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Goel V, Gossai D, Smith KW, Goel N, Raymont V, Krueger F, Grafman J. Right BA 10 lesions impair performance on real-world planning but are not sensitive to problem novelty or tower tasks. Cortex 2023; 169:353-373. [PMID: 37984254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with many cognitive functions, including planning. In the neuropsychology literature planning is reduced to "look ahead" ability and most extensively studied with the "tower" tasks. The most influential theoretical explanation is that planning is required in the absence of a routine solution and PFC patients have difficulty coping with novelty. There is an alternate view of planning that emphasizes the distinction between real world tasks and laboratory tower tasks. This account focuses on the structure of problem spaces and why patients with lesions to right PFC have difficulty navigating ill-structured problem spaces. To further explore these issues we administered two real world travel planning tasks to 56 Vietnam War veterans with penetrating brain lesions and 14 matched normal controls. One planning task involved familiar knowledge while the other involved knowledge unfamiliar to our participants. Participants also completed the D-KEFS tower task. A subset of 18 patients-with lesions to right anterior prefrontal cortex (BA 10)-were impaired in the travel planning task compared to normal controls. The task familiarity/novelty dimension affected performance across participant groups (familiar-task scores were higher than unfamiliar-task scores), but it did not differentially affect any group. An examination of cognitive strategies utilized by participants revealed that the impaired patient group had difficulty maintaining a sufficient level of abstraction and engaged the task at a much more concrete level than other participants. Interestingly, patients impaired in the real-world planning tasks were not impaired in the tower tasks. We conclude that patients with lesions to right BA 10 have difficulty in real-world planning tasks that can be attributed to difficulties in engaging problems at the appropriate level of abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Goel
- Department of Psychology, York University, Canada; Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Divya Gossai
- Department of Psychology, York University, Canada
| | | | - Natasha Goel
- Department of Political Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Frank Krueger
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, USA; Northwestern University Medical School, Cognitive Neurology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Grecucci A, Rastelli C, Bacci F, Melcher D, De Pisapia N. A Supervised Machine Learning Approach to Classify Brain Morphology of Professional Visual Artists versus Non-Artists. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094199. [PMID: 37177406 PMCID: PMC10181039 DOI: 10.3390/s23094199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether there are structural differences in the brains of professional artists who received formal training in the visual arts and non-artists who did not have any formal training or professional experience in the visual arts, and whether these differences can be used to accurately classify individuals as being an artist or not. Previous research using functional MRI has suggested that general creativity involves a balance between the default mode network and the executive control network. However, it is not known whether there are structural differences between the brains of artists and non-artists. In this study, a machine learning method called Multi-Kernel Learning (MKL) was applied to gray matter images of 12 artists and 12 non-artists matched for age and gender. The results showed that the predictive model was able to correctly classify artists from non-artists with an accuracy of 79.17% (AUC 88%), and had the ability to predict new cases with an accuracy of 81.82%. The brain regions most important for this classification were the Heschl area, amygdala, cingulate, thalamus, and parts of the parietal and occipital lobes as well as the temporal pole. These regions may be related to the enhanced emotional and visuospatial abilities that professional artists possess compared to non-artists. Additionally, the reliability of this circuit was assessed using two different classifiers, which confirmed the findings. There was also a trend towards significance between the circuit and a measure of vividness of imagery, further supporting the idea that these brain regions may be related to the imagery abilities involved in the artistic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Grecucci
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences of Trento, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Clara Rastelli
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences of Trento, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
- MEG Center, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Bacci
- College of Arts and Creative Enterprises, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Melcher
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences of Trento, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nicola De Pisapia
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences of Trento, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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3
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Martínez-Pernía D, Olavarría L, Fernández-Manjón B, Cabello V, Henríquez F, Robert P, Alvarado L, Barría S, Antivilo A, Velasquez J, Cerda M, Farías G, Torralva T, Ibáñez A, Parra MA, Gilbert S, Slachevsky A. The limitations and challenges in the assessment of executive dysfunction associated with real-world functioning: The opportunity of serious games. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-17. [PMID: 36827177 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2174438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a broad range of methods for detecting and evaluating executive dysfunction ranging from clinical interview to neuropsychological evaluation. Nevertheless, a critical issue of these assessments is the lack of correspondence of the neuropsychological test's results with real-world functioning. This paper proposes serious games as a new framework to improve the neuropsychological assessment of real-world functioning. We briefly discuss the contribution and limitations of current methods of evaluation of executive dysfunction (paper-and-pencil tests, naturalistic observation methods, and Information and Communications Technologies) to inform on daily life functioning. Then, we analyze what are the limitations of these methods to predict real-world performance: (1) A lack of appropriate instruments to investigate the complexity of real-world functioning, (2) the vast majority of neuropsychological tests assess well-structured tasks, and (3) measurement of behaviors are based on simplistic data collection and statistical analysis. This work shows how serious games offer an opportunity to develop more efficient tools to detect executive dysfunction in everyday life contexts. Serious games provide meaningful narrative stories and virtual or real environments that immerse the user in natural and social environments with social interactions. In those highly interactive game environments, the player needs to adapt his/her behavioral performance to novel and ill-structured tasks which are suited for collecting user interaction evidence. Serious games offer a novel opportunity to develop better tools to improve diagnosis of the executive dysfunction in everyday life contexts. However, more research is still needed to implement serious games in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martínez-Pernía
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Memory Unit - Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Olavarría
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Memory Unit - Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Victoria Cabello
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Biomedical Science Institute, Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Henríquez
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Memory Unit - Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Biomedical Science Institute, Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory for Cognitive and Evolutionary Neuroscience (LaNCE), Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philippe Robert
- Cognition Behavior Technology (CoBTeK) Lab, FRIS-Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Luís Alvarado
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental Norte, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvia Barría
- Departamento de Ciencias Neurologicas Oriente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, and Servicio de Neurología, Hospital del Salvador, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Antivilo
- Departamento de Ciencias Neurologicas Oriente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, and Servicio de Neurología, Hospital del Salvador, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Velasquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Web Intelligence Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Instituto Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería (ISCI), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Cerda
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Farías
- Department of Neurology North, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for advanced clinical research (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Teresa Torralva
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mario A Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sam Gilbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Memory Unit - Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Biomedical Science Institute, Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Hogeveen J, Medalla M, Ainsworth M, Galeazzi JM, Hanlon CA, Mansouri FA, Costa VD. What Does the Frontopolar Cortex Contribute to Goal-Directed Cognition and Action? J Neurosci 2022; 42:8508-8513. [PMID: 36351824 PMCID: PMC9665930 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1143-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the unique functions of different subregions of primate prefrontal cortex has been a longstanding goal in cognitive neuroscience. Yet, the anatomy and function of one of its largest subregions (the frontopolar cortex) remain enigmatic and underspecified. Our Society for Neuroscience minisymposium Primate Frontopolar Cortex: From Circuits to Complex Behaviors will comprise a range of new anatomic and functional approaches that have helped to clarify the basic circuit anatomy of the frontal pole, its functional involvement during performance of cognitively demanding behavioral paradigms in monkeys and humans, and its clinical potential as a target for noninvasive brain stimulation in patients with brain disorders. This review consolidates knowledge about the anatomy and connectivity of frontopolar cortex and provides an integrative summary of its function in primates. We aim to answer the question: what, if anything, does frontopolar cortex contribute to goal-directed cognition and action?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Hogeveen
- Department of Psychology & Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Matthew Ainsworth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX2 6GG
| | - Juan M Galeazzi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX2 6GG
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton Victoria, 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Vincent D Costa
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
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5
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Valls-Serrano C, De Francisco C, Vélez-Coto M, Caracuel A. Visuospatial working memory and attention control make the difference between experts, regulars and non-players of the videogame League of Legends. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:933331. [PMID: 35937676 PMCID: PMC9351611 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.933331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Video games have been postulated as an emerging field for studying the cognition-expertise relationship. Despite this, some methodological practices hinder scientific advance (e.g., heterogeneous samples, an ambiguous definition of expertise, etc.). League of Legends (LOL) is a massively played video game with a moderately defined structure that meets the requirements to overcome current study limitations. The aim of this study was to analyze cognitive differences among expert LOL players, regular LOL players, and non-videogame players. A sample of 80 participants was enrolled in three different groups of expertise. Participants were evaluated with behavioral tests of working memory, attention, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition. Kruskal-Wallis tests for group comparison showed that the experts performed significantly better than regular players and non-videogame players in the working memory test. Significant differences were also found between players and non-videogame players in the attention test. Methodological implications for future research in neuroscience and human-computer interaction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Vélez-Coto
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Caracuel
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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6
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Crum J, Zhang X, Noah A, Hamilton A, Tachtsidis I, Burgess PW, Hirsch J. An Approach to Neuroimaging Interpersonal Interactions in Mental Health Interventions. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:669-679. [PMID: 35144035 PMCID: PMC9271588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional paradigms in clinical neuroscience tend to be constrained in terms of ecological validity, raising several challenges to studying the mechanisms mediating treatments and outcomes in clinical settings. Addressing these issues requires real-world neuroimaging techniques that are capable of continuously collecting data during free-flowing interpersonal interactions and that allow for experimental designs that are representative of the clinical situations in which they occur. METHODS In this work, we developed a paradigm that fractionates the major components of human-to-human verbal interactions occurring in clinical situations and used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to assess the brain systems underlying clinician-client discourse (N = 30). RESULTS Cross-brain neural coupling between people was significantly greater during clinical interactions compared with everyday life verbal communication, particularly between the prefrontal cortex (e.g., inferior frontal gyrus) and inferior parietal lobule (e.g., supramarginal gyrus). The clinical tasks revealed extensive increases in activity across the prefrontal cortex, especially in the rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10), during periods in which participants were required to silently reason about the dysfunctional cognitions of the other person. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates a novel experimental approach to investigating the neural underpinnings of interpersonal interactions that typically occur in clinical settings, and its findings support the idea that particular prefrontal systems might be critical to cultivating mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Crum
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adam Noah
- Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Antonia Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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7
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Yi K, Heo J, Hong J, Kim C. The role of the right prefrontal cortex in the retrieval of weak representations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4537. [PMID: 35296732 PMCID: PMC8927597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies have shown the importance of control in creative problem solving, the neural mechanisms of control processes engaged in retrieval of weak representations, which is closely linked to creative problem solving, remain unclear. The current study aimed to examine the neural mechanisms associated with retrieval of weak representations using functional magnetic resonance imaging and their potential relationships with creativity task performance. For this purpose, participants performed an experimental task that enabled us to directly compare between retrieval of previously unattended-and-weak representations and attended-and-strong representations. Imaging results indicated that the right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (aDLPFC) was selectively engaged in retrieval of weak representations. Moreover, the right aDLPFC activations were positively correlated with individuals’ creativity task performance but independent of attention-demanding task performance. We therefore suggest that the right aDLPFC plays a key role in retrieval of weak representations and may support creative problem solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyongmyon Yi
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Juyeon Heo
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Hong
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Chobok Kim
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Atabek O, Şavklıyıldız A, Orhon G, Colak OH, Özdemir A, Şenol U. The effect of anxiety on mathematical thinking: An fMRI study on 12th-grade students. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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What part of the brain is involved in graphic design thinking in landscape architecture? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258413. [PMID: 34941895 PMCID: PMC8699602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphic design thinking is a key skill for landscape architects, but little is known about the links between the design process and brain activity. Based on Goel’s frontal lobe lateralization hypothesis (FLLH), we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan the brain activity of 24 designers engaging in four design processes—viewing, copy drawing, preliminary ideas, and refinement—during graphic design thinking. The captured scans produced evidence of dramatic differences between brain activity when copying an existing graphic and when engaging in graphic design thinking. The results confirm that designs involving more graphic design thinking exhibit significantly more activity in the left prefrontal cortex. These findings illuminate the design process and suggest the possibility of developing specific activities or exercises to promote graphic design thinking in landscape architecture.
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10
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Deng X, Wang J, Zang Y, Li Y, Fu W, Su Y, Chen X, Du B, Dong Q, Chen C, Li J. Intermittent theta burst stimulation over the parietal cortex has a significant neural effect on working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 43:1076-1086. [PMID: 34730863 PMCID: PMC8764471 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of the parietal cortex in working memory (WM) storage has been identified by fMRI studies. However, it remains unknown whether repeated parietal intermittent theta‐burst stimulation (iTBS) can improve WM. In this within‐subject randomized controlled study, under the guidance of fMRI‐identified parietal activation in the left hemisphere, 22 healthy adults received real and sham iTBS sessions (five consecutive days, 600 pulses per day for each session) with an interval of 9 months between the two sessions. Electroencephalography signals of each subject before and after both iTBS sessions were collected during a change detection task. Changes in contralateral delay activity (CDA) and K‐score were then calculated to reflect neural and behavioral WM improvement. Repeated‐measures ANOVA suggested that real iTBS increased CDA more than the sham one (p = .011 for iTBS effect). Further analysis showed that this effect was more significant in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere (p = .029 for the hemisphere‐by‐iTBS interaction effect). Pearson correlation analyses showed significant correlations for two conditions between CDA changes in the left hemisphere and K score changes (ps <.05). In terms of the behavioral results, significant K score changes after real iTBS were observed for two conditions, but a repeated‐measures ANOVA showed a nonsignificant main effect of iTBS (p = .826). These results indicate that the current iTBS protocol is a promising way to improve WM capability based on the neural indicator (CDA) but further optimization is needed to produce a behavioral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufeng Zang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongying Chen
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Anding Hospital, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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11
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Vallesi A. The Quest for Hemispheric Asymmetries Supporting and Predicting Executive Functioning. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1679-1697. [PMID: 33135967 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review addresses the neural bases of two executive functions: criterion setting, that is, the capacity to flexibly set up and select task rules and associations between stimuli, responses, and nonresponses, and monitoring, that is, the process of continuously evaluating whether task rules are being applied optimally. There is a documented tendency for criterion setting and monitoring to differentially recruit left and right lateral prefrontal regions and connected networks, respectively, above and beyond the specific task context. This model, known as the ROtman-Baycrest Battery to Investigate Attention (ROBBIA) model, initially sprung from extensive neuropsychological work led by Don Stuss. In subsequent years, multimodal lines of empirical investigation on both healthy individuals and patients with brain damage, coming from functional neuroimaging, EEG, neurostimulation, individual difference approaches, and, again, neuropsychology, so to "complete the circle," corroborated the functional mapping across the two hemispheres as predicted by the model. More recent electrophysiological evidence has further shown that hemispheric differences in intrinsic prefrontal dynamics are able to predict cognitive performance in tasks tapping these domain-general functions. These empirical contributions will be presented together with contrasting evidence, limits, and possible future directions to better fine-tune this model and extend its scope to new fields.
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12
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Wang Y, Wang X, Wang K, Zhao B, Chen X. Decision-making impairments under ambiguous and risky situations in patients with prefrontal tumor: A neuropsychological study. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01951. [PMID: 33210470 PMCID: PMC7821570 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neural mechanism underlying decision-making, which is an important component of executive function, is complex and not fully understood. Few studies have directly investigated the two types of decision-making functions - under ambiguity and under risk - in patients with brain tumors in different brain regions. METHODS Participants were classified into the ventral prefrontal cortex tumor group (VPFC, n = 27), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tumor group (DLPFC, n = 29), and matched healthy controls (HCs, n = 32). All participants were given a battery of neuropsychological tests, and they then performed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Game of Dice Task (GDT) to assess their decision-making under ambiguity and under risk, respectively. RESULTS The two patient groups performed significantly worse on attention, memory, information processing, and executive function. Additionally, patients in the DLPFC group performed significantly worse on the memory and information processing tests compared with the VPFC and HC groups. CONCLUSION This study found that the decision-making functions of participants in the VPFC and DLPFC tumor groups were impaired to varying degrees. Among them, there was decision-making impairment under ambiguity and under risk in the VPFC group, and there was decision-making impairment under risk in the DLPFC group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorder and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xukou Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorder and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorder and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China
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13
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May KE, Kana RK. Frontoparietal Network in Executive Functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2020; 13:1762-1777. [PMID: 33016005 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Higher cognitive functions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by impairments in executive functions (EF). While some research attributes this to an overreliance of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), others demonstrate poor recruitment of the PFC in individuals with ASD. In order to assess the emerging consensus across neuroimaging studies of EF in ASD, the current study used a coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis of 16 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, resulting in a meta-analysis of data from 739 participants (356 ASD, 383 typically developing [TD] individuals) ranging from 7 to 52 years of age. Within-group analysis of EF tasks revealed that both TD and ASD participants had significant activity in PFC regions. Analysis of group differences indicated greater activation in ASD, relative to TD participants, in the right middle frontal gyrus and the anterior cingulate cortex, and lesser activation in the bilateral middle frontal, left inferior frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus. Although both ASD and TD participants showed similar PFC activation, there was differential recruitment of wider network of EF regions such as the IPL in ASD participants. The under-recruitment of parietal regions may be due to poor connectivity of the frontoparietal networks with other regions during EF tasks or a restricted executive network in ASD participants which is limited primarily to the PFC. These results support the executive dysfunction hypothesis of ASD and suggests that poor frontoparietal recruitment may underlie some of the EF difficulties individuals with ASD experience. LAY SUMMARY: This study reports a meta-analysis of 16 brain imaging studies of executive functions (EF) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While parts of the brain's EF network is activated in both ASD and control participants, the ASD group does not activate a wider network of EF regions such as the parietal cortex. This may be due to poor EF network connectivity, or a constrained EF network in ASD participants. These results may underlie some of the EF difficulties individuals with ASD experience. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1762-1777. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E May
- Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Rajesh K Kana
- Department of Psychology, Center for Innovative Research in Autism, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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14
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Goel V. Hemispheric asymmetry in the prefrontal cortex for complex cognition. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 163:179-196. [PMID: 31590729 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
With the exception of language, hemispheric asymmetry has not historically been an important issue in the frontal lobe literature. Data generated over the past 20 years is forcing a reconsideration of this position. There is now considerable evidence to suggest that the left prefrontal cortex is an inference engine that automatically makes simple conceptual, logical, and causal connections to fill in missing information and eliminate uncertainty or indeterminacy. This is a fine-tuning of the "left hemisphere interpreter" account from the callosotomy patient literature. What is new is an understanding of the important contributions of the right prefrontal cortex to formal logical inference, conflict detection, and indeterminacy tolerance and maintenance. This chapter articulates these claims and reviews the data on which they are based. The chapter concludes by speculating that the inference capabilities of the left prefrontal cortex are built into the very fabric of language and can be accounted for by the left hemisphere dominance for language. The roles of the right PFC require multiple mechanisms for explanation. Its role in formal inference may be a function of its visual-spatial processing capabilities. Its role in conflict detection may be explained as a system for checking for consistency between existing beliefs and new information coming into the system and inferences drawn from beliefs and/or new information. There are at least three possible mechanisms to account for its role in indeterminacy tolerance. First, it could contain a representational system with properties very different from those of language, and an accompanying inference engine. Second, it could just contain this different representational system, and the information is at some point passed back to the left prefrontal cortex for inference. Third, the role of the right prefrontal cortex may be largely preventative. That is, it doesn't provide alternative representational and inference capabilities but simply prevents the left prefrontal cortex from settling on initial, local inferences. The current data do not allow differentiating between these possibilities. Successful real-world functioning requires the participation of both hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Goel
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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15
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Si Y, Wu X, Li F, Zhang L, Duan K, Li P, Song L, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Chen J, Gao S, Biswal B, Yao D, Xu P. Different Decision-Making Responses Occupy Different Brain Networks for Information Processing: A Study Based on EEG and TMS. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:4119-4129. [PMID: 30535319 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study used large-scale time-varying network analysis to reveal the diverse network patterns during the different decision stages and found that the responses of rejection and acceptance involved different network structures. When participants accept unfair offers, the brain recruits a more bottom-up mechanism with a much stronger information flow from the visual cortex (O2) to the frontal area, but when they reject unfair offers, it displayed a more top-down flow derived from the frontal cortex (Fz) to the parietal and occipital cortices. Furthermore, we performed 2 additional studies to validate the above network models: one was to identify the 2 responses based on the out-degree information of network hub nodes, which results in 70% accuracy, and the other utilized theta burst stimulation (TBS) of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to modulate the frontal area before the decision-making tasks. We found that the intermittent TBS group demonstrated lower acceptance rates and that the continuous TBS group showed higher acceptance rates compared with the sham group. Similar effects were not observed after TBS of a control site. These results suggest that the revealed decision-making network model can serve as a potential intervention model to alter decision responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Si
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Business School, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Fali Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Luyan Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Keyi Duan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Peiyang Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Limeng Song
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yuanling Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Center for Mental Health Development and Research, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yangsong Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Research Center of Psychological Development and Application, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Shan Gao
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Peng Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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16
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Lazar L. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Design Creativity. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518809664. [PMID: 30450006 PMCID: PMC6236478 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518809664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Design cognition is a human cognitive ability that is characterized by
multi-faceted skills and competencies. This skill requires finding solutions for
a vague problem, where the end point is not specified and the transformations
from the problem state to the solution state are also flexible. Designers solve
such tasks regularly, but the mental processes involved in such a skill are not
known completely. Design research has involved empirical studies and theoretical
modeling to understand the cognitive processes underlying this skill. In
lab-based studies, a sub-class of problem-solving tasks called “ill-structured”
tasks has been used to study the design process. However, the use of a cognitive
neuroscience perspective has only been nascent. In this review, some defining
features of design creativity will be elucidated and a few cognitive
neuroscience studies of design creativity that shows the underlying brain
networks will be highlighted. Results from these experiments using
ill-structured tasks along with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
show that the brain networks underlying design creativity only partially overlap
with brain networks underlying other kinds of creativity. This argues for
studying design creativity as a unique subset of creativity using experiments
that mimic the real-world design creative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslee Lazar
- Centre for Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
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17
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Shallice T, Cipolotti L. The Prefrontal Cortex and Neurological Impairments of Active Thought. Annu Rev Psychol 2018; 69:157-180. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Cognitive Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging Lab, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Neuropsychology Department, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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18
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Neldner K, Mushin I, Nielsen M. Young children’s tool innovation across culture: Affordance visibility matters. Cognition 2017; 168:335-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Kober SE, Witte M, Ninaus M, Koschutnig K, Wiesen D, Zaiser G, Neuper C, Wood G. Ability to Gain Control Over One's Own Brain Activity and its Relation to Spiritual Practice: A Multimodal Imaging Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:271. [PMID: 28596726 PMCID: PMC5442174 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiritual practice, such as prayer or meditation, is associated with focusing attention on internal states and self-awareness processes. As these cognitive control mechanisms presumably are also important for neurofeedback (NF), we investigated whether people who pray frequently (N = 20) show a higher ability of self-control over their own brain activity compared to a control group of individuals who rarely pray (N = 20). All participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and one session of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR, 12–15 Hz) based NF training. Individuals who reported a high frequency of prayer showed improved NF performance compared to individuals who reported a low frequency of prayer. The individual ability to control one’s own brain activity was related to volumetric aspects of the brain. In the low frequency of prayer group, gray matter volumes in the right insula and inferior frontal gyrus were positively associated with NF performance, supporting prior findings that more general self-control networks are involved in successful NF learning. In contrast, participants who prayed regularly showed a negative association between gray matter volume in the left medial orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann’s area (BA) 10) and NF performance. Due to their regular spiritual practice, they might have been more skillful in gating incoming information provided by the NF system and avoiding task-irrelevant thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E Kober
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,BioTechMed-GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Matthias Witte
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Manuel Ninaus
- Leibniz-Institut für WissensmedienTuebingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University TuebingenTuebingen, Germany
| | - Karl Koschutnig
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,BioTechMed-GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Daniel Wiesen
- Division of Neuropsychology, Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of TuebingenTuebingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Zaiser
- Division of Neuropsychology, Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of TuebingenTuebingen, Germany
| | - Christa Neuper
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,BioTechMed-GrazGraz, Austria.,Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Institute for Neural Engineering, Graz University of TechnologyGraz, Austria
| | - Guilherme Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,BioTechMed-GrazGraz, Austria
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20
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Seyed-Allaei S, Avanaki ZN, Bahrami B, Shallice T. Major Thought Restructuring: The Roles of Different Prefrontal Cortical Regions. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1147-1161. [PMID: 28253076 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
An important question for understanding the neural basis of problem solving is whether the regions of human prefrontal cortices play qualitatively different roles in the major cognitive restructuring required to solve difficult problems. However, investigating this question using neuroimaging faces a major dilemma: either the problems do not require major cognitive restructuring, or if they do, the restructuring typically happens once, rendering repeated measurements of the critical mental process impossible. To circumvent these problems, young adult participants were challenged with a one-dimensional Subtraction (or Nim) problem [Bouton, C. L. Nim, a game with a complete mathematical theory. The Annals of Mathematics, 3, 35-39, 1901] that can be tackled using two possible strategies. One, often used initially, is effortful, slow, and error-prone, whereas the abstract solution, once achieved, is easier, quicker, and more accurate. Behaviorally, success was strongly correlated with sex. Using voxel-based morphometry analysis controlling for sex, we found that participants who found the more abstract strategy (i.e., Solvers) had more gray matter volume in the anterior medial, ventrolateral prefrontal, and parietal cortices compared with those who never switched from the initial effortful strategy (i.e., Explorers). Removing the sex covariate showed higher gray matter volume in Solvers (vs. Explorers) in the right ventrolateral prefrontal and left parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Seyed-Allaei
- 1 University of Tehran.,2 Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Tim Shallice
- 4 University College London.,5 International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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21
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Shi B, Cao X, Chen Q, Zhuang K, Qiu J. Different brain structures associated with artistic and scientific creativity: a voxel-based morphometry study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42911. [PMID: 28220826 PMCID: PMC5318918 DOI: 10.1038/srep42911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Creativity is the ability to produce original and valuable ideas or behaviors. In real life, artistic and scientific creativity promoted the development of human civilization; however, to date, no studies have systematically investigated differences in the brain structures responsible for artistic and scientific creativity in a large sample. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), this study identified differences in regional gray matter volume (GMV) across the brain between artistic and scientific creativity (assessed by the Creative Achievement Questionnaire) in 356 young, healthy subjects. The results showed that artistic creativity was significantly negatively associated with the regional GMV of the supplementary motor area (SMA) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In contrast, scientific creativity was significantly positively correlated with the regional GMV of the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG). Overall, artistic creativity was associated with the salience network (SN), whereas scientific creativity was associated with the executive attention network and semantic processing. These results may provide an effective marker that can be used to predict and evaluate individuals’ creative performance in the fields of science and art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguo Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qunlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.,School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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22
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Peters SL, Fellows LK, Sheldon S. The Ventromedial Frontal Lobe Contributes to Forming Effective Solutions to Real-world Problems. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:991-1001. [PMID: 27991183 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although the ventromedial frontal lobe (VMF) has been implicated in several complex cognitive tasks such as decision-making and problem solving, the processes for which this region is critical remain unclear. Laboratory studies have largely focused on how the VMF contributes to decision-making when outcomes or options are provided, but in the real world generating appropriate options is likely a crucial and rate-limiting initial step. Here, we determined how VMF damage affected the option generation phase of naturalistic problem solving. A group of patients with VMF damage and two controls groups-age-matched healthy participants and patients with frontal damage sparing VMF-were asked to generate as many options as possible to five scenarios depicting open-ended, real-world problems (e.g., having lunch at a restaurant and forgetting your wallet at home). Both the number of options and the effectiveness of each option generated were examined. Damage to VMF led to a significant reduction in both the number of options produced across all problem-solving scenarios and the ability to generate effective options, most notably for scenarios that were social in nature. We discuss these findings in terms of the mechanisms by which the VMF may contribute to option generation, focusing on proposals suggesting this region is important for integrating subjective value and retrieving schematic representations.
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23
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Beck SR, Williams C, Cutting N, Apperly IA, Chappell J. Individual differences in children's innovative problem-solving are not predicted by divergent thinking or executive functions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0190. [PMID: 26926280 PMCID: PMC4780532 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of children's tool innovation have revealed that there is variation in children's success in middle-childhood. In two individual differences studies, we sought to identify personal characteristics that might predict success on an innovation task. In Study 1, we found that although measures of divergent thinking were related to each other they did not predict innovation success. In Study 2, we measured executive functioning including: inhibition, working memory, attentional flexibility and ill-structured problem-solving. None of these measures predicted innovation, but, innovation was predicted by children's performance on a receptive vocabulary scale that may function as a proxy for general intelligence. We did not find evidence that children's innovation was predicted by specific personal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Beck
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Clare Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicola Cutting
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ian A Apperly
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jackie Chappell
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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24
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Fellows LK. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Decision Making: A Review and Conceptual Framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:159-72. [PMID: 15653813 DOI: 10.1177/1534582304273251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Decision making, the process of choosing between options, is a fundamental human behavior that has been studied intensively by disciplines ranging from cognitive psychology to economics. Despite the importance of this behavior, the neural substrates of decision making are only beginning to be understood. Impaired decision making is recognized in neuropsychiatric conditions such as dementia and drug addiction, and the inconsistencies and biases of healthy decision makers have been intensively studied. However, the tools of cognitive neuroscience have only recently been applied to understanding the brain basis of this complex behavior. This article reviews the literature on the cognitive neuroscience of human decision making, focusing on the roles of the frontal lobes, and provides a conceptual framework for organizing this disparate body of work.
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25
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Valls-Serrano C, Verdejo-García A, Caracuel A. Planning deficits in polysubstance dependent users: Differential associations with severity of drug use and intelligence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 162:72-8. [PMID: 26971229 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysubstance use is associated with alterations in different components of executive functioning such as working memory and response inhibition. Nevertheless, less attention has been given to executive planning skills, which are required to benefit of low structured interventions. This study examines the association between severity of use of cocaine, heroin, alcohol, fluid and crystallized intelligence and planning tasks varying on degree of structure. METHODS Data were collected from 60 polysubstance users and 30 healthy controls. Cognitive assessment consisted of three planning tasks with different structure levels: Stockings of Cambridge, Zoo Map test, and Multiple Errands Test. RESULTS Polysubstance users had significant planning deficits across the three tasks compared to healthy controls. Hierarchical regression models showed that severity of drug use and fluid and crystallized intelligence significantly explained performance in all the planning tasks. However, these associations were higher for low-structured real world tasks. These low-structured tasks also showed a unique association with crystallized but not fluid intelligence. CONCLUSION Drug abuse is negatively associated with planning abilities, and intelligence is positively associated with planning performance in real-world tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Valls-Serrano
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - A Verdejo-García
- Institute of Neuroscience F. Olóriz and Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Caracuel
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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26
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Goel V. Indeterminacy tolerance as a basis of hemispheric asymmetry within prefrontal cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:326. [PMID: 26136673 PMCID: PMC4468946 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an important hemispheric distinction in the functional organization of prefrontal cortex (PFC) that has not been fully recognized and explored. Research with split-brain patients provides considerable evidence for a left hemisphere (LH) “interpreter” that abhors indeterminacy and automatically draws inferences to complete patterns (real or imaginary). It is suggested that this “interpreter” function may be a byproduct of the linguistic capabilities of the LH. This same literature initially limited the role of the right hemisphere (RH) to little more than visual organization. Recent reviews have garnered evidence for several different roles for the right PFC in reasoning, problem solving, and decision-making. We here focus on the beneficial but neglected role of indeterminacy in real-world problem solving and argue that the right PFC complements the left PFC “interpreter” by maintaining, and even enhancing indeterminacy. Successful real-world functioning is a delicate balancing act between these two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Goel
- Department of Psychology, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo Venice, Italy
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27
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Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC), a cortical region that was once thought to be functionally insignificant, is now known to play an essential role in the organization and control of goal-directed thought and behavior. Neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and modeling techniques have led to tremendous advances in our understanding of PFC functions over the last few decades. It should be noted, however, that neurological, neuropathological, and neuropsychological studies have contributed some of the most essential, historical, and often prescient conclusions regarding the functions of this region. Importantly, examination of patients with brain damage allows one to draw conclusions about whether a brain area is necessary for a particular function. Here, we provide a broad overview of PFC functions based on behavioral and neural changes resulting from damage to PFC in both human patients and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Szczepanski
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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28
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The puzzling difficulty of tool innovation: Why can’t children piece their knowledge together? J Exp Child Psychol 2014; 125:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bludau S, Eickhoff SB, Mohlberg H, Caspers S, Laird AR, Fox PT, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Amunts K. Cytoarchitecture, probability maps and functions of the human frontal pole. Neuroimage 2014; 93 Pt 2:260-75. [PMID: 23702412 PMCID: PMC5325035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal pole has more expanded than any other part in the human brain as compared to our ancestors. It plays an important role for specifically human behavior and cognitive abilities, e.g. action selection (Kovach et al., 2012). Evidence about divergent functions of its medial and lateral part has been provided, both in the healthy brain and in psychiatric disorders. The anatomical correlates of such functional segregation, however, are still unknown due to a lack of stereotaxic, microstructural maps obtained in a representative sample of brains. Here we show that the human frontopolar cortex consists of two cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas: lateral frontopolar area 1 (Fp1) and medial frontopolar area 2 (Fp2). Based on observer-independent mapping in serial, cell-body stained sections of 10 brains, three-dimensional, probabilistic maps of areas Fp1 and Fp2 were created. They show, for each position of the reference space, the probability with which each area was found in a particular voxel. Applying these maps as seed regions for a meta-analysis revealed that Fp1 and Fp2 differentially contribute to functional networks: Fp1 was involved in cognition, working memory and perception, whereas Fp2 was part of brain networks underlying affective processing and social cognition. The present study thus disclosed cortical correlates of a functional segregation of the human frontopolar cortex. The probabilistic maps provide a sound anatomical basis for interpreting neuroimaging data in the living human brain, and open new perspectives for analyzing structure-function relationships in the prefrontal cortex. The new data will also serve as a starting point for further comparative studies between human and non-human primate brains. This allows finding similarities and differences in the organizational principles of the frontal lobe during evolution as neurobiological basis for our behavior and cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bludau
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - S B Eickhoff
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute for Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Mohlberg
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S Caspers
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A R Laird
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - P T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Schleicher
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - K Zilles
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Dept. of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH University Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA, Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany
| | - K Amunts
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany; JARA, Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Abstract
The process of designing artifacts is a creative activity. It is proposed that, at the cognitive level, one key to understanding design creativity is to understand the array of symbol systems designers utilize. These symbol systems range from being vague, imprecise, abstract, ambiguous, and indeterminate (like conceptual sketches), to being very precise, concrete, unambiguous, and determinate (like contract documents). The former types of symbol systems support associative processes that facilitate lateral (or divergent) transformations that broaden the problem space, while the latter types of symbol systems support inference processes facilitating vertical (or convergent) transformations that deepen of the problem space. The process of artifact design requires the judicious application of both lateral and vertical transformations. This leads to a dual mechanism model of design problem-solving comprising of an associative engine and an inference engine. It is further claimed that this dual mechanism model is supported by an interesting hemispheric dissociation in human prefrontal cortex. The associative engine and neural structures that support imprecise, ambiguous, abstract, indeterminate representations are lateralized in the right prefrontal cortex, while the inference engine and neural structures that support precise, unambiguous, determinant representations are lateralized in the left prefrontal cortex. At the brain level, successful design of artifacts requires a delicate balance between the two hemispheres of prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Goel
- Department of Psychology, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Hull Hull, UK
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Pati D, O'Boyle M, Amor C, Hou J, Valipoor S, Fang D. Neural correlates of nature stimuli: an FMRI study. HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2014; 7:9-28. [PMID: 24554354 DOI: 10.1177/193758671400700202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine whether there are unique patterns of brain activation associated with exposure to photographic sky compositions (representing nature stimuli) as compared with other positive, negative, and neutral images. BACKGROUND The positive impact of nature images on health outcomes traditionally has been measured using behavioral and physiological indicators. However, there is a lack of understanding of the underlying neural mechanism that explains this positive influence. METHODS A combination of behavioral responses and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology was used to address research questions. Ten participants belonging to five age groups were subjected to short (25 seconds) exposures of 32 images while their brain activation was monitored via the BOLD response. In a separate run, participants were subjected to extended exposures (12 minutes) of a sky composition and an image of a traditional ceiling. RESULTS The results show that the activation patterns produced by sky compositions and positive images were quite similar as compared to negative or neutral images. However, sky compositions also produced some unique areas of activation, including those associated with spatial cognition, the expanse of space, circadian rhythm, and perceived motion. In the extended exposure condition, sky compositions tended to activate regions associated with dreaming, while traditional ceiling images activated regions that are related to face processing and potentially visual hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS Nature stimuli, with a combination of vegetation and sky, may produce unique beneficial effects not present in general positive stimuli. KEYWORDS Evidence-based design, hospital, healing environments, outcomes, patient-centered care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Pati
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Debajyoti Pati, Department of Design, Texas Tech University, College of Human Sciences, 1301 Akron Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409; ; (806) 742-3050
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32
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Kopp B, Rösser N, Tabeling S, Stürenburg HJ, de Haan B, Karnath HO, Wessel K. Disorganized behavior on Link's cube test is sensitive to right hemispheric frontal lobe damage in stroke patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:79. [PMID: 24596552 PMCID: PMC3925976 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
One of Luria's favorite neuropsychological tasks for challenging frontal lobe functions was Link's cube test (LCT). The LCT is a cube construction task in which the subject must assemble 27 small cubes into one large cube in such a manner that only the painted surfaces of the small cubes are visible. We computed two new LCT composite scores, the constructive plan composite score, reflecting the capability to envisage a cubical-shaped volume, and the behavioral (dis-) organization composite score, reflecting the goal-directedness of cube construction. Voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping (VLBM) was used to test the relationship between performance on the LCT and brain injury in a sample of stroke patients with right hemisphere damage (N = 32), concentrated in the frontal lobe. We observed a relationship between the measure of behavioral (dis-) organization on the LCT and right frontal lesions. Further work in a larger sample, including left frontal lobe damage and with more power to detect effects of right posterior brain injury, is necessary to determine whether this observation is specific for right frontal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Kopp
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany ; Cognitive Neurology, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nina Rösser
- Cognitive Neurology, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany ; Department of Neurology, Braunschweig Hospital Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandra Tabeling
- Cognitive Neurology, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany ; Department of Neurology, Klinik Niedersachsen Bad Nenndorf, Germany
| | | | - Bianca de Haan
- Division of Neuropsychology, Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Karnath
- Division of Neuropsychology, Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany ; Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Karl Wessel
- Cognitive Neurology, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany ; Department of Neurology, Braunschweig Hospital Braunschweig, Germany
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33
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Emmanouel A, Kessels RPC, Mouza E, Fasotti L. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the BADS to anterior executive dysfunction. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2013; 24:1-25. [PMID: 24354937 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2013.863731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the validity of the BADS subtests to adequately discriminate anterior lesions (AL) from posterior lesions (PL). Therefore, we compared the performances of 30 AL patients, 22 PL patients and 29 healthy controls (HC) on the BADS subtests. Seven standard executive test variables were also examined. Our multiple comparisons showed that the BADS Zoo Map-Part 1 was not indicative for AL, whereas Rule Shifting, Action Programme, Key Search, Zoo Map-total score, and BADS-total score were found to be sensitive to AL. More importantly, the Modified Six Element Test (MSET), and the Zoo Map-Part 2 were highly specific for AL. In both BADS subtests AL patients performed significantly worse than either the PL or the HC groups, whereas no significant differences on the same variables were found between PL and HC individuals. Further logistic regression analysis revealed that the BADSMSET was the best predictor for distinguishing AL from PL patients, correctly classifying 78.8% of the patients. These results suggest that the BADSMSET is an accurate screening tool for the detection of anterior pathology. Poor performance on this BADS subtest is a significant indicator of executive dysfunctioning after anterior brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Emmanouel
- a Rehabilitation Centre "Anagennisi" , Nea Redestos , Oik. Filothei, Thessaloniki , Greece
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34
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Gonen-Yaacovi G, de Souza LC, Levy R, Urbanski M, Josse G, Volle E. Rostral and caudal prefrontal contribution to creativity: a meta-analysis of functional imaging data. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:465. [PMID: 23966927 PMCID: PMC3743130 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Creativity is of central importance for human civilization, yet its neurocognitive bases are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to integrate existing functional imaging data by using the meta-analysis approach. We reviewed 34 functional imaging studies that reported activation foci during tasks assumed to engage creative thinking in healthy adults. A coordinate-based meta-analysis using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) first showed a set of predominantly left-hemispheric regions shared by the various creativity tasks examined. These regions included the caudal lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the medial and lateral rostral PFC, and the inferior parietal and posterior temporal cortices. Further analyses showed that tasks involving the combination of remote information (combination tasks) activated more anterior areas of the lateral PFC than tasks involving the free generation of unusual responses (unusual generation tasks), although both types of tasks shared caudal prefrontal areas. In addition, verbal and non-verbal tasks involved the same regions in the left caudal prefrontal, temporal, and parietal areas, but also distinct domain-oriented areas. Taken together, these findings suggest that several frontal and parieto-temporal regions may support cognitive processes shared by diverse creativity tasks, and that some regions may be specialized for distinct types of processes. In particular, the lateral PFC appeared to be organized along a rostro-caudal axis, with rostral regions involved in combining ideas creatively and more posterior regions involved in freely generating novel ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Gonen-Yaacovi
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
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35
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Goel V, Vartanian O, Bartolo A, Hakim L, Maria Ferraro A, Isella V, Appollonio I, Drei S, Nichelli P. Lesions to right prefrontal cortex impair real-world planning through prematurecommitments. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:713-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Basso D. Planning, prospective memory, and decision-making: three challenges for hierarchical predictive processing models. Front Psychol 2013; 3:623. [PMID: 23346070 PMCID: PMC3548395 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Demis Basso
- Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Bolzano, Italy ; Centro di Neuroscienze Cognitive Applicate Rome, Italy
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37
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Shen W, Luo J, Liu C, Yuan Y. New advances in the neural correlates of insight: A decade in review of the insightful brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Grant M, Ponsford J, Bennett PC. The application of Goal Management Training to aspects of financial management in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2012; 22:852-73. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2012.693455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Pollmann S. Anterior prefrontal contributions to implicit attention control. Brain Sci 2012; 2:254-66. [PMID: 24962775 PMCID: PMC4061792 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex function has traditionally been associated with explicit executive function. Recently, however, evidence has been presented that lateral prefrontal cortex is also involved in high-level cognitive processes such as task set selection or inhibition in the absence of awareness. Here, we discuss evidence that not only lateral prefrontal cortex, but also rostral prefrontal cortex is involved in such kinds of implicit control processes. Specifically, rostral prefrontal cortex activation changes have been observed when implicitly learned spatial contingencies in a search display become invalid, requiring a change of attentional settings for optimal guidance of visual search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pollmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Institute of Psychology II, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Postbox 4120, D-39016 Magdeburg, Germany.
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40
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Savoy RL, Frederick BB, Keuroghlian AS, Wolk PC. Voluntary switching between identities in dissociative identity disorder: A functional MRI case study. Cogn Neurosci 2012; 3:112-9. [DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2012.669750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Amanzio M, Benedetti F, Porro CA, Palermo S, Cauda F. Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of brain correlates of placebo analgesia in human experimental pain. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 34:738-52. [PMID: 22125184 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Placebo analgesia (PA) is one of the most studied placebo effects. Brain imaging studies published over the last decade, using either positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), suggest that multiple brain regions may play a pivotal role in this process. However, there continues to be much debate as to which areas consistently contribute to placebo analgesia-related networks. In the present study, we used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis, a state-of-the-art approach, to search for the cortical areas involved in PA in human experimental pain models. Nine fMRI studies and two PET studies investigating cerebral hemodynamic changes were included in the analysis. During expectation of analgesia, activated foci were found in the left anterior cingulate, right precentral, and lateral prefrontal cortex and in the left periaqueductal gray (PAG). During noxious stimulation, placebo-related activations were detected in the anterior cingulate and medial and lateral prefrontal cortices, in the left inferior parietal lobule and postcentral gyrus, anterior insula, thalamus, hypothalamus, PAG, and pons; deactivations were found in the left mid- and posterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal and precentral gyri, in the left anterior and right posterior insula, in the claustrum and putamen, and in the right thalamus and caudate body. Our results suggest on one hand that the modulatory cortical networks involved in PA largely overlap those involved in the regulation of emotional processes, on the other that brain nociceptive networks are downregulated in parallel with behavioral analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Amanzio
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124 Turin, Italy.
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42
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Li F, Cao B, Cai X, Li H. Similar Brain Mechanism of Hypothesis-Testing Between Children and Adults. Dev Neuropsychol 2011; 36:957-70. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.566954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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43
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Ellamil M, Dobson C, Beeman M, Christoff K. Evaluative and generative modes of thought during the creative process. Neuroimage 2011; 59:1783-94. [PMID: 21854855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological theories have suggested that creativity involves a twofold process characterized by a generative component facilitating the production of novel ideas and an evaluative component enabling the assessment of their usefulness. The present study employed a novel fMRI paradigm designed to distinguish between these two components at the neural level. Participants designed book cover illustrations while alternating between the generation and evaluation of ideas. The use of an fMRI-compatible drawing tablet allowed for a more natural drawing and creative environment. Creative generation was associated with preferential recruitment of medial temporal lobe regions, while creative evaluation was associated with joint recruitment of executive and default network regions and activation of the rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, and temporopolar cortex. Executive and default regions showed positive functional connectivity throughout task performance. These findings suggest that the medial temporal lobe may be central to the generation of novel ideas and creative evaluation may extend beyond deliberate analytical processes supported by executive brain regions to include more spontaneous affective and visceroceptive evaluative processes supported by default and limbic regions. Thus, creative thinking appears to recruit a unique configuration of neural processes not typically used together during traditional problem solving tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ellamil
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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44
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Raymont V, Salazar AM, Krueger F, Grafman J. "Studying injured minds" - the Vietnam head injury study and 40 years of brain injury research. Front Neurol 2011; 2:15. [PMID: 21625624 PMCID: PMC3093742 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of those who have sustained traumatic brain injuries (TBI) during military conflicts has greatly facilitated research in the fields of neuropsychology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, neurology, and neuroimaging. The Vietnam Head Injury Study (VHIS) is a prospective, long-term follow-up study of a cohort of 1,221 Vietnam veterans with mostly penetrating brain injuries, which has stretched over more than 40 years. The scope of this study, both in terms of the types of injury and fields of examination, has been extremely broad. It has been instrumental in extending the field of TBI research and in exposing pressing medical and social issues that affect those who suffer such injuries. This review summarizes the history of conflict-related TBI research and the VHIS to date, as well as the vast range of important findings the VHIS has established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Raymont
- Vietnam Head Injury Study, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, National Naval Medical Center Bethesda, MD, USA
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45
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Kaller CP, Rahm B, Spreer J, Weiller C, Unterrainer JM. Dissociable contributions of left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in planning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 21:307-17. [PMID: 20522540 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) plays a critical role in planning. Neuroimaging studies have yielded predominantly bilateral dlPFC activations, but the existence and nature of functionally specific contributions of left and right dlPFC have remained elusive. In recent experiments, 2 independent parameters have been identified which substantially determine planning: 1) the degree of interdependence between consecutive steps (search depth) and 2) the degree to which the configuration of the goal state renders the order of single steps either clearly evident or ambiguous (goal hierarchy). Thus, search depth affects the actual mental generation and evaluation of action sequences, whereas goal hierarchy reflects the extraction of goal information from an encountered problem. Here, both parameters were independently manipulated in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study using the Tower of London task. Results revealed a double dissociation as indicated by a significant crossover interaction of hemisphere and task parameter: in left dlPFC, activations were stronger for higher demands on goal hierarchy than on search depth, whereas the reversed result emerged in right dlPFC. In conclusion, often observed bilateral patterns of dlPFC activation in complex tasks may reflect the concomitant operation of specific cognitive processes that show opposing lateralizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Kaller
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Apperly IA, Carroll DJ, Samson D, Humphreys GW, Qureshi A, Moffitt G. Why are there limits on theory of mind use? Evidence from adults’ ability to follow instructions from an ignorant speaker. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2010; 63:1201-17. [DOI: 10.1080/17470210903281582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Keysar et al. (Keysar, Barr, Balin, & Brauner, 2000; Keysar, Lin, & Barr, 2003) report that adults frequently failed to use their conceptual competence for theory of mind (ToM) in an online communication game where they needed to take account of a speaker's perspective. The current research reports 3 experiments investigating the cognitive processes contributing to adults’ errors. In Experiments 1 and 2 the frequency of adults’ failure to use ToM was unaffected by perspective switching. In Experiment 3 adults made more errors when interpreting instructions according to the speaker's perspective than according to an arbitrary rule. We suggest that adults are efficient at switching perspectives, but that actually using what another person knows to interpret what they say is relatively inefficient, giving rise to egocentric errors during communication.
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47
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Goel V. Neural basis of thinking: laboratory problems versus real-world problems. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2010; 1:613-621. [PMID: 26271508 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive psychologists have long argued about the reality and significance of the distinction between well-structured and ill-structured problems. Laboratory problems are usually well-structured, whereas real-world problems have both well-structured and ill-structured components. This article shows how the neuropsychological data reinforce this distinction and suggests how this distinction may help to explain a puzzle about discontinuous performance of some neurological patients in laboratory and real-world problem situations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Goel
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada and University of Hull, UK
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48
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McCrea SM. Intuition, insight, and the right hemisphere: Emergence of higher sociocognitive functions. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2010; 3:1-39. [PMID: 22110327 PMCID: PMC3218761 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s7935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intuition is the ability to understand immediately without conscious reasoning and is sometimes explained as a 'gut feeling' about the rightness or wrongness of a person, place, situation, temporal episode or object. In contrast, insight is the capacity to gain accurate and a deep understanding of a problem and it is often associated with movement beyond existing paradigms. Examples include Darwin, Einstein and Freud's theories of natural selection, relativity, or the unconscious; respectively. Many cultures name these concepts and acknowledge their value, and insight is recognized as particularly characteristic of eminent achievements in the arts, sciences and politics. Considerable data suggests that these two concepts are more related than distinct, and that a more distributed intuitive network may feed into a predominately right hemispheric insight-based functional neuronal architecture. The preparation and incubation stages of insight may rely on the incorporation of domain-specific automatized expertise schema associated with intuition. In this manuscript the neural networks associated with intuition and insight are reviewed. Case studies of anomalous subjects with ability-achievement discrepancies are summarized. This theoretical review proposes the prospect that atypical localization of cognitive modules may enhance intuitive and insightful functions and thereby explain individual achievement beyond that expected by conventionally measured intelligence tests. A model and theory of intuition and insight's neuroanatomical basis is proposed which could be used as a starting point for future research and better understanding of the nature of these two distinctly human and highly complex poorly understood abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M McCrea
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Goela V, Pullara D, Grafman J. A computational model of frontal lobe dysfunction: working memory and the Tower of Hanoi task. Cogn Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15516709cog2502_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Involvement of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in ill-structured design cognition: An fMRI study. Brain Res 2010; 1312:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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