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Rial-Vázquez J, Nine I, Rúa-Alonso M, Fariñas J, Fernández-Seoane R, Jiménez-Reyes P, Fernández-Del-Olmo M, Iglesias-Soler E. Are Young Female Basketball Players Adequately Prepared for a Force-Velocity Jumping and Sprinting Assessment? Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38796177 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2024-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the interday reliability of mechanical variables obtained from the horizontal and vertical force-velocity (FV) profiles in adolescent female basketball players. If found to be reliable, the associations between FV parameters (theoretical maximal force, velocity, and power), squat jump (SJ) height, 30-m sprint, and change of direction (COD) times were evaluated. METHODS After familiarization, SJ against incremental loads, 30-m sprint, and 505-COD tests were obtained twice in 36 adolescent female basketball players (age = 15.4 [1.2] y). RESULTS Reliability for vertical FV parameters was unacceptable, whereas 505-COD times and FV horizontal parameters (except for theoretical maximal power) showed a moderate to high reliability. 505-COD time was correlated with FV horizontal parameters (range: r = -.821, -.451), and a large association was observed with both SJ height (r = -.678, -.600) and 30-m sprint time (r = .813, .858). CONCLUSIONS Due to low levels of strength, our athletes were not adequately prepared to obtain a reliable vertical FV profile. Practitioners can expect acceptable reliability of the horizontal FV profile. Given the association between COD performance and SJ height and 30-m sprint time, we encouraged practitioners with limited equipment at their disposal to use COD and/or 30-m sprint tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rial-Vázquez
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid,Spain
| | - Iván Nine
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
| | - María Rúa-Alonso
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
| | - Juan Fariñas
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
| | | | | | | | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
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Alonso-Callejo A, García-Unanue J, Guitart-Trench M, Majano C, Gallardo L, Felipe JL. Validity and Reliability of the Acceleration-Speed Profile for Assessing Running Kinematics' Variables Derived From the Force-Velocity Profile in Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:563-570. [PMID: 37831781 PMCID: PMC10880943 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alonso-Callejo, A, García-Unanue, J, Guitart-Trench, M, Majano, C, Gallardo, L, and Felipe, J. Validity and reliability of the acceleration-speed profile for assessing running kinematics' variables derived from the force-velocity profile in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 563-570, 2024-The aim of this research is to assess the validity and reliability of the acceleration-speed profile (ASP) for measuring the mechanical variables of running kinematics when compared with the force-velocity profile (FVP) obtained by reference systems. The ASP and FVP of 14 male players of an elite football club were assessed during a competitive microcycle. Three ASPs were tested according to the number and type of sessions included in its plotting (ASP1: 5 training sessions and competitive match; ASP2: 5 training sessions; ASP3: competitive match). Force-velocity profile was tested 4 days before match (MD-4) with a 30-m linear sprint using 3 previously validated devices (encoder, mobile App, and global positioning system). Level of significance was p < 0.05. Acceptable reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.5) was found between the ASP1 and the encoder for all variables (F 0 -A 0 , V 0 -S 0 , and V max ). The more reliable ASP method was the ASP1 showing a lower bias than the ASP2 and ASP3 methods for almost all variables and reference systems. For ASP1, lower mean absolute error (MAE: 0.3-0.5) and higher correlation (P-M corr: 0.57-0.92) were found on variables related to the velocity in comparison with variables related to the early acceleration phase (F 0 -A 0 ; MAE: 0.49-0.63; P-M corr: 0.13-0.41). Acceleration-speed profile, when computed with data from a complete competitive week, is a reliable method for analyzing variables derived from velocity and acceleration kinematics. From these results, practitioners could implement ASP and the applications of the FVP previously studied, such as resistance training prescription, performance assessment, and return-to-play management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alonso-Callejo
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marc Guitart-Trench
- Medical and Performance Department, Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Carlos Majano
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Glaude-Roy J, Pharand P, Brunelle JF, Lemoyne J. Exploring associations between sprinting mechanical capabilities, anaerobic capacity, and repeated-sprint ability of adolescent ice hockey players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1258497. [PMID: 38225977 PMCID: PMC10788422 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1258497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sprinting ability and anaerobic capacities are the determinant variables of the performance of ice hockey players. Recent research in sprinting showed the existence of distinct force-velocity (F-V) profiles, but the link between these profiles and anaerobic capacities remains unclear. This study explores the associations between F-V variables and anaerobic capacities among cohorts of highly trained adolescent ice hockey players. Methods Data from 36 men (age, 15.1 ± 0.2 years) and 34 women (age, 16.5 ± 0.7 years) were collected during off-season camps. All athletes completed a 30-m sprint test, a Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), and a repeated-sprint anaerobic (RSA) test. F-V variables were calculated from the 30-m sprint test. Partial Pearson correlation coefficients for pooled data and Pearson correlation coefficients for individual male and female datasets were calculated. Results Among the F-V variables, maximal theoretical velocity and power were moderately to largely associated with WAnT and RSA performance (|r| = 0.30-0.70). Maximal theoretical force was moderately associated with the RSA (r = -0.32 to -0.33). Discussion The results indicate the importance for highly trained adolescent players to be able to apply force at high velocities to maximize anaerobic capacities. Important differences between male and female players suggest training priorities may differ according to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Glaude-Roy
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Pharand
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Brunelle
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Service de l'Activité Physique et Sportive, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Lemoyne
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, García-de-Alcaraz A, Soriano-Maldonado A, Pérez-Castilla A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Assessing the Maximal Mechanical Capacities Through the Load-Velocity Relationship in Elite Versus Junior Male Volleyball Players. Sports Health 2023:19417381231208706. [PMID: 37950435 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231208706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical testing is crucial for athlete monitoring, talent identification, optimizing training, and tailoring programs to enhance game-performance in elite competitions. HYPOTHESIS Load-velocity (L-V) relationship variables discriminate between elite and junior volleyball players, correlate with volleyball-specific performance, and are generalizable across lower- and upper-body exercises. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 9 elite and 11 junior volleyball players were assessed for the L-V relationship (load-axis intercept [L0], velocity-axis intercept [v0], and area under the L-V relationship line [Aline]) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) and bench press throw (BPT) exercises. Block and spike jump height, as well as standing and jumping spike speed were assessed 24 hours later. RESULTS Elite players presented greater magnitude in the L-V variables (P ≤ 0.03; effect size [ES] ≥ 1.06) and higher volleyball-specific performance (P ≤ 0.03; ES ≥ 1.09) than juniors (except for CMJ v0 and Aline). The L-V relationship variables were significantly associated with the block and spike jump height and jumping spike speed only in elite players (r ≥ 0.703 and P ≤ 0.04 in 11 out of 18 correlations). No significant associations were observed between CMJ and BPT for any L-V relationship variable (r ≤ 581; P ≥ 0.08, except for Aline in junior players). CONCLUSION The L-V relationship is a practical procedure to assess volleyball players' maximal mechanical capacities, which are associated with volleyball-specific performance in elite players. However, these data should not be used interchangeably between playing standards or exercises. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This information might help strength and conditioning coaches to prescribe more effective training programs that focus on developing the specific physical capacities necessary for players to potentially advance to elite status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Nishiumi D, Yamaguchi S, Kurokawa T, Wakamiya K, Hirose N. Force-Velocity Profiling During the Braking Phase of Countermovement Jump: Relationship to Eccentric Strength and Validity of the 2-Point Method. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2141-2148. [PMID: 37883394 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nishiumi, D, Yamaguchi, S, Kurokawa, T, Wakamiya, K, and Hirose, N. Force-velocity profiling during the braking phase of countermovement jump: Relationship to eccentric strength and validity of the 2-point method. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2141-2148, 2023-The aims of this study were threefold: to investigate the force-velocity profile during the braking phase (bFVP) of the countermovement jump (CMJ) and its relationship with other performance indicators, and whether it could be measured using the two-point method. Sixteen trained men performed 6 different loaded CMJs (0%, 32 kg, 60, 80, 100, and 120% body mass), and eccentric strength measurements were determined. Scatter plots were created using the mean force and velocity during the braking phase of each loaded CMJ. The corrected Akaike's information criterion (AICc) was calculated by fitting linear, quadratic, and cubic regression equations to the bFVP and compared using the 1-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc tests. A correlation analysis was performed between the bFVP and other performance indicators. A bias assessment was performed to validate the 2-point method of the bFVP. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. The AICc in the linear regression equation was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those in the other regression equations. Significant correlations were found between the slope and theoretical maximum force of the bFVP obtained from the linear regression equation and eccentric 1 repetition maximum. The acceptable condition for bias was met by 0-120%. The bFVP is likely to have a linear relationship and can be associated with eccentric strength. Furthermore, the 2-point method in bFVP has validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Nishiumi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shota Yamaguchi
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan; and
| | - Takanori Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Wakamiya
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hirose
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Bettariga F, Maestroni L, Martorelli L, Turner A, Bishop C. The Effects of a 6-Week Unilateral Strength and Ballistic Jump Training Program on the Force-Velocity Profiles of Sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1390-1396. [PMID: 36662027 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bettariga, F, Maestroni, L, Martorelli, L, Turner, A, and Bishop, C. The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1390-1396, 2023-The aims of this study were (a) to investigate the effects of a unilateral training program, compared with a control group, on a force-velocity (F-V) profile in soccer players and (b) to explore such effects on linear speed. Twenty-four soccer players, randomly assigned to a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training (UNI) ( n = 12) or a control group (CON) ( n = 12), performed 30-meter linear sprint test. Findings showed small-to-moderate improvements ( p < 0.05) in linear speed time ( g = 0.66-0.81) and in most F-V variables: maximal running velocity ( V0 ) ( g = 0 .81), maximal power output ( Pmax ) ( g = 0.49), maximal ratio of force ( RFmax ) ( g = 0.55), optimal velocity ( Vopt ) ( g = 0.83), and maximal speed ( g = 0.84) from pre- to post-intervention in the UNI group, whereas no meaningful changes were found in the CON group. The between-group comparison indicated small to large significant changes in V0 ( g = 0.95), RFmax ( g = 0.48), Vopt ( g = 0.95), maximal speed ( g = 0.98), and linear speed time performance ( g = 0.42-1.02), with the exception of the 0-5 meter distance, in favor of the UNI group. Thus, a unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program can be used to improve the F-V profile and linear speed performance of amateur soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bettariga
- StudioErre, Brescia, Italy
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Luca Maestroni
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Anthony Turner
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chris Bishop
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
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Fornasier-Santos C, Arnould A, Jusseaume J, Millot B, Guilhem G, Couturier A, Samozino P, Slawinski J, Morin JB. Sprint Acceleration Mechanical Outputs Derived from Position- or Velocity-Time Data: A Multi-System Comparison Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22228610. [PMID: 36433206 PMCID: PMC9698850 DOI: 10.3390/s22228610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To directly compare five commonly used on-field systems (motorized linear encoder, laser, radar, global positioning system, and timing gates) during sprint acceleration to (i) measure velocity−time data, (ii) compute the main associated force−velocity variables, and (iii) assess their respective inter-trial reliability. Eighteen participants performed three 40 m sprints, during which five systems were used to simultaneously and separately record the body center of the mass horizontal position or velocity over time. Horizontal force−velocity mechanical outputs for the two best trials were computed following an inverse dynamic model and based on an exponential fitting of the position- or velocity-time data. Between the five systems, the maximal running velocity was close (7.99 to 8.04 m.s−1), while the time constant showed larger differences (1.18 to 1.29 s). Concurrent validity results overall showed a relative systematic error of 0.86 to 2.28% for maximum and theoretically maximal velocity variables and 4.78 to 12.9% for early acceleration variables. The inter-trial reliability showed low coefficients of variation (all <5.74%), and was very close between all of the systems. All of the systems tested here can be considered relevant to measure the maximal velocity and compute the force−velocity mechanical outputs. Practitioners are advised to interpret the data obtained with either of these systems in light of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Fornasier-Santos
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
- LAMHESS, University Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Axelle Arnould
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
- LAMHESS, University Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Jérémy Jusseaume
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University Clermont Auvergne (UCA), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benjamin Millot
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
- French Athletics Federation (FFA), 73376 Paris, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Couturier
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean Slawinski
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- LAMHESS, University Côte d’Azur, 06000 Nice, France
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, EA 7424, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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Alcazar J, Csapo R, Alegre LM. Editorial: The force-velocity relationship: Assessment and adaptations provoked by exercise, disuse and disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1062041. [PMID: 36338489 PMCID: PMC9634622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1062041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julian Alcazar, ; Robert Csapo, ; Luis M. Alegre,
| | - Robert Csapo
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Julian Alcazar, ; Robert Csapo, ; Luis M. Alegre,
| | - Luis M. Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julian Alcazar, ; Robert Csapo, ; Luis M. Alegre,
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Sašek M, Mirkov DM, Hadžić V, Šarabon N. The Validity of the 2-Point Method for Assessing the Force-Velocity Relationship of the Knee Flexors and Knee Extensors: The Relevance of Distant Force-Velocity Testing. Front Physiol 2022; 13:849275. [PMID: 35812338 PMCID: PMC9263277 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.849275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, force-velocity (F-v) profiling has emerged as a promising tool for assessing neuromuscular capacity to design individually tailored interventions in diverse populations. To date, a limited number of studies have addressed the optimization of the linear method for measuring F-v profiles of single-joint isokinetic movements. We aimed to simplify the measurement of knee extension (KE) and knee flexion (KF) isokinetic tasks by evaluating the most appropriate combination of two velocities (i.e., the 2-point method). Twenty-two healthy participants (11 males and 11 females) were included in the study. Isokinetic peak torque was measured at nine angular velocities (30-60-90-120-150-180-210-240-300°/s) and under isometric conditions (at 150° and 120° of KF for KE, and KF, respectively). Maximal theoretical force (F0), maximal theoretical velocity (v0), slope of the relationship (Sfv) and maximal theoretical power (Pmax) were derived from the linear F-v profiles of KE and KF and compared between the 9-point method and all possible combinations (36 in total) of the 2-point methods. The F-v profiles obtained from nine points were linear for KE (R2 = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.94–0.96) and KF (R2 = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.90–0.95), with F0 underestimating isometric force. Further analyses revealed great to excellent validity (range: ICCs = 0.89–0.99; CV = 2.54%–4.34%) and trivial systematic error (range: ES = −0.11–0.24) of the KE 2-point method when force from distant velocities (30°/s, 60°/s or 90°/s combined with 210°/s, 240°/s or 300°/s) was used. Similarly, great to excellent validity and trivial systematic error of the KF 2-point method for F0 and Pmax (range: ICC = 0.90–0.96; CV = 2.94%–6.38%; ES = −0.07–0.14) were observed when using the previously described combinations of velocities. These results suggest that practitioners should consider using more distant velocities when performing simplified isokinetic 2-point single-joint F-v profiling. Furthermore, the F-v profile has the potential to differentiate between the mechanical properties of knee extensors and flexors and could therefore serve as a potential descriptor of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Sašek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Dragan M. Mirkov
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vedran Hadžić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nejc Šarabon,
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Smajla D, Spudić D, Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. Differences in Force-Velocity Profiles During Countermovement Jump and Flywheel Squats and Associations With a Different Change of Direction Tests in Elite Karatekas. Front Physiol 2022; 13:828394. [PMID: 35800347 PMCID: PMC9253395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.828394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The force-velocity (F-v) relationship has been proposed as a biomechanical characteristic to comprehensively evaluate neuromuscular capabilities within different tasks such as vertical jumping, sprinting and bench pressing. F-v relationship during flywheel (FW) squats was already validated, however, it was never compared to F-v profile of vertical jumps or associated with change of direction (CoD) performance. The aims of our study were (1) to compare F-v profiles measured during counter movement jumps (CMJs) and FW squats, (2) to determine correlations of F-v mechanical capacities with different CoD tests, (3) to investigate the portion of explained variance in CoD tests with the F-v outcome measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 39 elite karatekas. They performed CMJs and FW squats using progressive loads to calculate F-v profile outcome variables and different CoD tests (CoD at 90°, CoD at 180°, t-test, short karate specific test (KST) and long KST). Our results showed significantly higher values in all F-v outcome variables (F0—theoretical maximal force, V0—maximal unloaded velocity, Pmax—maximal power output, F-vslope—the slope of F-v relationship) calculated from CMJs compared to FW squats (all p < 0.01). Significant positive moderate correlations between the tasks were found for F0 and Pmax (r = 0.323–0.378, p = 0.018–0.045). In comparison to F-v outcome variables obtained in FW squats, higher correlations were found between F-v outcome variables calculated from CMJs and CoD tests. The only significant correlation in F-v outcome variables calculated from FW squats was found between Pmax and short KST time. For all CoD tests, only one F-v predictor was included; more specifically—CMJ-F0 for CoD 90°, CoD 180° and t-test, and FW-Pmax for short KST performance. To conclude, our results showed that F-v relationship between CMJs and FW squats differed significantly and cannot be used interchangeably for F-v profiling. Moreover, we confirmed that high force and power production is important for the successful performance of general and karate specific CoD tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Spudić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nejc Šarabon,
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Kozinc Ž. Is the Shape of the Force-Time Curve Related to Performance in Countermovement Jump? A Review. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 50:49-57. [PMID: 36374956 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2022045205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Countermovement jump (CMJ) is frequently used to assess the neuromuscular capacity in athletes and track adaptations to training, typically through outcome variables such as jump height, peak/mean force, power or velocity, and rate of force development. Recently, there has been an increasing interest to analyze the shape of the force-time curve of the CMJ and its relationship to CMJ performance. This aim of the present review was to collect and analyze the available literature pertaining to this topic. One approach to analyze CMJ curve shape is to classify it as "unimodal" or "bimodal," based on the number of force peaks. The difference between athletes showing unimodal and bimodal curves is negligible in terms of jump height, while unimodal curves are associated with higher reactive strength index. Rather than the number of peaks, the most important characteristics that maximizes CMJ height seems to be the temporal alignment of peak force with the instant of the lowest center-of-mass position (i.e., when the jumper transitions from the braking to the propulsive phase). Other than bimodal/unimodal classification, the "shape factor" (the value of force impulse, divided by the area of the rectangular shape drawn around) has been emerging as another approach to assess CMJ curve shape; however, the studies exploring its relationship with performance are few and inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Muzejski trg 2, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
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