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Limkar AR, Percopo CM, Redes JL, Druey KM, Rosenberg HF. Persistent Airway Hyperresponsiveness Following Recovery from Infection with Pneumonia Virus of Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050728. [PMID: 33922096 PMCID: PMC8143513 DOI: 10.3390/v13050728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections can have long-term effects on lung function that persist even after the acute responses have resolved. Numerous studies have linked severe early childhood infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to the development of wheezing and asthma, although the underlying mechanisms connecting these observations remain unclear. Here, we examine airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) that develops in wild-type mice after recovery from symptomatic but sublethal infection with the natural rodent pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). We found that BALB/c mice respond to a limited inoculum of PVM with significant but reversible weight loss accompanied by virus replication, acute inflammation, and neutrophil recruitment to the airways. At day 21 post-inoculation, virus was no longer detected in the airways and the acute inflammatory response had largely resolved. However, and in contrast to most earlier studies using the PVM infection model, all mice survived the initial infection and all went on to develop serum anti-PVM IgG antibodies. Furthermore, using both invasive plethysmography and precision-cut lung slices, we found that these mice exhibited significant airway hyperresponsiveness at day 21 post-inoculation that persisted through day 45. Taken together, our findings extend an important and versatile respiratory virus infection model that can now be used to explore the role of virions and virion clearance as well as virus-induced inflammatory mediators and their signaling pathways in the development and persistence of post-viral AHR and lung dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya R. Limkar
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.R.L.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Caroline M. Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.R.L.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Jamie L. Redes
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.L.R.); (K.M.D.)
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.L.R.); (K.M.D.)
| | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.R.L.); (C.M.P.)
- Correspondence:
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2
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Decaro N, Pinto P, Mari V, Elia G, Larocca V, Camero M, Terio V, Losurdo M, Martella V, Buonavoglia C. Full-genome analysis of a canine pneumovirus causing acute respiratory disease in dogs, Italy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85220. [PMID: 24400129 PMCID: PMC3882280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) associated to canine pneumovirus (CnPnV) infection is reported. The outbreak occurred in a shelter of the Apulia region and involved 37 out of 350 dogs that displayed cough and/or nasal discharge with no evidence of fever. The full-genomic characterisation showed that the causative agent (strain Bari/100-12) was closely related to CnPnVs that have been recently isolated in the USA, as well as to murine pneumovirus, which is responsible for respiratory disease in mice. The present study represents a useful contribution to the knowledge of the pathogenic potential of CnPnV and its association with CIRD in dogs. Further studies will elucidate the pathogenicity and epidemiology of this novel pneumovirus, thus addressing the eventual need for specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Viviana Mari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vittorio Larocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Valentina Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Michele Losurdo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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3
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Liang CT, Shih A, Chang YH, Liu CW, Lee YT, Hsieh WC, Huang YL, Huang WT, Kuang CH, Lee KH, Zhuo YX, Ho SY, Liao SL, Chiu YY, Hsu CN, Liang SC, Yu CK. Microbial contaminations of laboratory mice and rats in Taiwan from 2004 to 2007. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2009; 48:381-386. [PMID: 19653946 PMCID: PMC2715928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Limited data are available on the pathogen status of contemporary rodent colonies in Taiwan. Here we summarized the rodent pathogen diagnostic records of the Taiwan National Laboratory Animal Center during a 4-y period that representing approximately 10% of the rodent colonies in Taiwan. Demand for pathogen diagnostic service increased continuously from 2004 to 2007, with a 20% increase each year. In 2007, more than 20% of the mouse colonies were positive for mouse parvovirus, mouse hepatitis virus, Theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus, and Mycoplasma pulmonis, with fewer colonies diagnosed as having infections of pneumonia virus of mice, mouse adenovirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and reovirus. Almost 40% of tested rat colonies were positive for Mycoplasma pulmonis and rat parvovirus, with fewer colonies containing Kilham rat virus, sialodacryoadenitis virus, pneumonia virus of mice, Sendai virus, and Syphacia spp. These data provide a sound overall picture of the health status of mouse and rat colonies in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Tiang Liang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Amy Shih
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Liu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Tien Lee
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Hsieh
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ling Huang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Tsang Huang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Kuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kan-Hung Lee
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Xing Zhuo
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Ho
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Ling Liao
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chiu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ning Hsu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - San-Chi Liang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Keung Yu
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Nan-Kang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Pneumoviruses, which are viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Pneumovirinae, are pathogens that infect the respiratory tract of their host species. The human pneumovirus pathogen, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), has counterparts that infect cows (bovine RSV), sheep (ovine RSV), goats (caprine RSV) and rodents (pneumonia virus of mice). Each pneumovirus is host specific and results in a spectrum of disease, ranging from mild upper-respiratory illness to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia with significant morbidity and mortality. Given the public health burden caused by human RSV and the concomitant agricultural impact of bovine RSV, these two viruses are considered as prime targets for the development of safe and effective vaccines. In this review, we describe the strategies used to develop vaccines against human and bovine RSV and introduce the pneumonia virus mouse model as a novel and invaluable tool for preclinical studies and new vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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5
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Abstract
Respiratory tract diseases are the single most important cause of economic loss due to infections among poultry populations worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms of the host response to infections remain unknown. Here, we review the literature and describe the adoption of a conceptually simple approach to understand the genetic and biochemical responses of host cells during infection with respiratory pathogens, such as avian pneumovirus (APV). The strategy that we have adopted integrates the powerful techniques of cDNA subtraction hybridization and microarray analysis for global transcriptional profiling. The results of our investigations identify the specific transcriptional alterations in host-cell gene expression that result from an attempt by the host to combat and limit the spread of the pathogen or by the pathogen to enhance its own survival and ability to reproduce. Our studies suggest that a molecular description of host-pathogen interactions in terms of differential gene expression will provide key insights on the molecular basis of disease pathogenesis, pathogen virulence, and host immunity. In addition, the results suggest that the identification of genes and pathways with a role in host response to infection has considerable practical implications for the future design and development of effective immunomodulators and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Munir
- Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary PathoBiology, Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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6
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Abstract
The pathogenicity, transmissibility, tissue distribution, and persistence of avian pneumovirus (APV) in turkey poults were investigated in three experiments. In the first experiment, we inoculated 2-wk-old commercial turkey poults oculonasally with APV alone or in combination with Bordetella avium. In the dually infected group, clinical signs were more severe, the virus persisted longer, the bacteria invaded more respiratory tissues, and the birds had higher antibody titer than the group exposed to APV or B. avium alone. In the second experiment, we studied the distribution of APV in different tissues in experimentally inoculated 2-wk-old commercial turkey poults. Only samples from sinuses, tracheas, and lungs were positive for APV by both reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation. In the third experiment, we studied the ability of APV to spread among birds in 1-wk-old commercial turkey poults inoculated oculonasally. The virus was isolated and the viral RNA was detected in the inoculated and direct contact birds. The virus was not isolated, viral RNA was not detected, and no antibodies were detected in the indirect contact birds. These birds were placed in different cages in the same room where the airflow was directed from the infected toward the uninfected indirect contact group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Alkhalaf
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
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7
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Rautenschlein S, Sheikh AM, Patnayak DP, Miller RL, Sharma JM, Goyal SM. Effect of an immunomodulator on the efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against avian pneumovirus in turkeys. Avian Dis 2003; 46:555-61. [PMID: 12243518 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0555:eoaiot]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since 1997, avian pneumovirus (APV) has caused estimated annual losses of $15 million to the Minnesota turkey industry. In order to develop an attenuated live vaccine against APV, we serially passaged a Minnesota isolate of APV (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) in vitro in cell cultures for 41 passages. Laboratory experiments with this high-passage virus (P41) indicated that the attenuated virus provided immunogenic protection to turkeys against challenge with virulent APV, although some birds showed mild to moderate dinical signs after inoculation. To reduce the residual pathogenicity of P41, while maintaining its immunogenicity, we decided to vaccinate turkeys with P41 in the presence of an immunomodulator, S-28828 (1-n-butyl-2-ethoxymethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine-hydrochloride), which is a potent cytokine inducer. The combined inoculation of S-28828 (5 mg/kg body weight) and P41 resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of virus-induced clinical signs in comparison with birds that received P41 without immunomodulator (P < 0.05). Only 17% of birds inoculated with S-28828 + APV P41 showed mild respiratory symptoms at 5 days postinoculation as compared with 46% of the vaccinated turkeys that did not receive S-28828. Vaccination with either P41 or with P41 + S-28828 protected turkeys against dinical signs and viral replication after challenge with virulent APV. These results indicate that immunomodulators, such as S-28828, may act as good vaccine adjuvants that can reduce the pathogenicity but maintain the immunogenicity of partially attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Rautenschlein
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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8
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Wagner AM, Loganbill JK, Besselsen DG. Detection of sendai virus and pneumonia virus of mice by use of fluorogenic nuclease reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Comp Med 2003; 53:173-7. [PMID: 12784851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Sendai virus may induce acute respiratory tract disease in laboratory mice and is a common contaminant of biological materials. Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) also infects the respiratory tract and, like Sendai virus, may induce a persistent wasting disease syndrome in immunodeficient mice. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays have proven useful for detection of Sendai virus and PVM immunodeficient animals and contaminated biomaterials. Fluorogenic nuclease RT-PCR assays (fnRT-PCR) combine RT-PCR with an internal fluorogenic hybridization probe, thereby potentially enhancing specificity and eliminating post-PCR processing. Therefore, fnRT-PCR assays specific for Sendai virus and PVM were developed by targeting primer andprobe sequences to unique regions of the Sendai virus nucleocapsid (NP) gene and the PVM attachment (G) gene, respectively. The Sendai virus and PVM fnRT-PCR assays detected only Sendai virusand PVM , respectively. Neither assay detected other viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae or other RNA viruses that naturally infect rodents. The fnRT-PCR assays detected as little as 10 fg of Sendai virus RNA and one picogram of PVM RNA, respectively, andthe Sendai virus fnRT-PCR assay had comparable sensitivity when directly compared with the mouse antibody production test. The fnRT-PCR assays were also able to detect viral RNA in respiratory tract tissues and cage swipe specimens collected from experimentally inoculated C.B-17 severe combined immunodeficient mice, but did not detect viral RNA in age- and strain-matched mock-infected mice. In conclusion, these fnRT-PCR assays offer potentially high-throughput diagnostic assays to detect Sendai virus and PVM in immunodeficient mice, and to detect Sendai virus in contaminated biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Wagner
- University Animal Care, University of Arizona, 1127 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0101, USA
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9
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Abstract
Four avian pneumovirus (APV) isolates from chickens clinically diagnosed with swollen head syndrome were genetically characterized as to the subtypes of the virus in Japan. The results of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions based on subtype-specific primers and direct sequence analysis of G genes indicated subtypes A and B but not C or D of APV were present in Japan. Several routes or sources are conceivable for APV to invade into Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaji Mase
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Infection with a viral pathogen triggers several pathways in the host cell that are crucial to eliminating infection, as well as those that are used by the virus to enhance its replication and virulence. We have here used suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray analyses to characterize the host transcriptional response in an avian pneumovirus model of infection. The results of our investigations reveal a dynamic host response that includes the regulation of genes with roles in a vast array of cellular functions as well as those that have not been described previously. The results show a considerable upregulation in transcripts representing the interferon-activated family of genes, predicted to play a role in virus replication arrest. The analysis also identified transcripts for proinflammatory leukocyte chemoattractants, adhesion molecules, and complement that were upregulated and may account for the inflammatory pathology that is the hallmark of viral respiratory infection. Interestingly, alterations in the transcription of several genes in the ubiquitin and endosomal protein trafficking pathways were observed, suggesting a role for these pathways in virus maturation and budding. Taken together, the results of our investigations provide key insights into individual genes and pathways that constitute the host cell's response to avian pneumovirus infection, and they have enabled the development of resources and a model of host-pathogen interaction for an important avian respiratory tract pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Munir
- Department of Microbiology, and Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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11
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Abstract
We report the development of a cold adapted strain of avian pneumovirus (APV) and its evaluation as a live vaccine candidate in 2-week-old turkey poults. A US isolate of APV (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) was serially passaged in Vero cells for 41 passages and then adapted to grow at sub-optimal temperatures by growing successively at 35, 33 and 31 degrees C for eight passages at each temperature. The virus thus adapted to grow at 31 degrees C was used as a candidate vaccine. The birds were vaccinated with two different doses of cold adapted virus and challenged with virulent virus 2 weeks after vaccination. No clinical signs were observed post-vaccination. Upon challenge, no clinical signs were seen in vaccinated birds but severe clinical signs were seen in non-vaccinated, challenged birds. The signs included unilateral or bilateral mucoid nasal discharge, watery eyes and swelling of infraorbital sinuses. The antibody levels in vaccinated birds were not very high. None of the vaccinated birds were found to shed virus after challenge in their choanal secretions whereas all of the non-vaccinated, challenged birds shed the virus. The absence of clinical signs and virus shedding in vaccinated birds as compared to that in non-vaccinated birds suggests that the cold adapted strain of APV is a viable candidate for use as a live, attenuated vaccine in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul 55108, USA
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12
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Worthington KJ, Sargent BA, Davelaar FG, Jones RC. Immunity to avian pneumovirus infection in turkeys following in ovo vaccination with an attenuated vaccine. Vaccine 2003; 21:1355-62. [PMID: 12615430 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fertile turkey eggs after 24 days of incubation were vaccinated in ovo with a commercial live attenuated subtype A avian pneumovirus (APV) vaccine. Hatchability was not adversely affected. When a high dose (10 times maximum commercial dose) of vaccine was tested in maternal antibody negative (MA-) eggs, mild clinical signs developed in a small proportion of the poults for 1-4 days only. Post-vaccination antibody titres at 3 weeks of age were significantly higher than those seen when the same dose was administered by eyedrop or spray at day-old. A low dose (end of shelf-life titre) of vaccine given to MA- eggs did not cause disease and vaccinated poults were 100% protected against virulent APV challenge at 3 or 5 weeks of age. Post-vaccination antibody titres reached significant levels at 3 weeks of age, whereas those from MA- poults vaccinated by spray at day-old with a similar low dose did not. In a 'worst-case' scenario, maternal antibody positive (MA+) poults vaccinated in ovo with the low dose were still 77% protected against clinical disease, despite lack of seroconversion. The recommended commercial dose of vaccine given to MA- eggs in ovo induced 100% protection against virulent APV challenge for up to 14 weeks of age, even though post-vaccination antibody titres had dropped to insignificant levels at this age. In ovo vaccination with a mixture of the recommended commercial doses of live APV and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines had no detrimental affect on the efficacy of the APV vaccine. This is the first report of the successful use of an APV vaccine being given in ovo. The results indicate that for turkeys, in ovo vaccination with a live attenuated APV vaccine is safe and effective against virulent challenge and comparable with vaccination by conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Worthington
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
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13
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Abstract
The recent emergence of avian pneumovirus (APV) infection among US turkey flocks has resulted in a major economic threat to the turkey industry. In order to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of APV, comparative sequence analysis of the fusion (F) protein gene of APV was performed for 3 cell culture-adapted isolates and 10 APV positive clinical samples recovered from US turkey flocks. Relatively modest levels of nucleotide and amino acid sequence divergence were identified, suggesting the prevalence of a single lineage of APV among US turkey flocks. Additionally, numerous polymorphisms were identified that were only represented in the clinical samples but not in the in vitro propagated isolates of APV. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that the subtype of APV circulating in the upper Midwestern United States is evolutionarily related to, but distinct from, European APV subgroups A and B. Overall, the results of the present investigation suggest that there has been only a single recent introduction of APV into US turkey populations in the upper Midwestern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshud M Dar
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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14
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Abstract
The entire crop of 18,120 pheasants for the 2000 rearing season (May 8 to August 7) of one estate in the south of England was vaccinated at one day and five weeks of age with a turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) vaccine. Blood samples and oropharyngeal swabs were taken from the second week's hatching every three weeks throughout the growing season to assess the response of the birds. There was evidence of seroconversion in samples collected three weeks after vaccination, with positive titres being maintained in 33 per cent or more of the population up to at least 22 weeks of age. Positive titres were also recorded in samples taken on December 6 from shot birds between 22 and 30 weeks of age. Positive titres to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were identified in a high proportion of the poults as early as one day of age. Reverse-transcriptase PCR detected IBV-like virus and TRT of the same subtype as the TRT vaccine administered three weeks previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R F Dalton
- Dalton's Game Consultancy, The Boscombe Centre, Amesbury, Wiltshire
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15
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Abstract
The attenuation of an avian pneumovirus (APV) isolate (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) by 63 serial passages in cell culture (seven in chicken embryo fibroblasts and 56 in Vero cells) and its evaluation as a live attenuated vaccine in turkey poults is described. The birds were vaccinated with two different doses of attenuated virus (10(4.5) median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50))/ml and 10(2.5) TCID(50) /ml) at 2 weeks of age, and were challenged 2 weeks later with virulent APV. No clinical signs were seen in vaccinated, challenged birds, whereas severe clinical signs were observed in the mock-vaccinated, challenged group. Vaccinated birds developed anti-APV antibodies, which increased in titre following challenge with virulent virus. On challenge, none of the vaccinates was found to shed viral nucleic acid as detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, but non-vaccinated, challenged birds did. The vaccine virus was also evaluated under field conditions in two farms. At one farm, the 'seeder bird approach' was used and two birds per 1,000 birds were vaccinated by the oculo-nasal route. In the second farm, the virus was given to all birds simultaneously in the drinking water. The birds vaccinated by the drinking water route seroconverted earlier and continued to shed virus for longer as compared with birds inoculated by the seeder bird approach. The overall results of this study indicate that the 63rd passage of APV was sufficiently attenuated and offered protection against challenge with virulent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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16
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Abstract
Two different whole-virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), developed in Ohio (OH) with APV/Minnesota/turkey/2a/97 and in Minnesota (MN) with APV/Colorado/turkey/97, and the virus neutralization (VN) test were used to test 270 turkey serum samples from 27 Minnesota turkey flocks for avian pneumovirus (APV) antibodies. In addition, 77 turkey serum samples and 128 ostrich serum samples from Ohio were tested. None of the turkey samples from Ohio had antibodies to APV by the VN test and OH ELISA. The ostrich samples were only tested with the VN test and were all negative for antibodies to APV. For the Minnesota serum samples, 107, 115, and 120 were positive by the VN test, the OH ELISA, and the MN ELISA, respectively. The Kappa values of 0.938 and 0.825 showed excellent agreement between the VN test and the OH ELISA and the MN ELISA, respectively, for detection of antibodies to the APV. The OH ELISA and MN ELISA had sensitivities of 1.0 and 0.953, specificities of 0.950 and 0.889, and accuracies of 0.970 and 0.914, respectively. Our results indicate that the 3 methods are sensitive and specific for diagnosis of the APV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Alkahalaf
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
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17
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Shin HJ, Cameron KT, Jacobs JA, Turpin EA, Halvorson DA, Goyal SM, Nagaraja KV, Kumar MC, Lauer DC, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Molecular epidemiology of subgroup C avian pneumoviruses isolated in the United States and comparison with subgroup a and B viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1687-93. [PMID: 11980943 PMCID: PMC130925 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.5.1687-1693.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian pneumovirus (APV) outbreak in the United States is concentrated in the north-central region, particularly in Minnesota, where more outbreaks in commercial turkeys occur in the spring (April to May) and autumn (October to December). Comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix (M), fusion (F), and second matrix (M2) genes of 15 U.S. APV strains isolated between 1996 and 1999 revealed between 89 and 94% nucleotide sequence identity and 81 to 95% amino acid sequence identity. In contrast, genes from U.S. viruses had 41 to 77% nucleotide sequence identity and 52 to 78% predicted amino acid sequence identity with European subgroup A or B viruses, confirming that U.S. viruses belonged to a separate subgroup. Of the five proteins analyzed in U.S. viruses, P was the most variable (81% amino acid sequence identity) and N was the most conserved (95% amino acid sequence identity). Phylogenetic comparison of subgroups A, B, and C viruses indicated that A and B viruses were more closely related to each other than either A or B viruses were to C viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Shin
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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18
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Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) is an immunosuppressive respiratory pathogen of turkeys. We examined the effect of APV infection on the vaccine efficacy of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) vaccines. APV was inoculated in 2-wk-old turkeys. Two or four days later, an attenuated HEV vaccine (HEVp30) or marble spleen disease virus (MSDV) vaccine were administered. Virulent HEV challenge was given 19 days after HEV vaccination. APV exposure compromised the ability of HEVp30 and MSDV to protect turkeys against virulent HEV. The protective index values were as follows: MSDV (100%) versus APV + MSDV (0%) (P < 0.05); HEVp30 (60%) versus APV + HEVp30 (30%) (P < 0.05) (Experiment I) and HEVp30 (56%) versus APV + HEVp30 (20%) (P < 0.05) (Experiment II). These data indicated that APV reduced the efficacy of HEV vaccines in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Chary
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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19
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Abstract
Avian pneumoviruses (APVs) are RNA viruses responsible for upper respiratory disease in poultry. Experimental infections are typically less severe than those observed in field cases. Previous studies with APV and Escherichia coli suggest this discrepancy is due to secondary agents. Field observations indicate APV infections are more severe with concurrent infection by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In the current study, we examined the role of lentogenic NDV in the APV disease process. Two-week-old commercial turkey poults were infected with the Colorado strain of APV. Three days later, these poults received an additional inoculation of either NDV or E. coli. Dual infection of APV with either NDV or E. coli resulted in increased morbidity rates, with poults receiving APV/NDV having the highest morbidity rates and displaying lesions of swollen infraorbital sinuses. These lesions were not present in the single APV, NDV, or E coli groups. These results demonstrate that coinfection with APV and NDV can result in clinical signs and lesions similar to those in field outbreaks of APV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Turpin
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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20
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Abstract
The available detection methods for avian pneumoviruses (turkey rhinotracheitis virus; genus Metapneumovirus) in turkeys, domestic fowl and other species are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of virus isolation techniques, virus or genome (polymerase chain reaction) detection and serology are discussed. Some of the problems likely to be encountered are considered, including the detection of yet to be discovered subtypes, as are the factors that are likely to influence the outcome of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K A Cook
- Intervet UK Ltd., The Elms, Thicket Road, Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambs. PE17 2BQ, UK
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21
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Jirjis FF, Noll SL, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Townsend EL, Goyal SM, Shaw DP. Rapid detection of avian pneumovirus in tissue culture by microindirect immunofluorescence test. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14:172-5. [PMID: 11939343 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) test with a 96-well, flat-bottomed microplate was developed to detect avian pneumovirus (APV) antigen in Vero cell cultures. Samples of nasal turbinates and swabs from infraorbital sinuses and trachea were collected from 4-week-old poults experimentally inoculated with APV. The APV titers by tissue culture IFA staining were compared with that of visual reading of cytopathic effect (CPE). The ability of IFA staining to detect APV antigen correlated well with visualizing CPE. The use of IFA staining of Vero cell cultures allowed detection of APV in substantially less time than the use of visualizing CPE. In addition, the use of IFA allowed specific identification of the virus in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris F Jirjis
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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22
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Shin HJ, Nagaraja KV, McComb B, Halvorson DA, Jirjis FF, Shaw DP, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Isolation of avian pneumovirus from mallard ducks that is genetically similar to viruses isolated from neighboring commercial turkeys. Virus Res 2002; 83:207-12. [PMID: 11864753 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier studies demonstrating avian pneumovirus (APV) RNA in wild geese, sparrows, swallows, starlings and mallard ducks suggested that wild birds might be involved in the circulation of APV in the United States. To determine whether turkey virus can be transmitted to the free flying birds, we placed APV-negative mallard ducks next to a turkey farm experiencing a severe APV outbreak and in an area with a large population of waterfowls. The sentinel ducks did not develop clinical APV disease but infectious APV (APV/MN-12) was recovered from choanal swabs after 2 weeks, and anti-APV antibodies detected after 4 weeks. Four APV isolates recovered from the neighboring turkeys that were experiencing an APV outbreak at the same time shared 95-99% nucleotide identity and 97-99% predicted amino acid identity with the duck isolate. In addition experimental infection of turkey poults with APV/MN-12 resulted in detection of viral RNA in nasal turbinates and APV-specific IgG in serum. These results indicate that the APV isolates from turkeys and ducks shared a common source, and the viruses from different avian species can cross-infect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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23
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Abstract
Eleven market turkey flocks developed a respiratory disease characterized by coughing, swollen sinuses and nasal discharge. These symptoms first appeared between 3 and 16 days of age. Avian pneumovirus (APV) RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in six of six flocks tested. APV was detected by immunohistochemistry in turbinates of three of three affected flocks tested. Virus isolation attempts were negative. Ten of 11 flocks became seropositive on the APV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Five weeks prior to hatch of these affected market turkeys, several breeder flocks in one geographic area had developed clinical signs and experienced decline in egg production typical of APV infection. In two breeder flocks, acute and convalescent sera indicated APV infection during the period of declining egg production. Attempts to detect APV RNA by RT-PCR from choanal cleft swabs of newly hatched poults were successful. Attempts to isolate the virus from these PCR-positive samples were negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108, USA
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24
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Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) causes a respiratory disease in turkeys. The virus has been associated with morbidity and mortality due to secondary infections. Our objective was to determine if APV caused immunosuppression in the T-cell or B-cell compartments and to study the pathogenesis of the disease in APV maternal antibody-lacking 2-wk-old commercial turkeys. APV was administered by the eyedrop/intranasal route. Observations were made for gross lesions, viral genome, and T-cell mitogenesis and cytokine secretion at 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days postinoculation (DPI). During the acute phase of the disease that lasted for about 1 wk, the turkeys exposed to APV showed clinical signs characterized by nasal discharge and sinus swelling. Virus genome was detected by in situ hybridization in cells of turbinates and trachea at 3 and 5 DPI. At 3 and 5 DPI, spleen cells of the birds infected with APV markedly decreased proliferative response to concanavalin A (Con A). Con A and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of spleen cells from virus-exposed turkeys resulted in accumulation of nitric oxide-inducing factors (NOIF) in the culture fluid. NOIF were not detected in culture fluids of Con A-stimulated spleen cells of virus-free turkeys. APV did not compromise the antibody-producing ability of turkeys against several extraneous antigens such as Brucella abortus and tetanus toxoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Chary
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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25
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Dar AM, Munir S, Goyal SM, Abrahamsen MS, Kapur V. Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid and phosphoprotein genes of avian pneumoviruses circulating in the US. Virus Res 2001; 79:15-25. [PMID: 11551642 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) has recently been described as the cause of a new respiratory syndrome in turkey flocks in the United States. We here describe the complete sequence of the nucleocapsid (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes of this emerging APV (APV/US). Our results show 59 and 61% nucleotide sequence identity of the APV/US N gene with N genes of previously described European APV subgroups A and B, respectively. The P gene of APV/US showed only 53% nucleotide sequence identity with the ortholog from APV subgroup A. Phylogenetic analyses of both N and P genes clearly demonstrate that the APV/US lineage is evolutionarily related but distinct from European APVs. Moreover, sequence analysis of the N and P genes from two laboratory adapted isolates of APV/US (APV/MN-1a and APV/MN-1b) and from ten clinical samples from APV-infected turkeys suggests only modest level of amino acid divergence in the N (0-0.3%) and P (0-1.4%) proteins. Taken together, the results of this study indicate support that APV/US represents a new subgroup (subgroup C) of APV and show that there is limited heterogeneity in the N and P genes of APV/US isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dar
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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26
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Jirjis FF, Noll SL, Martin F, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Shaw DP. Vaccination of turkeys with an avian pneumovirus isolate from the United States. Avian Dis 2001; 45:1006-13. [PMID: 11785871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Four-week-old poults obtained from avian pneumovirus (APV) antibody-free parents were vaccinated with different serial 10-fold dilutions of cell culture-propagated APV vaccine. The birds were vaccinated with 50 microl into each conjunctival space and nostril (total of 200 microl). Each poult of each group was vaccinated in groups that received doses of 4 x 10(4), 4 x 10(3), 4 x 10(2), 4 x 10(1), or 4 x 10(0) 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of APV vaccine, respectively. Respiratory signs were seen between 3 and 12 days postvaccination (PV) in the poults that were vaccinated with 4 x 10(4), 4 x 10(3), and 4 x 10(2) TCID50, respectively. In these groups, APV was detected from swabs collected at 5 days PV and seroconversion was detected at 2 wk PV. The groups that were originally vaccinated with 4 x 10(1) and 4 x 10(0) TCID50 developed mild clinical signs after vaccination, but neither virus nor antibody was detected PV. At 2 wk PV (6 wk of age), birds from each group, along with five unvaccinated controls, were challenged with APV. Upon challenge, the 4 x 10(4) and 4 x 10(3) TCID50 groups were protected against development of clinical signs and were resistant to reinfection. The group previously vaccinated with 4 x 10(2) TCID50 developed clinical signs after challenge that were considerably milder than those seen in the groups that had previously been vaccinated with lower doses or no virus. Even though 4 x 10(2) TCID50 vaccine dose administered by intranasal ocular route resulted in infection, incomplete protection resulted with this pivotal dose. Upon challenge, the 4 x 10(1) and 4 x 10(0) TCID50 groups exhibited milder disease signs than those seen in the challenged unvaccinated controls. In these groups, APV was detected in preparations of swabs collected at 5 days postchallenge (PC) and seroconversion was detected at 2 wk PC. These results indicate that the dose of APV vaccine that causes protection is higher than that required to produce infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Jirjis
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108, USA
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27
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Gough RE, Drury SE, Aldous E, Laing PW. Isolation and identification of avian pneumovirus from pheasants. Vet Rec 2001; 149:312. [PMID: 11570801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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28
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Gulati BR, Munir S, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM, Kapur V. Detection of antibodies to U.S. isolates of avian pneumovirus by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2967-70. [PMID: 11474024 PMCID: PMC88271 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.8.2967-2970.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2000] [Accepted: 05/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of subgroup C (United States-specific) avian pneumovirus (APV/US) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and antibodies to the recombinant N protein were shown to specifically recognize the approximately 47-kDa N protein of APV/US by Western immunoblot analysis. The recombinant APV/US N protein was used in a sandwich-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the resulting assay was found to be more sensitive and specific than the routine indirect ELISA for the detection of APV/US antibodies in turkey sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gulati
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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29
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Catelli E, De Marco MA, Delogu M, Terregino C, Guberti V. Serological evidence of avian pneumovirus infection in reared and free-living pheasants. Vet Rec 2001; 149:56-8. [PMID: 11488344 DOI: 10.1136/vr.149.2.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Catelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Patologia Animale, Facoltà de Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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30
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Pedersen JC, Senne DA, Panigrahy B, Reynolds DL. Detection of avian pneumovirus in tissues and swab specimens from infected turkeys. Avian Dis 2001; 45:581-92. [PMID: 11569730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Conventional nested and TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for the detection of avian pneumovirus (APV) were evaluated and compared with virus isolation (VI) for sensitivity and specificity. Respiratory tissues and tracheal swabs were collected from experimentally inoculated turkeys between 1 and 21 days postinoculation (DPI) and tested by all detection methods. APV was detected by both RT-PCR procedures as early as 1 DPI and as late as 17 DPI, whereas virus was isolated only between 3 and 7 DPI. Pooled tracheal swab supernatant and dry swabs were excellent specimens for the detection of APV between 3 and 8 DPI. Turbinate and sinus specimens were the most productive samples over the entire collection period. Both RT-PCR assays were rapid and more sensitive than VI for the detection of APV in tissue and swab specimens from infected turkeys. RT-PCR allows for the rapid detection of APV from a variety of respiratory tissues as well as from dry swabs and tracheal swab supernatants. Antibody to APV was detected in 50% of the sampled APV-inoculated birds at 8 and 9 DPI by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Early seroconversion (8-10 DPI) allows antibody detection to be used as a screening tool for APV. Rapid and sensitive detection methods are needed for APV, a highly contagious disease affecting U.S. poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Pedersen
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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31
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Gulati BR, Patnayak DP, Sheikh AM, Poss PE, Goyal SM. Protective efficacy of high-passage avian pneumovirus (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) in turkeys. Avian Dis 2001; 45:593-7. [PMID: 11569731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
A U.S. isolate of avian pneumovirus (APV), APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97, was attenuated by serial cell culture passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts (seven passages) and Vero cells (34 passages). This virus was designated as APV passage 41 (P41) and was evaluated for use as a live vaccine in commercial turkey flocks. The vaccine was inoculated by nasal and ocular routes in 2-to-4-wk-old turkeys in 10 turkey flocks, each with 20,000-50,000 birds. Only 2 birds per 1000 birds were inoculated in each flock with the expectation that bird-to-bird passage would help spread the infection from P41-exposed birds to their respective flock mates. The virus did spread from vaccinated birds to the entire flock within 10 days as detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mild respiratory illness was observed in a few birds 12 days postvaccination in 2 of 10 flocks. Within 3 wk postvaccination, all flocks became seropositive for APV antibodies as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In an additional flock, the virus was administered to all turkeys simultaneously in drinking water and seroconversion occurred within 2 wk. All 11 flocks remained seropositive until 10 wk postvaccination. When compared with unvaccinated flocks on the same farm from the previous year, the medication cost, total condemnation, and mortality rates attributed to APV were lower in P41-vaccinated flocks. When birds from vaccinated flocks were challenged with virulent APV under experimental conditions, no clinical signs were observed at 2, 6, and 10 wk postvaccination, whereas in the control unvaccinated birds, respiratory illness and virus shedding occurred after challenge. These results indicate that P41 administered by the nasal and ocular routes, and by drinking water, causes seroconversion and induces protection from virulent APV challenge for at least 10 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gulati
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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32
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the susceptibility of ducks to avian pneumovirus (APV) of turkey origin. ANIMALS 30 Pekin ducks that were 2 weeks old. PROCEDURE Ducks were assigned to 3 groups (10 ducks/group). Ducks of groups 1 and 2 were inoculated (day 0) with 200 microl of cell-culture fluid containing APV of turkey origin (10(5.5) median tissue-culture infective dose/ml) by the oculonasal (group 1) or oral (group 2) route. Ducks of group 3 served as noninoculated control birds. Two ducks from each group were euthanatized 3, 6, 9, 15, and 21 days after inoculation. Blood samples, tissue samples from the lungs, trachea, nasal turbinates, duodenum, diverticulum vitellinum (Meckel's diverticulum), and cecum, and swab specimens from the choana, cloaca, and trachea were obtained from all birds during necropsy and examined for APV by use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), virus isolation, and histologic examination. Blood samples also were examined for APV antibodies, using an ELISA. RESULTS Tissue samples obtained up to 21 days after inoculation had positive results when tested by use of RT-PCR. Virus was isolated from nasal turbinates of birds inoculated via the oculonasal route. Serum samples obtained 15 and 21 days after inoculation had positive results when tested for APV-specific antibody. Clinical signs of disease were not observed in ducks inoculated with APV of turkey origin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ducks inoculated with APV of turkey origin may not develop clinical signs of disease, but they are suspected to play a role as nonclinical carriers of APV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Shin
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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33
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Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) or turkey rhinotracheitis virus (TRTV) is an important respiratory pathogen of domesticated poultry in many countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Until recently, the United States was considered free of APV. In late 1996, an atypical upper respiratory tract infection appeared in turkey flocks in Colorado and shortly thereafter in turkey flocks in Minnesota. An avian pneumovirus (APV-US) that was serologically distinct from the previously described TRTV was isolated as the primary cause of the new syndrome. The nucleotide sequence of a fragment of the APV-US fusion gene was determined and used to develop a polymerase chain reaction-based assay that specifically detects APV-US viral nucleic acid sequences in RNA extracts of tracheal swabs and turbinate homogenates. The assay is highly sensitive in that it can detect <0.01 TCID50 of APV. The availability of this assay enables the rapid and accurate determination of APV-US in infected poultry flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dar
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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34
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Abstract
An immunohistochemical staining technique (IHC) was developed to detect avian pneumovirus (APV) antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections using streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining. Samples of nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses were collected from 4-week-old poults experimentally inoculated with APV and from older turkeys infected during naturally occurring outbreaks of avian pneumovirus. Tissue was fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained. Inflammatory changes were observed microscopically in the mucosa and submucosa of the nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses of both experimentally inoculated poults and naturally infected birds. Viral antigen was detected by IHC in the ciliated epithelial cells of nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Jirjis
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108, USA
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35
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Shin HJ, Njenga MK, McComb B, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Avian pneumovirus (APV) RNA from wild and sentinel birds in the United States has genetic homology with RNA from APV isolates from domestic turkeys. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4282-4. [PMID: 11060113 PMCID: PMC87586 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.11.4282-4284.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal turbinates or swabs were collected from wild ducks, geese, owls, sparrows, swallows, and starlings and from sentinel ducks placed next to turkey farms experiencing avian pneumovirus (APV) infections and were analyzed for APV genome and infectious particles. APV RNA was detected in samples examined from geese, sparrows, and starlings. APV RNA and antibodies were also detected in two different groups of sentinel ducks. Infectious APV was recovered from sentinel duck samples. The APV M gene isolated from the wild birds had over 96% predicted amino acid identity with APV/Minnesota 2A, which was isolated earlier from domestic turkeys showing respiratory illness, suggesting that wild birds may be involved in spreading APV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Shin
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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36
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Gulati BR, Cameron KT, Seal BS, Goyal SM, Halvorson DA, Njenga MK. Development of a highly sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant matrix protein for detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4010-4. [PMID: 11060061 PMCID: PMC87534 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.11.4010-4014.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2000] [Accepted: 08/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of avian pneumovirus (APV) was evaluated for its antigenicity and reliability in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of APV infection, a newly emergent disease of turkeys in United States. Sera from APV-infected turkeys consistently contained antibodies to a 30-kDa protein (M protein). An ELISA based on recombinant M protein generated in Escherichia coli was compared with the routine APV ELISA that utilizes inactivated virus as antigen. Of 34 experimentally infected turkeys, 33 (97.1%) were positive by M protein ELISA whereas only 18 (52.9%) were positive by routine APV ELISA 28 days after infection. None of the serum samples from 41 uninfected experimental turkeys were positive by M protein ELISA. Of 184 field sera from turkey flocks suspected of having APV infection, 133 (72.3%) were positive by M protein ELISA whereas only 99 (53.8%) were positive by routine APV ELISA. Twelve serum samples, which were negative by M protein ELISA but positive by routine APV ELISA, were not reactive with either recombinant M protein or denatured purified APV proteins by Western analysis. This indicates that the samples had given false-positive results by routine APV ELISA. The M protein ELISA was over six times more sensitive than virus isolation (11.5%) in detecting infections from samples obtained from birds showing clinical signs of APV infection. Taken together, these results show that ELISA based on recombinant M protein is a highly sensitive and specific test for detecting antibodies to APV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gulati
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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37
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Toquin D, Bäyon-Auboyer MH, Senne DA, Eterradossi N. Lack of antigenic relationship between French and recent North American non-A/non-B turkey rhinotracheitis viruses. Avian Dis 2000; 44:977-82. [PMID: 11195657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Twelve turkey rhinotracheitis viruses (TRTVs) including the Colorado isolate and two French non-A/non-B viruses were serologically compared. Six enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigens derived from subgroup A, subgroup B, a French non-A/non-B, and the Colorado TRTVs were used. Virus neutralization (VN) tests were performed with four Ma-104-adapted viruses derived from subgroup A, subgroup B, a French non-A/non-B, and the Colorado viruses. French strains isolated since 1995 were assigned to subgroup B in both ELISA and VN, whereas those isolated in 1985 and 1986 appeared more diverse: two strains belonged to subgroup B, one to subgroup A, and two others appeared antigenically different from both the A and B subgroups and are classified as non-A/non-B. The Colorado strain appeared different from these three groups of TRTVs. Assignment to subgroup A or B was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, but neither the French non-A/non-B strains nor the Colorado virus could be classified with the subgroup-specific G-based primers. These results suggest that at least three antigenically different viruses were present in France in 1985-86 and that the Colorado strain is different from all European TRTVs. Further serologic and phylogenic studies will be necessary to evaluate their actual prevalences and relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Toquin
- AFSSA-Ploufragan, French Agency for Food Safety, Avian Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology Unit, Ploufragan
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Hafez HM, Hess M, Prusas C, Naylor CJ, Cavanagh D. Presence of avian pneumovirus type A in continental Europe during the 1980s. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2000; 47:629-33. [PMID: 11075551 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three isolates of avian pneumovirus (APV) were isolated in Germany during 1987 and 1988 from turkeys with clinical signs of turkey rhinotracheitis and one was isolated during 1990 from a broiler breeder flock with typical signs of swollen head syndrome. The isolates were typed using type-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. The three isolates from turkeys were identified as type A, while the isolate from the broiler breeders was type B. During the late 1980s no APV live-virus vaccine was used in poultry flocks in Germany, which is indicative of the presence of both types at that time. Previous isolates detected from elsewhere in Europe during the 1980s had been only of type B.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
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39
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Shin HJ, Rajashekara G, Jirjis FF, Shaw DP, Goyal SM, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Specific detection of avian pneumovirus (APV) US isolates by RT-PCR. Arch Virol 2000; 145:1239-46. [PMID: 10948996 DOI: 10.1007/s007050070123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This report details the development of an RT-PCR assay for the specific detection of US isolates of avian pneumovirus (APV). Of the several primer pairs tested, two sets of primers derived from the matrix gene of APV were able to specifically detect the viral RNA of APV. The nucleotide sequence comparison of the PCR products of APV isolates from Minnesota suggested that these viruses were closely related to the Colorado strain of APV, but were distinct from subtypes A and B European isolates of turkey APV (turkey rhinotracheitis: TRT). This M gene-based PCR was found to be very specific and sensitive. APV as low as 8 x 10(-5) TCID50 (0.0323 microg/ml) could be detected using this assay. In addition, the two primers were able to differentiate isolates from turkeys in Minnesota.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Shin
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
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40
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Pedersen JC, Reynolds DL, Ali A. The sensitivity and specificity of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the avian pneumovirus (Colorado strain). Avian Dis 2000; 44:681-5. [PMID: 11007019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the detection of avian pneumovirus (APV), Colorado strain (US/CO), was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. The single-tube RT-PCR assay utilized primers developed from the matrix (M) gene sequence of the US/CO APV. The RT-PCR amplified the US/CO APV but did not amplify other pneumoviruses, including the avian pneumoviruses subgroups A and B. The RT-PCR was capable of detecting between 10(0.25) mean tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) and 10(-0.44) TCID50 of the US/CO APV. These results have demonstrated that the single-tube RT-PCR assay is a specific and sensitive assay for the detection of US/CO APV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Pedersen
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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41
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Chiang S, Dar AM, Goyal SM, Sheikh MA, Pedersen JC, Panigrahy B, Senne D, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Kapur V. A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:381-4. [PMID: 10907873 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) infection of turkeys in Minnesota was first confirmed in March 1997. Serum samples (n = 5,194) from 539 submissions to Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory were tested by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of these, 2,528 (48.7%) samples from 269 submissions were positive and 2,666 (51.3%) samples from 270 submissions were negative for APV antibodies. Most positive samples were from Kandiyohi, Stearns, Morrison, and Meeker counties in Minnesota. In addition, 10 samples from South Dakota were positive. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test with anti-chicken and anti-turkey conjugates were compared by testing field and experimental sera. The ELISA test with anti-turkey conjugate was more sensitive than that with anti-chicken conjugate. The ELISA tests with antigens prepared with APV strains isolated from Colorado and Minnesota were also compared. No difference was detectable. Currently, the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory uses an antigen prepared from the Colorado isolate of APV and a goat anti-turkey conjugate in the ELISA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chiang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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42
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Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) primarily causes an upper respiratory disease recognized as turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) or swollen head syndrome (SHS) in chickens. The virus was first isolated in South Africa during the early 1970s and has subsequently been reported in Europe, Asia and South America. In February 1997, a serologically distinct APV isolate was officially reported in the USA following an outbreak of TRT during the previous year. This was the first report of these virus types in the USA; they were previously considered exotic to the USA and Canada. The predicted matrix (M) proteins of European APV type A and B isolates share 89% identity in their amino acid sequence. However, the predicted M protein of APV/CO is only 78% similar to the APV type A and 77% similar to the APV type B protein sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of the US APV isolate's fusion (F) protein has 72% sequence identity to the F protein of APV type A and 71% sequence identity to the F protein of type B. This compares with the 83% sequence identity between the predicted amino acid sequences of the F proteins of APV types A and B. The lack of sequence heterogeneity among the US APV isolates over 2 years suggests that these viruses have maintained a relatively stable population since the first outbreak of TRT. Phylogenetic analysis of the M and F proteins, together with the serological uniqueness of the US APV isolates, supports their classification as a new APV, designated type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Seal
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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43
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Gueguen S, Martin V, Bonnet L, Saunier D, Mähl P, Aubert A. Safety and efficacy of a recombinant FeLV vaccine combined with a live feline rhinotracheitis, calicivirus and panleukopenia vaccine. Vet Rec 2000; 146:380-1. [PMID: 10803986 DOI: 10.1136/vr.146.13.380-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Goyal SM, Chiang SJ, Dar AM, Nagaraja KV, Shaw DP, Halvorson DA, Kapur V. Isolation of avian pneumovirus from an outbreak of respiratory illness in Minnesota turkeys. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:166-8. [PMID: 10730950 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to avian pneumovirus (APV) were first detected in Minnesota turkeys in 1997. Virus isolation was attempted on 32 samples (28 tracheal swabs, 4 pools of trachea and turbinates) that were positive for APV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cell cultures used were chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF), Vero cells, and QT-35 cells. Five virus isolates were obtained from these samples, and the identity of the isolates was confirmed by RT-PCR. Four isolates were obtained by inoculation of CEF cells, and 1 isolate was obtained in QT-35 cells after 3-7 blind passages in cell cultures. Vero cells did not yield any isolate on primary isolation; however, all 5 isolates could be adapted to grow in Vero cells following primary isolation in CEF or QT-35 cells. This is the first report of isolation of APV in Minnesota and also the first report of primary isolation of APV in QT-35 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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45
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Seal BS, Sellers HS, Meinersmann RJ. Fusion protein predicted amino acid sequence of the first US avian pneumovirus isolate and lack of heterogeneity among other US isolates. Virus Res 2000; 66:139-47. [PMID: 10725547 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) was first isolated from turkeys in the west-central US following emergence of turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) during 1996. Subsequently, several APV isolates were obtained from the north-central US. Matrix (M) and fusion (F) protein genes of these isolates were examined for sequence heterogeneity and compared with European APV subtypes A and B. Among US isolates the M gene shared greater than 98% nucleotide sequence identity with only one nonsynonymous change occurring in a single US isolate. Although the F gene among US APV isolates shared 98% nucleotide sequence identity, nine conserved substitutions were detected in the predicted amino acid sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of the US APV isolate's F protein had 72% sequence identity to the F protein of APV subtype A and 71% sequence identity to the F protein of APV subtype B. This compares with 83% sequence identity between the APV subtype A and B predicted amino acid sequences of the F protein. The US isolates were phylogenetically distinguishable from their European counterparts based on F gene nucleotide or predicted amino acid sequences. Lack of sequence heterogeneity among US APV subtypes indicates these viruses have maintained a relatively stable population since the first outbreak of TRT. Phylogenetic analysis of the F protein among APV isolates supports classification of US isolates as a new APV subtype C.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Seal
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, USA.
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46
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Panigrahy B, Senne DA, Pedersen JC, Gidlewski T, Edson RK. Experimental and serologic observations on avian pneumovirus (APV/turkey/Colorado/97) infection in turkeys. Avian Dis 2000; 44:17-22. [PMID: 10737640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
An avian pneumovirus (APV) was isolated from commercial turkeys in Colorado (APV/Colorado) showing clinical signs of a respiratory disease. The results of virus neutralization and indirect fluorescent antibody tests showed that the APV/Colorado was partially related to APV subgroup A but was unrelated to APV subgroup B. Turkeys experimentally inoculated with the APV/Colorado were observed for signs, lesions, seroconversion, and virus shedding. Thirty-six 7-wk-old turkeys were distributed into three groups. Eighteen turkeys were inoculated oculonasally with APV/Colorado, six were placed in contact at 1 day postinoculation (DPI), and 12 served as noninoculated controls. Tracheal swabs and blood samples were collected at 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 DPI. Tissues were collected from three inoculated and two control turkeys on aforementioned days for pathologic examination and APV isolation. Inoculated turkeys developed respiratory disease, yielded APV at 3, 5, and 7 DPI, and seroconverted at 10 DPI. Contact turkeys yielded APV at 7 and 10 DPI. No gross lesions were observed in the turbinates, infraorbital sinuses, and trachea. However, microscopic examination revealed acute rhinitis, sinusitis, and tracheitis manifested by congestion, edema, lymphocytic and heterophilic infiltration, and loss of ciliated epithelia. The inflammatory lesions were seen at 3 DPI and became extensive at 5 and 7 DPI. Active regenerative changes in the epithelia were seen at 10 and 14 DPI. Serologic survey for the presence of antibodies in commercial turkeys (24,504 sera from 18 states) and chickens (3,517 sera from 12 states) to APV/Colorado showed seropositive turkeys in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota and no seropositive chickens. This report is the first on the isolation of an APV and APV infection in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Panigrahy
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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47
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Toquin D, Bäyon-Auboyer MH, Eterradossi N, Jestin V, Morin H. Isolation of a pneumovirus from a Muscovy duck. Vet Rec 1999; 145:680. [PMID: 25705778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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48
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Usami Y, Mase M, Yamaguchi O, Imai K. Detection of antibodies to avian pneumovirus by a micro-indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Avian Dis 1999; 43:384-90. [PMID: 10494406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
A micro-indirect immunofluorescent antibody (micro-IFA) test with a 96-well, flat-bottomed microplate was developed for measuring avian pneumovirus (APV) antibodies. Two Japanese APV strains (MM-1, 8597/CV94) isolated at different places and times and Vero cells were used for antigen preparation in this test. The test results were compared with those of a serum neutralization (SN) test. By the micro-IFA test, specific immunofluorescent antigens were observed in the cytoplasm of cells infected with either strain, and the antibody titers of antisera to these strains were quite similar. In most cases, the results were obtained within 3 hr. Antibody titers between the micro-IFA and SN tests were highly correlated, with correlation coefficients of 0.873 (MM-1 strain) and 0.889 (8597/CV94 strain). We also investigated APV antibody status in two farms for a period of about 2 yr by the micro-IFA test and revealed that APV infections were repeated within these farms. On the basis of these results, we conclude that our micro-IFA test is useful for routine serologic surveys of APV infections, particularly when a large number of samples are to be treated, because this test was time and labor saving relative to SN tests or conventional IFA tests utilizing embryo tracheal organs or coverslip cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Usami
- Tochigi Animal Hygiene Laboratory, Japan
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49
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Ali A, Reynolds DL. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of avian pneumovirus (Colorado strain). Avian Dis 1999; 43:600-3. [PMID: 10494434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for the detection of avian pneumovirus (Colorado strain) (APV-Col). The specific primers were designed from the published sequence of the matrix protein gene of APV-Col. The primers amplified a product of 631 nucleotides from APV-Col. The assay identified only APV-Col and did not react with Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ali
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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50
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Abstract
One-day-old poults or two-week old chicks were infected oculonasally with avian pneumovirus. Cloacal swabs were collected for virus isolation as were selected tissues (Harderian gland, turbinates, trachea, lungs and kidneys) from birds killed at regular intervals up to 33 days post infection (p.i.) for poults, and up to 40 days p. i. for chicks. In an attempt to induce virus re-excretion, the T-cell-suppressor cyclosporin A (CSA) was given for 12 days starting from three weeks p.i. in poults and from four weeks p.i. in chicks. Birds were sampled for virus isolations up to day 12 post CSA treatment. Virus was recovered only up to day nine p.i. in poults, and day five p.i. in chicks during the acute phase of the infection. Despite T-cell suppression, there was no evidence of re-excretion of the virus, and hence no evidence for the persistence of virus in the tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Khehra
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral, L64 7TE, UK
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