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Salles GBC, Pilati GVT, Muniz EC, de Lima Neto AJ, Vogt JR, Dahmer M, Savi BP, Padilha DA, Fongaro G. Trends and Challenges in the Surveillance and Control of Avian Metapneumovirus. Viruses 2023; 15:1960. [PMID: 37766366 PMCID: PMC10535940 DOI: 10.3390/v15091960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the respiratory pathogens of birds, the Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the most relevant, as it is responsible for causing infections of the upper respiratory tract and may induce respiratory syndromes. aMPV is capable of affecting the reproductive system of birds, directly impacting shell quality and decreasing egg production. Consequently, this infection can cause disorders related to animal welfare and zootechnical losses. The first cases of respiratory syndromes caused by aMPV were described in the 1970s, and today six subtypes (A, B, C, D, and two more new subtypes) have been identified and are widespread in all chicken and turkey-producing countries in the world, causing enormous economic losses for the poultry industry. Conventionally, immunological techniques are used to demonstrate aMPV infection in poultry, however, the identification of aMPV through molecular techniques helped in establishing the traceability of the virus. This review compiles data on the main aMPV subtypes present in different countries; aMPV and bacteria co-infection; vaccination against aMPV and viral selective pressure, highlighting the strategies used to prevent and control respiratory disease; and addresses tools for viral diagnosis and virus genome studies aiming at improving and streamlining pathogen detection and corroborating the development of new vaccines that can effectively protect herds, preventing viral escapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleidson Biasi Carvalho Salles
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Giulia Von Tönnemann Pilati
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Eduardo Correa Muniz
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | | | - Josias Rodrigo Vogt
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Mariane Dahmer
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Beatriz Pereira Savi
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Dayane Azevedo Padilha
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
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A. Abd El-Ghany W. Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Poultry Flocks: A Review of Current Knowledge. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2023; 46:971-1002. [DOI: 10.47836/pjtas.46.3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the respiratory viruses that cause global economic losses in poultry production systems. Therefore, it was important to design a comprehensive review article that gives more information about aMPV infection regarding the distribution, susceptibility, transmission, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, and prevention. The aMPV infection is characterized by respiratory and reproductive disorders in turkeys and chickens. The disease condition is turkey rhinotracheitis in turkeys and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Infection with aMPV is associated with worldwide economic losses, especially in complications with other infections or poor environmental conditions. The genus Metapneumovirus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus and contains A, B, C, and D subtypes. Meat and egg-type birds are susceptible to aMPV infection. The virus can transmit through aerosol, direct contact, mechanical, and vertical routes. The disease condition is characterized by respiratory manifestations, a decrease in egg production, growth retardation, increasing morbidity rate, and sometimes nervous signs and a high mortality rate, particularly in concurrent infections. Definitive diagnosis of aMPV is based mainly on isolation and identification methods, detection of the viral DNA, as well as seroconversion. Prevention of aMPV infection depends on adopting biosecurity measures and vaccination using inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant or DNA vaccines.
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Zoonotic Origins of Human Metapneumovirus: A Journey from Birds to Humans. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040677. [PMID: 35458407 PMCID: PMC9028271 DOI: 10.3390/v14040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metapneumoviruses, members of the family Pneumoviridae, have been identified in birds (avian metapneumoviruses; AMPV’s) and humans (human metapneumoviruses; HMPV’s). AMPV and HMPV are closely related viruses with a similar genomic organization and cause respiratory tract illnesses in birds and humans, respectively. AMPV can be classified into four subgroups, A–D, and is the etiological agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Epidemiological studies have indicated that AMPV also circulates in wild bird species which may act as reservoir hosts for novel subtypes. HMPV was first discovered in 2001, but retrospective studies have shown that HMPV has been circulating in humans for at least 50 years. AMPV subgroup C is more closely related to HMPV than to any other AMPV subgroup, suggesting that HMPV has evolved from AMPV-C following zoonotic transfer. In this review, we present a historical perspective on the discovery of metapneumoviruses and discuss the host tropism, pathogenicity, and molecular characteristics of the different AMPV and HMPV subgroups to provide increased focus on the necessity to better understand the evolutionary pathways through which HMPV emerged as a seasonal endemic human respiratory virus.
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Efficacy of a novel avian metapneumovirus live vaccine candidate based on vaccination route and age. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100528. [PMID: 33518307 PMCID: PMC7936137 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes a series of animal studies for the development of an avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) live vaccine. Although aMPV causes continual economic loss in the poultry industry, there are no live aMPV vaccines available in Korea. Furthermore, information is limited with respect to standard field practices for vaccinations at an early age. Here, the development of an aMPV live vaccine was attempted, and its efficacy was investigated with respect to the vaccination route and age to develop a method for controlling aMPV. Before vaccine development, an animal challenge model was established using the aMPV field isolate to identify the most effective time and site for collecting samples for evaluation. After attenuation of the virulent aMPV in Vero cells, a safety and efficacy test was conducted for the vaccine candidate. As a novel aMPV live vaccine candidate, aMPV K655/07HP displayed sufficient safety in day-old chicks with 10 vaccine doses. The efficacy test using 1-week-old chicks showed weaker humoral immune response than that in 4-week-old chicks. However, the candidate vaccine provided complete protection against infection caused by the challenge virus for all ages of vaccinated chicks. In conclusion, an effective aMPV challenge model was established for studying aMPV in chickens, which offered important, insightful information. The safety and efficacy study suggested that the new aMPV candidate vaccine could be used to effectively reduce the economic losses incurred because of aMPV infection.
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Awad F, Baylis M, Jones RC, Ganapathy K. Evaluation of Flinders Technology Associates cards for storage and molecular detection of avian metapneumoviruses. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:125-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.885114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yu Q, Roth JP, Hu H, Estevez CN, Zhao W, Zsak L. Protection by Recombinant Newcastle Disease Viruses (NDV) Expressing the Glycoprotein (G) of Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) Subtype A or B against Challenge with Virulent NDV and aMPV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/wjv.2013.34018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hu H, Roth JP, Estevez CN, Zsak L, Liu B, Yu Q. Generation and evaluation of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing the glycoprotein (G) of avian metapneumovirus subgroup C as a bivalent vaccine in turkeys. Vaccine 2011; 29:8624-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cha RM, Khatri M, Sharma JM. Protection against avian metapneumovirus subtype C in turkeys immunized via the respiratory tract with inactivated virus. Vaccine 2010; 29:459-65. [PMID: 21073989 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C) causes a severe upper respiratory tract (URT) infection in turkeys. Turkeys were inoculated oculonasally with inactivated aMPV/C adjuvanted with synthetic double-stranded RNA polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (Poly IC). Immunized turkeys had elevated numbers of mucosal IgA+ cells in the URT and increased levels of virus-specific IgG and IgA in the lachrymal fluid and IgG in the serum. After 7 or 21 days post immunization, turkeys were challenged oculonasally with pathogenic aMPV/C. Immunized groups were protected against respiratory lesions induced by the challenge virus. Further, the viral copy number of the challenge virus in the URT were significantly lower in the immunized turkeys than in the unimmunized turkeys (P<0.05). These results showed that inactivated aMPV/C administered by the respiratory route induced protective immunity against pathogenic virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra Mi Cha
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Brown PA, Lupini C, Catelli E, Clubbe J, Ricchizzi E, Naylor CJ. A single polymerase (L) mutation in avian metapneumovirus increased virulence and partially maintained virus viability at an elevated temperature. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:346-54. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.026740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Charged amino acids in the AMPV fusion protein have more influence on induced protection than deletion of the SH or G genes. Vaccine 2010; 28:6800-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tarpey I, Huggins MB, Davis PJ, Shilleto R, Orbell SJ, Cook JKA. Cloning, expression and immunogenicity of the avian pneumovirus (Colorado isolate) F protein. Avian Pathol 2010; 30:471-4. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450120078653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Cook JKA, Huggins MB, Orbell SJ, Senne DA. Preliminary antigenic characterization of an avian pneumovirus isolated from commercial turkeys in Colorado, USA. Avian Pathol 2010; 28:607-617. [PMID: 27266432 DOI: 10.1080/03079459994407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
An avian pneumovirus (APV) isolated from turkeys showing respiratory disease in Colorado, USA, shared some characteristics with earlier subgroup A and B APV strains. This virus, designated the Colorado isolate (Colorado), when used after either seven passages in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF), or seven passages in CEF followed by six turkey passages, induced clinical signs in turkeys that were similar to those caused by earlier APV strains. Although it induced an antibody response in specific pathogen free chickens, clinical signs were not seen. Unlike subgroups A or B, Colorado did not cause ciliostasis in tracheal organ cultures, but produced a cytopathic effect in chick embryo fibroblasts typical of that seen with other APV strains. Monospecific antisera to A or B strains did not neutralize Colorado and vice versa; nor did monoclonal antibodies, which neutralize subgroup A or B strains, neutralize Colorado. However, it was partially neutralized by a subgroup A hyperimmune serum. A homologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen was essential for the detection of Colorado antibodies, since ELISAs in which subgroup A or B strains were used detected antibody to Colorado very poorly. Subgroup A and B vaccines protected turkeys against challenge with Colorado. However, while Colorado protected turkeys, and to some extent chickens, against subgroup A strains, protection against a subgroup B challenge was less good in both species. These results indicate that Colorado should be classified as an APV, but the antigenic differences suggest that it does not belong to subgroups A or B, and represents a separate subgroup (subgroup C) or possibly a separate serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K A Cook
- a Intervet UK , The Elms, Thicket Road, Houghton , Huntingdon , Cambs. , PE17 2BQ , UK
| | - Michael B Huggins
- a Intervet UK , The Elms, Thicket Road, Houghton , Huntingdon , Cambs. , PE17 2BQ , UK
| | - Sarah J Orbell
- a Intervet UK , The Elms, Thicket Road, Houghton , Huntingdon , Cambs. , PE17 2BQ , UK
| | - Dennis A Senne
- b National Veterinary Services Laboratories , P.O. Box 844 , Ames , IA , 50010 , USA
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Khehra RS, Jones RC. In vitroandin vivostudies on the pathogenicity of avian pneumovirus for the chicken oviduct. Avian Pathol 2010; 28:257-62. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459994740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cook JA, Orthel F, Woods M, Orbell S, Baxendale W, Huggins M. Avian pneumovirus infection of laying hens: Experimental studies. Avian Pathol 2010; 29:545-56. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450020016788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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A. Cook JK, Huggins MB, Orbell SJ, Mawditt K, Cavanagh D. Infectious bronchitis virus vaccine interferes with the replication of avian pneumovirus vaccine in domestic fowl. Avian Pathol 2010; 30:233-42. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450120054640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Identification of two regions within the subtype A avian metapneumovirus fusion protein (amino acids 211-310 and 336-479) recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Virus Res 2009; 146:13-8. [PMID: 19720091 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fusion (F) protein of a subtype A AMPV was expressed in sections in Escherichia coli. Six genome sections were selected which encoded the majority of the protein. These were cloned then expressed from a His tag expression plasmid and, following purification on nickel columns, identities were confirmed by Western blot analysis. The interactions of each fragment with AMPV neutralizing antisera were determined. Purified fragments were mixed with AMPV sera raised against A-C subtypes by a natural route, in order to determine any reduction in their neutralizing capacities. Two fragments covering regions of the F ectodomain reduced neutralizing capacities of both subtype A and B antisera to a highly significant degree (p<0.001) while no effects were seen with subtype C antiserum. Previous studies of similar viruses had identified neutralization as being associated with equivalent F regions. Findings are likely to be useful in guiding future vaccine design.
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Aung YH, Liman M, Neumann U, Rautenschlein S. Reproducibility of swollen sinuses in broilers by experimental infection with avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B of turkey origin and their comparative pathogenesis. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:65-74. [PMID: 18202952 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701802222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Swollen head syndrome (SHS) associated with avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype A or subtype B in broilers and broiler breeders has been reported worldwide. Data about pathogenesis of aMPV subtypes A and B in broilers are scarce. It has been difficult to reproduce swollen sinuses in chickens with aMPV under experimental conditions. In the field, SHS in broilers is suspected to be induced by combined infections with different respiratory pathogens. The objectives of the present study were to compare the pathogenesis of subtypes A and B aMPV in commercial broilers and to investigate the reproducibility of clinical disease. In two repeat experiments, commercial broilers free of aMPV maternal antibodies were inoculated with aMPV subtypes A and B of turkey origin. The clinical signs such as depression, coughing, nasal exudates, and frothy eyes appeared at 4 days post inoculation, followed by swelling of periorbital sinuses at 5 days post inoculation. Higher numbers of broilers showed clinical signs in subtype-B-inoculated compared with subtype-A-inoculated groups. Seroconversion to aMPV was detectable from 10 to 11 days post inoculation. The appearance of serum aMPV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies and the clearance of the aMPV genome coincided. Subtype B aMPV showed a broader tissue distribution and longer persistence than subtype A. Histopathological changes were observed in the respiratory tract tissues of aMPV-inoculated broilers, and also in paraocular glands, such as the Harderian and lachrymal glands. Overall, our study shows that representative strains of both aMPV turkey isolates induced lesions in the respiratory tract, accompanied by swelling of infraorbital sinuses, indicating the role of aMPV as a primary pathogen for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Htut Aung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Kapczynski DR, Perkins LL, Sellers HS. Mucosal Vaccination with Formalin-Inactivated Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype C Does Not Protect Turkeys Following Intranasal Challenge. Avian Dis 2008; 52:28-33. [DOI: 10.1637/7821-122706-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Catelli E, Cook JKA, Chesher J, Orbell SJ, Woods MA, Baxendale W, Huggins MB. The use of virus isolation, histopathology and immunoperoxidase techniques to study the dissemination of a chicken isolate of avian pneumovirus in chickens. Avian Pathol 2007; 27:632-40. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tarpey I, Huggins MB. Onset of immunity following in ovo delivery of avian metapneumovirus vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:134-9. [PMID: 17462834 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is an important cause of disease in chickens and turkeys. As infection can occur early in life and spread of the virus throughout a flock is rapid, an early onset of immunity post-vaccination would be advantageous. We have studied the serological immune response and the onset of protective immunity of an aMPV vaccine delivered to chickens via the in ovo route compared to oculonasal delivery at day old. A 1000-fold lower dose delivered in ovo to chicken specific pathogen free (SPF) embryos, than vaccination at day old, provided a significantly higher antibody response. In the presence of maternally derived antibody (MDA), there was no significant difference in antibody response between the vaccination routes. However, the onset of immunity (OOI) for the vaccine delivered to MDA positive chicken embryos was 5 days post-hatch in comparison to 8 days post-hatch for the same dose of vaccine given at day old indicating that chicks would be protected against disease earlier in the field if vaccinated by the in ovo route. In further experiments the OOI for a turkey vaccine delivered to MDA positive turkey embryos was shown to be 8 days post-hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tarpey
- Intervet UK, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes, Bucks MK7 7AJ, UK.
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Sugiyama M, Koimaru H, Shiba M, Ono E, Nagata T, Ito T. Drop of egg production in chickens by experimental infection with an avian metapneumovirus strain PLE8T1 derived from swollen head syndrome and the application to evaluate vaccine. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:783-7. [PMID: 16953076 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreases in egg production and increased incidence of abnormal eggs due to malformation of egg shells were observed in specific pathogen free (SPF) 173-day-old laying hens inoculated intravenously with an avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) strain PLE8T1. This strain was derived from an isolate from broiler birds exhibiting swollen head syndrome (SHS). Some SPF birds inoculated with the virus showed, slight diarrhea without any respiratory symptoms. Thus, the PLE8T1 strain was used as a challenge virus to evaluate efficacy of aMPV vaccines. SPF chickens which received a live attenuated aMPV vaccine (NEMOVAC; Merial) at 7 or 77 days old and an inactivated aMPV vaccine (OVO-4; Merial) at 105 days old were protected against poor egg production caused by the challenge with the PLE8T1 strain. Thus, aMPV, the PLE8T1 strain passaged 22 times after isolation, from birds exhibiting SHS, could induce a drop in egg production in laying hens accompanied by malformation of egg shells. It was suggested that this challenge system could be applied to evaluate the efficacy of aMPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Sugiyama
- Tsukuba Laboratories, Merial Japan Limited, Ibaraki, Japan
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Bennett RS, LaRue R, Shaw D, Yu Q, Nagaraja KV, Halvorson DA, Njenga MK. A wild goose metapneumovirus containing a large attachment glycoprotein is avirulent but immunoprotective in domestic turkeys. J Virol 2005; 79:14834-42. [PMID: 16282483 PMCID: PMC1287544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14834-14842.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic structure and composition of an avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) recently isolated from wild Canada geese (goose 15a/01) in the United States, together with its replication, virulence, and immunogenicity in domestic turkeys, were investigated. The sizes of seven of the eight genes, sequence identity, and genome organization of goose aMPV were similar to those of turkey aMPV subtype C (aMPV/C) strains, indicating that it belonged to the subtype. However, the goose virus contained the largest attachment (G) gene of any pneumovirus or metapneumovirus, with the predicted G protein of 585 amino acids (aa) more than twice the sizes of G proteins from other subtype C viruses and human metapneumovirus and more than 170 aa larger than the G proteins from the other aMPV subtypes (subtypes A, B, and D). The large G gene resulted from a 1,015-nucleotide insertion at 18 nucleotides upstream of the termination signal of the turkey aMPV/C G gene. Three other aMPV isolates from Canada geese had similarly large G genes, whereas analysis of recent aMPV strains circulating in U.S. turkeys did not indicate the presence of the goose virus-like strain. In vitro, the goose virus replicated to levels (2 x 10(5) to 5 x 10(5) 50% tissue culture infective dose) comparable to those produced by turkey aMPV/C strains. More importantly, the virus replicated efficiently in the upper respiratory tract of domestic turkeys but with no clinical signs in either day-old or 2-week-old turkeys. The virus was also horizontally transmitted to naïve birds, and turkey infections with goose 15a/01 induced production of aMPV-specific antibodies. Challenging day-old or 2-week-old turkeys vaccinated with live goose aMPV resulted in lower clinical scores in 33% of the birds, whereas the rest of the birds had no detectable clinical signs of the upper respiratory disease, suggesting that the mutant virus may be a safe and effective vaccine against aMPV infection outbreaks in commercial turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Hess M, Huggins MB, Heincz U. Hatchability, serology and virus excretion followingin ovovaccination of chickens with an avian metapneumovirus vaccine. Avian Pathol 2004; 33:576-80. [PMID: 15763725 DOI: 10.1080/03079450400013220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation describes for the first time the effect of an avian metapneumovirus vaccine administered in ovo to 18-day-old chicken embryos. The application of the vaccine had no adverse effect on the hatchability or the health of the chicks post hatch. The antibody titres achieved were higher than those determined for birds vaccinated at 1 day old. Not only were the mean titres in the in ovo vaccinated groups higher, but many more birds developed a measurable antibody response than birds vaccinated at 1 day old. Variation of the vaccine dose used in ovo had little effect on the serological responses that peaked 21 to 28 days post hatch. Re-isolation of the vaccine virus was much more successful from birds vaccinated in ovo than from birds vaccinated at 1 day old, and detection of the nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction correlated with the results of live virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hess
- Intervet, UK, Houghton, Huntingdon, UK.
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24
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Kapczynski DR, Sellers HS. Immunization of turkeys with a DNA vaccine expressing either the F or N gene of avian metapneumovirus. Avian Dis 2004; 47:1376-83. [PMID: 14708985 DOI: 10.1637/7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study we compared protection by DNA vaccination with the F (pCMV-F) or N (pCMV-N) gene from avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in turkeys. One-week-old turkey poults received two intramuscular injections 2 wk apart. Birds were challenged with a turkey-embryo-adapted aMPV at 5 wk of age. Birds vaccinated with pCMV-F had decreased clinical signs of disease as well as significantly reduced virus load in tracheal swabs compared with birds vaccinated with pCMV-N or unvaccinated control birds. Serum neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher in birds receiving pCMV-F compared with all other groups. These results indicate that DNA vaccination with the F, but not N, gene of aMPV can induce significant protection against aMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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25
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Patnayak DP, Goyal SM. Cold-Adapted Strain of Avian Pneumovirus as a Vaccine in One-Day-Old Turkeys and the Effect of Inoculation Routes. Avian Dis 2004; 48:155-9. [PMID: 15077809 DOI: 10.1637/7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To determine the optimum route of vaccination, we inoculated 1-day-old turkeys with a cold-adapted strain of avian pneumovirus (APV) by oculonasal, oral, or aerosol route. Another two groups served as nonvaccinated-challenged and nonvaccinated-nonchallenged groups. Birds in all vaccinated and nonvaccinated-challenged groups were challenged with virulent APV 3 wk postvaccination. After challenge, no vaccinated bird developed clinical signs or virus shedding, whereas nonvaccinated-challenged birds developed clinical signs (clinical score = 11.2/bird) and shed virus from their choanal cleft. Birds in all three vaccinated groups seroconverted at 3 wk postvaccination. The nonvaccinated-nonchallenged group remained free of clinical signs and virus shedding and did not develop APV antibodies throughout the course of the study. These results suggest that this cold-adapted strain of APV is safe and effective in 1-day-old turkeys when given by any of the three routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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26
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Patnayak DP, Gulati BR, Sheikh AM, Goyal SM. Cold adapted avian pneumovirus for use as live, attenuated vaccine in turkeys. Vaccine 2003; 21:1371-4. [PMID: 12615432 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a cold adapted strain of avian pneumovirus (APV) and its evaluation as a live vaccine candidate in 2-week-old turkey poults. A US isolate of APV (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) was serially passaged in Vero cells for 41 passages and then adapted to grow at sub-optimal temperatures by growing successively at 35, 33 and 31 degrees C for eight passages at each temperature. The virus thus adapted to grow at 31 degrees C was used as a candidate vaccine. The birds were vaccinated with two different doses of cold adapted virus and challenged with virulent virus 2 weeks after vaccination. No clinical signs were observed post-vaccination. Upon challenge, no clinical signs were seen in vaccinated birds but severe clinical signs were seen in non-vaccinated, challenged birds. The signs included unilateral or bilateral mucoid nasal discharge, watery eyes and swelling of infraorbital sinuses. The antibody levels in vaccinated birds were not very high. None of the vaccinated birds were found to shed virus after challenge in their choanal secretions whereas all of the non-vaccinated, challenged birds shed the virus. The absence of clinical signs and virus shedding in vaccinated birds as compared to that in non-vaccinated birds suggests that the cold adapted strain of APV is a viable candidate for use as a live, attenuated vaccine in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul 55108, USA
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27
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Patnayak DP, Sheikh AM, Gulati BR, Goyal SM. Experimental and field evaluation of a live vaccine against avian pneumovirus. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:377-82. [PMID: 12396339 DOI: 10.1080/0307945022041651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The attenuation of an avian pneumovirus (APV) isolate (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) by 63 serial passages in cell culture (seven in chicken embryo fibroblasts and 56 in Vero cells) and its evaluation as a live attenuated vaccine in turkey poults is described. The birds were vaccinated with two different doses of attenuated virus (10(4.5) median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50))/ml and 10(2.5) TCID(50) /ml) at 2 weeks of age, and were challenged 2 weeks later with virulent APV. No clinical signs were seen in vaccinated, challenged birds, whereas severe clinical signs were observed in the mock-vaccinated, challenged group. Vaccinated birds developed anti-APV antibodies, which increased in titre following challenge with virulent virus. On challenge, none of the vaccinates was found to shed viral nucleic acid as detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, but non-vaccinated, challenged birds did. The vaccine virus was also evaluated under field conditions in two farms. At one farm, the 'seeder bird approach' was used and two birds per 1,000 birds were vaccinated by the oculo-nasal route. In the second farm, the virus was given to all birds simultaneously in the drinking water. The birds vaccinated by the drinking water route seroconverted earlier and continued to shed virus for longer as compared with birds inoculated by the seeder bird approach. The overall results of this study indicate that the 63rd passage of APV was sufficiently attenuated and offered protection against challenge with virulent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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28
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Abstract
Avian pneumoviruses (APVs) cause major disease and welfare problems in many areas of the world. In turkeys the respiratory disease and the effect on egg laying performance are clearly defined. However, in chickens, the role of APV as a primary pathogen is less clear, although it is widely believed to be one of the factors involved in Swollen Head Syndrome. The mechanisms of virus transmission over large distances are not understood, but wild birds have been implicated. APV has recently been reported in the USA for the first time and the virus isolated was a different type or possibly a different serotype from the APVs found elsewhere. Good biosecurity is crucial for controlling infection and highly effective vaccines are available for prophylaxis. Although different subtypes and possibly different serotypes exist, there is good cross protection between them. Diagnosis is usually based on serology using ELISAs, but the available kits give variable results, interpretation is difficult and improved diagnostic tests are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Cook
- Intervet UK, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK
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29
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Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) primarily causes an upper respiratory disease recognized as turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) or swollen head syndrome (SHS) in chickens. The virus was first isolated in South Africa during the early 1970s and has subsequently been reported in Europe, Asia and South America. In February 1997, a serologically distinct APV isolate was officially reported in the USA following an outbreak of TRT during the previous year. This was the first report of these virus types in the USA; they were previously considered exotic to the USA and Canada. The predicted matrix (M) proteins of European APV type A and B isolates share 89% identity in their amino acid sequence. However, the predicted M protein of APV/CO is only 78% similar to the APV type A and 77% similar to the APV type B protein sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of the US APV isolate's fusion (F) protein has 72% sequence identity to the F protein of APV type A and 71% sequence identity to the F protein of type B. This compares with the 83% sequence identity between the predicted amino acid sequences of the F proteins of APV types A and B. The lack of sequence heterogeneity among the US APV isolates over 2 years suggests that these viruses have maintained a relatively stable population since the first outbreak of TRT. Phylogenetic analysis of the M and F proteins, together with the serological uniqueness of the US APV isolates, supports their classification as a new APV, designated type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Seal
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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