJ, Phelan B, Greco TM, Hutton JE, Cristea IM. DNA-PK and ATM drive phosphorylation signatures that antagonistically regulate cytokine responses to herpesvirus infection or DNA damage. Cell Syst 2024; 15:339-361.e8. [PMID: 38593799 PMCID: PMC11098675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PK, is an essential regulator of DNA damage repair. DNA-PK-driven phosphorylation events and the activated DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are also components of antiviral intrinsic and innate immune responses. Yet, it is not clear whether and how the DNA-PK response differs between these two forms of nucleic acid stress-DNA damage and DNA virus infection. Here, we define DNA-PK substrates and the signature cellular phosphoproteome response to DNA damage or infection with the nuclear-replicating DNA herpesvirus, HSV-1. We establish that DNA-PK negatively regulates the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) DDR kinase during viral infection. In turn, ATM blocks the binding of DNA-PK and the nuclear DNA sensor IFI16 to viral DNA, thereby inhibiting cytokine responses. However, following DNA damage, DNA-PK enhances ATM activity, which is required for IFN-β expression. These findings demonstrate that the DDR autoregulates cytokine expression through the opposing modulation of DDR kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tavis J Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brett Phelan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Josiah E Hutton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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6
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Wu Q, Zheng Q, Yuan L, Gao D, Hu Y, Jiang X, Zhai Q, Liu M, Xu L, Xu H, Ye J, Zhang F. Repression of YEATS2 induces cellular senescence in hepatocellular carcinoma and inhibits tumor growth. Cell Cycle 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38619971 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2342714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as the third leading cause of cancer-related fatalities globally. In this study, we observed a significant increase in the expression level of the YEATS2 gene in HCC patients, and it is negatively correlated with the patients' survival rate. While we have previously identified the association between YEATS2 and the survival of pancreatic cancer cells, the regulatory mechanisms and significance in HCC are still to be fully elucidated. Our study shows that knockdown (KD) of YEATS2 expression leads to DNA damage, which in turn results in an upregulation of γ-H2A.X expression and activation of the canonical senescence-related pathway p53/p21Cip1. Moreover, our transcriptomic analysis reveals that YEATS2 KD cells can enhance the expression of p21Cip1 via the c-Myc/miR-93-5p pathway, consequently fostering the senescence of HCC cells. The initiation of cellular senescence through dual-channel activation suggests that YEATS2 plays a pivotal regulatory role in the process of cell proliferation. Ultimately, our in vivo research utilizing a nude mouse tumor model revealed a notable decrease in both tumor volume and weight after the suppression of YEATS2 expression. This phenomenon is likely attributable to the attenuation of proliferative cell activity, coupled with a concurrent augmentation in the population of natural killer (NK) cells. In summary, our research results have supplemented the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of HCC cell proliferation and indicated that targeting YEATS2 may potentially inhibit liver tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | - Quan Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | - Dandan Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yabing Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinqing Jiang
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaocheng Zhai
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | - Ming Liu
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Xu
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Ye
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
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7
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Ma L, Chen W, Yang M, Ha S, Xiong S, Zhu J, Xiang H, Luo G. Discovery and Proof of Concept of Potent Dual Polθ/PARP Inhibitors for Efficient Treatment of Homologous Recombination-Deficient Tumors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3606-3625. [PMID: 38375763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) has recently emerged as a new attractive synthetic lethal target involved in DNA damage repair. Inactivating Polθ alone or in combination with PARP inhibitors has demonstrated substantial therapeutic potential against tumors with homologous recombination (HR) defects such as alternation of BRCA genes. Herein, we report the design and proof of concept of a highly potent dual Polθ/PARP inhibitor 25d, which exhibited low nanomolar inhibitory activities against both Polθ and PARP1. Compared to combination treatment, 25d demonstrated superior antitumor efficacy in both MDA-MB-436 cells and xenografts by inducing more DNA damage and apoptosis. Importantly, 25d retained sensitivity in PARP inhibitor-resistant MDA-MB-436 cells with 53BP1 defect. Altogether, these findings illustrate the potential advantages of 25d, a first-in-class dual Polθ/PARP inhibitor, over monotherapy in treating HR-deficient tumors, including those with acquired PARP inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Si Ha
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Guoshun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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8
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Sun Z, Li L, Zhai B, Hu M, Huang L, Huang S, Ye L, Kong X, Xu J, Bai J, Yan J, Zhou Q, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Qiao Z, Zou Y, Xu Y, Zhu Q. Rational Design of PARP1/c-Met Dual Inhibitors for Overcoming PARP1 Inhibitor Resistance Induced by c-Met Overexpression. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38477575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to PARP1 inhibitors poses a current therapeutic challenge, necessitating the development of novel strategies to overcome this obstacle. The present study describes the design and synthesis of a series of small molecules that target both PARP1 and c-Met. Among them, compound 16 is identified as a highly potent dual inhibitor, exhibiting excellent inhibitory activities against PARP1 (IC50 = 3.3 nM) and c-Met (IC50 = 32.2 nM), as well as demonstrating good antiproliferative effects on HR-proficient cancer cell lines and those resistant to PARP1 inhibitors. Importantly, compound 16 demonstrates superior antitumor potency compared to the PARP1 inhibitor Olaparib and the c-Met inhibitor Crizotinib, either alone or in combination, in MDA-MB-231 and HCT116OR xenograft models. These findings highlight the potential of PARP1/c-Met dual inhibitors for expanding the indications of PARP1 inhibitors and overcoming tumor cells' resistance to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeren Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lanjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Bingxin Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mengxuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shihui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiangying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jingjie Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zheqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhou Qiao
- China Pharmaceutical University Center for Analysis and Testing, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yungen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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Abdi Ghavidel A, Aghamiri S, Raee P, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Noori E, Bandehpour M, Kazemi B, Jajarmi V. Recent Advances in CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Leishmania Strains. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:121-134. [PMID: 38127288 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome manipulation of Leishmania species and the creation of modified strains are widely employed strategies for various purposes, including gene function studies, the development of live attenuated vaccines, and the engineering of host cells for protein production. OBJECTIVE Despite the introduction of novel manipulation approaches like CRISPR/Cas9 technology with significant advancements in recent years, the development of a reliable protocol for efficiently and precisely altering the genes of Leishmania strains remains a challenging endeavor. Following the successful adaptation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for higher eukaryotic cells, several research groups have endeavored to apply this system to manipulate the genome of Leishmania. RESULTS Despite the substantial differences between Leishmania and higher eukaryotes, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been effectively tested and applied in Leishmania. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive review summarizes all the CRISPR/Cas9 systems that have been employed in Leishmania, providing details on their methods and the expression systems for Cas9 and gRNA. The review also explores the various applications of the CRISPR system in Leishmania, including the deletion of multicopy gene families, the development of the Leishmania vaccine, complete gene deletions, investigations into chromosomal translocations, protein tagging, gene replacement, large-scale gene knockout, genome editing through cytosine base replacement, and its innovative use in the detection of Leishmania. In addition, the review offers an up-to-date overview of all double-strand break repair mechanisms in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Abdi Ghavidel
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pourya Raee
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Effat Noori
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Jajarmi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Olson CL, Wuttke DS. Guardians of the Genome: How the Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Proteins RPA and CST Facilitate Telomere Replication. Biomolecules 2024; 14:263. [PMID: 38540683 PMCID: PMC10968030 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Telomeres act as the protective caps of eukaryotic linear chromosomes; thus, proper telomere maintenance is crucial for genome stability. Successful telomere replication is a cornerstone of telomere length regulation, but this process can be fraught due to the many intrinsic challenges telomeres pose to the replication machinery. In addition to the famous "end replication" problem due to the discontinuous nature of lagging strand synthesis, telomeres require various telomere-specific steps for maintaining the proper 3' overhang length. Bulk telomere replication also encounters its own difficulties as telomeres are prone to various forms of replication roadblocks. These roadblocks can result in an increase in replication stress that can cause replication forks to slow, stall, or become reversed. Ultimately, this leads to excess single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that needs to be managed and protected for replication to continue and to prevent DNA damage and genome instability. RPA and CST are single-stranded DNA-binding protein complexes that play key roles in performing this task and help stabilize stalled forks for continued replication. The interplay between RPA and CST, their functions at telomeres during replication, and their specialized features for helping overcome replication stress at telomeres are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner L. Olson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Deborah S. Wuttke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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11
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He W, Mu X, Wu X, Liu Y, Deng J, Liu Y, Han F, Nie X. The cGAS-STING pathway: a therapeutic target in diabetes and its complications. BURNS & TRAUMA 2024; 12:tkad050. [PMID: 38312740 PMCID: PMC10838060 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic wound healing (DWH) represents a major complication of diabetes where inflammation is a key impediment to proper healing. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has emerged as a central mediator of inflammatory responses to cell stress and damage. However, the contribution of cGAS-STING activation to impaired healing in DWH remains understudied. In this review, we examine the evidence that cGAS-STING-driven inflammation is a critical factor underlying defective DWH. We summarize studies revealing upregulation of the cGAS-STING pathway in diabetic wounds and discuss how this exacerbates inflammation and senescence and disrupts cellular metabolism to block healing. Partial pharmaceutical inhibition of cGAS-STING has shown promise in damping inflammation and improving DWH in preclinical models. We highlight key knowledge gaps regarding cGAS-STING in DWH, including its relationships with endoplasmic reticulum stress and metal-ion signaling. Elucidating these mechanisms may unveil new therapeutic targets within the cGAS-STING pathway to improve healing outcomes in DWH. This review synthesizes current understanding of how cGAS-STING activation contributes to DWH pathology and proposes future research directions to exploit modulation of this pathway for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie He
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Xingrui Mu
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Xingqian Wu
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Junyu Deng
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Yiqiu Liu
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Felicity Han
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xuqiang Nie
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
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12
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Sutcu HH, Rassinoux P, Donnio LM, Neuillet D, Vianna F, Gabillot O, Mari PO, Baldeyron C, Giglia-Mari G. Decline of DNA damage response along with myogenic differentiation. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302279. [PMID: 37993260 PMCID: PMC10665522 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA integrity is incessantly confronted to agents inducing DNA lesions. All organisms are equipped with a network of DNA damage response mechanisms that will repair DNA lesions and restore proper cellular activities. Despite DNA repair mechanisms have been revealed in replicating cells, still little is known about how DNA lesions are repaired in postmitotic cells. Muscle fibers are highly specialized postmitotic cells organized in syncytia and they are vulnerable to age-related degeneration and atrophy after radiotherapy treatment. We have studied the DNA repair capacity of muscle fiber nuclei and compared it with the one measured in proliferative myoblasts here. We focused on the DNA repair mechanisms that correct ionizing radiation (IR)-induced lesions, namely the base excision repair, the nonhomologous end joining, and the homologous recombination (HR). We found that in the most differentiated myogenic cells, myotubes, these DNA repair mechanisms present weakened kinetics of recruitment of DNA repair proteins to IR-damaged DNA. For base excision repair and HR, this decline can be linked to reduced steady-state levels of key proteins involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haser H Sutcu
- https://ror.org/01ha22c77 Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Phoebe Rassinoux
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (INMG-PGNM) CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Lise-Marie Donnio
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (INMG-PGNM) CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Damien Neuillet
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (INMG-PGNM) CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - François Vianna
- https://ror.org/01ha22c77 Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SDOS/LMDN, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Olivier Gabillot
- https://ror.org/01ha22c77 Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Mari
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (INMG-PGNM) CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Baldeyron
- https://ror.org/01ha22c77 Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Giuseppina Giglia-Mari
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (INMG-PGNM) CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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13
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Liu Z, Feng C, Li C, He T, Wu G, Fu C, Li H, Shen M, Liu H. IGF-I protects porcine granulosa cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by promoting homologous recombination repair through the PI3K/AKT/E2F8/RAD51 pathway. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23332. [PMID: 38095232 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301464r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Severe hypoxia induced by vascular compromise (ovarian torsion, surgery), obliteration of vessels (aging, chemotherapy, particularly platinum drugs) can cause massive follicle atresia. On the other hand, hypoxia increases the occurrence of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and triggers cellular damage repair mechanisms; however, if the damage is not promptly repaired, it can also induce the apoptosis program. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a polypeptide hormone that plays essential roles in stimulating mammalian follicular development. Here, we report a novel role for IGF-I in protecting hypoxic GCs from apoptosis by promoting DNA repair through the homologous recombination (HR) process. Indeed, the hypoxic environment within follicles significantly inhibited the efficiency of HR-directed DNA repair. The presence of IGF-I-induced HR pathway to alleviate hypoxia-induced DNA damage and apoptosis primarily through upregulating the expression of the RAD51 recombinase. Importantly, we identified a new transcriptional regulator of RAD51, namely E2F8, which mediates the protective effects of IGF-I on hypoxic GCs by facilitating the transcriptional activation of RAD51. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT pathway is crucial for IGF-I-induced E2F8 expression, resulting in increased RAD51 expression and enhanced HR activity, which mitigates hypoxia-induced DNA damage and thereby protects against GCs apoptosis. Together, these findings define a novel mechanism of IGF-I-mediated GCs protection by activating the HR repair through the PI3K/AKT/E2F8/RAD51 pathway under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chungang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Martinez M, Harding CO, Schwank G, Thöny B. State-of-the-art 2023 on gene therapy for phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:80-92. [PMID: 37401651 PMCID: PMC10764640 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) or hyperphenylalaninemia is considered a paradigm for an inherited (metabolic) liver defect and is, based on murine models that replicate all human pathology, an exemplar model for experimental studies on liver gene therapy. Variants in the PAH gene that lead to hyperphenylalaninemia are never fatal (although devastating if untreated), newborn screening has been available for two generations, and dietary treatment has been considered for a long time as therapeutic and satisfactory. However, significant shortcomings of contemporary dietary treatment of PKU remain. A long list of various gene therapeutic experimental approaches using the classical model for human PKU, the homozygous enu2/2 mouse, witnesses the value of this model to develop treatment for a genetic liver defect. The list of experiments for proof of principle includes recombinant viral (AdV, AAV, and LV) and non-viral (naked DNA or LNP-mRNA) vector delivery methods, combined with gene addition, genome, gene or base editing, and gene insertion or replacement. In addition, a list of current and planned clinical trials for PKU gene therapy is included. This review summarizes, compares, and evaluates the various approaches for the sake of scientific understanding and efficacy testing that may eventually pave the way for safe and efficient human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cary O. Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gerald Schwank
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital Zurich and Children’s Research Centre, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Frey B, Borgmann K, Jost T, Greve B, Oertel M, Micke O, Eckert F. DNA as the main target in radiotherapy-a historical overview from first isolation to anti-tumour immune response. Strahlenther Onkol 2023; 199:1080-1090. [PMID: 37620671 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-023-02122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is one of the foremost mechanisms of irradiation at the biological level. After the first isolation of DNA by Friedrich Miescher in the 19th century, the structure of DNA was described by Watson and Crick. Several Nobel Prizes have been awarded for DNA-related discoveries. This review aims to describe the historical perspective of DNA in radiation biology. Over the decades, DNA damage has been identified and quantified after irradiation. Depending on the type of sensing, different proteins are involved in sensing DNA damage and repairing the damage, if possible. For double-strand breaks, the main repair mechanisms are non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. Additional mechanisms are the Fanconi anaemia pathway and base excision repair. Different methods have been developed for the detection of DNA double-strand breaks. Several drugs have been developed that interfere with different DNA repair mechanisms, e.g., PARP inhibitors. These drugs have been established in the standard treatment of different tumour entities and are being applied in several clinical trials in combination with radiotherapy. Over the past decades, it has become apparent that DNA damage mechanisms are also directly linked to the immune response in tumours. For example, cytosolic DNA fragments activate the innate immune system via the cGAS STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frey
- Translational Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina Jost
- Translational Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Oliver Micke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Franziskus Hospital Bielefeld, Kiskerst. 26, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, AKH, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Lavi ES, Lin ZP, Ratner ES. Gene expression of non-homologous end-joining pathways in the prognosis of ovarian cancer. iScience 2023; 26:107934. [PMID: 37810216 PMCID: PMC10558711 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy in women, with a 46% five-year overall survival rate. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) genes on clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer patients. To determine if these genes act as prognostic biomarkers of mortality and disease progression, the expression profiles of 48 NHEJ-associated genes were analyzed using an array of statistical and machine learning techniques: logistic regression models, decision trees, naive-Bayes, two sample t-tests, support vector machines, hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and neural networks. In this process, the correlation of genes with patient survival and disease progression and recurrence was noted. Also, multiple features from the gene set were found to have significant predictive capabilities. APTX, BRCA1, PAXX, LIG1, and TP53 were identified as most important out of all the candidate genes for predicting clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S. Lavi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Z. Ping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elena S. Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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17
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Genetta T, Hurwitz J, Clark E, Herold B, Khalil S, Abbas T, Larner J. ZEB1 promotes non-homologous end joining double-strand break repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:9863-9879. [PMID: 37665026 PMCID: PMC10570029 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repair of DSB induced by IR is primarily carried out by Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ), a pathway in which 53BP1 plays a key role. We have discovered that the EMT-inducing transcriptional repressor ZEB1 (i) interacts with 53BP1 and that this interaction occurs rapidly and is significantly amplified following exposure of cells to IR; (ii) is required for the localization of 53BP1 to a subset of double-stranded breaks, and for physiological DSB repair; (iii) co-localizes with 53BP1 at IR-induced foci (IRIF); (iv) promotes NHEJ and inhibits Homologous Recombination (HR); (v) depletion increases resection at DSBs and (vi) confers PARP inhibitor (PARPi) sensitivity on BRCA1-deficient cells. Lastly, ZEB1's effects on repair pathway choice, resection, and PARPi sensitivity all rely on its homeodomain. In contrast to the well-characterized therapeutic resistance of high ZEB1-expressing cancer cells, the novel ZEB1-53BP1-shieldin resection axis described here exposes a therapeutic vulnerability: ZEB1 levels in BRCA1-deficient tumors may serve as a predictive biomarker of response to PARPis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Genetta
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800383, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joshua C Hurwitz
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800383, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Evan A Clark
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800383, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Benjamin T Herold
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800383, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Shadi Khalil
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800383, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Tarek Abbas
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800383, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - James M Larner
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800383, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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18
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Fanale D, Corsini LR, Pedone E, Randazzo U, Fiorino A, Di Piazza M, Brando C, Magrin L, Contino S, Piraino P, Bazan Russo TD, Cipolla C, Russo A, Bazan V. Potential agnostic role of BRCA alterations in patients with several solid tumors: One for all, all for one? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 190:104086. [PMID: 37536445 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline BRCA1/2 alterations in the Homologous Recombination (HR) pathway are considered as main susceptibility biomarkers to Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancers (HBOC). The modern molecular biology technologies allowed to characterize germline and somatic BRCA1/2 alterations in several malignancies, broadening the landscape of BRCA1/2-alterated tumors. In the last years, BRCA genetic testing, beyond the preventive value, also assumed a predictive and prognostic significance for patient management. The approval of molecules with agnostic indication is leading to a new clinical model, defined "mutational". Among these drugs, the Poly (ADP)-Ribose Polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) for BRCA1/2-deficient tumors were widely studied leading to increasing therapeutic implications. In this Review we provided an overview of the main clinical studies describing the association between BRCA-mutated tumors and PARPi response, focusing on the controversial evidence about the potential agnostic indication based on BRCA1/2 alterations in several solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fanale
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lidia Rita Corsini
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Erika Pedone
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ugo Randazzo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Fiorino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marianna Di Piazza
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Brando
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Magrin
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Contino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Piraino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tancredi Didier Bazan Russo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Cipolla
- Division of General and Oncological Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Viviana Bazan
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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19
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Zhuang X, Xiao R, Fu Y, Yang B, Fan J, Lu F, Qin T, Yang X, Hu X, Yin J, Li W, Kang X, Chen G, Hu D, Sun C. MRE11:p.K464R mutation mediates olaparib resistance by enhancing DNA damage repair in HGSOC. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:178. [PMID: 37759323 PMCID: PMC10537967 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the clinical application of PARP inhibitors has brought hope to ovarian cancer, the problem of its resistance has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, clinical experts have been focused on finding specific indicators and therapeutic targets that can be used for resistance monitoring of PARP inhibitors. RESULTS By cfDNA detecting during Olaparib maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer, we found the presence of MRE11:p.K464R mutation was strongly associated with acquired Olaparib resistance. Structural analysis revealed that the MRE11:p.K464R mutation is situated at a critical site where the MRE11 protein interacts with other biomolecules, leading to potential structural and functional abnormalities of MRE11 protein. Functionally, MRE11:p.K464R mutation enhanced the tolerance of Olaparib by reducing the DNA damage. Mechanistically, MRE11:p.K464R mutation improved the efficiency of DNA damage repair and induce Olaparib resistance by enhancing its binding activity with the interacting proteins (including RAD50 and RPS3). Among them, the enhanced binding of MRE11:p.K464R mutation to RAD50/RPS3 facilitated non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair in tumor cells, thereby expanding the scope of research into acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a theoretical basis for MRE11:p.K464R mutation as a specific indicator of resistance monitoring in Olaparib treatment, and the exploration of its resistance mechanism provides a novel insights for the formulation of combination ther therapies after Olaparib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xucui Zhuang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rourou Xiao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junpeng Fan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Funian Lu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Qin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyuan Hu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Kang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dianxing Hu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chaoyang Sun
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Belov O, Chigasova A, Pustovalova M, Osipov A, Eremin P, Vorobyeva N, Osipov AN. Dose-Dependent Shift in Relative Contribution of Homologous Recombination to DNA Repair after Low-LET Ionizing Radiation Exposure: Empirical Evidence and Numerical Simulation. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7352-7373. [PMID: 37754249 PMCID: PMC10528584 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relative contributions of different repair pathways to radiation-induced DNA damage responses remains a challenging issue in terms of studying the radiation injury endpoints. The comparative manifestation of homologous recombination (HR) after irradiation with different doses greatly determines the overall effectiveness of recovery in a dividing cell after irradiation, since HR is an error-free mechanism intended to perform the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) during S/G2 phases of the cell cycle. In this article, we present experimentally observed evidence of dose-dependent shifts in the relative contributions of HR in human fibroblasts after X-ray exposure at doses in the range 20-1000 mGy, which is also supported by quantitative modeling of DNA DSB repair. Our findings indicate that the increase in the radiation dose leads to a dose-dependent decrease in the relative contribution of HR in the entire repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Belov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie St., 141980 Dubna, Russia;
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76A Khoroshevskoye Shosse, 123007 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of System Analysis and Management, Dubna State University, 19 Universitetskaya St., 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - Anna Chigasova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.C.); (A.O.); (N.V.)
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita Pustovalova
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC—FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia;
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Andrey Osipov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.C.); (A.O.); (N.V.)
| | - Petr Eremin
- FSBI “National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology”, Ministry of Health of Russia, 121099 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia Vorobyeva
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.C.); (A.O.); (N.V.)
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC—FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andreyan N. Osipov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie St., 141980 Dubna, Russia;
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.C.); (A.O.); (N.V.)
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC—FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia;
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
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21
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Taouis K, Vacher S, Guirouilh-Barbat J, Camonis J, Formstecher E, Popova T, Hamy AS, Petitalot A, Lidereau R, Caputo SM, Zinn-Justin S, Bièche I, Driouch K, Lallemand F. WWOX binds MERIT40 and modulates its function in homologous recombination, implications in breast cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1144-1155. [PMID: 37248434 PMCID: PMC10425285 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene WWOX is localized in an unstable chromosomal region and its expression is decreased or absent in several types of cancer. A low expression of WWOX is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer (BC). It has recently been shown that WWOX contributes to genome stability through its role in the DNA damage response (DDR). In breast cancer cells, WWOX inhibits homologous recombination (HR), and thus promotes the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The fine-tuning modulation of HR activity is crucial. Its under or overstimulation inducing genome alterations that can induce cancer. MERIT40 is a positive regulator of the DDR. This protein is indispensable for the function of the multi-protein complex BRCA1-A, which suppresses excessive HR activity. MERIT40 also recruits Tankyrase, a positive regulator of HR, to the DSBs to stimulate DNA repair. Here, we identified MERIT40 as a new molecular partner of WWOX. We demonstrated that WWOX inhibited excessive HR activity induced by overexpression of MERIT40. We showed that WWOX impaired the MERIT40-Tankyrase interaction preventing the role of the complex on DSBs. Furthermore, we found that MERIT40 is overexpressed in BC and that this overexpression is associated to a poor prognosis. These results strongly suggest that WWOX, through its interaction with MERIT40, prevents the deleterious impact of excessive HR on BC development by inhibiting MERIT40-Tankyrase association. This inhibitory effect of WWOX would oppose MERIT40-dependent BC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Taouis
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
- Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
- Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Josée Guirouilh-Barbat
- Laboratoire Recombinaison-Réparation et Cancer UMR8200 Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse Institut Gustave Roussy, PR2, pièce 426114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Tatiana Popova
- Centre De Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, F-75248, France
- INSERM U830, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hamy
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory, RT2Lab, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, University Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ambre Petitalot
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
| | - Rosette Lidereau
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine M Caputo
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
- Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire, Paris, France
| | - Keltouma Driouch
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
- Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - François Lallemand
- Service de génétique, unité de pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France.
- Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, Paris, France.
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22
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Cullot G, Boutin J, Fayet S, Prat F, Rosier J, Cappellen D, Lamrissi I, Pennamen P, Bouron J, Amintas S, Thibault C, Moranvillier I, Laharanne E, Merlio JP, Guyonnet-Duperat V, Blouin JM, Richard E, Dabernat S, Moreau-Gaudry F, Bedel A. Cell cycle arrest and p53 prevent ON-target megabase-scale rearrangements induced by CRISPR-Cas9. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4072. [PMID: 37429857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39632-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionized our ability to precisely modify the genome and has led to gene editing in clinical applications. Comprehensive analysis of gene editing products at the targeted cut-site has revealed a complex spectrum of outcomes. ON-target genotoxicity is underestimated with standard PCR-based methods and necessitates appropriate and more sensitive detection methods. Here, we present two complementary Fluorescence-Assisted Megabase-scale Rearrangements Detection (FAMReD) systems that enable the detection, quantification, and cell sorting of edited cells with megabase-scale loss of heterozygosity (LOH). These tools reveal rare complex chromosomal rearrangements caused by Cas9-nuclease and show that LOH frequency depends on cell division rate during editing and p53 status. Cell cycle arrest during editing suppresses the occurrence of LOH without compromising editing. These data are confirmed in human stem/progenitor cells, suggesting that clinical trials should consider p53 status and cell proliferation rate during editing to limit this risk by designing safer protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cullot
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Boutin
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Fayet
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Prat
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Rosier
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Cappellen
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - I Lamrissi
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - P Pennamen
- CHU de Bordeaux, department of medical genetics, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Bouron
- CHU de Bordeaux, department of medical genetics, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Amintas
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Thibault
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - I Moranvillier
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Laharanne
- CHU de Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - J P Merlio
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - V Guyonnet-Duperat
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Vect'UB, vectorology platform, INSERM US 005-CNRS UAR 3427-TBM-Core, Bordeaux university, Bordeaux, France
| | - J M Blouin
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Richard
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Dabernat
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Moreau-Gaudry
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - A Bedel
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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23
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Holland CL, Weis MF, England CJ, Berry AM, Hall PD, Lewis LK. Deficiency in homologous recombination is associated with changes in cell cycling and morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res 2023:113701. [PMID: 37393982 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of eukaryotic cells to ionizing radiation or clastogenic chemicals leads to formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). These lesions are also generated internally by chemicals and enzymes, in the absence of exogenous agents, though the sources and consequences of such endogenously generated DSBs remain poorly understood. In the current study, we have investigated the impact of reduced recombinational repair of endogenous DSBs on stress responses, cell morphology and other physical properties of S. cerevisiae (budding yeast) cells. Use of phase contrast and DAPI-based fluorescence microscopy combined with FACS analysis confirmed that recombination-deficient rad52 cell cultures exhibit chronically high levels of G2 phase cells. Cell cycle phase transit times during G1, S and M were similar in WT and rad52 cells, but the length of G2 phase was increased by three-fold in the mutants. rad52 cells were larger than WT in all phases of the cycle and displayed other quantifiable changes in physical characteristics. The high G2 cell phenotype was abolished when DNA damage checkpoint genes, but not spindle assembly checkpoint genes, were co-inactivated with RAD52. Several other RAD52 group mutants (rad51, rad54, rad55, rad57 and rad59) also exhibited the high G2 cell phenotype. The results indicate that recombination deficiency leads to accumulation of unrepaired DSBs during normal mitotic growth that activate a major stress response and produce distinct changes in cellular physiology and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory L Holland
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Monica F Weis
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Corbin J England
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Armand M Berry
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Paige D Hall
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - L Kevin Lewis
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
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24
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Shi Z, Chen B, Han X, Gu W, Liang S, Wu L. Genomic and molecular landscape of homologous recombination deficiency across multiple cancer types. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8899. [PMID: 37264024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) causes faulty double-strand break repair and is a prevalent cause of tumorigenesis. However, the incidence of HRD and its clinical significance in pan-cancer patients remain unknown. Using computational analysis of Single-nucleotide polymorphism array data from 10,619 cancer patients, we demonstrate that HRD frequently occurs across multiple cancer types. Analysis of the pan-cancer cohort revealed that HRD is not only a biomarker for ovarian cancer and triple-negative breast cancer, but also has clinical prognostic value in numerous cancer types, including adrenocortical cancer and thymoma. We discovered that homologous recombination-related genes have a high mutation or deletion frequency. Pathway analysis shows HRD is positively correlated with the DNA damage response and the immune-related signaling pathways. Single cell RNA sequencing of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes reveals a significantly higher proportion of exhausted T cells in HRD patients, indicating pre-existing immunity. Finally, HRD could be utilized to predict pan-cancer patients' responses to Programmed cell death protein 1 immunotherapy. In summary, our work establishes a comprehensive map of HRD in pan-cancer. The findings have significant implications for expanding the scope of Poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor therapy and, possibly, immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Shi
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co., Beijing, 100176, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bolin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology,Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiyue Gu
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Shuzhi Liang
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology,Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology,Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
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25
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Li H, Chen L, Yao D. Dual-target inhibitors of PARP1 in cancer therapy: a drug discovery perspective. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103607. [PMID: 37146962 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), a key enzyme in DNA repair, has emerged as a promising anticancer druggable target. An increasing number of PARP1 inhibitors have been discovered to treat cancer, most notably those characterized by BRCA1/2 mutations. Although PARP1 inhibitors have achieved great clinical success, their cytotoxicity, development of drug resistance, and restriction of indication have weakened their clinical therapeutic effects. To address these issues, dual PARP1 inhibitors have been documented as a promising strategy. Here, we review recent progress in the development of dual PARP1 inhibitors, summarize the different designs of dual-target inhibitors, and introduce their antitumor pharmacology, shedding light on the discovery of dual PARP1 inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dahong Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China.
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26
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Yu C, Hou L, Huang Y, Cui X, Xu S, Wang L, Yan S. The multi-BRCT domain protein DDRM2 promotes the recruitment of RAD51 to DNA damage sites to facilitate homologous recombination. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1073-1084. [PMID: 36727295 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most toxic form of DNA damage in cells. Homologous recombination (HR) is an error-free repair mechanism for DSBs as well as a basis for gene targeting using genome-editing techniques. Despite the importance of HR, the HR mechanism in plants is poorly understood. Through genetic screens for DNA damage response mutants (DDRMs), we find that the Arabidopsis ddrm2 mutant is hypersensitive to DSB-inducing reagents. DDRM2 encodes a protein with four BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domains and is highly conserved in plants including bryophytes, the earliest land plant lineage. The plant-specific transcription factor SOG1 binds to the promoter of DDRM2 and activates its expression. In consistence, the expression of DDRM2 is induced by DSBs in a SOG1-dependent manner. In support, genetic analysis suggests that DDRM2 functions downstream of SOG1. Similar to the sog1 mutant, the ddrm2 mutant shows dramatically reduced HR efficiency. Mechanistically, DDRM2 interacts with the core HR protein RAD51 and is required for the recruitment of RAD51 to DSB sites. Our study reveals that SOG1-DDRM2-RAD51 is a novel module for HR, providing a potential target for improving the efficiency of gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Longhui Hou
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yongchi Huang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Shijun Xu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Shunping Yan
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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27
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Zhou YJ, Tang Y, Liu SJ, Zeng PH, Qu L, Jing QC, Yin WJ. Radiation-induced liver disease: beyond DNA damage. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:506-526. [PMID: 36214587 PMCID: PMC9928481 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2131163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, is a serious side effect of radiotherapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma. The therapeutic dose of RT can damage normal liver tissue, and the toxicity that accumulates around the irradiated liver tissue is related to numerous physiological and pathological processes. RILD may restrict treatment use or eventually deteriorate into liver fibrosis. However, the research on the mechanism of radiation-induced liver injury has seen little progress compared with that on radiation injury in other tissues, and no targeted clinical pharmacological treatment for RILD exists. The DNA damage response caused by ionizing radiation plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of RILD. Therefore, in this review, we systematically summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in RILD. Such an analysis is essential for preventing the occurrence and development of RILD and further exploring the potential treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jie Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Si Jian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Hui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Cheng Jing
- The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Jun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Talibova G, Bilmez Y, Ozturk S. Increased double-strand breaks in aged mouse male germ cells may result from changed expression of the genes essential for homologous recombination or nonhomologous end joining repair. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:127-147. [PMID: 36241856 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are commonly appearing deleterious DNA damages, which progressively increase in male germ cells during biological aging. There are two main pathways for repairing DSBs: homologous recombination (HR) and classical nonhomologous end joining (cNHEJ). Knockout and functional studies revealed that, while RAD51 and RPA70 proteins are indispensable for HR-based repair, KU80 and XRCC4 are the key proteins in cNHEJ repair. As is known, γH2AX contributes to these pathways through recruiting repair-related proteins to damaged site. The underlying reasons of increased DSBs in male germ cells during aging are not fully addressed yet. In this study, we aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal expression of the Rad51, Rpa70, Ku80, and Xrcc4 genes in the postnatal mouse testes, classified into young, prepubertal, pubertal, postpubertal, and aged groups according to their reproductive features and histological structures. We found that expression of these genes significantly decreased in the aged group compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). γH2AX staining showed that DSB levels in the germ cells from spermatogonia to elongated spermatids as well as in the Sertoli cells remarkably increased in the aged group (P < 0.05). The RAD51, RPA70, KU80, and XRCC4 protein levels exhibited predominant changes in the germ and Sertoli cells among groups (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that altered expression of the Rad51, Rpa70, Ku80, and Xrcc4 genes in the germ and Sertoli cells may be associated with increasing DSBs during biological aging, which might result in fertility loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Talibova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yesim Bilmez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Saffet Ozturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
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Chen L, Zhai L, Gao Y, Cui Z, Yu L, Zhu D, Tang H, Luo H. Nrf2 affects hydroquinone-induces cell cycle arrest through the p16/pRb signaling pathway and antioxidant enzymes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114389. [PMID: 36508791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ), a well-known carcinogenic agent, induces oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and malignant transformation. As an antioxidant actor, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) drives adaptive cellular protection in response to oxidative stress. The human lymphoblastoid cell line (TK6 cells) is widely used as a model for leukemia researches. In the present study, we focused on exploring whether Nrf2 regulatory cell cycle in TK6 cells upon HQ treatment and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the cell cycle arrest in TK6 cells induced by hydroquinone was accompanied by activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. We further clarified that Nrf2 loss accelerated cell cycle progression from G0/G1 to S and G2/M phases and promoted ROS production by downregulating the expression of SOD and GSH. Western blotting analysis indicated that Nrf2 regulated cell cycle progression via p16/pRb signaling pathways. Therefore, we conclude that Nrf2 is engaged in HQ-induced cell cycle arrest as well through p16/pRb and antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Lu Zhai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Yuting Gao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Zheming Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Delong Zhu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; The first Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
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Huang CY, Lai ZY, Hsu TJ, Chou FI, Liu HM, Chuang YJ. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Eliminates Radioresistant Liver Cancer Cells by Targeting DNA Damage and Repair Responses. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1385-1401. [PMID: 36600987 PMCID: PMC9807134 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s383959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction For advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), resistance to conservative treatments remains a challenge. In previous studies, the therapeutic effectiveness and DNA damage responses of boric acid-mediated boron neutron capture therapy (BA-BNCT) in HCC have been demonstrated in animal models and HCC cell line. On the other hand, numerous studies have shown that high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation can overcome tumor resistance. Since BNCT yields a mixture of high and low LET radiation, we aimed to explore whether and how BA-BNCT could eliminate radioresistant HCC cells. Methods Radioresistant human HCC (HepG2-R) cells were established from HepG2 cells via intermittent irradiation. HepG2 and HepG2-R cells were then irradiated with either γ-ray or neutron radiation of BA-BNCT. Colony formation assays were used to assess cell survival and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE). The expression of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) was also examined by immunocytochemistry and Western blot assays to evaluate the extent of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Finally, the expression levels of DNA damage response-associated proteins were determined, followed by cell cycle analysis and caspase-3 activity analysis. Results Our data demonstrated that under the same dose by γ-ray, BNCT effectively eliminated radioresistant HCC by increasing the number of DNA DSBs (p < 0.05) and impeding their repair (p < 0.05), which verified the high RBE of BNCT. We also found that BNCT resulted in delayed homologous recombination (HR) and inhibited the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway during DNA repair. Markedly, BNCT increased cell arrest (p < 0.05) in the G2/M phase by altering G2 checkpoint signaling and increased PUMA-mediated apoptosis (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our data suggest that DNA damage and repair responses could affect the anticancer efficiency of BNCT in radioresistant HepG2-R cells, which highlights the potential of BNCT as a viable treatment option for recurrent HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yu Huang
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Yin Lai
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jung Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fong-In Chou
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ming Liu
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Correspondence: Yung-Jen Chuang, School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan, Tel +886-3-5742764, Fax +886-3-5715934, Email
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Cancer Cells Upregulate Tau to Gain Resistance to DNA Damaging Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010116. [PMID: 36612113 PMCID: PMC9817522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggested a role for microtubules in double-strand-DNA break repair. We herein investigated the role of the microtubule-associated protein Tau in radio- and chemotherapy. Noticeably, a lowered expression of Tau in breast cancer cell lines resulted in a significant decrease in mouse-xenograft breast tumor volume after doxorubicin or X-ray treatments. Furthermore, the knockdown of Tau impaired the classical nonhomologous end-joining pathway and led to an improved cellular response to both bleomycin and X-rays. Investigating the mechanism of Tau's protective effect, we found that one of the main mediators of response to double-stranded breaks in DNA, the tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), is sequestered in the cytoplasm as a consequence of Tau downregulation. We demonstrated that Tau allows 53BP1 to translocate to the nucleus in response to DNA damage by chaperoning microtubule protein trafficking. Moreover, Tau knockdown chemo-sensitized cancer cells to drugs forming DNA adducts, such as cisplatin and oxaliplatin, and further suggested a general role of Tau in regulating the nuclear trafficking of DNA repair proteins. Altogether, these results suggest that Tau expression in cancer cells may be of interest as a molecular marker for response to DNA-damaging anti-cancer agents. Clinically targeting Tau could sensitize tumors to DNA-damaging treatments.
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Jin R, Niu C, Wu F, Zhou S, Han T, Zhang Z, Li E, Zhang X, Xu S, Wang J, Tian S, Chen W, Ye Q, Cao C, Cheng L. DNA damage contributes to age-associated differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13729. [PMID: 36254583 PMCID: PMC9741512 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is known to disproportionately affect older individuals. How aging processes affect SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease progression remains largely unknown. Here, we found that DNA damage, one of the hallmarks of aging, promoted SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo. SARS-CoV-2 entry was facilitated by DNA damage caused by extrinsic genotoxic stress or telomere dysfunction and hampered by inhibition of the DNA damage response (DDR). Mechanistic analysis revealed that DDR increased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the primary receptor of SARS-CoV-2, by activation of transcription factor c-Jun. Importantly, in vivo experiment using a mouse-adapted viral strain also verified the significant roles of DNA damage in viral entry and severity of infection. Expression of ACE2 was elevated in the older human and mice tissues and positively correlated with γH2AX, a DNA damage biomarker, and phosphorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun). Finally, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and MDL-800, which promote DNA repair, alleviated SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data provide insights into the age-associated differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection and a novel approach for antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jin
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Chang Niu
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fengyun Wu
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sixin Zhou
- Department of SurgeryChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Tao Han
- BaYi Children's Hospital, the Seventh Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Entao Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shanrong Xu
- School of Life ScienceAnqing Normal UniversityAnqingChina
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Systems BiomedicinePeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Shen Tian
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Qinong Ye
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Long Cheng
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChina
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33
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Ivanenko AV, Evtushenko NA, Gurskaya NG. Genome Editing in Therapy of Genodermatoses. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322060085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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CRISPR-Cas12a induced DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by multiple pathways with different mutation profiles in Magnaporthe oryzae. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7168. [PMID: 36418866 PMCID: PMC9684475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas mediated genome engineering has revolutionized functional genomics. However, understanding of DNA repair following Cas-mediated DNA cleavage remains incomplete. Using Cas12a ribonucleoprotein genome editing in the fungal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, we detail non-canonical DNA repair outcomes from hundreds of transformants. Sanger and nanopore sequencing analysis reveals significant variation in DNA repair profiles, ranging from small INDELs to kilobase size deletions and insertions. Furthermore, we find the frequency of DNA repair outcomes varies between loci. The results are not specific to the Cas-nuclease or selection procedure. Through Ku80 deletion analysis, a key protein required for canonical non-homologous end joining, we demonstrate activity of an alternative end joining mechanism that creates larger DNA deletions, and uses longer microhomology compared to C-NHEJ. Together, our results suggest preferential DNA repair pathway activity in the genome that can create different mutation profiles following repair, which could create biased genome variation and impact genome engineering and genome evolution.
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35
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Bobyk L, Vianna F, Martinez JS, Gruel G, Benderitter M, Baldeyron C. Differential Recruitment of DNA Repair Proteins KU70/80 and RAD51 upon Microbeam Irradiation with α-Particles. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1652. [PMID: 36421365 PMCID: PMC9687314 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In addition to representing a significant part of the natural background radiation exposure, α-particles are thought to be a powerful tool for targeted radiotherapy treatments. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of recognition, signaling, and repair of α-particle-induced DNA damage is not only important in assessing the risk associated with human exposure, but can also potentially help in identifying ways of improving the efficacy of radiation treatment. α-particles (He2+ ions), as well as other types of ionizing radiation, and can cause a wide variety of DNA lesions, including DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In mammalian cells, DNA DSBs can be repaired by two major pathways: non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Here, we investigated their dynamics in mouse NIH-3T3 cells through the recruitment of key proteins, such as the KU heterodimer for NHEJ and RAD51 for HR upon localized α-particle irradiation. To deliver α-particles, we used the MIRCOM microbeam, which allows targeting of subnuclear structures with submicron accuracy. Using mouse NIH-3T3 cells, we found that the KU heterodimer is recruited much earlier at DNA damage sites marked by H2AX phosphorylation than RAD51. We also observed that the difference in the response of the KU complex and RAD51 is not only in terms of time, but also in function of the chromatin nature. The use of a microbeam such as MIRCOM, represents a powerful tool to study more precisely the cellular response to ionizing irradiation in a spatiotemporal fashion at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Bobyk
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, Service de Recherche en Radiobiologie et en Médecine Régénérative (SERAMED), Laboratoire de Radiobiologie des Expositions Accidentelles (LRAcc), F-92262 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - François Vianna
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, Service de Recherches en Dosimétrie (SDOS), Laboratoire de Micro-Irradiation, de Métrologie et de Dosimétrie des Neutrons (LMDN), F-13115 Cadarache, France
| | - Juan S. Martinez
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, Service de Recherche en Radiobiologie et en Médecine Régénérative (SERAMED), Laboratoire de Radiobiologie des Expositions Accidentelles (LRAcc), F-92262 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Gaëtan Gruel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, Service de Recherche en Radiobiologie et en Médecine Régénérative (SERAMED), Laboratoire de Radiobiologie des Expositions Accidentelles (LRAcc), F-92262 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, F-92262 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Céline Baldeyron
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, Service de Recherche en Radiobiologie et en Médecine Régénérative (SERAMED), Laboratoire de Radiobiologie des Expositions Accidentelles (LRAcc), F-92262 Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Chen M, Marrs B, Qi L, Knifley T, Weiss HL, D’Orazio JA, O’Connor KL. Integrin α6β4 signals through DNA damage response pathway to sensitize breast cancer cells to cisplatin. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1043538. [PMID: 36439467 PMCID: PMC9686853 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1043538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α6β4 is highly expressed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and drives its most aggressive traits; however, its impact on chemotherapeutic efficacy remains untested. We found that integrin α6β4 signaling promoted sensitivity to cisplatin and carboplatin but not to other chemotherapies tested. Mechanistic investigations revealed that integrin α6β4 stimulated the activation of ATM, p53, and 53BP1, which required the integrin β4 signaling domain. Genetic manipulation of gene expression demonstrated that mutant p53 cooperated with integrin α6β4 for cisplatin sensitivity and was necessary for downstream phosphorylation of 53BP1 and enhanced ATM activation. Additionally, we found that in response to cisplatin-induced DNA double strand break (DSB), integrin α6β4 suppressed the homologous recombination (HR) activity and enhanced non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair activity. Finally, we discovered that integrin α6β4 preferentially activated DNA-PK, facilitated DNA-PK-p53 and p53-53BP1 complex formation in response to cisplatin and required DNA-PK to enhance ATM, 53BP1 and p53 activation as well as cisplatin sensitivity. In summary, we discovered a novel function of integrin α6β4 in promoting cisplatin sensitivity in TNBC through DNA damage response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Brock Marrs
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lei Qi
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Teresa Knifley
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Heidi L. Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John A. D’Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kathleen L. O’Connor
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Tsoi H, Tsang WC, Man EPS, Leung MH, You CP, Chan SY, Chan WL, Khoo US. Checkpoint Kinase 2 Inhibition Can Reverse Tamoxifen Resistance in ER-Positive Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012290. [PMID: 36293165 PMCID: PMC9604393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Tamoxifen is frequently used to treat ER-positive breast cancer. Our team has identified a novel splice variant of NCOR2, BQ323636.1 (BQ), that mediates tamoxifen resistance. However, the upstream factors that modulate BQ expression are not apparent. This study reveals that tamoxifen treatment causes induction of DNA damage which can enhance BQ expression. We show that DNA damage can activate the ATM/CHK2 and ATR/CHK1 signalling cascades and confirm that ATM/CHK2 signalling is responsible for enhancing the protein stability of BQ. siRNA or a small inhibitor targeting CHK2 resulted in the reduction in BQ expression through reduced phosphorylation and enhanced poly-ubiquitination of BQ. Inhibition of CHK2 by CCT241533 could reverse tamoxifen resistance in vitro and in vivo. Using clinical samples in the tissue microarray, we confirmed that high p-CHK2 expression was significantly associated with high nuclear BQ expression, tamoxifen resistance and poorer overall and disease-specific survival. In conclusion, tamoxifen treatment can enhance BQ expression in ER-positive breast cancer by activating the ATM/CHK2 axis. Targeting CHK2 is a promising approach to overcoming tamoxifen resistance in ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Tsoi
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Chung Tsang
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ellen P. S. Man
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man-Hong Leung
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chan-Ping You
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sum-Yin Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Lok Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ui-Soon Khoo
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2255-2664; Fax: +852-2218-5205
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Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Secreted Factors on Delay in Corneal Wound Healing by Nitrogen Mustard. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911510. [PMID: 36232805 PMCID: PMC9570439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular surface exposure to nitrogen mustard (NM) leads to severe ocular toxicity which includes the separation of epithelial and stromal layers, loss of endothelial cells, cell death, and severe loss of tissue function. No definitive treatment for mustard gas-induced ocular surface disorders is currently available. The research was conducted to investigate the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media (MSC-CM) in NM-induced corneal wounds. NM was added to different types of corneal cells, the ocular surface of porcine, and the ocular surface of mice, followed by MSC-CM treatment. NM significantly induced apoptotic cell death, cellular ROS (Reactive oxygen species), and reduced cell viability, metabolic gene expression, and mitochondrial function, and, in turn, delayed wound healing. The application of MSC-CM post NM exposure partially restored mitochondrial function and decreased intracellular ROS generation which promoted cell survival. MSC-CM therapy enhanced wound healing process. MSC-CM inhibited NM-induced apoptotic cell death in murine and porcine corneal tissue. The application of MSC-CM following a chemical insult led to significant improvements in the preservation of corneal structure and wound healing. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo results suggest that MSC-CM can potentially provide targeted therapy for the treatment of chemical eye injuries, including mustard gas keratopathy (MGK) which presents with significant loss of vision alongside numerous corneal pathologies.
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Mahmoud R, Dhakal S. Single-Molecule Analysis of DNA Branch Migration under Biomimetic Environments. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7252-7261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roaa Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Soma Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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PARP-1 Is a Potential Marker of Retinal Photooxidation and a Key Signal Regulator in Retinal Light Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6881322. [PMID: 36124087 PMCID: PMC9482536 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6881322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in technology have resulted in increasing concerns over the safety of eye exposure to light illumination, since prolonged exposure to intensive visible light, especially to short-wavelength light in the visible spectrum, can cause photochemical damage to the retina through a photooxidation-triggered cascade reaction. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is the ribozyme responsible for repairing DNA damage. When damage to DNA occurs, including nicks and breaks, PARP-1 is rapidly activated, synthesizing a large amount of PAR and recruiting other nuclear factors to repair the damaged DNA. However, retinal photochemical damage may lead to the overactivation of PARP-1, triggering PARP-dependent cell death, including parthanatos, necroptosis, and autophagy. In this review, we retrieved targeted articles with the keywords such as “PARP-1,” “photoreceptor,” “retinal light damage,” and “photooxidation” from databases and summarized the molecular mechanisms involved in retinal photooxidation, PARP activation, and DNA repair to clarify the key regulatory role of PARP-1 in retinal light injury and to determine whether PARP-1 may be a potential marker in response to retinal photooxidation. The highly sensitive detection of PARP-1 activity may facilitate early evaluation of the effects of light on the retina, which will provide an evidentiary basis for the future assessment of the safety of light illumination from optoelectronic products and medical devices.
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Luo H, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang C, Yu B, Shao C. Androgen receptor splicing variant 7 (ARv7) promotes DNA damage response in prostate cancer cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22495. [PMID: 35947121 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200190r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the treatment of patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa), androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) significantly enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy by weakening the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. Recently, several studies have suggested that androgen receptor splicing variants (ARvs) may mediate a compensatory DDR pathway when canonical androgen receptor (AR) signaling is inhibited, thus contributing to the resistance of some patients to this combinational treatment. However, the specific roles of certain ARvs as well as the detailed mechanism of how ARvs regulate the DDR are not well understood. Here, we demonstrated that AR splicing variant 7 (ARv7), which is the most abundant form of ARvs, significantly promotes the DDR of PCa cells under severe DNA damage independent of its parental AR by using the ionizing radiation (IR) and doxorubicin (Dox)-treated cell models. Mechanistically, ARv7 is sufficient to upregulate both the homologous recombination (HR) and the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways by forming a positive regulatory loop with poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1). Moreover, the presence of ARv7 impairs the synergistic effect between AR antagonists and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, which has been recently shown to be a promising future treatment strategy for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Combined, our data indicate that constitutively active ARv7 not only contributes to radioresistance after ADT, but may also serve as a potential predictive biomarker for assessing the efficacy of novel PARP inhibitor-based therapy in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoge Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chaoke Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingbing Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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De Angeli P, Reuter P, Hauser S, Schöls L, Stingl K, Wissinger B, Kohl S. Effective splicing restoration of a deep-intronic ABCA4 variant in cone photoreceptor precursor cells by CRISPR/SpCas9 approaches. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:511-524. [PMID: 35991315 PMCID: PMC9375153 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro De Angeli
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Corresponding author Pietro De Angeli, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 5–7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Peggy Reuter
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katarina Stingl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Rare Eye Diseases, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Tanaka K, Suzuki K, Miyashita K, Wakasa K, Kawano M, Nakatsu Y, Tsumura H, Yoshida MA, Oda S. Activation of recombinational repair in Ewing sarcoma cells carrying EWS-FLI1 fusion gene by chromosome translocation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14764. [PMID: 36042341 PMCID: PMC9427769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome translocation (TL) is an important mode of genomic changes underlying human tumorigenesis, the detailed mechanisms of which are, however, still not well understood. The two major modalities of DNA double strand break repair, i.e. homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), have been hypothesized. In a typical TL+ human neoplasm, Ewing sarcoma, which is frequently associated with t(11;22) TL encoding the EWS-FLI1 fusion gene, NHEJ has been regarded as a model to explain the disease-specific TL. Using comprehensive microarray approaches, we observed that expression of the HR genes, particularly of RAD51, is upregulated in TL+ Ewing sarcoma cell lines, WE-68 and SK-N-MC, as in the other TL+ tumor cell lines and one defective in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). The upregulated RAD51 expression indeed lead to frequent focus formation, which may suggest an activation of the HR pathway in these cells. Furthermore, sister chromatid exchange was frequently observed in the TL+ and MMR-defective cells. Intriguingly, ionizing irradiation revealed that the decrease of 53BP1 foci was significantly retarded in the Ewing sarcoma cell lines, suggesting that the NHEJ pathway may be less active in the cells. These observations may support an HR involvement, at least in part, to explain TL in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kaname Miyashita
- Clinical Research Institute, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Kentaro Wakasa
- Clinical Research Institute, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Masanori Kawano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Nakatsu
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsumura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oita University, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- Clinical Research Institute, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.,Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Shinya Oda
- Clinical Research Institute, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.
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Talibova G, Bilmez Y, Ozturk S. DNA double-strand break repair in male germ cells during spermatogenesis and its association with male infertility development. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 118:103386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nickoloff JA. Targeting Replication Stress Response Pathways to Enhance Genotoxic Chemo- and Radiotherapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154736. [PMID: 35897913 PMCID: PMC9330692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cells regularly experience replication stress caused by spontaneous DNA damage that results from endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA sequences that can assume secondary and tertiary structures, and collisions between opposing transcription and replication machineries. Cancer cells face additional replication stress, including oncogenic stress that results from the dysregulation of fork progression and origin firing, and from DNA damage induced by radiotherapy and most cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Cells respond to such stress by activating a complex network of sensor, signaling and effector pathways that protect genome integrity. These responses include slowing or stopping active replication forks, protecting stalled replication forks from collapse, preventing late origin replication firing, stimulating DNA repair pathways that promote the repair and restart of stalled or collapsed replication forks, and activating dormant origins to rescue adjacent stressed forks. Currently, most cancer patients are treated with genotoxic chemotherapeutics and/or ionizing radiation, and cancer cells can gain resistance to the resulting replication stress by activating pro-survival replication stress pathways. Thus, there has been substantial effort to develop small molecule inhibitors of key replication stress proteins to enhance tumor cell killing by these agents. Replication stress targets include ATR, the master kinase that regulates both normal replication and replication stress responses; the downstream signaling kinase Chk1; nucleases that process stressed replication forks (MUS81, EEPD1, Metnase); the homologous recombination catalyst RAD51; and other factors including ATM, DNA-PKcs, and PARP1. This review provides an overview of replication stress response pathways and discusses recent pre-clinical studies and clinical trials aimed at improving cancer therapy by targeting replication stress response factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Huang J, Cook DE. The contribution of DNA repair pathways to genome editing and evolution in filamentous pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6638986. [PMID: 35810003 PMCID: PMC9779921 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks require repair or risk corrupting the language of life. To ensure genome integrity and viability, multiple DNA double-strand break repair pathways function in eukaryotes. Two such repair pathways, canonical non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination, have been extensively studied, while other pathways such as microhomology-mediated end joint and single-strand annealing, once thought to serve as back-ups, now appear to play a fundamental role in DNA repair. Here, we review the molecular details and hierarchy of these four DNA repair pathways, and where possible, a comparison for what is known between animal and fungal models. We address the factors contributing to break repair pathway choice, and aim to explore our understanding and knowledge gaps regarding mechanisms and regulation in filamentous pathogens. We additionally discuss how DNA double-strand break repair pathways influence genome engineering results, including unexpected mutation outcomes. Finally, we review the concept of biased genome evolution in filamentous pathogens, and provide a model, termed Biased Variation, that links DNA double-strand break repair pathways with properties of genome evolution. Despite our extensive knowledge for this universal process, there remain many unanswered questions, for which the answers may improve genome engineering and our understanding of genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - David E Cook
- Corresponding author: 1712 Claflin Road, 4004 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States. E-mail:
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Hu X, Biswas A, De S. KMT2C-deficient tumors have elevated APOBEC mutagenesis and genomic instability in multiple cancers. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac023. [PMID: 35898555 PMCID: PMC9310081 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase KMT2C is among the most frequently mutated epigenetic modifier genes in cancer and plays an essential role in MRE11-dependent DNA replication fork restart. However, the effects of KMT2C deficiency on genomic instability during tumorigenesis are unclear. Analyzing 9,663 tumors from 30 cancer cohorts, we report that KMT2C mutant tumors have a significant excess of APOBEC mutational signatures in several cancer types. We show that KMT2C deficiency promotes APOBEC expression and deaminase activity, and compromises DNA replication speed and delays fork restart, facilitating APOBEC mutagenesis targeting single stranded DNA near stalled forks. APOBEC-mediated mutations primarily accumulate during early replication and tend to cluster along the genome and also in 3D nuclear domains. Excessive APOBEC mutational signatures in KMT2C mutant tumors correlate with elevated genome maintenance defects and signatures of homologous recombination deficiency. We propose that KMT2C deficiency is a likely promoter of APOBEC mutagenesis, which fosters further genomic instability during tumor progression in multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Antara Biswas
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Abstract
In mammalian cells, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are mainly repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. Ku (a heterodimer formed by Ku70 and Ku80 proteins) and DNA ligase IV are the core NHEJ factors. Ku could also be involved in other cellular processes, including telomere length regulation, DNA replication, transcription, and translation control. Leishmania, an early branching eukaryote and the causative agent of leishmaniasis, has no functional NHEJ pathway due to its lack of DNA ligase IV and other NHEJ factors but retains Ku70 and Ku80 proteins. In this study, we generated Leishmania donovani Ku70 disruption mutants and Ku70 and Ku80 double gene (Ku70/80) disruption mutants. We found that Leishmania Ku is still involved in DSB repair, possibly through its binding to DNA ends to block and slowdown 5′ end resections and Ku-Ku or other protein interactions. Depending on location of a DSB between the direct repeat genomic sequences, Leishmania Ku could have an inhibiting effect, no effect or a promoting effect on the DSB repair mediated by single strand annealing (SSA), the most frequently used DSB repair pathway in Leishmania. Ku70/80 proteins are also required for the healthy proliferation of Leishmania cells. Interestingly, unlike in Trypanosoma brucei and L. mexicana, Ku70/80 proteins are dispensable for maintaining the normal lengths of telomeres in L. donovani. We also show it is possible to reconstitute the two components (Ku and Ligase D) NHEJ pathway derived from Mycobacterium marinum in Leishmania. This improved DSB repair fidelity and efficiency in Leishmania and sets up an example that the bacterial NHEJ pathway can be successfully reconstructed in an NHEJ-deficient eukaryotic parasite. IMPORTANCE Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is the most efficient double-stranded DNA break (DSB) repair pathway in mammalian cells. In contrast, the protozoan parasite Leishmania has no functional NHEJ pathway but retains the core NHEJ factors of Ku70 and Ku80 proteins. In this study, we found that Leishmania Ku heterodimers are still participating in DSB repair possibly through blocking 5′ end resections and Ku-Ku protein interactions. Depending on the DSB location, Ku could have an inhibiting or promoting effect on DSB repair mediated by the single-strand annealing repair pathway. Ku is also required for the normal growth of the parasite but surprisingly dispensable for maintaining the telomere lengths. Further, we show it is possible to introduce Mycobacterium marinum NHEJ pathway into Leishmania. Understanding DSB repair mechanisms of Leishmania may improve the CRISPR gene targeting specificity and efficiency and help identify new drug targets for this important human parasite.
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Kumar S, Fathima E, Khanum F, Malini SS. Significance of the Wnt canonical pathway in radiotoxicity via oxidative stress of electron beam radiation and its molecular control in mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:459-473. [PMID: 35758974 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2094018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation triggers cell death events through signaling proteins, but the combined mechanism of these events is unexplored The Wnt canonical pathway, on the other hand, is essential for cell regeneration and cell fate determination. AIM The relationship between the Wnt pathway's response to radiation and its role in radiotoxicity is overlooked, even though it is a critical molecular control of the cell. The Wnt pathway has been predicted to have radioprotective properties in some reports, but the overall mechanism is unknown. We intend to investigate how this combined cascade works throughout the radiation process and its significance over radiotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty adult mice were irradiated with electron beam radiation, and 5 served as controls. Mice were sacrificed after 24 h and 30 days of irradiation. We assessed DNA damage studies, oxidative stress parameters, mRNA profiles, protein level (liver, kidney, spleen, and germ cells), sperm viability, and motility. OBSERVATION The mRNA profile helps to understand how the combined cascade of the Wnt pathway and NHEJ work together during radiation to combat oxidative response and cell survival. The quantitative examination of mRNA uncovers unique critical changes in all mRNA levels in all cases, particularly in germ cells. Recuperation was likewise seen in post-30 day's radiation in the liver, spleen, and kidney followed by oxidative stress parameters, however not in germ cells. It proposes that reproductive physiology is exceptionally sensitive to radiation, even at the molecular level. It also suggests the suppression of Lef1/Axin2 could be the main reason for the permanent failure of the sperm function process. Post-irradiation likewise influences the morphology of sperm. The decrease in mRNA levels of Lef1, Axin2, Survivin, Ku70, and XRCC6 levels suggests radiation inhibits the Wnt canonical pathway and failure in DNA repair mechanisms in a coupled manner. An increase in Bax, Bcl2, and caspase3 suggests apoptosis activation followed by the decreased expression of enzymatic antioxidants. CONCLUSION Controlled several interlinked such as the Wnt canonical pathway, NHEJ pathway, and intrinsic apoptotic pathway execute when the whole body is exposed to radiation. These pathways decide the cell fate whether it will survive or will go to apoptosis which may further be used in a study to counterpart and better comprehend medication focus on radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Reproductive and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Eram Fathima
- Defense Food Research Laboratory, Defense Research Development Organisation, Mysuru, India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- Defense Food Research Laboratory, Defense Research Development Organisation, Mysuru, India
| | - Suttur S Malini
- Molecular Reproductive and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
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Faulkner EL, Pike JA, Densham RM, Garlick E, Thomas SG, Neely RK, Morris JR. Imaging nanoscale nuclear structures with expansion microscopy. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276027. [PMID: 35748225 PMCID: PMC9450888 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly applied super-resolution light microscopies have provided insight into subcellular processes at the nanoscale. However, imaging depth, speed, throughput and cost remain significant challenges, limiting the numbers of three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale processes that can be investigated and the number of laboratories able to undertake such analysis. Expansion microscopy (ExM) solves many of these limitations, but its application to imaging nuclear processes has been constrained by concerns of unequal nuclear expansion. Here, we demonstrate the conditions for isotropic expansion of the nucleus at a resolution equal to or better than 120–130 nm (pre-expansion). Using the DNA damage response proteins BRCA1, 53BP1 (also known as TP53BP1) and RAD51 as exemplars, we quantitatively describe the 3D nanoscale organisation of over 50,000 DNA damage response structures. We demonstrate the ability to assess chromatin-regulated events and show the simultaneous assessment of four elements. This study thus demonstrates how ExM can contribute to the investigation of nanoscale nuclear processes. Summary: Expansion microscopy provides quantitative insight into the impact of chromatin modifiers on spatiotemporal organisation of the DNA repair proteins BRCA1, 53BP1 and RAD51 at a resolution of 65–70 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Faulkner
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeremy A Pike
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,COMPARE, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Ruth M Densham
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology and Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Evelyn Garlick
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,COMPARE, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Steven G Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,COMPARE, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Robert K Neely
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joanna R Morris
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology and Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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