1
|
Lu TL, Zheng AC, Suzuki K, Lu CC, Wang CY, Fang SH. Supplementation of L-glutamine enhanced mucosal immunity and improved hormonal status of combat-sport athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2300259. [PMID: 38193521 PMCID: PMC10783826 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2300259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining proper immune function and hormone status is important for athletes to avoid upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and insufficient recovery, which is detrimental to sport performance and health. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether three-week supplementation of L-glutamine could benefit the mucosal immunity and hormonal status of combat-sport athletes as well as their rates of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and subjective feelings of well-being after intensive training. METHODS Twenty-one combat-sport athletes from the National Taiwan University of Sport were recruited in this study. After intensive training, two groups of the participants were asked to consume powder form of 0.3 g/kg body weight of L-glutamine (GLU group) or maltodextrin (PLA group) with drinking water in a randomized design at the same time every day during 3 weeks. Saliva samples were collected to measure immunoglobulin A (IgA), nitric oxide (NO), testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) before and after three-week supplementation; moreover, Hooper's index questionnaires were completed for wellness assessment. The incidence and duration of URTI were recorded by using a health checklist throughout the entire study period. RESULTS Supplementation of L-glutamine significantly enhanced the concentrations of IgA and NO in saliva; additionally, the incidence of URTI was significantly reduced. Regarding hormones, T concentration was significantly decreased in the PLA group, whereas C concentration was significantly increased, resulting in a significant decrease of T/C ratio. In contrast, the GLU group showed a significant increase of T/C ratio, while the mood scores of the Hooper's index questionnaire were higher in the PLA group. CONCLUSIONS Three-week supplementation of L-glutamine after intensive training enhanced the mucosal immunity, improved hormonal status and reduced the rate of URTI of combat-sport athletes while feelings of well-being were also enhanced. Therefore, L-glutamine would be beneficial for the sports performance and recovery of athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Lin Lu
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Chi Zheng
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Wang
- Department of Combat Sports, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Uchino T, Uchida M, Ito R, Fujie S, Iemitsu K, Kojima C, Nakamura M, Shimizu K, Tanimura Y, Shinohara Y, Hashimoto T, Isaka T, Iemitsu M. Effects of different exercise intensities or durations on salivary IgA secretion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05467-6. [PMID: 38634902 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine changes in salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) secretion at different intensities or durations of acute exercise. METHODS Twelve healthy untrained young males were included in randomized crossover trials in Experiment 1 (cycling exercise for 30 min at a work rate equivalent to 35%, 55%, and 75% maximal oxygen uptake [ V ˙ O2max]) and Experiment 2 (cycling exercise at 55% V ˙ O2max intensity for 30, 60, and 90 min). Saliva samples were collected at baseline, immediately after, and 60 min after each exercise. RESULTS Experiment 1: The percentage change in the s-IgA secretion rate in the 75% V ˙ O2max trial was significantly lower than that in the 55% V ˙ O2max trial immediately after exercise (- 45.7%). The percentage change in the salivary concentration of cortisol, an s-IgA regulating factor, immediately after exercise significantly increased compared to that at baseline in the 75% V ˙ O2max trial (+ 107.6%). A significant negative correlation was observed between the percentage changes in saliva flow rate and salivary cortisol concentration (r = - 0.52, P < 0.01). Experiment 2: The percentage change in the s-IgA secretion rate in the 90-min trial was significantly lower than that in the 30-min trial immediately after exercise (-37.0%). However, the percentage change in salivary cortisol concentration remained the same. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a reduction in s-IgA secretion is induced by exercise intensity of greater than or equal to 75% V ˙ O2max for 30 min or exercise duration of greater than or equal to 90 min at 55% V ˙ O2max in healthy untrained young men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Uchino
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masataka Uchida
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Reita Ito
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shumpei Fujie
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keiko Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mariko Nakamura
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Nishigaoka Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shimizu
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Nishigaoka Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Tanimura
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Nishigaoka Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shinohara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prevalence of low energy availability and associations with seasonal changes in salivary hormones and IgA in elite male Gaelic footballers. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1809-1820. [PMID: 36841899 PMCID: PMC9968222 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence suggests low energy availability (LEA) is prevalent in elite male Gaelic football (GF) players. Previous research in male and female team sports found LEA may negatively impact endocrine function. The aim of this study was to examine the seasonal variations in energy availability (EA) and its associations with salivary measures in elite male GF players across the competitive season. METHODS Energy availability was assessed using field-based methods in conjunction with salivary testosterone (s-T), cortisol (s-C) and immunoglobin A (s-IgA) concentrations at pre-season (PRE), in-season (IN) and post-season (POST). RESULTS 38% reported LEA at PRE, 33% at IN, and 28.5% at POST. s-C, s-T and s-IgA levels were within normal ranges at PRE, IN and POST. Salivary cortisol declined significantly from PRE to IN, remaining reduced at POST. Salivary testosterone decreased significantly from PRE to IN but was significantly elevated at POST compared to IN. Salivary IgA was significantly greater at POST than IN. No significant associations were found between s-C or s-T and EA at any time point. Pre-season s-IgA exhibited a significant inverse association with PRE EA. Decreased s-IgA flow rate and s-IgA secretion rate were significantly associated with decreased EA at PRE. Reduced carbohydrate (CHO) intake was also associated with decreased s-IgA secretion rate at PRE. CONCLUSION This study suggests that LEA is prevalent in elite male GF players, but is not associated with s-C or s-T. However, EA is associated with s-IgA which may impact the immune system. Therefore, education and interventions surrounding the prevalence and associations of EA should be implemented in this population.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Xiao H, Zhao L, Liu Z, Chen L, Liu C. Comparison of the Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics Supplementation on the Immune Function of Male University Football Players. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051158. [PMID: 36904156 PMCID: PMC10004888 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the effects of long-term prebiotic and synbiotic supplementations on the immunosuppression of male football players after daily high-intensity training and a one-time strenuous exercise. A total of 30 male university student-athletes were recruited and randomly assigned to the prebiotic (PG, n = 15) or synbiotic group (SG, n = 15), receiving a prebiotic or synbiotic once per day for six weeks. Physiological assessments were conducted by a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test and an exhaustive constant load exercise (75% VO2max test). Inflammatory cytokine and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) were measured. VO2max, maximal heart rate (HRmax), and lactic acid elimination rate (ER) were used to evaluate aerobic capacity. Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) complaints were evaluated using a questionnaire. URTI incidence and duration were significantly lower in the SG group than that in the PG group (p < 0.05). At baseline, SIgA and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in the SG group (p < 0.01) as well as IL-1β and IL-6 in the PG group (p < 0.05) were significantly increased, and IL-4 concentration was markedly reduced in the PG group (p < 0.01). The concentrations of IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were significantly reduced in the PG and SG group immediately after the constant load exercise. Significantly decreased HRmax and enhanced ER (increased by 193.78%) were detected in the SG group, not in the PG group, during the constant load experiment (p < 0.05) and the recovery period (p < 0.01), respectively. However, VO2max value was not changed. These data suggest that synbiotic supplementation for six weeks has a more positive effect than prebiotics on the immune function and athletic performance of male university football players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lufang Zhang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- School of China Football Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zeting Liu
- Department of Mathematic Science, School of Sport Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lanmu Chen
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenzhe Liu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pérez-Castillo ÍM, Rueda R, Bouzamondo H, López-Chicharro J, Mihic N. Biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football (soccer). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167449. [PMID: 37113691 PMCID: PMC10126523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-level football (soccer) players face intense physical demands that result in acute and residual fatigue, impairing their physical performance in subsequent matches. Further, top-class players are frequently exposed to match-congested periods where sufficient recovery times are not achievable. To evaluate training and recovery strategies, the monitoring of players' recovery profiles is crucial. Along with performance and neuro-mechanical impairments, match-induced fatigue causes metabolic disturbances denoted by changes in chemical analytes that can be quantified in different body fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine, thus acting as biomarkers. The monitoring of these molecules might supplement performance, neuromuscular and cognitive measurements to guide coaches and trainers during the recovery period. The present narrative review aims to comprehensively review the scientific literature on biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football players as well as provide an outlook on the role that metabolomic studies might play in this field of research. Overall, no single gold-standard biomarker of match-induced fatigue exists, and a range of metabolites are available to assess different aspects of post-match recovery. The use of biomarker panels might be suitable to simultaneously monitoring these broad physiological processes, yet further research on fluctuations of different analytes throughout post-match recovery is warranted. Although important efforts have been made to address the high interindividual heterogeneity of available markers, limitations inherent to these markers might compromise the information they provide to guide recovery protocols. Further research on metabolomics might benefit from evaluating the long-term recovery period from a high-level football match to shed light upon new biomarkers of post-match recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José López-Chicharro
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: José López-Chicharro,
| | - Niko Mihic
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marqués-Jiménez D, Calleja-González J, Arratibel-Imaz I, Terrados N. Biochemical and Physical Performance Responses to a Soccer Match after a 72-Hour Recovery Period. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10100140. [PMID: 36287753 PMCID: PMC9610486 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and neuromuscular responses at 72 h post-match are not widely researched, despite evidence showing substantial changes in recovery markers at 72 h post-match. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the biochemical and physical performance responses to a soccer match after a 72-h recovery period. Male soccer players of a semiprofessional team participated in this study. Before playing a friendly match, blood values of testosterone, cortisol, the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio and urea were collected and the squat jump and the Bangsbo Repeated Sprint Ability test were performed. These measurements were considered as baseline (pre match) and were obtained again after a 72-h recovery period. Results indicate that physical performance at 72 h post-match was similar to baseline (squat jump: p = 0.974; total Repeated Sprint Ability time: p = 0.381; Repeated Sprint Ability fatigue index: p = 0.864). However, perturbations in the biochemical milieu derived from the soccer match metabolic and physiological stress were still evident at this time point. While no significant differences compared to pre match were obtained in testosterone and urea concentrations after the recovery period, cortisol and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio values were significantly higher (14.74 ± 3.68 µg/dL vs. 17.83 ± 2.65 µg/dL; p = 0.045; ES 0.92 [0.00; 1.84], very likely) and lower (39.08 ± 13.26 vs. 28.29 ± 7.45; p = 0.038; ES −0.96 [−1.89; −0.04], very likely), respectively. In conclusion, soccer players have similar physical performance to the pre match after a 72-h recovery period, even with signs of biochemical and physiological stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marqués-Jiménez
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Iñaki Arratibel-Imaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Sports Medicine Center Tolosa Kirol Medikuntza, 20400 Tolosa, Spain
| | - Nicolás Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine of Principado de Asturias, Municipal Sports Foundation of Avilés, 33401 Avilés, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
FELISBERTO P, SEIDINGER SC, SANTOS T, TORRES W, LIRA FS, BUONANI C. Testosterone and lean mass show a positive correlation with the technical performance of footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
8
|
FELISBERTO P, SEIDINGER SC, SANTOS T, TORRES W, LIRA FS, BUONANI C. Testosterone and lean mass show a positive correlation with the technical performance of footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
9
|
Uchida M, Suga T, Terada M, Isaka T. A pilot study: the relationship between salivary MCP-1 and IgA, and exercise performance in long-distance runners and sprinters. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:118. [PMID: 35346356 PMCID: PMC8962004 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective It remains unclear that the relationship between sprint and/or endurance performance and salivary immunological factors and stress hormones in athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate if salivary immunological factors and stress hormones are related to sprint and endurance performance in sprinters and long-distance runners. Fourteen male sprinters provided 100-m record and 22 male long-distance runners provided 5000-m record. Salivary IgA, MCP-1, interleukin-8, and cortisol levels in sprinters and long-distance runners were measured by ELISA assay. Results No significant differences were found in all salivary parameters between sprinters and long-distance runners. In long-distance runners, the salivary IgA and MCP-1 concentrations and secretory rate significantly correlated with their personal best 5000-m times (r = 0.534, P = 0.011; r = 0.567, P = 0.006; r = 0.452, P = 0.035, respectively). In sprinters, the salivary IgA concentration, MCP-1 concentration, and MCP-1 secretory rate did not correlate with personal best 100-m sprint times (r = − 0.260, P = 0.369; r = 0.128, P = 0.663; r = 0.122, P = 0.677, respectively). Therefore, the present study is the first to determine that immunological factors such as IgA and MCP1 may be related to endurance performance in long-distance runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Uchida
- Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castilho T, da Silva Guimarães L, Póvoa HCC, Antunes LS, Antunes LAA. Influence of physical exercises on salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration in athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
La Fratta I, Franceschelli S, Speranza L, Patruno A, Michetti C, D'Ercole P, Ballerini P, Grilli A, Pesce M. Salivary oxytocin, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence in pre-competition athletes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16877. [PMID: 34413428 PMCID: PMC8376920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that soccer sport has the potential for high levels of stress and anxiety and that these are linked to Cortisol (C) variations. To date, much research has been devoted to understanding how Oxytocin (OT) can affect anxiety in response to a challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate, in 56 young male soccer players, the psychophysiological stress response 96 and 24 h before one soccer match of a tournament, in order to establish whether athletes who won or lost, show different levels of C and OT or expressions of competitive state anxiety subcomponents. We found that winners had significantly lower Cognitive anxiety and higher Self-confidence scores than losers. Also, significant differences between winners and losers in C and OT concentrations were observed, with higher OT levels in who has won and higher C levels in who has lost. Our results showed interesting associations between OT, C, anxiety feelings, and the outcome of competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene La Fratta
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Franceschelli
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenza Speranza
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Michetti
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo D'Ercole
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ballerini
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alfredo Grilli
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mirko Pesce
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rico-González M, Pino-Ortega J, Clemente FM, Bustamante-Hernández N. Relationship between Training Load Management and Immunoglobulin A to Avoid Immunosuppression after Soccer Training and Competition: A Theoretical Framework Based on COVID-19 for Athletes' Healthcare. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:856. [PMID: 34356234 PMCID: PMC8305600 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9070856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the main effector against upper respiratory tract viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been related to training load management. The aim of this systematic review was to establish the relationship between training load and salivary IgA based on current evidence in order to avoid immunosuppression after exercise and players´ vulnerability to virus contagion. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) until 19 May 2021. From a total of 127 studies initially found, 23 were included in the qualitative synthesis. These studies were clustered depending on stress level. The salivary IgA was analysed considering soccer-specific treadmill exercise and repeated sprint drills (n = 5), matches (n = 7), and during certain periods during the season or pre-season (n = 11). Repeated sprint ability tests and treadmill exercises are suitable exercises for the first steps on return to play periods yet still maintain social distance. A rest or moderate training sessions (technical/tactical) are suggested after official matches to ensure 16-18 h to recover IgA levels, while periods with multiple matches per week with limited recovery time should be avoided. Weekly training load should assume a small increment (<10%) to ensure IgA immune responses, especially, during the post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of The Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Naia Bustamante-Hernández
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Felisberto P, Seidinger SC, Santos T, Torres W, Lira FS, Buonani C. Testosterone and lean mass show a positive correlation with the technical performance of footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:769-777. [PMID: 33885259 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring technical performance during a soccer match has become an indispensable practice, since the players perform different functions within the tactical system adopted by the team, resulting in specific technical actions that are fully responsive to the individual technical level of each player. Thus, current study aimed to investigate the possible direct and mediating relationship between salivary testosterone and the technical performance of semi-professional footballers during a training game. METHODS To characterize the sample, the anthropometric profile, body composition, biological maturation, lower limb power, speed, estimation of maximum oxygen consumption, and physical performance were used. To determine testosterone concentrations, saliva was collected before and after the training game, for subsequent measurement using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and Salimetrics Kits. For quantification of technical performance and participation with the ball during the training game, scout software was used from the footage of the training game. The reliability of the technical performance analyses was determined through the repetition test of two attempts (Cohen's Kappa agreement index). RESULTS The direct relationship between post-game testosterone and total participation with the ball in the second half; the direct relationship between the percentage of lean mass with post-game testosterone and an apparent relationship between percentage of lean mass and total participation with the ball from the set of relations mediated by post-game testosterone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that testosterone concentrations combined with high levels of lean mass may have a important role in the technical performance and participation with the ball of semi-professional footballers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Felisberto
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs).,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE).,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sylvia C Seidinger
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil - .,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs).,Post-Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaislaine Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs).,Post-Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group (GIME)
| | - Wesley Torres
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE).,Post-Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group (GIME)
| | - Camila Buonani
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Part I: Relationship among Training Load Management, Salivary Immunoglobulin A, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Team Sport: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9040366. [PMID: 33805186 PMCID: PMC8064383 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the first line of defense against upper respiratory tract viruses, has been related with training load management. This article aimed to systematically identify and summarize (1) the studies that have found a relationship between training load and salivary IgA in team sports, and (2) the studies that have highlighted a relationship between IgA and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in team sports. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and WoK) until 3 October 2020. From a total of 174 studies initially found, 24 were included in the qualitative synthesis. This systematic review confirmed that lower values of IgA occurred after greater training load (intensity/volume) and congested periods. In this scenario, a low level of IgA was correlated with higher URTI, which makes training load management mandatory to healthcare avoiding immunosuppression. Therefore, physical fitness and conditioning coaches should carefully manage training load progression, avoiding high-intensity sessions in two consecutive days. In addition, they should not program high-intensity training sessions during at least the two days following competition.
Collapse
|
15
|
Playing Non-Professional Football in COVID-19 Time: A Narrative Review of Recommendations, Considerations, and Best Practices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020568. [PMID: 33445452 PMCID: PMC7827025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 resulted in widespread interruption of team sports training and competitions. Our aim was to review the recommendations and best practices in return to play in non-professional football after activity lockdown. The authors searched two electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science) to extract studies published before September 15 2020. Twenty studies explained recommendations, considerations, or best practices in return to play in football, and all of them were clustered into three groups: (1) training load management (n = 10), (2) medical recommendations (n = 9), and (3) recovery related issues (n = 5). The way to establish a progression in training process should be based on training load management and managing the number of stimuli per time. Following the studies, this training process should be divided into three phases: phase 1-physical distancing should be maintained; phases 2 and 3-group training should start. Medical considerations were clustered into different groups: general, pre- and post- training, during training, education, planning to return to competition, and suggestions for post confinement weeks. In particular, social issues, strict hygiene questions, and continuous PCR testing should be considered in return to play over football season. Finally, since a correlation has been found between high-intensive training loads and immunoglobulin A, nutritional and lifestyle recovery strategies should be performed. Moreover, since immunosuppression has been related to congested schedules (<72 h between matches), football federations should avoid this situation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gandouzi I, Turki M, Ayedi F, Souissi N. Testosterone and cortisol variation due to training and fight in Judokas. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:1690-1699. [PMID: 33305548 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of judo workout by determining the testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) responses and their associations with the results of a judo fight. METHODS A prospective study involved 17 judokas. Three blood samples were taken from each athlete: at rest, immediately after a 90 min training session and 72 hours later immediately after a 5 min fight , to evaluate T, C and lactic acid. RESULTS Results showed no significant difference for T (p = 0.17), C (p = 0.51) or testosterone/cortisol (T/C) ratio (t = 0.901 (16), p =0.38) after training. A significant difference was found for the C (p =0.002) and the T/C ratio (p =0.04) after the fight. In contrast with the losers, the winner judokas reported a significant increase in the C (p = 0.002) and T (p = 0.013) concentrations at rest and after the fight. No significant difference was found for C (p = 0.77) or T (p = 0.43) at rest and after training. CONCLUSIONS The "fight" effort induced more biological stress than the "training" effort. In addition, the cortisol response and the T/C ratio revealed an association with a subsequent victorious judo fight. Thus, the hormonal response, particularly the C concentration, to a training could allow the assessment of the readiness of judokas for a future competition. This new strategy can allow to better manage the capacity of judoka at the training for the sake of an improvement of performance during competitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imed Gandouzi
- Molecular Basis of Human Pathology Laboratory UR12ES17, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia -
| | - Mouna Turki
- Molecular Basis of Human Pathology Laboratory UR12ES17, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ayedi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- RU Physical Activities, Sport & Health, The National Observatory of Sport, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kawano T, Naito J, Nishioka M, Nishida N, Takahashi M, Kashiwagi S, Sugino T, Watanabe Y. Effect of Food Containing Paramylon Derived from Euglena gracilis EOD-1 on Fatigue in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103098. [PMID: 33053626 PMCID: PMC7601521 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis EOD-1, a kind of microalgae, is known to contain a high proportion of paramylon, a type of β-1,3-glucan. Paramylon derived from E. gracilis EOD-1 is presumed to suppress cellular oxidative injury and expected to reduce fatigue and fatigue sensation. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether food containing paramylon derived from E. gracilis EOD-1 (EOD-1PM) ingestion reduced fatigue and fatigue sensation in healthy adults. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison study in 66 healthy men and women who ingested a placebo or EOD-1PM daily for 4 weeks (daily life fatigue). Furthermore, at the examination days of 0 and 4 weeks, tolerance to fatigue load was evaluated using mental tasks (task-induced fatigue). We evaluated fatigue sensation using the Visual Analogue Scale, the work efficiency of the advanced trail making test and measured serum antioxidant markers. The EOD-1PM group showed significantly lower levels of physical and mental fatigue sensations and higher levels of work efficiency as well as serum biological antioxidant potential levels than the placebo group. These results indicate that EOD-1PM ingestion reduced fatigue and fatigue sensation, which may be due to an increase in antioxidant potential and maintenance of selective attention during work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kawano
- Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan; (J.N.); (M.N.); (N.N.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +81-78-992-6957 (T.K.); +81-78-304-7100 (Y.W.)
| | - Junko Naito
- Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan; (J.N.); (M.N.); (N.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Machiko Nishioka
- Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan; (J.N.); (M.N.); (N.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Norihisa Nishida
- Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan; (J.N.); (M.N.); (N.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Madoka Takahashi
- Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan; (J.N.); (M.N.); (N.N.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Tomohiro Sugino
- Soiken. Inc., Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0082, Japan; (S.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +81-78-992-6957 (T.K.); +81-78-304-7100 (Y.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tiernan C, Lyons M, Comyns T, Nevill AM, Warrington G. Salivary IgA as a Predictor of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Relationship to Training Load in Elite Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:782-790. [PMID: 30694968 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tiernan, C, Lyons, M, Comyns, T, Nevill, AM, and Warrington, G. Salivary IgA as a predictor of upper respiratory tract infections and relationship to training load in elite rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 782-790, 2020-Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI) are among the most common illnesses reported in athletes. An URTI can result in missed training days, which in turn may lead to performance decrements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as a predictor of URTI, while also exploring the relationship to weekly training load in elite rugby union players. Nineteen male elite rugby union players provided morning saliva swabs, biweekly (Monday and Friday), over a 10-week training period. Participants completed an illness log documenting symptoms of URTI. Session Rate of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) was collected to determine training load (sRPE × session duration). Weekly training load was also calculated. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between incidences of URTI with sIgA and training load. Multilevel regression was conducted to compare associations between sIgA and training load. The results found that the likelihood of suffering from an URTI increased when sIgA significantly decreased (p = 0.046). Where sIgA decreased by 65% or more, a player was at a greater risk of contracting an URTI within the following 2 weeks. No association was found between sIgA and training load. In conclusion, sIgA may be a useful predictor for determining the likelihood of players contracting an URTI. This will allow the coach to make informed decisions on training status, helping reduce the risk of players missing training, which may have performance decrements. Coaches will benefit from the fast, easy, and instant results available, to analyze a player's immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Tiernan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
| | - Mark Lyons
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tom Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Warrington
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lopes RF, Minuzzi LG, Figueiredo AJ, Gonçalves C, Tessitore A, Capranica L, Teixeira AM, Rama L. Upper respiratory symptoms (URS) and salivary responses across a season in youth soccer players: A useful and non-invasive approach associated to URS susceptibility and occurrence in young athletes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236669. [PMID: 32750092 PMCID: PMC7402496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a competitive season on salivary responses [cortisol (sC), testosterone (sT), Testosterone/Cortisol ratio (sT/C), Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), sIgA secretion rate (srIgA), alpha-amylase (sAA)] and upper respiratory symptoms (URS) occurrence in three teams of male soccer players (Under-15, Under-17 and Under-19 yrs.). Training and competition volumes, salivary biomarkers and URS were determined monthly. No differences were found for monthly training volume between teams. Incidence of URS was higher for the U15 (44.9% of the total cases). Higher sT and srIgA were observed for the U19, lower sC were found for the U17 and sAA showed higher values for the U15 throughout the season. In the U15, significant difference (p = .023) was found for sIgA concentration with higher concentration values in January compared to December (-42.7%; p = .008) and the sT showed seasonal variation (p < .001) with the highest value in January significantly different from October (-40.2%; p = .035), November (-38.5%; p = 0.022) and December (-51.6%; p = .008). The U19 presented an increase in sC in March compared to February (-66.1%, p = .018), sT/C were higher in February compared to March (-58.1%; p = .022) and sAA increased in March compared to September (-20.5%; p = .037). Negative correlations, controlled for age group, were found between URS occurrence and srIgA (r = -0.170, p = .001), sAA (r = -0.179, p = .001) and sT (r = -0.107, p = .047). Monitoring salivary biomarkers provides information on mucosal immunity with impact in URS occurrence. Coaches could manipulate training loads to attenuate the physical stressors imposed on athletes, especially at demanding and stressful periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Fiedler Lopes
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - António José Figueiredo
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gonçalves
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis Rama
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hodges-Simeon CR, Grail GPO, Albert G, Landry N, Ortiz TL, Carré JM, McHale TS, Arnocky SA. Testosterone, cortisol, and secretory immunoglobulin-A within a single day and across two sequential days among trans- and cis-gender men. Steroids 2020; 160:108640. [PMID: 32298661 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on the association between testosterone (T) and immunity has produced conflicting results. OBJECTIVES We address two potential reasons for these empirical inconsistencies in the present research. First, the association between T and immunity may depend on which branch of the immune system is considered. Here, we examine secretory IgA (sIgA), a measure of mucosal immunity functionally related to respiratory infection risk. Second, the association between T and immunity may depend on a third regulatory variable. Therefore, we examine the interaction between T and cortisol (CORT) as well as their independent and combined effects on mucosal immunity. To do this, we explore intra-individual associations between sIgA, CORT, and T within a single day (i.e., morning vs. evening) and across 2 sequential mornings. We target two samples of men: (1) cisgender (i.e., born and identifying as men), and (2) transgender (i.e., born female but identifying as men) undergoing T therapy for gender realignment. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and forty-eight adult men (transgender n = 29) provided saliva samples at three time points: (1) upon waking, (2) before sleep on the same day, and (3) upon waking the following day. Samples were assayed in duplicate for sIgA, T and CORT. RESULTS For cisgender men, sIgA, T, and CORT exhibited clear circadian rhythms and were significantly related within and between samples. For transgender men, evidence for circadian change was found for sIgA and CORT, but not T. Further, sIgA was associated with CORT, but not T. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that salivary T and sIgA concentrations are associated within a single day and across sequential days for cisgender men. Differences between cis- and transgender men suggest that this may only be true for T levels driven by endogenous production; however, future studies should employ a larger sample size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham P O Grail
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas Landry
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Triana L Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin M Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy S McHale
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States
| | - Steven A Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
de Lima Pinto JCB, Fortes LS, Lemos TMAM, Mortatti AL. Acute effect of successive matches in salivary cortisol concentrations and match internal load in young soccer players. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-183210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Sousa Fortes
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaldo Luis Mortatti
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mills K, Dudley D, Collins NJ. Do the benefits of participation in sport and exercise outweigh the negatives? An academic review. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2019; 33:172-187. [PMID: 31431271 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Public health campaigns promote regular exercise and physical activity. These campaigns are founded on global recommendations that a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise is required, on a weekly basis, to maximise physical and mental health. However, participation in all forms of sports and physical activity has inherent risks that need to be considered by both health practitioners making activity recommendations and the people participating. This review examines biological, psychological and social benefits and harms of the three highest participation physical activities: walking/running, multidirectional sports and resistance exercise. While the remaining evidence indicates that the positives do outweigh the negatives, it demonstrates that moderate amounts of exercise provide the most optimal balance and that potential harms are typically associated with low or high participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Mills
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Dean Dudley
- Centre of Children's Learning in a Social World, Department of Educational Studies, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Natalie J Collins
- Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Salivary Metabolome and Soccer Match: Challenges for Understanding Exercise induced Changes. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9070141. [PMID: 31336760 PMCID: PMC6680540 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9070141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva samples of seventeen soccer players were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance before and after an official match. Two different ways of normalizing data are discussed, using total proteins and total metabolite concentrations. Changes in markers related to energy, hydration status, amino acids and other compounds were found. The limits and advantages of using saliva to define the systemic responses to exercise are examined, both in terms of data normalization and interpretation, and the time that the effect lasts in this biofluid, which is shorter to that commonly observed in blood. The heterogeneous nature and different timing of the exercise developed by players also plays an important role in the metabolic changes that can be measured. Our work focuses mainly on three different aspects: The effect that time sampling has on the observed effect, the type of normalization that is necessary to perform in order to cope with changes in water content, and the metabolic response that can be observed using saliva.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hodges-Simeon CR, Asif S, Gurven M, Blackwell AD, Gaulin SJC. Testosterone is positively and estradiol negatively associated with mucosal immunity in Amazonian adolescents. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23284. [PMID: 31273877 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A core assumption of life history theory and the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) is that testosterone (T) upregulates energetic investment in mating effort at the expense of immunity. This tenet, along with observed positive relationships between estrogens and immunity, may contribute to the higher observed morbidity and mortality of males. In the present study, we examine the association between sex steroid hormones and mucosal immunity as well as sex differences in immunity in a rural Amazonian population of immune-challenged Bolivian adolescents. METHODS Salivary steroid hormones (T [males only] and estradiol [E2 , females only]), Tsimane-specific age-standardized BMI z-scores, and salivary mucosal immunity (sIgA, secretory IgA) were measured in 89 adolescent males and females. RESULTS Males had significantly higher sIgA levels than females, which may be due to the observed immune-endocrine associations found in the present study. Controlling for age and phenotypic condition, higher T significantly predicted higher sIgA; whereas higher E2 was associated with lower sIgA in females. CONCLUSIONS Results stood in contrast to common interpretations of the ICHH, that is, that T should be inversely associated with immunity. Findings from the present study support the notion that the endocrine system likely affects immunity in a regulatory fashion, upregulating certain aspects of immunity while downregulating others. An important remaining question is the adaptive reason(s) for sex differences in endocrine-mediated immuno-redistribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soubhana Asif
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Aaron D Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California.,Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Pullman, Washington
| | - Steven J C Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Francavilla VC, Vitale F, Ciaccio M, Bongiovanni T, Marotta C, Caldarella R, Todaro L, Zarcone M, Muratore R, Bellia C, Francavilla G, Mazzucco W. Use of Saliva in Alternative to Serum Sampling to Monitor Biomarkers Modifications in Professional Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1828. [PMID: 30618836 PMCID: PMC6306404 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the correlation between serum and salivary concentrations of steroid hormones and IgA, and the variation in concentrations of these biomarkers, across a soccer competitive season in a sample of players playing for an Italian major League team. Thirty-five elite male soccer players were recruited and assessed for salivary hormones (cortisol, testosterone, T/C‰ and DHEA-S) and IgA at three different time-points: (t1) after the pre-season period and 16 official matches played; (t2) after a winter break and three official matches played; (t3) 2 days after the final match of the championship and 19 matches played. Players were also tested for blood biomarkers (ser-C, ser-T, ser-T/C‰, ser-IgA, ACTH) at two detection times (t1 and t3). Blood samples were collected immediately after saliva sampling. The Spearman’s rank correlation was used to explore the correlation between blood and salivary concentrations of cortisol, free testosterone and IgA in the different time points. One-way ANOVA and permutation test were performed to explore changes by time of hormones and IgA concentrations over the competitive season. We documented a positive correlation between serum and saliva concentrations for Cortisol at t1 (+58.2%; p-value = 0.002) and t3 (+54.2%; p-value = 0.018) and for Testosterone at t1 (+42.0%; p-value = 0.033). Moreover, a positive variation was documented across the season (D = t3–t1) for Cortisol (D = +6.83; SEM = ±2.70; Var% = +37.6; p-value = 0.032), Testosterone (D = +0.33; SEM = ±0.07; Var% = +27.3; p-value = 0.002) and DHEA-S (D = +44.48; SEM = ±18.54; Var% = +82.0; p-value = 0.042), while a decrease of sal-T/C ratio and no variation in salivary IgA concentrations were reported. In conclusion, our findings support for experimental use of saliva samples to monitor steroid hormones modifications in professional soccer players across a competitive season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Science for Health Promotion and Mother to Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Nutrition, Hydration & Body Composition Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Marotta
- Department of Science for Health Promotion and Mother to Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Complex Unit of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Zarcone
- Clinical Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Unit, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Muratore
- Complex Unit of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Francavilla
- Department of Surgical, Anatomical and Oncological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Walter Mazzucco
- Department of Science for Health Promotion and Mother to Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Keaney LC, Kilding AE, Merien F, Dulson DK. The impact of sport related stressors on immunity and illness risk in team-sport athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1192-1199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
27
|
Taylor JB, Wright AA, Dischiavi SL, Townsend MA, Marmon AR. Activity Demands During Multi-Directional Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:2533-2551. [PMID: 28801751 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-stage rehabilitation programs often incorporate 'sport-specific' demands, but may not optimally simulate the in-game volume or intensity of such activities as sprinting, cutting, jumping, and lateral movement. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to characterize, quantify, and compare straight-line running and multi-directional demands during sport competition. DATA SOURCES A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was conducted. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that reported time-motion analysis data on straight-line running, accelerations/decelerations, activity changes, jumping, cutting, or lateral movement over the course of an entire competition in a multi-directional sport (soccer, basketball, lacrosse, handball, field hockey, futsal, volleyball) were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Data was organized based on sport, age level, and sex and descriptive statistics of the frequency, intensity, time, and volume of the characteristics of running and multi-directional demands were extracted from each study. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included in the review (n = 47 soccer, n = 11 basketball, n = 9 handball, n = 7 field hockey, n = 3 futsal, n = 4 volleyball). Variability of sport demand data was found across sports, sexes, and age levels. Specifically, soccer and field hockey demanded the most volume of running, while basketball required the highest ratio of high-intensity running to sprinting. Athletes change activity between 500 and 3000 times over the course of a competition, or once every 2-4 s. Studies of soccer reported the most frequent cutting (up to 800 per game), while studies of basketball reported the highest frequency of lateral movement (up to 450 per game). Basketball (42-56 per game), handball (up to 90 per game), and volleyball (up to 35 per game) were found to require the most jumping. LIMITATIONS These data may provide an incomplete view of an athlete's straight-line running load, considering that only competition and not practice data was provided. CONCLUSIONS Considerable variability exists in the demands of straight-line running and multi-directional demands across sports, competition levels, and sexes, indicating the need for sports medicine clinicians to design future rehabilitation programs with improved specificity (including the type of activity and dosage) to these demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Taylor
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.
| | - Alexis A Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Steven L Dischiavi
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - M Allison Townsend
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Adam R Marmon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 South College Avenue, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Castro-Sepulveda M, Ramirez-Campillo R, Abad-Colil F, Monje C, Peñailillo L, Cancino J, Zbinden-Foncea H. Basal Mild Dehydration Increase Salivary Cortisol After a Friendly Match in Young Elite Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1347. [PMID: 30319450 PMCID: PMC6168646 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A soccer match induce changes in physiological stress biomarkers as testosterone (T), cortisol (C), and testosterone:cortisol (T:C) ration. Hydration state may also modulate these hormones, and therefore may alter the anabolic/catabolic balance in response to soccer match. The role of hydration status before the match in this biomarkers has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to compare the salivary T, C, and the T:C ratio responses after two friendly matches in well-hydrated and mild-dehydrated (MD) elite young male soccer player. Seventeen players (age, 16.8 ± 0.4 years; VO2max 57.2 ± 3.6 ml/kg−1/min−1) were divided into two teams. Before the matches the athletes were assessed for hydration level by the urine specific gravity method and divided for the analysis into well-hydrated (WH; n = 9; USG < 1.010 g/mL−1) and mild-dehydrated (MD; n = 8; USG 1.010 to 1.020 g/mL−1) groups. Hormones were collected before and after each match by saliva samples. The mean (HRmean) and maximal (HRmax) heart rate were measured throughout the matches. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare T, C, and T:C between and within groups. Similar HRmean (WH, 83.1 ± 4.7%; MD, 87.0 ± 4.1; p = 0.12) and HRmax (WH, 93.2 ± 4.4%; MD, 94.7 ± 3.7%; p = 0.52) were found for both groups during the matches. No differences were found before the matches in the T (p = 0.38), C (p = 66), nor T:C (p = 0.38) between groups. No changes within groups were found after matches in neither group for T (WH, p = 0.20; MD, p = 0.36), and T:C (WH, p = 0.94; MD, p = 0.63). Regarding the C, only the MD group showed increases (28%) after the matches (MD, p = 0.03; WH, p = 0.13). In conclusion MD group exacerbate the C response to friendly matches in elite young male soccer players, suggesting that dehydration before match may be an added stress to be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Felipe Abad-Colil
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Camila Monje
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Cancino
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mortatti A, Pinto J, Lambertucci R, Hirabara S, Moreira A. Does a congested fixture schedule affect psychophysiological parameters in elite volleyball players? Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
30
|
Slimani M, Baker JS, Cheour F, Taylor L, Bragazzi NL. Steroid hormones and psychological responses to soccer matches: Insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186100. [PMID: 29023546 PMCID: PMC5638322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the perturbations in hormonal and psychological homeostasis in response to soccer match-play. These perturbations were explored according to match outcome (i.e., win versus loss), gender, type of contest (i.e., competitive versus non-competitive fixtures) and competitive level (i.e., novice versus high-level). The review was conducted according to the Population/Intervention or Exposure/Comparison/Outcome(s) (PICO) criteria and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Match outcome, type of contest and competitive levels were moderator variables in the examined steroid hormones responses to a soccer match-play. Different testosterone responses were seen between match winners (increase) and losers (decrease) when compared to pre-game or baseline values (p <0.05), whilst no changes could be detected for cortisol relative to match outcome in female soccer players. Males (Δ% = 6.26; ES = 0.28) demonstrated a marginally lower increase in testosterone levels when compared to females (Δ% = 49.16; ES = 1.00), though not statistically significant. Females (Δ% = 162.7; ES = 0.98) did not demonstrate elevated cortisol match response compared to males (Δ% = 34.60; ES = 1.20). Male novice soccer match-play increased cortisol levels compared to high-level soccer match-play (Q = 18.08, p<0.001). Competitive soccer matches increased cortisol levels compared to non-competitive fixtures (i.e., collegiate tournament). Additionally, competitive levels moderate the relationship between a soccer match and testosterone levels (p <0.001), regardless of gender differences. From the presented systematic review and meta-analysis it appears (1) cortisol changes are associated with cognitive anxiety in starter female soccer players, while (2) testosterone changes are associated with changes in mood state in females and social connectedness in male soccer players. This apparent psycho-physiological relationship may proffer the opportunity for targeted intervention(s) by practitioners to favorably influence performance and/or recovery agendas. Further mechanistic and/or applied evidence is required in this regard in addition to further data sets from females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maamer Slimani
- Research Laboratory ‘‘Sport Performance Optimization”, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sport (CNMSS), El Menzah, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| | - Julien S. Baker
- University of the West of Scotland, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Hamilton Campus, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - Foued Cheour
- High Institute of Applied Biology of Médenine, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Lee Taylor
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Loughborough University, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Marqués-Jiménez D, Calleja-González J, Arratibel I, Delextrat A, Terrados N. Fatigue and Recovery in Soccer: Evidence and Challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1875399x01710010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Soccer presents physiological, metabolic, physical and psychological demands which can deteriorate players’ performance due to fatigue. The high variability in physiological, metabolic, physical and psychological responses also influences the magnitude of exercise-induced muscle damage, with symptoms negatively affecting neuromuscular function during recovery or subsequent training sessions or matches. Consequently, more precise and consistent knowledge is required in this area to optimize training and performance.
Objective:
Therefore, the purpose is to sum-up current evidence on fatigue and recovery in soccer players, to shed light on factors that can affect players’ performance, and to suggest applications for coaches and further research.
Method:
A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the field was conducted.
Results:
Physical performance decrements during matches have traditionally been associated with physiological fatigue, but the magnitude of the symptoms in soccer players is unclear and depends on several factors. Moreover, the decline in physical performance during a soccer match is related to specific demands of each match. These could explain inter-individual variability in acute fatigue or training recovery processes when comparing players from the same team. Recovery counteracts the effects of fatigue, both peripheral and central, but there is a lack of consensus about the usefulness of tests used to monitor fatigue and recovery kinetics.
Conclusion:
Although fatigue and recovery in soccer has been extensively studied, there are still uncertainties about the underlying mechanisms because they are influenced by physiological and match-related demands.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ihsan M, Tan F, Sahrom S, Choo HC, Chia M, Aziz AR. Pre-game perceived wellness highly associates with match running performances during an international field hockey tournament. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:593-602. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1301559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ihsan
- Sports Physiology Department, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore
| | - Frankie Tan
- Sports Physiology Department, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sofyan Sahrom
- Sports Physiology Department, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hui Cheng Choo
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Physical Education and Sports Science Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Michael Chia
- Physical Education and Sports Science Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moreira A, Bradley P, Carling C, Arruda AFS, Spigolon LMP, Franciscon C, Aoki MS. Effect of a congested match schedule on immune-endocrine responses, technical performance and session-RPE in elite youth soccer players. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:2255-2261. [PMID: 27388781 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1205753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a congested match schedule (7 matches played in 7 days) on steroid hormone concentrations, mucosal immunity, session rating of perceived exertion (S-RPE) and technical performance in 16 elite youth soccer players (14.8 ± 0.4 years; 170.6 ± 9.4 cm; 64.9 ± 7 kg). No change was observed for salivary cortisol concentration across match time points (P = 0.33; effect size [ES] = 0.13-0.48). In contrast, there was a decrease in salivary testosterone and salivary IgA (SIgA) concentrations from the 1st compared with the last time point (P = 0.01 and 0.001, ES = 0.42 and 0.67, respectively). The SIgA concentration varied across time points (P < 0.001) with the highest value observed at the 3rd time point (rest day) (3rd vs all time point; ES = 0.47-0.73). No changes were observed for S-RPE across time points (P > 0.05). A higher number of tackles and interceptions were observed during the 4th match vs 1st and 7th matches (P < 0.001; ES = 2.25 and 1.90, respectively). The present data demonstrate that accumulated fatigue related to participation in a congested match schedule might induce a decrease in testosterone concentration in youth players and negatively affect their mucosal immunity and capacity to perform certain technical actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moreira
- a Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Paul Bradley
- b School of Sport , Leeds Beckett University, Leeds , UK
| | - Christopher Carling
- c Institute of Coaching and Performance , University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Saldanha Aoki
- e School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|