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Extramedullary multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2019; 34:1-20. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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2
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Vlummens P, De Veirman K, Menu E, De Bruyne E, Offner F, Vanderkerken K, Maes K. The Use of Murine Models for Studying Mechanistic Insights of Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma. Front Genet 2019; 10:740. [PMID: 31475039 PMCID: PMC6704229 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. In normal plasma cell development, cells undergo programmed DNA breaks and translocations, a process necessary for generation of a wide repertoire of antigen-specific antibodies. This process also makes them vulnerable for the acquisition of chromosomal defects. Well-known examples of these aberrations, already seen at time of MM diagnosis, are hyperdiploidy or the translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Over the recent years, however, novel aspects concerning genomic instability and its role in tumor development, disease progression and nascence of refractory disease were identified. As such, genomic instability is becoming a very relevant research topic with the potential identification of novel disease pathways. In this review, we aim to describe recent studies involving murine MM models focusing on the deregulation of processes implicated in genomic instability and their clinical impact. More specifically, we will discuss chromosomal instability, DNA damage and repair responses, development of drug resistance, and recent insights into the study of clonal hierarchy using different murine MM models. Lastly, we will discuss the importance and the use of murine MM models in the pre-clinical evaluation of promising novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Vlummens
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Immunotherapeutics in Multiple Myeloma: How Can Translational Mouse Models Help? JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2186494. [PMID: 31093282 PMCID: PMC6481018 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2186494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is usually diagnosed in older adults at the time of immunosenescence, a collection of age-related changes in the immune system that contribute to increased susceptibility to infection and cancer. The MM tumor microenvironment and cumulative chemotherapies also add to defects in immunity over the course of disease. In this review we discuss how mouse models have furthered our understanding of the immune defects caused by MM and enabled immunotherapeutics to progress to clinical trials, but also question the validity of using immunodeficient models for these purposes. Immunocompetent models, in particular the 5T series and Vk⁎MYC models, are increasingly being utilized in preclinical studies and are adding to our knowledge of not only the adaptive immune system but also how the innate system might be enhanced in anti-MM activity. Finally we discuss the concept of immune profiling to target patients who might benefit the most from immunotherapeutics, and the use of humanized mice and 3D culture systems for personalized medicine.
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A Hybrid Computation Model to Describe the Progression of Multiple Myeloma and Its Intra-Clonal Heterogeneity. COMPUTATION 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/computation5010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cheong CM, Chow AWS, Fitter S, Hewett DR, Martin SK, Williams SA, To LB, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K. Tetraspanin 7 (TSPAN7) expression is upregulated in multiple myeloma patients and inhibits myeloma tumour development in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:24-38. [PMID: 25637218 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of the tetraspanin TSPAN7 has been observed in a number of cancers; however, it is unclear how TSPAN7 plays a role in cancer progression. METHODS We investigated the expression of TSPAN7 in the haematological malignancy multiple myleoma (MM) and assessed the consequences of TSPAN7 expression in the adhesion, migration and growth of MM plasma cells (PC) in vitro and in bone marrow (BM) homing and tumour growth in vivo. Finally, we characterised the association of TSPAN7 with cell surface partner molecules in vitro. RESULTS TSPAN7 was found to be highly expressed at the RNA and protein level in CD138(+) MM PC from approximately 50% of MM patients. TSPAN7 overexpression in the murine myeloma cell line 5TGM1 significantly reduced tumour burden in 5TGM1/KaLwRij mice 4 weeks after intravenous adminstration of 5TGM1 cells. While TSPAN7 overexpression did not affect cell proliferation in vitro, TSPAN7 increased 5TGM1 cell adhesion to BM stromal cells and transendothelial migration. In addition, TSPAN7 was found to associate with the molecular chaperone calnexin on the cell surface. CONCLUSION These results suggest that elevated TSPAN7 may be associated with better outcomes for up to 50% of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Man Cheong
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Annie W S Chow
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Fitter
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Duncan R Hewett
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Sally K Martin
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Sharon A Williams
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - L Bik To
- Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology and Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000SA, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia.
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Jernberg-Wiklund H, Nilsson K. Targeting the IGF-1R signaling and mechanisms for epigenetic gene silencing in human multiple myeloma. Ups J Med Sci 2012; 117:166-77. [PMID: 22348393 PMCID: PMC3339548 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2012.659293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy characterized by the expansion of clonal plasmablast/plasma cells within the bone-marrow. It is well established that the bone-marrow microenvironment has a pivotal role in providing critical cytokines and cell-cell interactions to support the growth and survival of the MM tumor clone. The pathogenesis of MM is, however, only fragmentarily understood. Detailed genomic analysis reveals a heterogeneous and complex pattern of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations. In this review we will discuss some of the recent results on the functional role and potential clinical use of the IGF-1R, one of the major mediators of growth and survival for MM. We will also describe some of our results on epigenetic gene silencing in MM, as it may indeed constitute a novel basis for the understanding of tumor initiation and maintenance in MM and thus may change the current view on treatment strategies for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jernberg-Wiklund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Walsby EJ, Pratt G, Hewamana S, Crooks PA, Burnett AK, Fegan C, Pepper C. The NF-kappaB inhibitor LC-1 has single agent activity in multiple myeloma cells and synergizes with bortezomib. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1574-82. [PMID: 20515939 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma remains incurable with conventional therapeutics. Thus, new treatments for this condition are clearly required. In this study we evaluated the novel NF-kappaB inhibitor LC-1 in multiple myeloma cell lines and plasma cells derived from multiple myeloma patients. LC-1 was cytotoxic to multiple myeloma cell lines H929, U266, and JJN3, and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner with an overall LD(50) of 3.6 micromol/L (+/-1.8) after 48 hours in culture. Primary multiple myeloma cells, identified by CD38 and CD138 positivity, had a mean LD(50) for LC-1 of 4.9 micromol/L (+/-1.6); normal bone marrow cells were significantly less sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of LC-1 (P = 0.0002). Treatment of multiple myeloma cell lines with LC-1 resulted in decreased nuclear localization of the NF-kappaB subunit Rel A and the inhibition of NF-kappaB target genes. In addition, LC-1 showed synergy with melphalan, bortezomib, and doxorubicin (combination indices of 0.72, 0.61, and 0.78, respectively), and was more effective when cells were cultured on fibronectin. These data show that LC-1 has activity in multiple myeloma cell lines and primary multiple myeloma cells, and its ability to inhibit NF-kappaB seems important for its cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, LC-1-induced transcriptional suppression of survivin and MCL1 provides a potential explanation for its synergy with conventional agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J Walsby
- Department of Haematology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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8
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Jernberg-Wiklund H, Nilsson K. Control of apoptosis in human multiple myeloma by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Adv Cancer Res 2009; 97:139-65. [PMID: 17419944 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(06)97006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the expansion of neoplastic plasmablasts/plasma cells with complex genetic aberrations and high dependence for survival and growth on cytokines produced in the bone marrow microenvironment. As tools in the study of MM about 80 authentic MM cell lines and a few relevant in vivo mouse models are available. The dependence on insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) signaling in the development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype in a variety of cancers is a rationale for attempts to improve tumor treatment by selectively inhibiting the IGF-IR in malignant cells by neutralizing antibodies, dominant negative IGF-IR, and IGF-IR siRNA. Testing the hypothesis that abrogating IGF-IR-mediated signaling of survival should make MM cells more susceptible to apoptosis, our studies have so far provided proof-of-principle by the demonstration that inhibition of a signaling pathway stimulating survival renders cells susceptible to drug-induced apoptosis when the drug (dexamethasone) and inhibitor (rapamycin) converge on the same target, that is p70(S6K). The recent publication of the three-dimensional structure of the IGF-IR kinase domain has facilitated the development of IGF-IR inhibitors of the cyclolignan family, that is picropodophyllin, with capacity to distinguish also in vivo between the IGF-IR and the insulin receptor. Studies in vitro and in vivo with picropodophyllin show promising effects, that is apoptosis induction and growth arrest, and have made it possible to evaluate the biological and therapeutic effects of inhibition of the IGF-IR signaling in MM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor/cytology
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Molecular
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Multiple Myeloma/physiopathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Podophyllotoxin/analogs & derivatives
- Podophyllotoxin/pharmacology
- Podophyllotoxin/therapeutic use
- Protein Conformation
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/physiology
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jernberg-Wiklund
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Deleu S, Lemaire M, Arts J, Menu E, Van Valckenborgh E, King P, Vande Broek I, De Raeve H, Van Camp B, Croucher P, Vanderkerken K. The effects of JNJ-26481585, a novel hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitor, on the development of multiple myeloma in the 5T2MM and 5T33MM murine models. Leukemia 2009; 23:1894-903. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support. There is need, therefore, for continuous efforts directed toward the development of novel rational-based therapeutics for MM, which requires a detailed knowledge of the mutations driving this malignancy. In improving the success rate of effective drug development, it is equally imperative that biologic systems be developed to better validate these target genes. Here we review the recent developments in the generation of mouse models of MM and their impact as preclinical models for designing and assessing target-based therapeutic approaches.
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Katz O, Gil L, Lifshitz L, Prutchi-Sagiv S, Gassmann M, Mittelman M, Neumann D. Erythropoietin enhances immune responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1584-93. [PMID: 17458859 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200637025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is the main erythropoietic hormone. Recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) is thus used in clinical practice for the treatment of anemia. Accumulating data reveals that Epo exerts pleiotropic activities. We have previously shown an anti-neoplastic activity of Epo in murine multiple myeloma (MM) models, and in MM patients. Our findings that this anti-neoplastic effect operates via CD8+ T lymphocytes led us to hypothesize that Epo possesses a wider range of immunomodulatory functions. Here we demonstrate the effect of Epo on B lymphocyte responses, focusing on three experimental models: (i) tumor-bearing mice, (5T2 MM mouse); (ii) antigen-injected healthy mice; and (iii) antigen-injected transgenic mice (tg6), overexpressing human Epo. In the MM model, despite bone marrow dysfunction, Epo-treated mice retained higher levels of endogenous polyclonal immunoglobulins, compared to their untreated controls. In both Epo-treated wild type and tg6 mice, Epo effect was manifested in the higher levels of splenocyte proliferative response induced in vitro by lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, these mice had increased in vivo production of anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies following immunization with DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Epo-treated mice showed an enhanced immune response also to the clinically relevant hepatitis B surface antigen. These findings suggest a potential novel use of rHuEpo as an immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelia Katz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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12
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Barrena S, Almeida J, Yunta M, López A, Fernández-Mosteirín N, Giralt M, Romero M, Perdiguer L, Delgado M, Orfao A, Lazo PA. Aberrant expression of tetraspanin molecules in B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders and its correlation with normal B-cell maturation. Leukemia 2005; 19:1376-83. [PMID: 15931266 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanin proteins form signaling complexes between them and with other membrane proteins and modulate cell adhesion and migration properties. The surface expression of several tetraspanin antigens (CD9, CD37, CD53, CD63, and CD81), and their interacting proteins (CD19, CD21, and HLA-DR) were analyzed during normal B-cell maturation and compared to a group of 67 B-cell neoplasias. Three patterns of tetraspanin expression were identified in normal B cells. The first corresponded to bone marrow CD10(+) B-cell precursors (BCP) which showed high expression of CD81 and CD9, low reactivity for CD53 and negativity for CD37. CD10(-) B-lymphocytes showed downregulation of CD9/CD81 and upregulation of CD53/CD37. Plasma cells showed re-expressed CD9 and downregulated CD37. Hierarchical clustering analysis of flow cytometry immunophenotypic data showed a good correlation between the tumor differentiation stage and the pattern of tetraspanin expression, with all analyzed individual samples classified into three major groups, independently of their normal or neoplastic origin. Despite this, neoplastic B-cells frequently showed aberrantly high/low expression of the different markers analyzed. Interestingly, in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, abnormal expression of CD53 and CD9 were associated with different patterns of disease infiltration, which would support the role of these molecules on modulating adhesion and migration of neoplastic B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barrena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Caers J, Asosingh K, Van Riet I, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Of mice and men: disease models of multiple myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Although the peripheral blood film has limited use in this age of technologic testing, most new tests are ancillary and cannot be interpreted accurately without examining the peripheral blood film. The peripheral smear plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of many lymphoproliferative disorders, although playing more of a general function in nonlymphoid malignancies to evaluate cytopenias.
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MESH Headings
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Leukemia/blood
- Leukemia/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma/blood
- Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/blood
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/diagnosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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