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Roach M, Cantu A, Vieri MK, Cotten M, Kellam P, Phan M, van der Hoek L, Mandro M, Tepage F, Mambandu G, Musinya G, Laudisoit A, Colebunders R, Edwards R, Mokili JL. No Evidence Known Viruses Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. An Explorative Metagenomic Case-Control Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070787. [PMID: 34206564 PMCID: PMC8308762 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing epidemiological evidence that the Onchocerca volvulus parasite is strongly associated with epilepsy in children, hence the name onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE), the pathophysiological mechanism of OAE remains to be elucidated. In June 2014, children with unprovoked convulsive epilepsy and healthy controls were enrolled in a case control study in Titule, Bas-Uélé Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to identify risk factors for epilepsy. Using a subset of samples collected from individuals enrolled in this study (16 persons with OAE and 9 controls) plasma, buffy coat, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were subjected to random-primed next-generation sequencing. The resulting sequences were analyzed using sensitive computational methods to identify viral DNA and RNA sequences. Anneloviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis B virus), Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Polyomaviridae (Human polyomavirus), and Virgaviridae were identified in cases and in controls. Not unexpectedly, a variety of bacteriophages were also detected in all cases and controls. However, none of the identified viral sequences were found enriched in OAE cases, which was our criteria for agents that might play a role in the etiology or pathogenesis of OAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roach
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (M.R.); (R.E.)
| | - Adrian Cantu
- Computational Sciences Research Center, Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
| | - Melissa Krizia Vieri
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2160 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.K.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1RQ, UK;
- MRC/UVRI and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Entebbe, Uganda; (P.K.); (M.P.)
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- MRC/UVRI and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Entebbe, Uganda; (P.K.); (M.P.)
| | - My Phan
- MRC/UVRI and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Entebbe, Uganda; (P.K.); (M.P.)
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Michel Mandro
- Provincial Health Division Ituri, Ministry of Health, Ituri, Congo;
| | - Floribert Tepage
- Provincial Health Division Bas Uélé, Ministry of Health, Bas Uélé, Congo;
| | - Germain Mambandu
- Provincial Health Division Tshopo, Ministry of Health, Tshopo, Congo;
| | | | | | - Robert Colebunders
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, 2160 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.K.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert Edwards
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (M.R.); (R.E.)
- Computational Sciences Research Center, Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
- Viral Information Institute, Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - John L. Mokili
- Viral Information Institute, Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Correspondence:
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Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Ighalo JO, Odey G, Ibrahim RG, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Tiamiyu AO, Ajibade TF, Abdulkadir TS, Adeniran KA, Choi KS. Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110309. [PMID: 33045227 DOI: 10.1016/j.envre.2020.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, and other recreational activities. While developed nations have made significant improvement in providing adequate quality water and sanitation devoid of virus contaminations to a significant percentage of the residences, many of the developing countries are still lacking in these regards, leading to many death cases among the vulnerable due to ingestion of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens. However, the recent global pandemic of COVID-19 seems to have changed the paradigm by reawakening the importance of water quality and sanitation, and focusing more attention on the pervasive effect of the use of virus-contaminated water as it can be a potential driver for the spread of the virus and other waterborne diseases, especially in developing nations that are characterized by low socioeconomic development. Therefore, this review assessed the socioeconomic inequalities related to the usage of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens in developing countries. The socioeconomic factors attributed to the various waterborne diseases due to the use of virus-contaminated water in many developing countries are poverty, the standard of living, access to health care facilities, age, gender, and level of education. Some mitigation strategies to address the viral contamination of water sources are therefore proposed, while future scope and recommendations on tackling the essential issues related to socioeconomic inequality in developing nations are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Golden Odey
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Kola Yusuff Kareem
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Temitope F Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | | | - Kamoru Akanni Adeniran
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kyung Sook Choi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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3
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Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Ighalo JO, Odey G, Ibrahim RG, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Tiamiyu AO, Ajibade TF, Abdulkadir TS, Adeniran KA, Choi KS. Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110309. [PMID: 33045227 PMCID: PMC7546968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, and other recreational activities. While developed nations have made significant improvement in providing adequate quality water and sanitation devoid of virus contaminations to a significant percentage of the residences, many of the developing countries are still lacking in these regards, leading to many death cases among the vulnerable due to ingestion of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens. However, the recent global pandemic of COVID-19 seems to have changed the paradigm by reawakening the importance of water quality and sanitation, and focusing more attention on the pervasive effect of the use of virus-contaminated water as it can be a potential driver for the spread of the virus and other waterborne diseases, especially in developing nations that are characterized by low socioeconomic development. Therefore, this review assessed the socioeconomic inequalities related to the usage of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens in developing countries. The socioeconomic factors attributed to the various waterborne diseases due to the use of virus-contaminated water in many developing countries are poverty, the standard of living, access to health care facilities, age, gender, and level of education. Some mitigation strategies to address the viral contamination of water sources are therefore proposed, while future scope and recommendations on tackling the essential issues related to socioeconomic inequality in developing nations are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Golden Odey
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Kola Yusuff Kareem
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Temitope F Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | | | - Kamoru Akanni Adeniran
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kyung Sook Choi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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Polimeni JM, Almalki A, Iorgulescu RI, Albu LL, Parker WM, Chandrasekara R. Assessment of Macro-Level Socioeconomic Factors That Impact Waterborne Diseases: The Case of Jordan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E1181. [PMID: 27898017 PMCID: PMC5201322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13121181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is an example of a country that suffers from high water scarcity. Additionally, due to the economic drivers in the country, such as phosphate and potash extraction and pharmaceutical production, the little fresh water that remains is generally polluted. The infrastructure, often antiquated in urban areas and non-existent in rural areas, also contributes to poor water conditions and to the spread of waterborne diseases. This paper examines the socioeconomic factors that contribute to diarrhea and hepatitis A on a macro level in Jordan and discusses the public-policies that government officials could use to abate those problems. Ordinary least squares time series models are used to understand the macro-level variables that impact the incidence of these diseases in Jordan. Public health expenditure has a significant impact on reducing their incidence. Furthermore, investment in sanitation facilities in rural regions is likely to reduce the number of cases of hepatitis A. Perhaps the most surprising outcome is that importation of goods and services likely results in a decrease in cases of hepatitis A. However, income has little impact on the incidence of diarrhea and hepatitis A.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Polimeni
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Ahmad Almalki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Saud University, King Khalid Road, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raluca I Iorgulescu
- Institute for Economic Forecasting-NIER, Romanian Academy, Bucharest 050711, Romania.
| | - Lucian-Liviu Albu
- Institute for Economic Forecasting-NIER, Romanian Academy, Bucharest 050711, Romania.
| | - Wendy M Parker
- Department of Basic & Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Ray Chandrasekara
- Department of Humanities and Communication, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Rigotto C, Victoria M, Moresco V, Kolesnikovas C, Corrêa A, Souza D, Miagostovich M, Simões C, Barardi C. Assessment of adenovirus, hepatitis A virus and rotavirus presence in environmental samples in Florianopolis, South Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1979-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Son JS, Lee MS, Kang SY, Lee WI. [Hepatitis A virus seropositivity among healthcare workers at a university hospital in Korea]. Korean J Lab Med 2010; 29:551-6. [PMID: 20046087 DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2009.29.6.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCW) are known as a risk group of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection and vaccination of this group against HAV has been suggested. However, the seroprevalence of HAV antibody among HCW in Korea has not been reported. We investigated the seropositivity of HAV antibody in HCW, to obtain a baseline data. METHODS We measured serum total HAV antibody using chemiluminescent immunoassay (ADVIA Centaur, Germany) in 174 HCW at one university hospital in Seoul, Korea. RESULTS Serum HAV antibody was positive in 48 (27.6%) of 174 subjects tested. The seropositivity of HAV antibody was significantly increased with increasing age: 21.1% (26/123), 55% (22/40), and 100% (11/11) in the age groups of 20's, 30's, and 40's, respectively (P<0.001). However it was not significantly different among different occupations (physicians 38%, nurses 24.6%, other workers 31.4%, P=0.376) and work places (medical ward 29.1%, pediatric ward 25.9%, emergency room 34.4%, laboratory 0%, P=0.140). The seroprevalence rate of HAV antibody in the age groups of 20's and 30's in this study was not higher than that of previous studies on non-HCW populations in Korea since 2006. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of HAV antibody among HCW in the age groups of 20's and 30's in a Korean hospital was not higher than that of non-HCW populations, and the seropositivity increased with increasing age. Further studies are needed for the age-specific strategy for vaccination, considering the increased risk of exposure in HCW to HAV infection in hospital environment with the increase of symptomatic patients with HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seong Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyunghee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Krakowka S, Ellis JA. Evaluation of the effects of porcine genogroup 1 torque teno virus in gnotobiotic swine. Am J Vet Res 2009; 69:1623-9. [PMID: 19046010 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether porcine genogroup 1 torque teno virus (g1-TTV) can infect and cause disease in gnotobiotic swine. SAMPLE POPULATION 20 conventional baby pigs and 46 gnotobiotic baby pigs. PROCEDURES Porcine g1-TTV was transmitted from conventional swine to gnotobiotic pigs via pooled leukocyte-rich plasmas (n=18) that had positive results for g1-TTV DNA. Bone marrow-liver homogenates that had positive results for torque teno virus (TTV) were used in 4 serial passages in gnotobiotic pigs (2 pigs/passage). A pathogenesis experiment was conducted with in vivo passages of g1-TTV in various groups of gnotobiotic pigs. RESULTS All g1-TTV inoculated pigs had no clinical signs but developed interstitial pneumonia, transient thymic atrophy, membranous glomerulonephropathy, and modest lymphocytic to histiocytic infiltrates in the liver after inoculation with the TTV-containing tissue homogenate; these changes were not detected in uninoculated control pigs or pigs injected with tissue homogenate devoid of TTV DNAs. In situ hybridization was used to identify g1-TTV DNAs in bone marrow mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of these data revealed that porcine g1-TTV was readily transmitted to TTV-naïve swine and that infection was associated with characteristic pathologic changes in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with g1-TTV. Thus, g1-TTV could be an unrecognized pathogenic viral infectious agent of swine. This indicated a directly associated induction of lesions attributable to TTV infection in swine for a virus of the genus Anellovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Krakowka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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In utero transmission of porcine torque teno viruses. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:375-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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de Alencar Ximenes RA, Martelli CMT, Merchán-Hamann E, Montarroyos UR, Braga MC, de Lima MLC, Cardoso MRA, Turchi MD, Costa MA, de Alencar LCA, Moreira RC, Figueiredo GM, Pereira LMMB. Multilevel analysis of hepatitis A infection in children and adolescents: a household survey in the Northeast and Central-west regions of Brazil. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 37:852-61. [PMID: 18653514 PMCID: PMC2483311 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis A among children and adolescents from the Northeast and Midwest regions and the Federal District of Brazil and to identify individual-, household- and area-levels factors associated with hepatitis A infection. Methods This population-based survey was conducted in 2004–2005 and covered individuals aged between 5 and 19 years. A stratified multistage cluster sampling technique with probability proportional to size was used to select 1937 individuals aged between 5 and 19 years living in the Federal capital and in the State capitals of 12 states in the study regions. The sample was stratified according to age (5–9 and 10- to 19-years-old) and capital within each region. Individual- and household-level data were collected by interview at the home of the individual. Variables related to the area were retrieved from census tract data. The outcome was total antibodies to hepatitis A virus detected using commercial EIA. The age distribution of the susceptible population was estimated using a simple catalytic model. The associations between HAV infection and independent variables were assessed using the odds ratio and corrected for the random design effect and sampling weight. Multilevel analysis was performed by GLLAMM using Stata 9.2. Results The prevalence of hepatitis A infection in the 5–9 and 10–19 age-group was 41.5 and 57.4%, respectively for the Northeast, 32.3 and 56.0%, respectively for the Midwest and 33.8 and 65.1% for the Federal District. A trend for the prevalence of HAV infection to increase according to age was detected in all sites. By the age of 5, 31.5% of the children had already been infected with HAV in the Northeast region compared with 20.0% in the other sites. By the age of 19 years, seropositivity was ∼70% in all areas. The curves of susceptible populations differed from one area to another. Multilevel modeling showed that variables relating to different levels of education were associated with HAV infection in all sites. Conclusion The study sites were classified as areas with intermediate endemicity area for hepatitis A infection. Differences in age trends of infection were detected among settings. This multilevel model allowed for quantification of contextual predictors of hepatitis A infection in urban areas.
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Burra P, Masier A, Boldrin C, Calistri A, Andreoli E, Senzolo M, Zorzi M, Sgarabotto D, Guido M, Cillo U, Canova D, Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Maggi F, Palù G. Torque Teno Virus: any pathological role in liver transplanted patients? Transpl Int 2008; 21:972-9. [PMID: 18564988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have been performed on the prevalence of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) infection in liver transplant (LT) recipients. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, viremia and genogroup pattern of TTV among LT patients and to ascertain whether TTV causes liver damage in liver transplanted patients with biochemical and histological changes of unknown origin. Twenty-five patients were evaluated before and after LT; 80 healthy subjects were considered as controls. Serum samples were serially obtained from all the patients before LT and thereafter at 3, 6 and 12 months post-transplant. Serum TTV-DNA and genogroups were assessed by PCR. Patients underwent protocol serial liver biopsies at 6 and 12 months after LT. Results were compared using the Chi-squared tests, McNemar's and Student's t-tests. TTV-DNA was found in 25/25 patients before LT and in 60/80 blood donors (P < 0.01). The TTV-DNA load increased significantly after LT (P < 0.001). TTV-DNA was significantly higher in patients on calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) and azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil than in patients on CNI alone (P = 0.04) at 3 months after LT. Genogroup analysis showed a significant increase in genogroup 5 positivity after LT. No differences were seen in the viremia of patients compared according to their viral versus other etiologies of their liver disease before transplantation. Viremia and TTV genotype patterns did not correlate with the presence of hypertransaminasemia or histological liver damage of unknown etiology. The prevalence of TTV-DNA was significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis than in controls and the viral load was significantly higher after LT than beforehand. On the basis of our data, TTV does not seem to cause liver damage following LT, although larger studies with a long-term follow up are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Burra
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Silva PDC, Vitral CL, Barcellos C, Kawa H, Gracie R, Rosa MLG. Hepatite A no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: padrão epidemiológico e associação das variáveis sócio-ambientais. Vinculando dados do SINAN aos do Censo Demográfico. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2007; 23:1553-64. [PMID: 17572804 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2007000700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objetivamos discutir a vinculação do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e do Censo Demográfico para conhecer o contexto sócio-ambiental da hepatite A, analisando a contribuição das variáveis ambientais e sócio-demográficas para ocorrência de casos notificados e confirmados da infecção. Também, com base nas informações individuais sobre os casos de hepatite A notificados e confirmados, obtidos no SINAN, discutimos o padrão de endemicidade no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. No estudo agregado, a unidade de análise foi o setor censitário e as informações do Censo 2000, associadas à localização dos 1.553 casos notificados e confirmados de hepatite A ocorridos na cidade entre 1999-2001. Observou-se um padrão epidemiológico entre alta e média endemicidades, indicando situação menos favorável do que a observada nos estudos soro-epidemiológicos. A média rank do número de domicílios com condições sócio-ambientais desfavoráveis foi maior nos setores censitários de sobre-risco para hepatite A (dois ou mais casos) com significância estatística pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. As variáveis sócio-demográficas mostraram ter maior influência do que as ambientais na ocorrência de casos: maior percentual de pobreza e de menores de cinco anos apresentou as maiores diferenças de médias rank.
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Vitral CL, Gaspar AMC, Souto FJD. Epidemiological pattern and mortality rates for hepatitis A in Brazil, 1980-2002: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:119-27. [PMID: 16830702 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is high in developing countries, in which low standards of sanitation promote the transmission of the virus. In Latin America, which is considered an area of high HAV endemicity, most HAV-positive individuals are infected in early childhood However recent studies have shown that prevalence rates are decreasing. Herein, we review the data on HAV prevalence and outbreaks available in scientific databases. We also use official government data in order to evaluate mortality rates in Brazil over the last two decades. Studies conducted in the northernmost regions of Brazil have indicated that, although improved hygiene has led to a reduction in childhood exposure to HAV, the greatest exposure still occurs early in life. In the Southeastern region, the persistence of circulating HAV has generated outbreaks among individuals of low socioeconomic status, despite adequate sanitation. Nationwide, hepatitis A mortality rates declined progressively from 1980 to 2002. During that period, mortality rates in the Northern region consistently exceeded the mean national rate and those for other regions. Excluding the North, the rates in all regions were comparable. Nevertheless, the trend toward decline observed in the South was paralleled by a similar trend in the North.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Vitral
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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13
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Chodick G, Ashkenazi S, Lerman Y. The risk of hepatitis A infection among healthcare workers: a review of reported outbreaks and sero-epidemiologic studies. J Hosp Infect 2006; 62:414-20. [PMID: 16488511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
All reports of hepatitis A (HA) outbreaks in healthcare settings published between 1975 and 2003 were studied to determine the background immunity or susceptibility of healthcare workers (HCWs) to HA. Twenty-six reports were found. The number of infected personnel ranged from one to 66 and, in most outbreaks, nurses accounted for the majority of personnel infected, reflecting high attack rates reaching 15-41%. In addition, we found 23 sero-epidemiological studies for HA among HCWs that had been performed in 13 different countries. Seroprevalence rates of HCWs with anti-HA antibody ranged between 4% among paramedical workers in Germany to 88% among hospital maintenance workers in Portugal. Effective infection control of HA outbreaks in hospitals demands early recognition, including awareness of atypical presentations of the infection, and strict adherence to universal infection control measures. Education programmes are of special importance for HCWs in neonatal, paediatric and intensive care units. The findings of the current study suggest that a pre-employment screening policy and administration of active vaccination to susceptible HCWs, particularly nurses, should be seriously considered in high-risk settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chodick
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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14
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Dinelli MIS, Fisberg M, Moraes-Pinto MID. Anti-hepatitis A virus frequency in adolescents at an outpatient clinic in São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006; 48:43-4. [PMID: 16547579 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies was assessed in adolescents (age ranging from 10.4 to 19.9 years) at an Adolescent Outpatient Clinic in São Paulo, Brazil. Anti-HAV was detected in 137 (54.2%) out of 253 individuals. When separated into two age groups, anti-HAV frequency was higher in the 15 to 19 year-old group (64%) in comparison to the 10 to 14 year-old group (46%) (Chi-square test: p = 0.004). These results suggest that adolescents in São Paulo are at risk of hepatitis A infection and are probably contracting HAV infection during this age period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Saraiva Dinelli
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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de Guimaraens MA, Codeço CT. Experiments with mathematical models to simulate hepatitis A population dynamics under different levels of endemicity. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2005; 21:1531-9. [PMID: 16158159 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2005000500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous access to sanitation services is a characteristic of communities in Brazil. This heterogeneity leads to different patterns of hepatitis A endemicity: areas with low infection rates have higher probability of outbreaks, and areas with higher infection rates have high prevalence and low risk of outbreaks. Here we develop a mathematical model to study the effect of variable exposure to infection on the epidemiological dynamics of hepatitis A. Differential equations were used to simulate population dynamics and were numerically solved using the software Stella. The model uses parameters from serological surveys in the Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, in areas with different sanitation conditions. Computer simulation experiments show that the range of infection rates observed in these communities are characteristic of high and low levels of hepatitis A endemicity. We also found that the functional relationship between sanitation and exposure to infection is an important component of the model. The analysis of the public health impact of partial sanitation requires a better understanding of this relationship.
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16
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Devalle S, Niel C. A multiplex PCR assay able to simultaneously detect Torque teno virus isolates from phylogenetic groups 1 to 5. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:853-60. [PMID: 15933778 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is a circular, single-stranded DNA virus that chronically infects healthy individuals of all ages worldwide. TTV has an extreme genetic heterogeneity which is reflected in its current classification into five main phylogenetic groups (1-5). Using specific PCR assays, it has been shown that many individuals are co-infected with TTV isolates belonging to different phylogenetic groups. Here, a multiplex PCR assay was developed, using five recombinant plasmids. Each plasmid carried an insert of different size issued from a TTV isolate belonging to a different group. The assay was able to simultaneously amplify DNAs of TTV isolates belonging to all five phylogenetic groups. Multiplex PCR was then tested satisfactorily on DNAs extracted from 55 serum samples (47 health care workers and 8 AIDS patients). All individuals but nine were infected with at least one TTV isolate. Co-infection with multiple isolates was found in 29/47 (62%) health care workers and in 8/8 (100%) AIDS patients. A number of discrepancies were observed when results obtained with three thermostable DNA polymerases were compared. For example, four TTV phylogenetic groups were detected in a particular serum sample by using one of the three DNA polymerases, whereas the other two enzymes were able to detect only three TTV groups. However, none of the three enzymes used could be broadly considered to be more efficient than the others. Despite its limitations, the assay described here constitutes a suitable tool to visualize the degree of co-infection of a given population, avoiding time-consuming experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Devalle
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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17
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Mariya FA, de Mello Perez R, Silva AEB, Pestana JOM, Ferraz MLG. Prevalence of previous hepatitis A virus infection in renal transplant patients with hepatitis C: evidence of persistent anti-hepatitis A virus immune response. Transplant Proc 2004; 36:1500-1. [PMID: 15251370 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Data concerning the prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection among kidney transplant recipients are scarce. There is little information concerning natural immunity acquired after acute HAV infection. In most renal transplant recipients, anti-HAV antibodies are not detectable after vaccination; it is reasonable to suppose that immunosuppressive therapy interferes with the immunity. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in an endemic area, the prevalence of anti-HAV immunoglobulin (Ig)G in renal transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The prevalence of anti-HAV IgG was assessed in 40 HCV-positive renal transplant recipients. This group showed a 90% prevalence of previous HAV infection. These findings suggest that in an endemic area, the prevalence of previous HAV infection is high, even among immunosuppressed patients. HAV antibodies acquired after natural infection are detectable even after the onset of immunosuppressive therapy. These data should be considered when renal transplant recipients are considered for HAV vaccination. Prevaccination screening of renal transplant recipients must follow the same guidelines as those for immunocompetent subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Mariya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Savas MC, Guney C, Kadayifci A, Balkan A, Koruk M, Kubar A, Uygun A. High prevalence of transfusion-transmitted virus infection in patients with chronic liver diseases in an endemic area of hepatitis B and C virus. Med Princ Pract 2003; 12:176-9. [PMID: 12766336 DOI: 10.1159/000070755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2002] [Accepted: 10/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and clinical impact of transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) DNA in patients with chronic liver diseases in the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey where hepatitis B and C viral infections are endemic. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Patients diagnosed with chronic liver disease by clinical, biochemical and histologic means were enrolled in the study. Serum samples of 60 patients (19 males, 41 females) with chronic liver diseases, and of 45 healthy volunteer blood donors as a control group were collected. The chronic liver disease group consisted of 11 patients with hepatitis B, 44 with hepatitis C and 5 with chronic liver disease of unknown etiology. Presence of TTV DNA was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction. Using a scoring system histological grading of inflammation and staging of fibrosis were performed only in the chronic hepatitis C group. RESULTS TTV DNA was detected in 47 (78%) patients with chronic liver disease and 5 (11%) volunteers in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Ten of the 11 (91%) patients with hepatitis B, 32 of 44 (73%) of those with hepatitis C-related chronic liver disease, and 5 of 5 (100%) of the patients with cryptogenic liver disease were positive for TTV DNA. CONCLUSION TTV is highly prevalent in patients with chronic liver diseases in Southeast Anatolia, Turkey but no pathogenic effect attributable to TTV infection was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cemil Savas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Sahinbey, Turkey.
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Abstract
Hepatitis A infection is known since the ancient Chinese, Greek and Roman civilizations but the first documented report was published in the eighteenth century. The hepatovirus belongs to the Picornaviridae family, and carries a single strand RNA. There are 7 genotypes. Antibodies of the IgM and IgA classes, during natural infections, appear early in the serum, together with the first clinical manifestations of the disease, but they may also appear at the end of the first week of infection. There is a spectrum of clinical presentation: asymptomatic infection, symptomatic without jaundice and symptomatic jaundiced. A rare fatal form of hepatitis has been described. Diagnosis of the hepatitis A infection is confirmed by the finding of IgM anti-HAV antibodies, routinely performed using an ELISA test. Treatment is supportive. Intramuscular anti-A gamma globulin is used for passive immune prophylaxis, and there is an efficient vaccine for active immune prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto E L Pereira
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Clínica Médica do Centro Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil.
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20
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de Paula VS, Baptista ML, Lampe E, Niel C, Gaspar AMC. Characterization of hepatitis A virus isolates from subgenotypes IA and IB in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Med Virol 2002; 66:22-7. [PMID: 11748654 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolates from around the world have been classified into seven genotypes (I-VII). Most human strains belong to genotype I, which has been divided into two subgenotypes, A and B. South America has provided a small number of strains studied at the genome level. In the present study, IgM anti-HAV antibodies were detected in 116 out of 250 (46%) serum samples collected from consecutive patients with acute hepatitis referred to the Brazilian Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis, Rio de Janeiro. Viral RNA were extracted from all 250 samples and submitted to a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay designed to amplify a genome segment in the VP1/2A junction region. HAV RNA was detected in 54/116 (47%) and 17/134 (13%) IgM anti-HAV-positive and -negative sera, respectively. In addition, HAV RNA was detected in 17/35 (49%) IgM anti-HAV-positive sera that had been collected at a day care center where cases of acute hepatitis were being observed for 3 months. Nucleotide sequences (168 bp) of PCR products were determined for 30 HAV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 21 belonged to subgenotype IB, while 9 were of subgenotype IA. Interestingly, a concomitant circulation of isolates from subgenotypes IA and IB was observed in the day care center.
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21
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Niel C, Lampe E. High detection rates of TTV-like mini virus sequences in sera from Brazilian blood donors. J Med Virol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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