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Ohno Y, Oriyama T, Honda A, Kurokawa M, Takada T. Induction of CYP3A activity by dexamethasone may not be strong, even at high doses: insights from a case of tacrolimus co-administration. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 38044431 PMCID: PMC10694947 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-023-00310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexamethasone (DEX) induces CYP3A activity in a concentration-dependent manner. However, no study has examined changes in the blood concentration of CYP3A substrate drugs when DEX is administered at high doses. Herein, we present a case in which tacrolimus (TAC), a typical CYP3A substrate drug, was co-administered with a chemotherapy regimen that included high-dose DEX. CASE PRESENTATION A 71-year-old woman underwent liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma 18 years prior to her inclusion in this case study. She was receiving TAC orally at 2 mg/day and had a stable trough blood concentration of approximately 4 ng/mL and a trough blood concentration/dose (C/D) ratio of approximately 2. The patient was diagnosed with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (histological type: Burkitt's lymphoma) after admission. Thereafter, the patient received cyclophosphamide-prednisolone (CP), followed by two courses of R-HyperCVAD (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and DEX) and R-MA (rituximab, methotrexate, and cytarabine) replacement therapy. DEX (33 mg/day) was administered intravenously on days 1-4 and days 11-14 of R-HyperCVAD treatment, and aprepitant (APR) was administered on days 1-5 in both courses. The TAC C/D ratio decreased to approximately 1 on day 11 during both courses, and then increased. Furthermore, a decreasing trend in the TAC C/D ratio was observed after R-MA therapy. The decrease in the TAC C/D ratio was attributed to APR administration rather than to DEX. CONCLUSION The induction of CYP3A activity by a high dose of DEX may not be strong. The pharmacokinetic information on DEX and in vitro enzyme activity induction studies also suggested that CYP3A activity induction is not prominent under high-dose DEX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Ohno
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Toyohito Oriyama
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Akira Honda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Mineo Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, 113-8654, Japan
- Department of Cell Therapy and Transplantation Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, 113-8654, Japan
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Oliva-Vilarnau N, Vorrink SU, Büttner FA, Heinrich T, Sensbach J, Koscielski I, Wienke D, Petersson C, Perrin D, Lauschke VM. Comparative analysis of YAP/TEAD inhibitors in 2D and 3D cultures of primary human hepatocytes reveals a novel non-canonical mechanism of CYP induction. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115755. [PMID: 37607620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes constitutes an important cause of drug-drug interactions and preclinical evaluation of induction liability is mandatory for novel drug candidates. YAP/TEAD signaling has emerged as an attractive target for various oncological indications and multiple chemically distinct YAP/TEAD inhibitors are rapidly progressing towards clinical stages. Here, we tested the liability for CYP induction of a diverse set of YAP/TEAD inhibitors with different modes of action and TEAD isoform selectivity profiles in monolayers and 3D spheroids of primary human hepatocytes (PHH). We found that YAP/TEAD inhibition resulted in broad induction of CYPs in 2D monolayers, whereas, if at all, only marginal induction was seen in spheroid culture. Comprehensive RNA-Seq indicated that YAP/TEAD signaling was increased in 2D culture compared to spheroids, which was paralleled by elevated activities of the interacting transcription factors LXR and ESRRA, likely at least in part due to altered mechanosensing. Inhibition of this YAP/TEAD hyperactivation resulted in an overall reduction of hepatocyte dedifferentiation marked by increased hepatic functionality, including CYPs. These results thus demonstrate that the observed induction is due to on-target effects of the compounds rather than direct activation of xenobiotic sensing nuclear receptors. Combined, the presented data link hepatocyte dedifferentiation to YAP/TEAD dysregulation, reveal a novel non-canonical pathway of CYP induction and highlight the advantage of organotypic 3D cultures to predict clinically relevant pharmacokinetic properties, particularly for atypical induction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva-Vilarnau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Florian A Büttner
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Timo Heinrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Janike Sensbach
- Department of Chemical and Pre-Clinical Safety, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Isabel Koscielski
- Department of Chemical and Pre-Clinical Safety, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dirk Wienke
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carl Petersson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominique Perrin
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; HepaPredict AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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3
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Basak M, Das K, Mahata T, Sengar AS, Verma SK, Biswas S, Bhadra K, Stewart A, Maity B. RGS7-ATF3-Tip60 Complex Promotes Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Directly Inducing TNFα. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:137-159. [PMID: 35521658 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The pathophysiological mechanism(s) underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have yet to be fully delineated and only a single drug, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ agonist saroglitazar, has been approved. Here, we sought to investigate the role of Regulator of G Protein Signaling 7 (RGS7) in hyperlipidemia-dependent hepatic dysfunction. Results: RGS7 is elevated in the livers of NAFLD patients, particularly those with severe hepatic damage, pronounced insulin resistance, and high inflammation. In the liver, RGS7 forms a unique complex with transcription factor ATF3 and histone acetyltransferase Tip60, which is implicated in NAFLD. The removal of domains is necessary for ATF3/Tip60 binding compromises RGS7-dependent reactive oxygen species generation and cell death. Hepatic RGS7 knockdown (KD) prevented ATF3/Tip60 induction, and it provided protection against fibrotic remodeling and inflammation in high-fat diet-fed mice translating to improvements in liver function. Hyperlipidemia-dependent oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction were largely reversed in RGS7 KD mice. Interestingly, saroglitazar failed to prevent RGS7/ATF3 upregulation but it did partially restore Tip60 levels. RGS7 drives the release of particularly tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) from isolated hepatocytes, stellate cells and its depletion reverses steatosis, oxidative stress by direct TNFα exposure. Conversely, RGS7 overexpression in the liver is sufficient to trigger oxidative stress in hepatocytes that can be mitigated via TNFα inhibition. Innovation: We discovered a novel non-canonical function for an R7RGS protein, which usually functions to regulate G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. This is the first demonstration for a functional role of RGS7 outside the retina and central nervous system. Conclusion: RGS7 represents a potential novel target for the amelioration of NAFLD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 137-159.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Das
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | - Sayan Biswas
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Kakali Bhadra
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Adele Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Investigation of doxorubicin combined with ciprofloxacin-induced cardiotoxicity: from molecular mechanism to fundamental heart function. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00210-022-02331-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Coe KJ, Feinstein M, Higgins JW, Leung P, Scott BP, Skaptason J, Tam Y, Volak LP, Kinong J, Bittner A, McAllister H, Lim NM, Hack M, Koudriakova T. Characterization of JNJ-2482272 [4-(4-Methyl-2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)Phenyl)Thiazole-5-yl) Pyrimidine-2-Amine] As a Strong Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activator in Rat and Human. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1064-1076. [PMID: 35680134 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[4-(4-Methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiazole-5-yl)pyrimidine-2-amine] (JNJ-2482272), under investigation as an anti-inflammatory agent, was orally administered to rats once daily at 60 mg/kg for 6 consecutive days. Despite high plasma exposure after single administration (Cmax of 7.1 μM), JNJ-2482272 had plasma concentrations beneath the lower limit of quantification (3 ng/ml) after 6 consecutive days of dosing. To determine if JNJ-2482272 is an autoinducer in rats, plated rat hepatocytes were treated with JNJ-2482272 for 2 days. The major hydroxylated metabolites of JNJ-2482272 were isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR analyses. Compared with the vehicle-treated cells, a concentration-dependent increase was observed in the formation of phase I- and II-mediated metabolites coinciding with greater expression of cytochrome P450s (P450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in rat hepatocytes. CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, and UGT1A6 transcripts were predominantly induced, suggesting that JNJ-2482272 is an activator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In a human AhR reporter assay, JNJ-2482272 demonstrated potent AhR activation with an EC50 value of 0.768 nM, a potency more comparable to the strong AhR activator and toxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzodioxin than to weaker AhR activators 3-methylcholanthrene, β-naphthoflavone, and omeprazole. In plated human hepatocytes, JNJ-2482272 induced CYP1A1 gene expression with an EC50 of 20.4 nM and increased CYP1A activity >50-fold from basal levels. In human recombinant P450s, JNJ-2482272 was exclusively metabolized by the CYP1 family of enzymes and most rapidly by CYP1A1. The summation of these in vitro findings bridges the in vivo conclusion that JNJ-2482272 is a strong autoinducer in rats and potentially in humans through potent AhR activation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drugs that induce their own metabolism (autoinducers) can lack sustained exposures for pharmacology and safety assessment hindering their development. JNJ-2482272 is demonstrated herein as a strong aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activator and CYP1A autoinducer, explaining its near complete loss of exposure after repeat administration in rat, which is likely translatable to human (if progressed further) considering its nanomolar potency comparable to "classical" AhR ligands like 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-dioxin despite bearing a "nonclassical" drug structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Coe
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Mark Feinstein
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - J William Higgins
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Perry Leung
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Brian P Scott
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Judy Skaptason
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Yuen Tam
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Laurie P Volak
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Jennifer Kinong
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Anton Bittner
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Heather McAllister
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Nathan M Lim
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Michael Hack
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Tatiana Koudriakova
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
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Silva M, Kwok RKH. Use of Computational Toxicology Tools to Predict In Vivo Endpoints Associated with Mode of Action and the Endocannabinoid System: A Case Study with Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-oxon and Δ9Tetrahydrocannabinol. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100064. [PMID: 35243363 PMCID: PMC8860916 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Fu S, Yu F, Hu Z, Sun T. Metabolism-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions – Study Design, Data Analysis, and Implications for In Vitro Evaluations. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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8
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Savaryn JP, Sun J, Ma J, Jenkins GJ, Stresser DM. Broad application of CYP3A4 LC-MS protein quantification in hepatocyte cytochrome P450 induction assays identifies nonuniformity in mRNA and protein induction responses. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:105-113. [PMID: 34857529 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction potential is routine in drug development. Induction results in a net increase in CYP protein and is assessed typically by measuring indirect endpoints, i.e., enzyme activity and mRNA in vitro. Recent methodological advancements have made CYP protein quantification by LC-MS in in vitro induction studies more accessible and amenable to routine testing. In this study, we evaluated CYP3A4 concentration dependence of induction response for 11 compounds (rifampin, rifabutin, carbamazepine, efavirenz, nitrendipine, flumazenil, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, troglitazone, pazopanib, and ticagrelor) in plated hepatocytes from two or three donors incorporating in the assessment all three endpoints. In addition, the time-dependence of the induction was examined over 1, 2 or 3 days of treatment. For most compounds, mRNA, enzyme activity and protein endpoints exhibited similarity in induction responses. Pazopanib and ticagrelor were notable exceptions as neither protein nor enzyme activity were induced despite mRNA induction of a magnitude similar to efavirenz, pioglitazone or rosiglitazone, which clearly induced in all three endpoints. Static modeling of clinical induction responses supported a role for protein as a predictive endpoint. These data highlight the value of including CYP protein quantification as an induction assay endpoint to provide a more comprehensive assessment of induction liability. Significance Statement Direct, LC-MS-based quantification of CYP protein is a desirable induction assay endpoint, however the application of protein as an endpoint has been limited due to inefficient workflows. Here, we incorporate recent advancements in protein quantitation methods to efficiently quantify CYP3A4 protein in in vitro induction assays with 11 compounds in up to 3 donors. The data indicate induction responses from mRNA do not always align with those of protein suggesting assessment of induction liability is more complex than thought previously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junli Ma
- Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis, AbbVie, United States
| | - Gary J Jenkins
- Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanal, AbbVie, United States
| | - David M Stresser
- Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis, AbbVie, United States of America, AbbVie, United States
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9
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Lizano-Fallas V, Carrasco Del Amor A, Cristobal S. Systematic analysis of chemical-protein interactions from zebrafish embryo by proteome-wide thermal shift assay, bridging the gap between molecular interactions and toxicity pathways. J Proteomics 2021; 249:104382. [PMID: 34555547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interaction between chemicals and proteins often promotes alteration of cellular function. One of the challenges of the toxicology is to predict the impact of exposure to chemicals. Assessing the impact of exposure implies to understand their mechanism of actions starting from identification of specific protein targets of the interaction. Current methods can mainly predict effects of characterized chemicals with knowledge of its targets, and mechanism of actions. Here, we show that proteome-wide thermal shift methods can identify chemical-protein interactions and the protein targets from bioactive chemicals. We analyzed the identified targets from a soluble proteome extracted from zebrafish embryo, that is a model system for toxicology. To evaluate the utility to predict mechanism of actions, we discussed the applicability in four cases: single chemicals, chemical mixtures, novel chemicals, and novel drugs. Our results showed that this methodology could identify the protein targets, discriminate between protein increasing and decreasing in solubility, and offering additional data to complement the map of intertwined mechanism of actions. We anticipate that the proteome integral solubility alteration (PISA) assay, as it is defined here for the unbiased identification of protein targets of chemicals could bridge the gap between molecular interactions and toxicity pathways. SIGNIFICANCE: One of the challenges of the environmental toxicology is to predict the impact of exposure to chemicals on environment and human health. Our phenotype should be explained by our genotype and the environmental exposure. Genomic methodologies can offer a deep analysis of human genome that alone cannot explain our risks of disease. We are starting to understand the key role of exposure to chemicals on our health and risks of disease. Here, we present a proteomic-based method for the identification of soluble proteins interacting with chemicals in zebrafish embryo and discuss the opportunities to complement the map of toxicity pathway perturbations. We anticipate that this PISA assay could bridge the gap between molecular interactions and toxicity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lizano-Fallas
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Ana Carrasco Del Amor
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden.; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, s/n, Leioa 48940, Spain..
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10
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Silva MH. Chlorpyrifos and Δ 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol exposure and effects on parameters associated with the endocannabinoid system and risk factors for obesity. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:296-308. [PMID: 34467221 PMCID: PMC8384771 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marilyn Silva. Retired from a career in toxicology and risk assessment. Increased childhood and adult obesity are associated with chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate pesticide. Cannabis (Δ9Tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9THC) use has increased globally with legalization. CPF applications on cannabis crops lacks federally regulated tolerances and may pose health risks through exposure during development and in adulthood. Both CPF and Δ9THC affect the endocannabinoid system (eCBS), a regulator of appetite, energy balance, and gut microbiota, which, if disrupted, increases risk for obesity and related diseases. CPF inhibits eCB metabolism and Δ9THC is a partial agonist/antagonist at the cannabinoid receptor (CB1R). Effects of each on obesogenic parameters were examined via literature search. Male rodents with CPF exposure showed increased body weights, dysbiosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially associated with increased eCBs acting through the gut-microbiota-adipose-brain regulatory loop. Δ9THC generally decreased body weights via partial agonism at the CB1R, lowering levels of eCBs. Dysbiosis and/or oxidative stress associated inflammation occurred with CPF, but these parameters were not tested with Δ9THC. Database deficiencies included limited endpoints to compare between chemicals/age-groups, inter-study variables (dose ranges, dosing vehicle, rodent strain, treatment duration, etc.). CPF and Δ9THC were not tested together, but human co-chemical effects would depend on exposure ratio, subject age, exposure duration, and health status, among others. An overriding concern is that both chemicals are well-documented developmental neurotoxins in addition to their low dose effects on energy balance. A co-exposure risk assessment is warranted with increased use and lack of federal CPF regulation on cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn H. Silva
- Retired from a career in toxicology and risk assessment 2437, Evenstar Lane, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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11
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Qu W, Crizer DM, DeVito MJ, Waidyanatha S, Xia M, Houck K, Ferguson SS. Exploration of xenobiotic metabolism within cell lines used for Tox21 chemical screening. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105109. [PMID: 33609632 PMCID: PMC10838150 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Tox21 Program has investigated thousands of chemicals with high-throughput screening assays using cell-based assays to link thousands of chemicals to individual molecular targets/pathways. However, these systems have been widely criticized for their suspected lack of 'metabolic competence' to bioactivate or detoxify chemical exposures. In this study, 9 cell line backgrounds used in Tox21 assays (i.e., HepG2, HEK293, Hela, HCT116, ME180, CHO-K1, GH3.TRE-Luc, C3H10T1/2 and MCF7) were evaluated via metabolite formation rates, along with metabolic clearance and metabolite profiling for HepG2, HEK293, and MCF-7aroERE, in comparison to pooled donor (50) suspensions of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Using prototype clinical drug substrates for CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4/5, extremely low-to-undetectable CYP450 metabolism was observed (24 h), and consistent with their purported 'lack' of metabolic competence. However, for Phase II metabolizing enzymes and metabolic clearance, surprisingly proficient metabolism was observed for bisphenol AF, bisphenol S, and 7-hydroxycoumarin. Here, comparatively low glucuronidation relative to sulfation was observed in contrast to equivalent levels in PHHs. Overall, while a lack of CYP450 metabolism was confirmed in this benchmarking effort, Tox21 cell lines were not 'incompetent' for xenobiotic metabolism, and displayed surprisingly high proficiency for sulfation that rivaled PHHs. These findings have implications for the interpretation of Tox21 assay data, and establish a framework for evaluating of 'metabolic competence' with in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David M Crizer
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael J DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith Houck
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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12
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Hall A, Chanteux H, Ménochet K, Ledecq M, Schulze MSED. Designing Out PXR Activity on Drug Discovery Projects: A Review of Structure-Based Methods, Empirical and Computational Approaches. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6413-6522. [PMID: 34003642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This perspective discusses the role of pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) in drug discovery and the impact of its activation on CYP3A4 induction. The use of structural biology to reduce PXR activity on drug discovery projects has become more common in recent years. Analysis of this work highlights several important molecular interactions, and the resultant structural modifications to reduce PXR activity are summarized. The computational approaches undertaken to support the design of new drugs devoid of PXR activation potential are also discussed. Finally, the SAR of empirical design strategies to reduce PXR activity is reviewed, and the key SAR transformations are discussed and summarized. In conclusion, this perspective demonstrates that PXR activity can be greatly diminished or negated on active drug discovery projects with the knowledge now available. This perspective should be useful to anyone who seeks to reduce PXR activity on a drug discovery project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- UCB, Avenue de l'Industrie, Braine-L'Alleud 1420, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marie Ledecq
- UCB, Avenue de l'Industrie, Braine-L'Alleud 1420, Belgium
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13
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Bachmann F, Duthaler U, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Puchkov M, Huwyler J, Haschke M, Krähenbühl S. Metamizole is a Moderate Cytochrome P450 Inducer Via the Constitutive Androstane Receptor and a Weak Inhibitor of CYP1A2. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1505-1516. [PMID: 33336382 PMCID: PMC8247900 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metamizole is an analgesic and antipyretic drug used intensively in certain countries. Previous studies have shown that metamizole induces cytochrome (CYP) 2B6 and possibly CYP3A4. So far, it is unknown whether metamizole induces additional CYPs and by which mechanism. Therefore, we assessed the activity of 6 different CYPs in 12 healthy male subjects before and after treatment with 3 g of metamizole per day for 1 week using a phenotyping cocktail approach. In addition, we investigated whether metamizole induces CYPs by an interaction with the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) or the pregnane X receptor (PXR) in HepaRG cells. In the clinical study, we confirmed a moderate induction of CYP2B6 (decrease in the efavirenz area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) by 79%) and 3A4 (decrease in the midazolam AUC by 68%) by metamizole. In addition, metamizole weakly induced CYP2C9 (decrease in the flurbiprofen AUC by 22%) and moderately CYP2C19 (decrease in the omeprazole AUC by 66%) but did not alter CYP2D6 activity. In addition, metamizole weakly inhibited CYP1A2 activity (1.79‐fold increase in the caffeine AUC). We confirmed these results in HepaRG cells, where 4‐MAA, the principal metabolite of metamizole, induced the mRNA expression of CYP2B6, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4. In HepaRG cells with a stable knockout of PXR or CAR, we could demonstrate that CYP induction by 4‐MAA depends on CAR and not on PXR. In conclusion, metamizole is a broad CYP inducer by an interaction with CAR and an inhibitor of CYP1A2. Regarding the widespread use of metamizole, these findings are of substantial clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bachmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Duthaler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maxim Puchkov
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Haschke
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions: an insight into recent US FDA-approved drugs for prostate cancer. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1647-1664. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction is a significant safety and efficiency concern as it results in considerable concentration changes. Drug–drug interactions are a substantial concern in anticancer drugs that possess a narrow therapeutic index. These interactions remain as the principal regulatory obstacle that can lead to termination in the preclinical stage, restrictions in the prescription, dosage adjustments or withdrawal of the drugs from the market. Drug metabolizing enzymes or transporters mediate the majority of clinically relevant drug interactions. Cancer diagnosed aged patients use multiple medications and are more prone to significant drug–drug interactions. This review provides detailed information on clinically relevant drug–drug interactions resulting from drug metabolism by enzymes and transporters with a particular emphasis on recent FDA approved antiprostate cancer drugs.
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15
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Hendriks DFG, Vorrink SU, Smutny T, Sim SC, Nordling Å, Ullah S, Kumondai M, Jones BC, Johansson I, Andersson TB, Lauschke VM, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Clinically Relevant Cytochrome P450 3A4 Induction Mechanisms and Drug Screening in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Primary Human Hepatocytes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:844-855. [PMID: 32320483 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 induction is an important cause of drug-drug interactions, making early identification of drug candidates with CYP3A4 induction liability in drug development a prerequisite. Here, we present three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) as a novel CYP3A4 induction screening model. Screening of 25 drugs (12 known CYP3A4 inducers in vivo and 13 negative controls) at physiologically relevant concentrations revealed a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity of the system. Three of the in vivo CYP3A4 inducers displayed much higher CYP3A4 induction capacity in 3D spheroid cultures as compared with in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Among those, we identified AZD1208, a proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinase inhibitor terminated in phase I of development due to unexpected CYP3A4 autoinduction, as a CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroids but not in 2D monolayer cultures. Gene knockdown experiments revealed that AZD1208 requires pregnane X receptor (PXR) to induce CYP3A4. Rifampicin requires solely PXR to induce CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, while phenobarbital-mediated induction of these CYPs did not show absolute dependency on either PXR or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), suggesting its ability to switch nuclear receptor activation. Mechanistic studies into AZD1208 uncovered an involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway in CYP3A4 induction that is sensitive to the culture format used, as revealed by its inhibition of ERK1/2 Tyrosine 204 phosphorylation and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor (EGF) pressure. In line, we also identified lapatinib, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR/HER2) inhibitor, as another CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroid culture. Our findings offer insights into the pathways involved in CYP3A4 induction and suggest PHH spheroids for preclinical CYP3A4 induction screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delilah F G Hendriks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah C Sim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahid Ullah
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Inger Johansson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Schulz C, Kammerer S, Küpper JH. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase expression and enzymatic activity in primary-like human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells for in vitro biotransformation studies. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:249-260. [PMID: 31561354 PMCID: PMC6918903 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human hepatocyte in vitro cell culture systems are important models for drug development and toxicology studies in the context of liver xenobiotic metabolism. Often, such culture systems are used to elucidate the biotransformation of xenobiotics or drugs and further investigate drug and drug metabolite effects on biological systems in terms of potential therapeutic benefit or toxicity. Human hepatocytes currently used for such in vitro studies are mostly primary cells or cell lines derived from liver cancers. Both approaches have limitations such as low proliferation capacity and progressive dedifferentiation found in primary cells or lack of liver functions in cell lines, which makes it difficult to reliably predict biotransformation of xenobiotics in patients. In order to overcome these limitations, HepaFH3 cells and Upcyte® hepatocytes representing primary-like hepatocytes of the first and second generation are increasingly used. Based on primary human hepatocyte cells transduced for stable expression of Upcyte® proliferation genes, they are mitotically active and exhibit liver functions over an extended period, making them comparable to primary human hepatocytes. These hepatocyte models show active liver metabolism such as urea and glycogen formation as well as biotransformation of xenobiotics. The latter is based on the expression, activity and inducibility of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) as essential phase I reaction components. However, for further characterisation in terms of performance and existing limitations, additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in phase I reactions. One prerequisite is sufficient activity of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) functionally connected as electron donor to those CYP enzymes. OBJECTIVE: For Upcyte® hepatocytes and HepaFH3 cells, it is so far unknown to what extent POR is expressed, active, and may exert CYP-modulating effects. Here we studied POR expression and corresponding enzyme activity in human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 and compared this with HepaFH3 and Upcyte® hepatocytes representing proliferating primary-like hepatocytes. METHODS: POR expression of those hepatocyte models was determined at mRNA and protein level using qRT-PCR, Western Blot and immunofluorescence staining. Kinetic studies on POR activity in isolated microsomes were performed by a colorimetric method. RESULTS: The investigated hepatocyte models showed remarkable differences at the level of POR expression. Compared to primary-like hepatocytes, POR expression of HepG2 cells was 4-fold higher at mRNA and 2-fold higher at protein level. However, this higher expression did not correlate with corresponding enzyme activity levels in isolated microsomes, which were comparable between all cell systems tested. A tendency of higher POR activity in HepG2 cells compared to HepaFH3 (p = 0.0829) might be present. Compared to primary human hepatocyte microsomes, POR activity was considerably lower in all hepatocyte models. CONCLUSION: In summary, our study revealed that POR expression and activity were clearly detectable in all in vitro hepatocyte models with the highest POR expression in cancer cell line HepG2. However, POR activity was lower in tested hepatocyte models when compared to human primary hepatocyte microsomes. Whether this was caused by e.g. polymorphisms or metabolic differences of investigated hepatocyte models will be target for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulz
- Fraunhofer Project Group PZ-Syn of the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany, located at the Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg
| | - Sarah Kammerer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
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17
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Ryan KR, Huang MC, Ferguson SS, Waidyanatha S, Ramaiahgari S, Rice JR, Dunlap PE, Auerbach SS, Mutlu E, Cristy T, Peirfelice J, DeVito MJ, Smith-Roe SL, Rider CV. Evaluating Sufficient Similarity of Botanical Dietary Supplements: Combining Chemical and In Vitro Biological Data. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:316-329. [PMID: 31504990 PMCID: PMC6876258 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements are complex mixtures with numerous potential sources of variation along the supply chain from raw plant material to the market. Approaches for determining sufficient similarity (ie, complex mixture read-across) may be required to extrapolate efficacy or safety data from a tested sample to other products containing the botanical ingredient(s) of interest. In this work, screening-level approaches for generating both chemical and biological-response profiles were used to evaluate the similarity of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) and Echinacea purpurea samples to well-characterized National Toxicology Program (NTP) test articles. Data from nontargeted chemical analyses and gene expression of toxicologically important hepatic receptor pathways (aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AhR], constitutive androstane receptor [CAR], pregnane X receptor [PXR], farnesoid X receptor [FXR], and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha [PPARα]) in primary human hepatocyte cultures were used to determine similarity through hierarchical clustering. Although there were differences in chemical profiles across black cohosh samples, these differences were not reflected in the biological-response profiles. These findings highlight the complexity of biological-response dynamics that may not be reflected in chemical composition profiles. Thus, biological-response data could be used as the primary basis for determining similarity among black cohosh samples. Samples of E. purpurea displayed better correlation in similarity across chemical and biological-response measures. The general approaches described herein can be applied to complex mixtures with unidentified active constituents to determine when data from a tested mixture (eg, NTP test article) can be used for hazard identification of sufficiently similar mixtures, with the knowledge of toxicological targets informing assay selection when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Madelyn C Huang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Sreenivasa Ramaiahgari
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Julie R Rice
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Paul E Dunlap
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | | | - Michael J DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Stephanie L Smith-Roe
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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18
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Yoshinari K, Nagai M. [In silico prediction models of the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes for drug discovery]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:186-191. [PMID: 30971659 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug metabolism in the liver is a major factor affecting pharmacokinetics of drugs, and cytochrome P450s (P450s) are major enzymes responsible for it. Since drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can affect the pharmacokinetics of concomitantly administrated drugs, it may limit the drug therapy such as dose adjustment and contraindications for co-administration and lead to dose adjustment and contraindications for co-administration. DDI is thus one of the risk factors to be reduced in the lead-optimization stage. Therefore, it is important to estimate DDI risk in the early drug discovery stage and develop candidates with low DDI risk. P450 induction is one of the important mechanisms causing DDIs and the activation of nuclear receptors is involved in this phenomenon. In this manuscript, the mechanism and evaluation methods of P450 induction are briefly reviewed, and then the new in silico methods for the prediction of P450 induction, which have been recently established by us, and its application to drug development are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Mika Nagai
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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19
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Bailey J, Thew M, Balls M. An Analysis of the Use of Animal Models in Predicting Human Toxicology and Drug Safety. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 42:181-99. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Bailey
- British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV), London, UK
| | - Michelle Thew
- British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV), London, UK
| | - Michael Balls
- c/o Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), Nottingham, UK
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20
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Docci L, Parrott N, Krähenbühl S, Fowler S. Application of New Cellular and Microphysiological Systems to Drug Metabolism Optimization and Their Positioning Respective to In Silico Tools. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:523-536. [PMID: 30817893 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219831407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New cellular model systems for drug metabolism applications, such as advanced 2D liver co-cultures, spheroids, and microphysiological systems (MPSs), offer exciting opportunities to reproduce human biology more closely in vitro with the aim of improving predictions of pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and efficacy. These advanced cellular systems have quickly become established for human intrinsic clearance determination and have been validated for several other absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) applications. Adoption will be driven through the demonstration of clear added value, for instance, by more accurate and precise clearance predictions and by more reliable extrapolation of drug interaction potential leading to faster progression to pivotal proof-of-concept studies. New experimental systems are attractive when they can (1) increase experimental capacity, removing optimization bottlenecks; (2) improve measurement quality of ADME properties that impact pharmacokinetics; and (3) enable measurements to be made that were not previously possible, reducing risk in ADME prediction and candidate selection. As new systems become established, they will find their place in the repository of tools used at different stages of the research and development process, depending on the balance of value, throughput, and cost. In this article, we give a perspective on the integration of these new methodologies into ADME optimization during drug discovery, and the likely applications and impacts on drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Docci
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,2 Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen Fowler
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Küblbeck J, Honkakoski P. A Reverse Transfection Method for Screening of Nuclear Receptor Activators. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1966:163-173. [PMID: 31041746 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9195-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reporter assays are useful to study nuclear receptor activation and for example to evaluate the propensity of novel drug candidates to cause induction of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. Here, we describe a protocol for a reverse transfection system to study the activation of human nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor. The system provides long-term stability and uniformity of DNA-carrier complexes, thus avoiding the inherent variation in conventional transfection methods. Further, the system is easily adaptable for different studies. It offers reproducible and reliable results for early drug development and mechanistic studies related to nuclear receptor activation and resulting changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Küblbeck
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Kimura K, Horiguchi I, Kido T, Miyajima A, Sakai Y. Enhanced Hepatic Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Gas-Permeable Membrane. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 25:457-467. [PMID: 30141379 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Although oxygen is a vital nutrient for the hepatocytes in vitro, few reports have focused on its effect during hepatic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this report, we performed the hepatic differentiation of human iPSCs (hiPSCs) under different atmospheric oxygen concentrations and oxygen supply fluxes to investigate the effects of oxygen in terms of both the concentration and the supply flux. Results demonstrate that direct oxygenation through a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane enhances the maturation and efficient production of hiPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHeps). Thus, direct oxygenation through a PDMS membrane is a better alternative culture method over conventional tissue culture-treated polystyrene (TCPS) plates for the maturation of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kimura
- 1 Department of Bioengineering and School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikki Horiguchi
- 2 Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketomo Kido
- 3 Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- 3 Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- 1 Department of Bioengineering and School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,4 Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,5 Max Planck-The University of Tokyo, Center for Integrative Inflammology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Negoro R, Takayama K, Kawai K, Harada K, Sakurai F, Hirata K, Mizuguchi H. Efficient Generation of Small Intestinal Epithelial-like Cells from Human iPSCs for Drug Absorption and Metabolism Studies. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1539-1550. [PMID: 30472010 PMCID: PMC6294172 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestine plays an important role in the absorption and metabolism of oral drugs. In the current evaluation system, it is difficult to predict the precise absorption and metabolism of oral drugs. In this study, we generated small intestinal epithelial-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-SIECs), which could be applied to drug absorption and metabolism studies. The small intestinal epithelial-like cells were efficiently generated from human induced pluripotent stem cell by treatment with WNT3A, R-spondin 3, Noggin, EGF, IGF-1, SB202190, and dexamethasone. The gene expression levels of small intestinal epithelial cell (SIEC) markers were similar between the hiPS-SIECs and human adult small intestine. Importantly, the gene expression levels of colonic epithelial cell markers in the hiPS-SIECs were much lower than those in human adult colon. The hiPS-SIECs generated by our protocol exerted various SIEC functions. In conclusion, the hiPS-SIECs can be utilized for evaluation of drug absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kanae Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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24
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Characterization of CYP2C Induction in Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes and Its Application in the Prediction of the Clinical Consequences of the Induction. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2479-2488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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How similar is similar enough? A sufficient similarity case study with Ginkgo biloba extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:328-339. [PMID: 29752982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements are complex mixtures that can be highly variable in composition and quality, making safety evaluation difficult. A key challenge is determining how diverse products in the marketplace relate to chemically and toxicologically characterized reference samples (i.e., how similar must a product be in order to be well-represented by the tested reference sample?). Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) was used as a case study to develop and evaluate approaches for determining sufficient similarity. Multiple GBE extracts were evaluated for chemical and biological-response similarity. Chemical similarity was assessed using untargeted and targeted chemistry approaches. Biological similarity was evaluated using in vitro liver models and short-term rodent studies. Statistical and data visualization methods were then used to make decisions about the similarity of products to the reference sample. A majority of the 26 GBE samples tested (62%) were consistently determined to be sufficiently similar to the reference sample, while 27% were different from the reference GBE, and 12% were either similar or different depending on the method used. This case study demonstrated that approaches to evaluate sufficient similarity allow for critical evaluation of complex mixtures so that safety data from the tested reference can be applied to untested materials.
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Hariparsad N, Ramsden D, Palamanda J, Dekeyser JG, Fahmi OA, Kenny JR, Einolf H, Mohutsky M, Pardon M, Siu YA, Chen L, Sinz M, Jones B, Walsky R, Dallas S, Balani SK, Zhang G, Buckley D, Tweedie D. Considerations from the IQ Induction Working Group in Response to Drug-Drug Interaction Guidance from Regulatory Agencies: Focus on Downregulation, CYP2C Induction, and CYP2B6 Positive Control. Drug Metab Dispos 2017. [PMID: 28646080 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Medicines Agency (EMA), the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have issued guidelines for the conduct of drug-drug interaction studies. To examine the applicability of these regulatory recommendations specifically for induction, a group of scientists, under the auspices of the Drug Metabolism Leadership Group of the Innovation and Quality (IQ) Consortium, formed the Induction Working Group (IWG). A team of 19 scientists, from 16 of the 39 pharmaceutical companies that are members of the IQ Consortium and two Contract Research Organizations reviewed the recommendations, focusing initially on the current EMA guidelines. Questions were collated from IQ member companies as to which aspects of the guidelines require further evaluation. The EMA was then approached to provide insights into their recommendations on the following: 1) evaluation of downregulation, 2) in vitro assessment of CYP2C induction, 3) the use of CITCO as the positive control for CYP2B6 induction by CAR, 4) data interpretation (a 2-fold increase in mRNA as evidence of induction), and 5) the duration of incubation of hepatocytes with test article. The IWG conducted an anonymous survey among IQ member companies to query current practices, focusing specifically on the aforementioned key points. Responses were received from 19 companies. All data and information were blinded before being shared with the IWG. The results of the survey are presented, together with consensus recommendations on downregulation, CYP2C induction, and CYP2B6 positive control. Results and recommendations related to data interpretation and induction time course will be reported in subsequent articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niresh Hariparsad
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Diane Ramsden
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Jairam Palamanda
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Joshua G Dekeyser
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Odette A Fahmi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Heidi Einolf
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Michael Mohutsky
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Magalie Pardon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Y Amy Siu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Liangfu Chen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Michael Sinz
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Barry Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Robert Walsky
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Shannon Dallas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Suresh K Balani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - George Zhang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - David Buckley
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Donald Tweedie
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
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27
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Kato R, Uetrecht J. Supernatant from Hepatocyte Cultures with Drugs That Cause Idiosyncratic Liver Injury Activates Macrophage Inflammasomes. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1327-1332. [PMID: 28525267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that most idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is immune mediated, and in most cases, reactive metabolites appear to be responsible for the induction of this immune response. Reactive metabolites can cause cell damage with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which is thought to be involved in immune activation. Presumably, the reason that the liver is a common target of idiosyncratic drug reactions is because it is the major site of drug metabolism and reactive metabolite formation. Inflammasomes can be activated by DAMPs, and this may be a common mechanism by which DAMPs initiate an immune response. In this study, we tested the ability of drugs to induce the release of DAMPs that activate inflammasomes. The drugs tested were amodiaquine and nevirapine; both are associated with significant incidences of severe IDILI. The hepatocytes were a human hepatocarcinoma functional liver cell-4 (FLC-4) cell line. For the detection of inflammasome activation, we used the human macrophage cell line, THP-1 cells. We found that the supernatant from the incubation of both drugs with FLC-4 cells for 7 days led to increased caspase-1 activity and production of IL-1β by THP-1 cells. However, amodiaquine alone also directly activated THP-1 cells. This is presumably because the myeloperoxidase in THP-1 cells can bioactivate amodiaquine to a reactive metabolite. In contrast, nevirapine requires cytochromes P450 for reactive metabolite formation and therefore required incubation with hepatocytes. These results support the hypothesis that reactive metabolites of drugs can cause the release of DAMPs, which in turn can activate inflammasomes. Inflammasome activation may be an important step in the activation of the immune system by drugs, which in some patients can lead to IDILI. Our in vitro model is simple and convenient for evaluating inflammasome activation, and this may be a method to screen drugs for IDILI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Kato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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28
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Dong JQ, Gosset JR, Fahmi OA, Lin Z, Chabot JR, Terra SG, Le V, Chidsey K, Nouri P, Kim A, Buckbinder L, Kalgutkar AS. Examination of the Human Cytochrome P4503A4 Induction Potential of PF-06282999, an Irreversible Myeloperoxidase Inactivator: Integration of Preclinical, In Silico, and Biomarker Methodologies in the Prediction of the Clinical Outcome. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:501-511. [PMID: 28254951 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity for CYP3A4 induction by 2-(6-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)acetamide (PF-06282999), an irreversible inactivator of myeloperoxidase, was examined in the present study. Studies using human hepatocytes revealed moderate increases in CYP3A4 mRNA and midazolam-1'-hydroxylase activity in a PF-06282999 dose-dependent fashion. At the highest tested concentration of 300 μM, PF-06282999 caused maximal induction in CYP3A4 mRNA and enzyme activity ranging from 56% to 86% and 47% t0 72%, respectively, of rifampicin response across the three hepatocyte donor pools. In a clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study, the mean midazolam Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) values following 14-day treatment with PF-06282999 decreased in a dose-dependent fashion with a maximum decrease in midazolam AUC0-inf and Cmax of ∼57.2% and 41.1% observed at the 500 mg twice daily dose. The moderate impact on midazolam pharmacokinetics at the 500 mg twice daily dose of PF-06282999 was also reflected in statistically significant changes in plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol/cholesterol and urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratios. Changes in plasma and urinary CYP3A4 biomarkers did not reach statistical significance at the 125 mg three times daily dose of PF-06282999, despite a modest decrease in midazolam systemic exposure. Predicted DDI magnitude based on the in vitro induction parameters and simulated pharmacokinetics of perpetrator (PF-06282999) and victim (midazolam) using the Simcyp (Simcyp Ltd., Sheffield, United Kingdom) population-based simulator were in reasonable agreement with the observed clinical data. Since the magnitude of the 4β-hydroxycholesterol or 6β-hydroxycortisol ratio change was generally smaller than the magnitude of the midazolam AUC change with PF-06282999, a pharmacokinetic interaction study with midazolam ultimately proved important for assessment of DDI via CYP3A4 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Q Dong
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - James R Gosset
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Odette A Fahmi
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Zhiwu Lin
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey R Chabot
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Steven G Terra
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Vu Le
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Kristin Chidsey
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Parya Nouri
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Albert Kim
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Leonard Buckbinder
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Clinical Pharmacology (J.Q.D.), Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (J.R.G., J.R.C., A.S.K.), Statistics (V.L.), Early Clinical Development (K.C., A.K.), and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit (L.B.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism (O.A.F., Z.L.), Clinical Development (S.G.T.), and Clinical Assay Group (P.N.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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29
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Zuo R, Li F, Parikh S, Cao L, Cooper KL, Hong Y, Liu J, Faris RA, Li D, Wang H. Evaluation of a Novel Renewable Hepatic Cell Model for Prediction of Clinical CYP3A4 Induction Using a Correlation-Based Relative Induction Score Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:198-207. [PMID: 28062541 PMCID: PMC5267519 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism enzyme induction-mediated drug-drug interactions need to be carefully characterized in vitro for drug candidates to predict in vivo safety risk and therapeutic efficiency. Currently, both the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency recommend using primary human hepatocytes as the gold standard in vitro test system for studying the induction potential of candidate drugs on cytochrome P450 (CYP), CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2B6. However, primary human hepatocytes are known to bear inherent limitations such as limited supply and large lot-to-lot variations, which result in an experimental burden to qualify new lots. To overcome these shortcomings, a renewable source of human hepatocytes (i.e., Corning HepatoCells) was developed from primary human hepatocytes and was evaluated for in vitro CYP3A4 induction using methods well established by the pharmaceutical industry. HepatoCells have shown mature hepatocyte-like morphology and demonstrated primary hepatocyte-like response to prototypical inducers of all three CYP enzymes with excellent consistency. Importantly, HepatoCells retain a phenobarbital-responsive nuclear translocation of human constitutive androstane receptor from the cytoplasm, characteristic to primary hepatocytes. To validate HepatoCells as a useful tool to predict potential clinical relevant CYP3A4 induction, we tested three different lots of HepatoCells with a group of clinical strong, moderate/weak CYP3A4 inducers, and noninducers. A relative induction score calibration curve-based approach was used for prediction. HepatoCells showed accurate prediction comparable to primary human hepatocytes. Together, these results demonstrate that Corning HepatoCells is a reliable in vitro model for drug-drug interaction studies during the early phase of drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Zuo
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Sweta Parikh
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Li Cao
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Kirsten L Cooper
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Yulong Hong
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Jin Liu
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Ronald A Faris
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Daochuan Li
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Corning Life Sciences, Bedford, Massachusetts (R.Z., F.L., S.P., L.C., K.L.C.); Corning, Science and Technology, Corning, New York (Y.H., J.L., R.A.F.); and University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (D.L., H.W.)
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30
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Salerno DM, Tsapepas D, Papachristos A, Chang JH, Martin S, Hardy MA, McKeen J. Direct oral anticoagulant considerations in solid organ transplantation: A review. Clin Transplant 2016; 31. [PMID: 27859621 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For more than 60 years, warfarin was the only oral anticoagulation agent available for use in the United States. In many recent clinical trials, several direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) demonstrated similar efficacy with an equal or superior safety profile, with some other notable benefits. The DOACs have lower inter- and intrapatient variability, much shorter half-lives, and less known drug-drug and drug-food interactions as compared to warfarin. Despite these demonstrated benefits, the use of DOACs has not gained uniform acceptance because of lack of supportive data in special patient populations, including recipients of solid organ transplants maintained on immunosuppression. This review describes the properties of several novel DOACs including their pharmacology and mechanisms of action as they relate to use among solid organ transplant recipients. We have particularly focused on (i) dosing in patients with impaired renal and hepatic function; (ii) considerations for drug-drug interactions with immunosuppressive medications; and (iii) management of the anticoagulated patients at the time of unplanned surgery. The risks and benefits of the use of DOACs in solid organ transplant recipients should be carefully evaluated prior to the introduction of these agents in this highly distinct patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Demetra Tsapepas
- Department of Pharmacy, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jae-Hyung Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Spencer Martin
- Department of Pharmacy, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Mark A Hardy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaclyn McKeen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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31
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Qin J, Chang M, Wang S, Liu Z, Zhu W, Wang Y, Yan F, Li J, Zhang B, Dou G, Liu J, Pei X, Wang Y. Connexin 32-mediated cell-cell communication is essential for hepatic differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37388. [PMID: 27874032 PMCID: PMC5118817 DOI: 10.1038/srep37388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junction-mediated cell-cell interactions are highly conserved and play essential roles in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and patterning. We report that Connexin 32 (Cx32)-mediated gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is necessary for human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocytes (hESC-Heps) during step-wise hepatic lineage restriction and maturation. Vitamin K2, previously shown to promote Cx32 expression in mature hepatocytes, up-regulated Cx32 expression and GJIC activation during hepatic differentiation and maturation, resulting in significant increases of hepatic markers expression and hepatocyte functions. In contrast, negative Cx32 regulator 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate blocked hESC-to-hepatocyte maturation and muted hepatocyte functions through disruption of GJIC activities. Dynamic gap junction organization and internalization are phosphorylation-dependent and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway (MAPK) can negatively regulate Cxs through phosphorylation-dependent degradation of Cxs. We found that p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 improved maturation of hESC-Heps correlating with up-regulation of Cx32; by contrast, the p38 MAPK activator, anisomycin, blocked hESC-Heps maturation correlating with down-regulation of Cx32. These results suggested that Cx32 is essential for cell-cell interactions that facilitate driving hESCs through hepatic-lineage maturation. Regulators of both Cx32 and other members of its pathways maybe used as a promising approach on regulating hepatic lineage restriction of pluripotent stem cells and optimizing their functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Qin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Mingyang Chang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shuyong Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Zhenbo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Guifang Dou
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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32
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Schepers A, Li C, Chhabra A, Seney BT, Bhatia S. Engineering a perfusable 3D human liver platform from iPS cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2644-53. [PMID: 27296616 PMCID: PMC5318999 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00598e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of human tissue are crucial to our ability to study human disease as well as develop safe and effective drug therapies. Models of single organs in static and microfluidic culture have been established and shown utility for modeling some aspects of health and disease; however, these systems lack multi-organ interactions that are critical to some aspects of drug metabolism and toxicity. Thus, as part of a consortium of researchers, we have developed a liver chip that meets the following criteria: (1) employs human iPS cells from a patient of interest, (2) cultures cells in perfusable 3D organoids, and (3) is robust to variations in perfusion rate so as to be compatible in series with other specialized tissue chips (e.g. heart, lung). In order to achieve this, we describe methods to form hepatocyte aggregates from primary and iPS-derived cells, alone and in co-culture with support cells. This necessitated a novel culture protocol for the interrupted differentiation of iPS cells that permits their removal from a plated surface and aggregation while maintaining phenotypic hepatic functions. In order to incorporate these 3D aggregates in a perfusable platform, we next encapsulated the cells in a PEG hydrogel to prevent aggregation and overgrowth once on chip. We adapted a C-trap chip architecture from the literature that enabled robust loading with encapsulated organoids and culture over a range of flow rates. Finally, we characterize the liver functions of this iHep organoid chip under perfusion and demonstrate a lifetime of at least 28 days. We envision that such this strategy can be generalized to other microfluidic tissue models and provides an opportunity to query patient-specific liver responses in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnout Schepers
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cheri Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arnav Chhabra
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Benjamin Tschudy Seney
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Lucendo-Villarin B, Rashidi H, Cameron K, Hay DC. Pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes: using materials to define cellular differentiation and tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3433-3442. [PMID: 27746914 PMCID: PMC5024673 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell derived liver cells (hepatocytes) represent a promising alternative to primary tissue for biological and clinical applications. To date, most hepatocyte maintenance and differentiation systems have relied upon the use of animal derived components. This serves as a significant barrier to large scale production and application of stem cell derived hepatocytes. Recently, the use of defined biologics has overcome those limitations in two-dimensional monolayer culture. In order to improve the cell phenotype further, three-dimensional culture systems have been employed to better mimic the in vivo situation, drawing upon materials chemistry, engineering and biology. In this review we discuss efforts in the field, to differentiate pluripotent stem cells towards hepatocytes under defined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lucendo-Villarin
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , 5 Little France Drive , Edinburgh , EH16 4UU , Scotland , UK . ; Tel: +44(0)1316519500
| | - H Rashidi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , 5 Little France Drive , Edinburgh , EH16 4UU , Scotland , UK . ; Tel: +44(0)1316519500
| | - K Cameron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , 5 Little France Drive , Edinburgh , EH16 4UU , Scotland , UK . ; Tel: +44(0)1316519500
| | - D C Hay
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , 5 Little France Drive , Edinburgh , EH16 4UU , Scotland , UK . ; Tel: +44(0)1316519500
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Modeling of drug-mediated CYP3A4 induction by using human iPS cell-derived enterocyte-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:631-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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He ZX, Chen XW, Zhou ZW, Zhou SF. Impact of physiological, pathological and environmental factors on the expression and activity of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and implications in precision medicine. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:470-519. [PMID: 26574146 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With only 1.3-4.3% in total hepatic CYP content, human CYP2D6 can metabolize more than 160 drugs. It is a highly polymorphic enzyme and subject to marked inhibition by a number of drugs, causing a large interindividual variability in drug clearance and drug response and drug-drug interactions. The expression and activity of CYP2D6 are regulated by a number of physiological, pathological and environmental factors at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and epigenetic levels. DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications can repress the expression of CYP2D6. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α binds to a directly repeated element in the promoter of CYP2D6 and thus regulates the expression of CYP2D6. Small heterodimer partner represses hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α-mediated transactivation of CYP2D6. GW4064, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, decreases hepatic CYP2D6 expression and activity while increasing small heterodimer partner expression and its recruitment to the CYP2D6 promoter. The genotypes are key determinants of interindividual variability in CYP2D6 expression and activity. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of genes that can regulate CYP2D6. Pregnancy induces CYP2D6 via unknown mechanisms. Renal or liver diseases, smoking and alcohol use have minor to moderate effects only on CYP2D6 activity. Unlike CYP1 and 3 and other CYP2 members, CYP2D6 is resistant to typical inducers such as rifampin, phenobarbital and dexamethasone. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation of CYP2D6 Ser135 have been observed, but the functional impact is unknown. Further functional and validation studies are needed to clarify the role of nuclear receptors, epigenetic factors and other factors in the regulation of CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xu He
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- b Department of General Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University , Shunde , Foshan , Guangdong , China , and
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China .,c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
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Foster E, You J, Siltanen C, Patel D, Haque A, Anderson L, Revzin A. Heparin hydrogel sandwich cultures of primary hepatocytes. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ramachandran SD, Vivarès A, Klieber S, Hewitt NJ, Muenst B, Heinz S, Walles H, Braspenning J. Applicability of second-generation upcyte® human hepatocytes for use in CYP inhibition and induction studies. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00161. [PMID: 26516577 PMCID: PMC4618636 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human upcyte® hepatocytes are proliferating hepatocytes that retain many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the application of second-generation upcyte® hepatocytes from four donors for inhibition and induction assays using a selection of reference inhibitors and inducers. CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 were reproducibly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner and the calculated IC50 values for each compound correctly classified them as potent inhibitors. Upcyte® hepatocytes were responsive to prototypical CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 inducers, confirming that they have functional AhR-, CAR-, and PXR-mediated CYP regulation. A panel of 11 inducers classified as potent, moderate or noninducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 were tested. There was a good fit of data from upcyte® hepatocytes to three different predictive models for CYP3A4 induction, namely the Relative Induction Score (RIS), AUCu/F2, and C max,u/Ind50. In addition, PXR (rifampicin) and CAR-selective (carbamazepine and phenytoin) inducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction, respectively, were demonstrated. In conclusion, these data support the use of second-generation upcyte® hepatocytes for CYP inhibition and induction assays. Under the culture conditions used, these cells expressed CYP activities that were equivalent to or higher than those measured in primary human hepatocyte cultures, which could be inhibited or induced by prototypical CYP inhibitors and inducers, respectively. Moreover, they can be used to predict in vivo CYP3A4 induction potential using three prediction models. Bulk availability of cells from multiple donors makes upcyte® hepatocytes suitable for DDI screening, as well as more in-depth mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélie Vivarès
- Sanofi – DSAR Drug Disposition – In Vitro models371, rue du Pr. Blayac, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Sylvie Klieber
- Sanofi – DSAR Drug Disposition – In Vitro models371, rue du Pr. Blayac, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | | | - Bernhard Muenst
- Medicyte GmbHIm Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinz
- Medicyte GmbHIm Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University WuerzburgRoentgenring 11, Wuerzburg, D-97070, Germany
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Küblbeck J, Anttila T, Pulkkinen JT, Honkakoski P. Improved assays for xenosensor activation based on reverse transfection. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1759-65. [PMID: 26187274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of receptor-dependent mechanisms for regulation of drug metabolism has provided a new way to evaluate the propensity of drug candidates to cause induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Therefore, receptor-based reporter assays have become common in early stages of drug development projects and in mechanistic studies. Here, we report a reverse transfection system to conduct activation assays for human xenosensors AhR, CAR and PXR. The assay format is based on long-term stability and uniformity of DNA/carrier complexes on culture plates, avoiding multiple stages and variation inherent in conventional transfection methods. Consequently, these improved assays are streamlined, reproducible and formally validated with Z' factors exceeding 0.5. This novel reverse transfection system is expected to find use in diverse areas of early drug development such prediction of CYP induction, evaluation of species differences and in mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Küblbeck
- School of Pharmacy and Biocenter Kuopio, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Anttila
- School of Pharmacy and Biocenter Kuopio, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha T Pulkkinen
- School of Pharmacy and Biocenter Kuopio, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy and Biocenter Kuopio, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Kutsuno Y, Hirashima R, Sakamoto M, Ushikubo H, Michimae H, Itoh T, Tukey RH, Fujiwara R. Expression of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1 (UGT1) and Glucuronidation Activity toward Endogenous Substances in Humanized UGT1 Mouse Brain. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1071-6. [PMID: 25953521 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, they are also involved in the metabolism of endogenous compounds. Certain substrates of UGTs, such as serotonin and estradiol, play important roles in the brain. However, the expression of UGTs in the human brain has not been fully clarified. Recently, humanized UGT1 mice (hUGT1 mice) in which the original Ugt1 locus was disrupted and replaced with the human UGT1 locus have been developed. In the present study, the expression pattern of UGT1As in brains from humans and hUGT1 mice was examined. We found that UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, and 1A10 were expressed in human brains. The expression pattern of UGT1As in hUGT1 mouse brains was similar to that in human brains. In addition, we examined the expression of UGT1A1 and 1A6 in the cerebellum, olfactory bulbs, midbrain, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex of hUGT1 mice. UGT1A1 in all brain regions and UGT1A6 in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of 6-month-old hUGT1 mice were expressed at a significantly higher rate than those of 2-week-old hUGT1 mice. A difference in expression levels between brain regions was also observed. Brain microsomes exhibited glucuronidation activities toward estradiol and serotonin, with mean values of 0.13 and 5.17 pmol/min/mg, respectively. In conclusion, UGT1A1 and UGT1A6 might play an important role in function regulation of endogenous compounds in a region- and age-dependent manner. Humanized UGT1 mice might be useful to study the importance of brain UGTs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kutsuno
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Rika Hirashima
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Masaya Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hiroko Ushikubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hirofumi Michimae
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.K., R.H., M.S., T.I., R.F.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology (H.U.), and Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
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Riley RJ, Wilson CE. Cytochrome P450 time-dependent inhibition and induction: advances in assays, risk analysis and modelling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:557-72. [PMID: 25659570 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1013095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is widely accepted that current practice of polypharmacy inevitably increases the incidence of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Serious DDIs are a major liability for new molecular entities entering the pharmaceutical market. Various strategies are employed to avoid problematic compounds for clinical development. Progress made with reversible CYP DDIs has prompted a switch to study and model time-dependent inhibition and induction interactions. AREAS COVERED An overview of popular experimental practices is presented with discussion of techniques and algorithms used to analyse the clinical DDI risk. Emphasis is placed on the transition from early, simple static equations, via more complex net mechanistic, static models to dynamic approaches involving multiple perpetrators and metabolites, simultaneous inhibition and induction. EXPERT OPINION Inclusion of the more conservative terms for parameters required for DDI evaluation may eliminate promising chemical space, encourages poor practice and hampers innovation. Breakthroughs have originated from understanding of 'outliers' from such analyses where CYP enzyme-transporter interplay may be involved. The role of key transporters in drug disposition is firmly established as the chemistry required to address new targets deviates from traditional 'drug-like' space. Attempts to model more complex interactions for substrates of both CYP enzymes and drug transporters are still in their infancy and will benefit from dynamic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Riley
- Evotec (UK) Ltd , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RZ , UK +44 1235 861561 ; +44 1235 863139 ;
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Lavandera J, Ruspini S, Batlle A, Buzaleh AM. Cytochrome P450 expression in mouse brain: specific isoenzymes involved in Phase I metabolizing system of porphyrinogenic agents in both microsomes and mitochondria. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:102-7. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolizes a variety of drugs to produce their pharmacological effects within the brain. We have previously observed that porphyrinogenic agents altered CYP levels in brain. The aim of this work was to further study the involvement of mice brain mitochondrial and microsomal Phase I drug metabolizing system when porphyrinogenic agents, such as Enflurane, Isoflurane, allylisopropylacetamide, veronal, ethanol, and Griseofulvin were administered. To this end, CYP2E1, CYP2B1, and CYP3A4 expression were measured. NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) expression was also determined. Western Blots were performed in microsomes and mitochondria of whole brain. Some of the drugs studied altered expression mainly in microsomes. Chronic Isoflurane augmented mitochondrial isoform, although this anaesthetic diminished microsomal expression. Ethanol and topical Griseofulvin affected expression in microsomes but not in mitochondria. CYP2E1 mitochondrial activity was induced by acute Enflurane; while the activity of the microsomal protein was enhanced in alcoholised animals. Ethanol also induced CYP2E1 expression in microsomes, although Isoflurane provoked opposite effects in mitochondria and microsomes. Expression of CPR was also induced. Several reports support an emergent role of CYP enzymes in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, so CYP response in brain could be one of the multiples factors influencing porphyria acute attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Lavandera
- Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvina Ruspini
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Córdoba 2351, 1120, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alcira Batlle
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Córdoba 2351, 1120, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Buzaleh
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Córdoba 2351, 1120, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Shahabi P, Siest G, Meyer UA, Visvikis-Siest S. Human cytochrome P450 epoxygenases: Variability in expression and role in inflammation-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:134-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hu DG, Meech R, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. Transcriptional regulation of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:421-58. [PMID: 25336387 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.973037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway for many small endogenous and exogenous lipophilic compounds, including bilirubin, steroid hormones, bile acids, carcinogens and therapeutic drugs. Glucuronidation is primarily catalyzed by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and two subfamilies, including nine functional UGT1A enzymes (1A1, 1A3-1A10) and 10 functional UGT2 enzymes (2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B11, 2B15, 2B17 and 2B28). Most UGTs are expressed in the liver and this expression relates to the major role of hepatic glucuronidation in systemic clearance of toxic lipophilic compounds. Hepatic glucuronidation activity protects the body from chemical insults and governs the therapeutic efficacy of drugs that are inactivated by UGTs. UGT mRNAs have also been detected in over 20 extrahepatic tissues with a unique complement of UGT mRNAs seen in almost every tissue. This extrahepatic glucuronidation activity helps to maintain homeostasis and hence regulates biological activity of endogenous molecules that are primarily inactivated by UGTs. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific UGT expression has been the subject of a large number of studies over the last two decades. These studies have shown that the constitutive and inducible expression of UGTs is primarily regulated by tissue-specific and ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) via their binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in UGT promoters and enhancers. This review first briefly summarizes published UGT gene transcriptional studies and the experimental models and tools utilized in these studies, and then describes in detail the TFs and their respective CREs that have been identified in the promoters and/or enhancers of individual UGT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre , Bedford Park, SA , Australia
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Metabolism-mediated drug interaction potential of HS-23, a new herbal drug for the treatment of sepsis in human hepatocytes and liver microsomes. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:171-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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De Martin S, Gabbia D, Albertin G, Sfriso MM, Mescoli C, Albertoni L, Paliuri G, Bova S, Palatini P. Differential effect of liver cirrhosis on the pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of CYP3A1 and 3A2 in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1617-26. [PMID: 25030308 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicting results have been obtained by clinical studies investigating the effect of liver cirrhosis on enzyme induction. Because ethical concerns do not give consent for methodologically rigorous studies in humans, we addressed this question by examining the effect of the prototypical inducer dexamethasone (DEX) on the pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated induction of CYP3A1 and 3A2 in a validated animal model of liver cirrhosis obtained by exposure of rats to carbon tetrachloride. For this purpose, we assessed mRNA levels, protein expressions, and enzymatic activities of both CYP3A enzymes, as well as mRNA and protein expressions of PXR in rat populations rigorously stratified according to the severity of liver insufficiency. Constitutive mRNA and protein expressions of CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 and their basal enzyme activities were not affected by liver dysfunction. DEX treatment markedly increased steady-state mRNA level, protein content, and enzymatic activity of CYP3A1 in healthy and cirrhotic rats, irrespective of the degree of liver dysfunction. On the contrary, the inducing effect of DEX on gene and protein expressions and enzyme activity of CYP3A2 was preserved in moderate liver insufficiency, whereas it was greatly curtailed when liver insufficiency became severe. mRNA and protein expressions of PXR were neither reduced by liver dysfunction nor increased by DEX treatment. These results indicate that even the inducibility of cytochrome P450 isoforms under the transcriptional control of the same nuclear receptor may be differentially affected by cirrhosis and may partly explain why conflicting results were obtained by human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (S.D.M., D.G., G.P., S.B., P.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy (G.A., M.M.S.), and Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (C.M., L.A.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (S.D.M., D.G., G.P., S.B., P.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy (G.A., M.M.S.), and Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (C.M., L.A.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Albertin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (S.D.M., D.G., G.P., S.B., P.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy (G.A., M.M.S.), and Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (C.M., L.A.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Martina Sfriso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (S.D.M., D.G., G.P., S.B., P.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy (G.A., M.M.S.), and Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (C.M., L.A.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Mescoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (S.D.M., D.G., G.P., S.B., P.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy (G.A., M.M.S.), and Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (C.M., L.A.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Albertoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (S.D.M., D.G., G.P., S.B., P.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy (G.A., M.M.S.), and Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (C.M., L.A.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Paliuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (S.D.M., D.G., G.P., S.B., P.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy (G.A., M.M.S.), and Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (C.M., L.A.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sergio Bova
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (S.D.M., D.G., G.P., S.B., P.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy (G.A., M.M.S.), and Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (C.M., L.A.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Palatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (S.D.M., D.G., G.P., S.B., P.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Anatomy (G.A., M.M.S.), and Department of Medicine, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (C.M., L.A.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Wiegand C, Hewitt NJ, Merk HF, Reisinger K. Dermal Xenobiotic Metabolism: A Comparison between Native Human Skin, Four in vitro Skin Test Systems and a Liver System. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:263-75. [DOI: 10.1159/000358272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baneyx G, Parrott N, Meille C, Iliadis A, Lavé T. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of CYP3A4 induction by rifampicin in human: Influence of time between substrate and inducer administration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 56:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen F, Rao XH, Yang JL, Pan MX, Gao Y, Li ZL, Li Y, Zhu YF, Wang Y. Up-regulating CYP3A4 expression in C3A cells by transfection with a novel chimeric regulator of hPXR-p53-AD. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95752. [PMID: 24788541 PMCID: PMC4006776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most hepatoma cell lines lack proper expression and induction of CYP3A4 enzyme, which limits their use for predicting drug metabolism and toxicity. Nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been well recognized for its critical role in regulating expression of CYP3A4 gene. However, its physiological activity of binding to the particular site of promoter is significantly weakened in hepatic cell lines. To address this problem, we created “chimeric PXR” constructs by appending a strong activation domain (AD) from p53 subunit to either N- or C- termini of the human PXR (hPXR), that is, hPXR-p53 and p53-hPXR. C3A, a hepatoma cell line, was used as the cell model to test the regulation effect of chimeric hPXR over wild type (WT) hPXR on CYP3A4 expression at gene, protein, and metabolism levels, respectively. Compared with C3A cells transiently transfected with WT hPXR, the activity of CYP3A4.XREM.luc reporter gene in C3A cells transfected with hPXR-p53 or p53-hPXR increased 5- and 9-fold respectively, and the levels of CYP3A4 mRNA expression increased 3.5- and 2.6-fold, respectively. C3A cells stably transfected with hPXR-p53-AD exhibited an improved expression of CYP3A4 at both gene (2-fold) and protein (1.5-fold) levels compared to WT C3A cells. Testosterone, a CYP3A4-specific substrate, was used for detecting the metabolism activity of CYP3A4. No testosterone metabolite could be detected in microsomes from WT C3A cells and WT C3A cells-based array, while the formation of 6β-hydroxytestosterone metabolite in the transfected cells was 714 and 55 pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. In addition, all the above expression levels in the transfected cell models could be further induced with additional treatment of Rifampicin, a specific inducer for CYP3A4. In conclusion, our study established a proof-of-principle example that genetic modification with chimeric hPXR-p53-AD could improve CYP3A4 metabolism ability in hepatic cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Rao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Jin-Lian Yang
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Xing Pan
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Fu Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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49
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Brantley SJ, Argikar AA, Lin YS, Nagar S, Paine MF. Herb-drug interactions: challenges and opportunities for improved predictions. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:301-17. [PMID: 24335390 PMCID: PMC3935140 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Supported by a usage history that predates written records and the perception that "natural" ensures safety, herbal products have increasingly been incorporated into Western health care. Consumers often self-administer these products concomitantly with conventional medications without informing their health care provider(s). Such herb-drug combinations can produce untoward effects when the herbal product perturbs the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. Despite increasing recognition of these types of herb-drug interactions, a standard system for interaction prediction and evaluation is nonexistent. Consequently, the mechanisms underlying herb-drug interactions remain an understudied area of pharmacotherapy. Evaluation of herbal product interaction liability is challenging due to variability in herbal product composition, uncertainty of the causative constituents, and often scant knowledge of causative constituent pharmacokinetics. These limitations are confounded further by the varying perspectives concerning herbal product regulation. Systematic evaluation of herbal product drug interaction liability, as is routine for new drugs under development, necessitates identifying individual constituents from herbal products and characterizing the interaction potential of such constituents. Integration of this information into in silico models that estimate the pharmacokinetics of individual constituents should facilitate prospective identification of herb-drug interactions. These concepts are highlighted with the exemplar herbal products milk thistle and resveratrol. Implementation of this methodology should help provide definitive information to both consumers and clinicians about the risk of adding herbal products to conventional pharmacotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Brantley
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (S.J.B.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.A.A., S.N.); Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Y.S.L.); and College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.F.P.)
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Navid A, Ng DM, Stewart BJ, Wong SE, Lightstone FC. Quantitative In Silico analysis of transient metabolism of acetaminophen and associated causes of hepatotoxicity in humans. In Silico Pharmacol 2013. [PMCID: PMC4750864 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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