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Sankuntaw N, Punyadee N, Chantratita W, Lulitanond V. Coinfection with respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus increases IFN-λ1 and CXCL10 expression in human primary bronchial epithelial cells. New Microbiol 2024; 47:60-67. [PMID: 38700885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is common in all age groups, especially in children and the elderly. About 85% of children who present with bronchiolitis are infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); however, nearly one-third are coinfected with another respiratory virus, such as human rhinovirus (HRV). Therefore, it is necessary to explore the immune response to coinfection to better understand the molecular and cellular pathways involving virus-virus interactions that might be modulated by innate immunity and additional host cell response mechanisms. This study aims to investigate the host innate immune response against RSV-HRV coinfection compared with monoinfection. Human primary bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells (HPECs) were infected with RSV, HRV, or coinfected with both viruses, and the infected cells were collected at 48 and 72 hours. Gene expression profiles of IL-6, CCL5, TNF-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ1, CXCL10, IL-10, IL-13, IRF3, and IRF7 were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR, which revealed that RSV-infected cells exhibited increased expression of IL-10, whereas HRV infection increased the expression of CXCL10, IL-10, and CCL5. IFN-λ1 and CXCL10 expression was significantly different between the coinfection and monoinfection groups. In conclusion, our study revealed that two important cytokines, IFN-λ1 and CXCL10, exhibited increased expression during coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipaporn Sankuntaw
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Center), Klongnung, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nuntaya Punyadee
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wasun Chantratita
- Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Viraphong Lulitanond
- Department of Microbiology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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2
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Zhang Q, Ye H, Liu C, Zhou H, He M, Liang X, Zhou Y, Wang K, Qin Y, Li Z, Chen M. PABP-driven secondary condensed phase within RSV inclusion bodies activates viral mRNAs for ribosomal recruitment. Virol Sin 2024; 39:235-250. [PMID: 38072230 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Inclusion bodies (IBs) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and contain internal structures termed "IB-associated granules" (IBAGs), where anti-termination factor M2-1 and viral mRNAs are concentrated. However, the mechanism of IBAG formation and the physiological function of IBAGs are unclear. Here, we found that the internal structures of RSV IBs are actual M2-1-free viral messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) condensates formed by secondary LLPS. Mechanistically, the RSV nucleoprotein (N) and M2-1 interact with and recruit PABP to IBs, promoting PABP to bind viral mRNAs transcribed in IBs by RNA-recognition motif and drive secondary phase separation. Furthermore, PABP-eIF4G1 interaction regulates viral mRNP condensate composition, thereby recruiting specific translation initiation factors (eIF4G1, eIF4E, eIF4A, eIF4B and eIF4H) into the secondary condensed phase to activate viral mRNAs for ribosomal recruitment. Our study proposes a novel LLPS-regulated translation mechanism during viral infection and a novel antiviral strategy via targeting on secondary condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hanzhe Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haiwu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mingbin He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Zhifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430200, China.
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Drew L. Research round-up: respiratory syncytial virus. Nature 2023; 621:S66-S67. [PMID: 37758879 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
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Salgueiro M, Camporeale G, Visentin A, Aran M, Pellizza L, Esperante SA, Corbat A, Grecco H, Sousa B, Esperón R, Borkosky SS, de Prat-Gay G. Molten Globule Driven and Self-downmodulated Phase Separation of a Viral Factory Scaffold. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168153. [PMID: 37210029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral factories of liquid-like nature serve as sites for transcription and replication in most viruses. The respiratory syncytial virus factories include replication proteins, brought together by the phosphoprotein (P) RNA polymerase cofactor, present across non-segmented negative stranded RNA viruses. Homotypic liquid-liquid phase separation of RSV-P is governed by an α-helical molten globule domain, and strongly self-downmodulated by adjacent sequences. Condensation of P with the nucleoprotein N is stoichiometrically tuned, defining aggregate-droplet and droplet-dissolution boundaries. Time course analysis show small N-P nuclei gradually coalescing into large granules in transfected cells. This behavior is recapitulated in infection, with small puncta evolving to large viral factories, strongly suggesting that P-N nucleation-condensation sequentially drives viral factories. Thus, the tendency of P to undergo phase separation is moderate and latent in the full-length protein but unleashed in the presence of N or when neighboring disordered sequences are deleted. This, together with its capacity to rescue nucleoprotein-RNA aggregates suggests a role as a "solvent-protein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Salgueiro
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Camporeale
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Araceli Visentin
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Aran
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Pellizza
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Agustín Corbat
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, and IFIBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán Grecco
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, and IFIBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belén Sousa
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Esperón
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia S Borkosky
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo de Prat-Gay
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Sugrue RJ, Tan BH. Defining the Assembleome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:227-249. [PMID: 38159230 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
During respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) particle assembly, the mature RSV particles form as filamentous projections on the surface of RSV-infected cells. The RSV assembly process occurs at the / on the cell surface that is modified by a virus infection, involving a combination of several different host cell factors and cellular processes. This induces changes in the lipid composition and properties of these lipid microdomains, and the virus-induced activation of associated Rho GTPase signaling networks drives the remodeling of the underlying filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton network. The modified sites that form on the surface of the infected cells form the nexus point for RSV assembly, and in this review chapter, they are referred to as the RSV assembleome. This is to distinguish these unique membrane microdomains that are formed during virus infection from the corresponding membrane microdomains that are present at the cell surface prior to infection. In this article, an overview of the current understanding of the processes that drive the formation of the assembleome during RSV particle assembly is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Ottenio de Lourenço I, Toscano Pedroso Quintino E, Henrique Pereira M, Sprengel Lima C, Campos Araújo G, Octávio Regasini L, Alves de Melo F, Pereira de Souza F, Andres Fossey M, Putinhon Caruso Í. Biophysical studies of the interaction of hRSV Non-Structural 1 protein with natural flavonoids and their acetylated derivatives by spectroscopic techniques and computational simulations. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 283:121751. [PMID: 35973382 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infections are one of the most causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and elderly. The development of effective antiviral therapies or preventive vaccines against hRSV is not available yet. Thus, it is necessary to search for protein targets to combat this viral infection, as well as potential ways to block them. Non-Structural 1 (NS1) protein is an important factor for viral replication success since reduces the immune response by interacting with proteins in the type I interferon pathway. The influence of NS1 on the cell's immune response denotes the potential of its inhibition, being a possible target of treatment against hRSV infection. Here, it was studied the interaction of hRSV NS1 with natural flavonoids chrysin, morin, kaempferol, and myricetin and their mono-acetylated chrysin and penta-acetylated morin derivatives using spectroscopic techniques and computational simulations. The fluorescence data indicate that the binding affinities are on the order of 105 M-1, which are directly related to the partition coefficient of each flavonoid with Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.76-0.80. The thermodynamic analysis suggests that hydrophobic interactions play a key role in the formation of the NS1/flavonoid complexes, with positive values of enthalpy and entropy changes. The computational approach proposes that flavonoids bind in a region of NS1 formed between the C-terminal α3-helix and the protein core, important for its biological function, and corroborate with experimental data revealing that hydrophobic contacts are important for the binding. Therefore, the present study provides relevant molecular details for the development of a possible new strategy to fight infections caused by hRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Ottenio de Lourenço
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Toscano Pedroso Quintino
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus Henrique Pereira
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Sprengel Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Campos Araújo
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Octávio Regasini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Alves de Melo
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Fátima Pereira de Souza
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Andres Fossey
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Ícaro Putinhon Caruso
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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Harford TJ, Rezaee F, Dye BR, Fan J, Spence JR, Piedimonte G. RSV-induced changes in a 3-dimensional organoid model of human fetal lungs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265094. [PMID: 35263387 PMCID: PMC8906588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can spread hematogenously from infected airways of a pregnant woman to the developing fetal lungs in utero. This study sought to measure RSV replication, cytopathic effects, and protein expression in human lung organoids (HLOs) reproducing architecture and transcriptional profiles of human fetal lungs during the 1st trimester of gestation. HLOs derived from human pluripotent stem cells were microinjected after 50 or 100 days in culture with medium or recombinant RSV-A2 expressing the red fluorescent protein gene (rrRSV). Infection was monitored by fluorescent microscopy and PCR. Immunohistochemistry and proteomic analysis were performed. RSV infected HLOs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. RSV-infected HLOs increased expression of CC10 (Club cells), but had sparse FOXJ1 (ciliated cells). Disruption of F-actin cytoskeleton was consistent with proteomic data showing a significant increase in Rho GTPases proteins. RSV upregulated the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel and, while β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) expression was decreased overall, its phosphorylated form increased. Our data suggest that prenatal RSV infection produces profound changes in fetal lungs' architecture and expression profiles and maybe an essential precursor of chronic airway dysfunction. expression profiles, and possibly be an important precursor of chronic airway dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri J. Harford
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children’s, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Briana R. Dye
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Jayaweera JAAS, Morel AJ, Abeykoon AMSB, Pitchai FNN, Kothalawela HS, Peiris JSM, Noordeen F. Viral burden and diversity in acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in wet and dry zones of Sri Lanka. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259443. [PMID: 34919553 PMCID: PMC8682885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was done to identify the viral diversity, seasonality and burden associated with childhood acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in Sri Lanka. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) of hospitalized children (1 month-5 years) with ARTI were collected in 2 centers (wet and dry zones) from March 2013 to August 2014. Respiratory viral antigen detection by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was used to identify the infecting viruses. IFA negative 100 NPA samples were tested for human metapeumovirus (hMPV), human bocavirus and corona viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 443 and 418 NPAs, 37.2% and 39.4% were positive for any of the 8 different respiratory viruses tested from two centers studied. Viral co-infection was detected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in both centers. Peak viral detection was noted in the wet zone from May-July 2013 and 2014 and in the dry zone from December-January 2014 suggesting a local seasonality for viral ARTI. RSV showed a clear seasonality with a direct correlation of monthly RSV infections with rainy days in the wet zone and an inverse correlation with temperature in both centers. The case fatality rate was 2.7% for RSV associated ARTI. The overall disability adjusted life years was 335.9 and for RSV associated ARTI it was 241.8. RSV was the commonly detected respiratory virus with an annual seasonality and distribution in rainy seasons in the dry and wet zones of Sri Lanka. Identifying the virus and seasonality will contribute to employ preventive measures and reduce the empirical use of antibiotics in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. A. S. Jayaweera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - A. J. Morel
- Teaching Hospital, Gampola, Gampola, Sri Lanka
| | - A. M. S. B. Abeykoon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - F. N. N. Pitchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - H. S. Kothalawela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - J. S. M. Peiris
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - F. Noordeen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Li HM, Ghildyal R, Hu M, Tran KC, Starrs LM, Mills J, Teng MN, Jans DA. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein-Chromatin Association Is Key to Transcriptional Inhibition in Infected Cells. Cells 2021; 10:2786. [PMID: 34685766 PMCID: PMC8534903 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality caused by the globally prevalent human respiratory pathogen respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) approaches that world-wide of influenza. We previously demonstrated that the RSV matrix (M) protein shuttles, in signal-dependent fashion, between host cell nucleus and cytoplasm, and that this trafficking is central to RSV replication and assembly. Here we analyze in detail the nuclear role of M for the first time using a range of novel approaches, including quantitative analysis of de novo cell transcription in situ in the presence or absence of RSV infection or M ectopic expression, as well as in situ DNA binding. We show that M, dependent on amino acids 110-183, inhibits host cell transcription in RSV-infected cells as well as cells transfected to express M, with a clear correlation between nuclear levels of M and the degree of transcriptional inhibition. Analysis of bacterially expressed M protein and derivatives thereof mutated in key residues within M's RNA binding domain indicates that M can bind to DNA as well as RNA in a cell-free system. Parallel results for point-mutated M derivatives implicate arginine 170 and lysine 172, in contrast to other basic residues such as lysine 121 and 130, as critically important residues for inhibition of transcription and DNA binding both in situ and in vitro. Importantly, recombinant RSV carrying arginine 170/lysine 172 mutations shows attenuated infectivity in cultured cells and in an animal model, concomitant with altered inflammatory responses. These findings define an RSV M-chromatin interface critical for host transcriptional inhibition in infection, with important implications for anti-RSV therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Mengjie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Kim C. Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (K.C.T.); (M.N.T.)
| | - Lora M. Starrs
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - John Mills
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University and the Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Michael N. Teng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (K.C.T.); (M.N.T.)
| | - David A. Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
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George JA, AlShamsi SH, Alhammadi MH, Alsuwaidi AR. Exacerbation of Influenza A Virus Disease Severity by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Co-Infection in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081630. [PMID: 34452495 PMCID: PMC8402720 DOI: 10.3390/v13081630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are leading causes of childhood infections. RSV and influenza are competitive in vitro. In this study, the in vivo effects of RSV and IAV co-infection were investigated. Mice were intranasally inoculated with RSV, with IAV, or with both viruses (RSV+IAV and IAV+RSV) administered sequentially, 24 h apart. On days 3 and 7 post-infection, lung tissues were processed for viral loads and immune cell populations. Lung functions were also evaluated. Mortality was observed only in the IAV+RSV group (50% of mice did not survive beyond 7 days). On day 3, the viral loads in single-infected and co-infected mice were not significantly different. However, on day 7, the IAV titer was much higher in the IAV+RSV group, and the RSV viral load was reduced. CD4 T cells were reduced in all groups on day 7 except in single-infected mice. CD8 T cells were higher in all experimental groups except the RSV-alone group. Increased airway resistance and reduced thoracic compliance were demonstrated in both co-infected groups. This model indicates that, among all the infection types we studied, infection with IAV followed by RSV is associated with the highest IAV viral loads and the most morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junu A. George
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Shaikha H. AlShamsi
- Department of Medical Education, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi 51900, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Maryam H. Alhammadi
- Department of Medical Affairs, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi 11001, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ahmed R. Alsuwaidi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Quan Y, Xiao X, Zhang R. TRIM22 inhibits respiratory syncytial virus replication by targeting JAK-STAT1/2 signaling. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3412-3419. [PMID: 32803897 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of lower respiratory tract disease. Although RSV causes major economic losses every year, effective treatments have not been found so far. Recent studies have shown that the tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) superfamily plays an essential role in the immune response. In this study, we found that TRIM22 had an inhibitory effect on RSV infection, and downregulation of TRIM22 moderately enhanced RSV replication. Our data further demonstrated that RSV infection induced TRIM22 expression through the activation of JAK-STAT1/2 signaling. RSV infection also induced TRIM22 expression. Taken together, these data points showed that the TRIM family member, TRIM22, had an essential role in resisting RSV infection, and this effect was closely related to the JAK-STAT1/2 pathway. Our results provide promising evidence for a novel target for the prevention and treatment of RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiling Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingqin Quan
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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12
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Limkar AR, Percopo CM, Redes JL, Druey KM, Rosenberg HF. Persistent Airway Hyperresponsiveness Following Recovery from Infection with Pneumonia Virus of Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050728. [PMID: 33922096 PMCID: PMC8143513 DOI: 10.3390/v13050728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections can have long-term effects on lung function that persist even after the acute responses have resolved. Numerous studies have linked severe early childhood infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to the development of wheezing and asthma, although the underlying mechanisms connecting these observations remain unclear. Here, we examine airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) that develops in wild-type mice after recovery from symptomatic but sublethal infection with the natural rodent pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). We found that BALB/c mice respond to a limited inoculum of PVM with significant but reversible weight loss accompanied by virus replication, acute inflammation, and neutrophil recruitment to the airways. At day 21 post-inoculation, virus was no longer detected in the airways and the acute inflammatory response had largely resolved. However, and in contrast to most earlier studies using the PVM infection model, all mice survived the initial infection and all went on to develop serum anti-PVM IgG antibodies. Furthermore, using both invasive plethysmography and precision-cut lung slices, we found that these mice exhibited significant airway hyperresponsiveness at day 21 post-inoculation that persisted through day 45. Taken together, our findings extend an important and versatile respiratory virus infection model that can now be used to explore the role of virions and virion clearance as well as virus-induced inflammatory mediators and their signaling pathways in the development and persistence of post-viral AHR and lung dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya R. Limkar
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.R.L.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Caroline M. Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.R.L.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Jamie L. Redes
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.L.R.); (K.M.D.)
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.L.R.); (K.M.D.)
| | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.R.L.); (C.M.P.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Lu L, Wei R, Prats-Ejarque G, Goetz M, Wang G, Torrent M, Boix E. Human RNase3 immune modulation by catalytic-dependent and independent modes in a macrophage-cell line infection model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2963-2985. [PMID: 33226440 PMCID: PMC8004517 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human RNase3 is a member of the RNaseA superfamily involved in host immunity. RNase3 is expressed by leukocytes and shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Together with a direct antimicrobial action, RNase3 exhibits immunomodulatory properties. Here, we have analysed the transcriptome of macrophages exposed to the wild-type protein and a catalytic-defective mutant (RNase3-H15A). The analysis of differently expressed genes (DEGs) in treated THP1-derived macrophages highlighted a common pro-inflammatory "core-response" independent of the protein ribonucleolytic activity. Network analysis identified the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as the main central regulatory protein. Expression of selected DEGs and MAPK phosphorylation were inhibited by an anti-EGFR antibody. Structural analysis suggested that RNase3 activates the EGFR pathway by direct interaction with the receptor. Besides, we identified a subset of DEGs related to the protein ribonucleolytic activity, characteristic of virus infection response. Transcriptome analysis revealed an early pro-inflammatory response, not associated to the protein catalytic activity, followed by a late activation in a ribonucleolytic-dependent manner. Next, we demonstrated that overexpression of macrophage endogenous RNase3 protects the cells against infection by Mycobacterium aurum and the human respiratory syncytial virus. Comparison of cell infection profiles in the presence of Erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor, revealed that the receptor activation is required for the antibacterial but not for the antiviral protein action. Moreover, the DEGs related and unrelated to the protein catalytic activity are associated to the immune response to bacterial and viral infection, respectively. We conclude that RNase3 modulates the macrophage defence against infection in both catalytic-dependent and independent manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - RanLei Wei
- Center of Precision Medicine and Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guillem Prats-Ejarque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Goetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Gang Wang
- Center of Precision Medicine and Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Marc Torrent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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14
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González-García LD, Martínez-Castillo M, Vargas-Pavía TA, Ulloa-Aguilar JM, Arévalo-Romero H, Léon-Reyes G, Helguera-Repetto AC, García-Cordero J, León-Juárez M. Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase in respiratory syncytial virus infection activates lipid metabolism. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1177-1182. [PMID: 33580381 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is most commonly associated with upper respiratory tract infections during childhood. The lipid composition of cells and lipogenic enzymes play an important role in RSV infection. There are controversial data about whether lipid biosynthesis regulators such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are deregulated by RSV. Hence, we examined whether the activation state of AMPK is altered in RSV-infected HEp-2 cells. Our data show that RSV infection inhibits AMPK activity, favoring the activation of downstream lipogenic effectors and cellular lipid anabolism in HEp-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Didier González-García
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Macario Martínez-Castillo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Tania Allin Vargas-Pavía
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Manuel Ulloa-Aguilar
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Haruki Arévalo-Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Microbiología Molecular, División Académica multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Departamento de Genómica, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, México
| | - Guadalupe Léon-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Addy Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Julio García-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Ciudad de México, México
| | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes", Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México.
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15
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Al-Beltagi S, Preda CA, Goulding LV, James J, Pu J, Skinner P, Jiang Z, Wang BL, Yang J, Banyard AC, Mellits KH, Gershkovich P, Hayes CJ, Nguyen-Van-Tam J, Brown IH, Liu J, Chang KC. Thapsigargin Is a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Major Human Respiratory Viruses: Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:234. [PMID: 33546185 PMCID: PMC7913267 DOI: 10.3390/v13020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term control strategy of SARS-CoV-2 and other major respiratory viruses needs to include antivirals to treat acute infections, in addition to the judicious use of effective vaccines. Whilst COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out for mass vaccination, the modest number of antivirals in use or development for any disease bears testament to the challenges of antiviral development. We recently showed that non-cytotoxic levels of thapsigargin (TG), an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ ATPase pump, induces a potent host innate immune antiviral response that blocks influenza A virus replication. Here we show that TG is also highly effective in blocking the replication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), common cold coronavirus OC43, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in immortalized or primary human cells. TG's antiviral performance was significantly better than remdesivir and ribavirin in their respective inhibition of OC43 and RSV. Notably, TG was just as inhibitory to coronaviruses (OC43 and SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses (USSR H1N1 and pdm 2009 H1N1) in separate infections as in co-infections. Post-infection oral gavage of acid-stable TG protected mice against a lethal influenza virus challenge. Together with its ability to inhibit the different viruses before or during active infection, and with an antiviral duration of at least 48 h post-TG exposure, we propose that TG (or its derivatives) is a promising broad-spectrum inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2, OC43, RSV and influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Beltagi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Cristian Alexandru Preda
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Leah V. Goulding
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (J.J.); (P.S.); (A.C.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (Z.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Paul Skinner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (J.J.); (P.S.); (A.C.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (Z.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Belinda Lei Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiayun Yang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (J.J.); (P.S.); (A.C.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Kenneth H. Mellits
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Christopher J. Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | | | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (J.J.); (P.S.); (A.C.B.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (Z.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; (S.A.-B.); (C.A.P.); (B.L.W.); (J.Y.)
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16
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de Souza Cardoso R, Viana RMM, Vitti BC, Coelho ACL, de Jesus BLS, de Paula Souza J, Pontelli MC, Murakami T, Ventura AM, Ono A, Arruda E. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in a Human T Cell Line Is Hampered at Multiple Steps. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020231. [PMID: 33540662 PMCID: PMC7913106 DOI: 10.3390/v13020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most frequent cause of severe respiratory disease in children. The main targets of HRSV infection are epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, and the great majority of the studies regarding HRSV infection are done in respiratory cells. Recently, the interest on respiratory virus infection of lymphoid cells has been growing, but details of the interaction of HRSV with lymphoid cells remain unknown. Therefore, this study was done to assess the relationship of HRSV with A3.01 cells, a human CD4+ T cell line. Using flow cytometry and fluorescent focus assay, we found that A3.01 cells are susceptible but virtually not permissive to HRSV infection. Dequenching experiments revealed that the fusion process of HRSV in A3.01 cells was nearly abolished in comparison to HEp-2 cells, an epithelial cell lineage. Quantification of viral RNA by RT-qPCR showed that the replication of HRSV in A3.01 cells was considerably reduced. Western blot and quantitative flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that the production of HRSV proteins in A3.01 was significantly lower than in HEp-2 cells. Additionally, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found that the inclusion body-associated granules (IBAGs) were almost absent in HRSV inclusion bodies in A3.01 cells. We also assessed the intracellular trafficking of HRSV proteins and found that HRSV proteins colocalized partially with the secretory pathway in A3.01 cells, but these HRSV proteins and viral filaments were present only scarcely at the plasma membrane. HRSV infection of A3.01 CD4+ T cells is virtually unproductive as compared to HEp-2 cells, as a result of defects at several steps of the viral cycle: Fusion, genome replication, formation of inclusion bodies, recruitment of cellular proteins, virus assembly, and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Souza Cardoso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (R.d.S.C.); (R.M.M.V.); (B.C.V.); (A.C.L.C.); (B.L.S.d.J.); (J.d.P.S.); (M.C.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Rosa Maria Mendes Viana
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (R.d.S.C.); (R.M.M.V.); (B.C.V.); (A.C.L.C.); (B.L.S.d.J.); (J.d.P.S.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Brenda Cristina Vitti
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (R.d.S.C.); (R.M.M.V.); (B.C.V.); (A.C.L.C.); (B.L.S.d.J.); (J.d.P.S.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Ana Carolina Lunardello Coelho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (R.d.S.C.); (R.M.M.V.); (B.C.V.); (A.C.L.C.); (B.L.S.d.J.); (J.d.P.S.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Bruna Laís Santos de Jesus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (R.d.S.C.); (R.M.M.V.); (B.C.V.); (A.C.L.C.); (B.L.S.d.J.); (J.d.P.S.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Juliano de Paula Souza
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (R.d.S.C.); (R.M.M.V.); (B.C.V.); (A.C.L.C.); (B.L.S.d.J.); (J.d.P.S.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Marjorie Cornejo Pontelli
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (R.d.S.C.); (R.M.M.V.); (B.C.V.); (A.C.L.C.); (B.L.S.d.J.); (J.d.P.S.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Tomoyuki Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Armando Morais Ventura
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Eurico Arruda
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (R.d.S.C.); (R.M.M.V.); (B.C.V.); (A.C.L.C.); (B.L.S.d.J.); (J.d.P.S.); (M.C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Markoutsa E, McGill AR, Singer A, Jadhav H, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra SS. A multifunctional nanoparticle as a prophylactic and therapeutic approach targeting respiratory syncytial virus. Nanomedicine 2021; 32:102325. [PMID: 33186695 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has been a major health concern globally for decades, yet no effective prophylactic or treatment regimen is available. The key viral proteins responsible for RSV pathology include the fusion protein (F), the immunomodulatory non-structural-protein 1 (NS1) and the phosphoprotein (P) involved in viral replication. Herein, we developed a novel shell-core multifunctional nanosystem with dual payload: a plasmid construct encoding for shRNAs against NS1 and P, and an anti-fusion peptide (HR2D). Anti-ICAM1 antibody conjugated on the nanoparticle (NP) surface is used to target RSV infected cells. Our data show the potential of this nanosystem as a prophylactic and/or a therapeutic regimen against RSV infection. Furthermore, therapy of RSV infected mice with this nanosystem, in addition to reducing viral load, modulated expression of Th2 and allergy-associated cytokines such as IL4, IL-13 and IL-17 indicating a direct role of this nanosystem in the mechanisms involved in the immunoregulation of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Markoutsa
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrew R McGill
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anthony Singer
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Heta Jadhav
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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18
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Krivitskaya V, Komissarova K, Pisareva M, Sverlova M, Fadeev A, Petrova E, Timonina V, Sominina A, Danilenko D. Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein Sequence Variability among Isolates from St. Petersburg, Russia, during the 2013-2014 Epidemic Season. Viruses 2021; 13:119. [PMID: 33477301 PMCID: PMC7830914 DOI: 10.3390/v13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. It is actively evolving under environmental and herd immunity influences. This work presents, for the first time, sequence variability analysis of RSV G gene and G protein using St. Petersburg (Russia) isolates. Viruses were isolated in a cell culture from the clinical samples of 61 children hospitalized (January-April 2014) with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection. Real-time RT-PCR data showed that 56 isolates (91.8%) belonged to RSV-A and 5 isolates (8.2%) belonged to RSV-B. The G genes were sequenced for 27 RSV-A isolates and all of them belonged to genotype ON1/GA2. Of these RSV-A, 77.8% belonged to the ON1(1.1) genetic sub-cluster, and 14.8% belonged to the ON1(1.2) sub-cluster. The ON1(1.3) sub-cluster constituted a minor group (3.7%). Many single-amino acid substitutions were identified in the G proteins of St. Petersburg isolates, compared with the Canadian ON1/GA2 reference virus (ON67-1210A). Most of the amino acid replacements were found in immunodominant B- and T-cell antigenic determinants of G protein. These may affect the antigenic characteristics of RSV and influence the host antiviral immune response to currently circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Krivitskaya
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Kseniya Komissarova
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Maria Pisareva
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Maria Sverlova
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Artem Fadeev
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Ekaterina Petrova
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Veronika Timonina
- Children’s City Hospital of St. Olga, 194017 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anna Sominina
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Daria Danilenko
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
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19
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Baker RE, Park SW, Yang W, Vecchi GA, Metcalf CJE, Grenfell BT. The impact of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the future dynamics of endemic infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30547-30553. [PMID: 33168723 PMCID: PMC7720203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013182117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been employed to reduce the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), yet these measures are already having similar effects on other directly transmitted, endemic diseases. Disruptions to the seasonal transmission patterns of these diseases may have consequences for the timing and severity of future outbreaks. Here we consider the implications of SARS-CoV-2 NPIs for two endemic infections circulating in the United States of America: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and seasonal influenza. Using laboratory surveillance data from 2020, we estimate that RSV transmission declined by at least 20% in the United States at the start of the NPI period. We simulate future trajectories of both RSV and influenza, using an epidemic model. As susceptibility increases over the NPI period, we find that substantial outbreaks of RSV may occur in future years, with peak outbreaks likely occurring in the winter of 2021-2022. Longer NPIs, in general, lead to larger future outbreaks although they may display complex interactions with baseline seasonality. Results for influenza broadly echo this picture, but are more uncertain; future outbreaks are likely dependent on the transmissibility and evolutionary dynamics of circulating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Baker
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Sang Woo Park
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Wenchang Yang
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Gabriel A Vecchi
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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20
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Blanchard EL, Braun MR, Lifland AW, Ludeke B, Noton SL, Vanover D, Zurla C, Fearns R, Santangelo PJ. Polymerase-tagged respiratory syncytial virus reveals a dynamic rearrangement of the ribonucleocapsid complex during infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008987. [PMID: 33031461 PMCID: PMC7575074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribonucleocapsid complex of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for both viral mRNA transcription and viral replication during infection, though little is known about how this dual function is achieved. Here, we report the use of a recombinant RSV virus with a FLAG-tagged large polymerase protein, L, to characterize and localize RSV ribonucleocapsid structures during the early and late stages of viral infection. Through proximity ligation assays and super-resolution microscopy, viral RNA and proteins in the ribonucleocapsid complex were revealed to dynamically rearrange over time, particularly between 6 and 8 hours post infection, suggesting a connection between the ribonucleocapsid structure and its function. The timing of ribonucleocapsid rearrangement corresponded with an increase in RSV genome RNA accumulation, indicating that this rearrangement is likely involved with the onset of RNA replication and secondary transcription. Additionally, early overexpression of RSV M2-2 from in vitro transcribed mRNA was shown to inhibit virus infection by rearranging the ribonucleocapsid complex. Collectively, these results detail a critical understanding into the localization and activity of RSV L and the ribonucleocapsid complex during RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline L. Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Molly R. Braun
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Aaron W. Lifland
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Barbara Ludeke
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Noton
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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21
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Rennick LJ, Nambulli S, Lemon K, Olinger GY, Crossland NA, Millar EL, Duprex WP. Recombinant subtype A and B human respiratory syncytial virus clinical isolates co-infect the respiratory tract of cotton rats. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1056-1068. [PMID: 32723429 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is an important respiratory pathogen causing a spectrum of illness, from common cold-like symptoms, to bronchiolitis and pneumonia requiring hospitalization in infants, the immunocompromised and the elderly. HRSV exists as two antigenic subtypes, A and B, which typically cycle biannually in separate seasons. There are many unresolved questions in HRSV biology regarding the interactions and interplay of the two subtypes. Therefore, we generated a reverse genetics system for a subtype A HRSV from the 2011 season (A11) to complement our existing subtype B reverse genetics system. We obtained the sequence (HRSVA11) directly from an unpassaged clinical sample and generated the recombinant (r) HRSVA11. A version of the virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from an additional transcription unit in the fifth (5) position of the genome, rHRSVA11EGFP(5), was also generated. rHRSVA11 and rHRSVA11EGFP(5) grew comparably in cell culture. To facilitate animal co-infection studies, we derivatized our subtype B clinical isolate using reverse genetics toexpress the red fluorescent protein (dTom)-expressing rHRSVB05dTom(5). These viruses were then used to study simultaneous in vivo co-infection of the respiratory tract. Following intranasal infection, both rHRSVA11EGFP(5) and rHRSVB05dTom(5) infected cotton rats targeting the same cell populations and demonstrating that co-infection occurs in vivo. The implications of this finding on viral evolution are important since it shows that inter-subtype cooperativity and/or competition is feasible in vivo during the natural course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Rennick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Sham Nambulli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Ken Lemon
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 9BL, UK
| | - Grace Y Olinger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Emma L Millar
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 9BL, UK
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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22
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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23
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Smithgall M, Maykowski P, Zachariah P, Oberhardt M, Vargas CY, Reed C, LaRussa P, Saiman L, Stockwell MS. Epidemiology, clinical features, and resource utilization associated with respiratory syncytial virus in the community and hospital. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:247-256. [PMID: 32077641 PMCID: PMC7182604 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology, clinical features, and resource utilization of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cases in the community and the hospital are not fully characterized. METHODS We identified individuals of all ages with laboratory-confirmed RSV from two sources, a community cohort undergoing surveillance for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and hospitalized patients from the same geographic area of New York City between 2013 and 15. The epidemiology, clinical features, and resource utilization (antibiotic/steroid/ribavirin usage, chest X-rays, respiratory-support (continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP], mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]), and indicators of disease severity (respiratory-support, and/or ICU admission or death)) were compared among age groups using univariate and bivariate analyses. RESULTS In the community cohort (1777 people with 1805 ARIs), 66(3.7%) tested RSV-positive (3.8% of <1-year-olds; 3.8% of adults ≥65); 40.9% were medically attended, and 23.1% reported antibiotic usage. Among 40,461 tests performed on hospital patients, 2.7% were RSV-positive within ± 2 days of admission (37.3% <1 year old; 17.4% ≥65 years old). Among RSV-positive hospitalized adults ≥65%, 92.7%, 89.6% and 78.1% received a chest X-ray, antibiotics and/or steroids respectively, compared with 48.9%, 45.7%, and 48.7% of children <1. Severe illness occurred in 27.0% RSV-positive hospitalized <1-year-olds and 19.8% ≥65-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory syncytial virus had a demonstrated impact in the community and hospital. Only 40% of RSV community cases were medically attended. In the hospitalized-cohort, <1- and ≥ 65-year-olds accounted for the majority of patients and had similar rates of severe illness. In addition, resource utilization was high in older adults, making both young children and older adults important potential RSV vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Smithgall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Maykowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Zachariah
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Carrie Reed
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philip LaRussa
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Saiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa S Stockwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Touzelet O, Broadbent L, Armstrong SD, Aljabr W, Cloutman-Green E, Power UF, Hiscox JA. The Secretome Profiling of a Pediatric Airway Epithelium Infected with hRSV Identified Aberrant Apical/Basolateral Trafficking and Novel Immune Modulating (CXCL6, CXCL16, CSF3) and Antiviral (CEACAM1) Proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:793-807. [PMID: 32075873 PMCID: PMC7196588 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium comprises polarized cells at the interface between the environment and airway tissues. Polarized apical and basolateral protein secretions are a feature of airway epithelium homeostasis. Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major human pathogen that primarily targets the respiratory epithelium. However, the consequences of hRSV infection on epithelium secretome polarity and content remain poorly understood. To investigate the hRSV-associated apical and basolateral secretomes, a proteomics approach was combined with an ex vivo pediatric human airway epithelial (HAE) model of hRSV infection (data are available via ProteomeXchange and can be accessed at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/ with identifier PXD013661). Following infection, a skewing of apical/basolateral abundance ratios was identified for several individual proteins. Novel modulators of neutrophil and lymphocyte activation (CXCL6, CSF3, SECTM1 or CXCL16), and antiviral proteins (BST2 or CEACAM1) were detected in infected, but not in uninfected cultures. Importantly, CXCL6, CXCL16, CSF3 were also detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) from hRSV-infected infants but not healthy controls. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of CEACAM1 against RSV was confirmed in vitro using BEAS-2B cells. hRSV infection disrupted the polarity of the pediatric respiratory epithelial secretome and was associated with immune modulating proteins (CXCL6, CXCL16, CSF3) never linked with this virus before. In addition, the antiviral activity of CEACAM1 against hRSV had also never been previously characterized. This study, therefore, provides novel insights into RSV pathogenesis and endogenous antiviral responses in pediatric airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Touzelet
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lindsay Broadbent
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Waleed Aljabr
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Biomedical Research Administration, Research Centre, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box 59046 Riyadh 11252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elaine Cloutman-Green
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Level 4 Camelia Botnar Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ultan F Power
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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25
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Brasier AR. RSV Reprograms the CDK9•BRD4 Chromatin Remodeling Complex to Couple Innate Inflammation to Airway Remodeling. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040472. [PMID: 32331282 PMCID: PMC7232410 DOI: 10.3390/v12040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infection is responsible for seasonal upper and lower respiratory tract infections worldwide, causing substantial morbidity. Self-inoculation of the virus into the nasopharynx results in epithelial replication and distal spread into the lower respiratory tract. Here, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activates sentinel cells important in the host inflammatory response, resulting in epithelial-derived cytokine and interferon (IFN) expression resulting in neutrophilia, whose intensity is associated with disease severity. I will synthesize key findings describing how RSV replication activates intracellular NFκB and IRF signaling cascades controlling the innate immune response (IIR). Recent studies have implicated a central role for Scg1a1+ expressing progenitor cells in IIR, a cell type uniquely primed to induce neutrophilic-, T helper 2 (Th2)-polarizing-, and fibrogenic cytokines that play distinct roles in disease pathogenesis. Molecular studies have linked the positive transcriptional elongation factor-b (P-TEFb), a pleiotrophic chromatin remodeling complex in immediate-early IIR gene expression. Through intrinsic kinase activity of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 9 and atypical histone acetyl transferase activity of bromodomain containing protein 4 (BRD4), P-TEFb mediates transcriptional elongation of IIR genes. Unbiased proteomic studies show that the CDK9•BRD4 complex is dynamically reconfigured by the innate response and targets TGFβ-dependent fibrogenic gene networks. Chronic activation of CDK9•BRD4 mediates chromatin remodeling fibrogenic gene networks that cause epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mesenchymal transitioned epithelial cells elaborate TGFβ and IL6 that function in a paracrine manner to expand the population of subepithelial myofibroblasts. These findings may account for the long-term reduction in pulmonary function in children with severe lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Modifying chromatin remodeling properties of the CDK9•BRD4 coactivators may provide a mechanism for reducing post-infectious airway remodeling that are a consequence of severe RSV LRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research; University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison, WI 53705, USA
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26
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Martín-Vicente M, González-Riaño C, Barbas C, Jiménez-Sousa MÁ, Brochado-Kith O, Resino S, Martínez I. Metabolic changes during respiratory syncytial virus infection of epithelial cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230844. [PMID: 32214395 PMCID: PMC7098640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections induce substantial metabolic changes in infected cells to optimize viral production while cells develop countermeasures to restrict that infection. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is an infectious pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised adults for which no effective treatment or vaccine is currently available. In this study, variations in metabolite levels at different time points post-HRSV infection of epithelial cells were studied by untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of methanol cell extracts. Numerous metabolites were significantly upregulated after 18 hours post-infection, including nucleotides, amino acids, amino and nucleotide sugars, and metabolites of the central carbon pathway. In contrast, most lipid classes were downregulated. Additionally, increased levels of oxidized glutathione and polyamines were associated with oxidative stress in infected cells. These results show how HRSV infection influences cell metabolism to produce the energy and building blocks necessary for virus reproduction, suggesting potential therapeutic interventions against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-Vicente
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina González-Riaño
- Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Jiménez-Sousa
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Brochado-Kith
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (IM); (SR)
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (IM); (SR)
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27
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Wu W, Choi EJ, Lee I, Lee YS, Bao X. Non-Coding RNAs and Their Role in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030345. [PMID: 32245206 PMCID: PMC7150941 DOI: 10.3390/v12030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent high-throughput sequencing revealed that only 2% of the transcribed human genome codes for proteins, while the majority of transcriptional products are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding ncRNAs, both host- and virus-derived, and their role in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. RSV is known as the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, while hMPV is also a significant contributor to LRTI in the pediatrics population. Although RSV and hMPV are close members, belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, they induce distinct changes in the ncRNA profile. Several types of host ncRNAs, including long ncRNA (lncRNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), and transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived RNA fragments (tRFs), are involved as playing roles in RSV and/or hMPV infection. Given the importance of ncRNAs in regulating the expression and functions of genes and proteins, comprehensively understanding the roles of ncRNAs in RSV/hMPV infection could shed light upon the disease mechanisms of RSV and hMPV, potentially providing insights into the development of prevention strategies and antiviral therapy. The presence of viral-derived RNAs and the potential of using ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.W.); (E.-J.C.)
| | - Eun-Jin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.W.); (E.-J.C.)
| | | | - Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer System Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea;
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (W.W.); (E.-J.C.)
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Institute of Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +409-772-1777
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28
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Hodgson D, Atkins KE, Baguelin M, Panovska‐Griffiths J, Thorrington D, van Hoek AJ, Zhao H, Fragaszy E, Hayward AC, Pebody R. Estimates for quality of life loss due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:19-27. [PMID: 31625688 PMCID: PMC6928035 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children aged <5 years in whom severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) episodes predominantly occur, there are currently no appropriate standardised instruments to estimate quality of life years (QALY) loss. OBJECTIVES We estimated the age-specific QALY loss due to RSV by developing a regression model which predicts the QALY loss without the use of standardised instruments. METHODS We conducted a surveillance study which targeted confirmed RSV episodes in children aged <5 years (confirmed cases) and their household members who experienced symptoms of RSV during the same time (suspected cases). All participants were asked to complete questions regarding their health during the infection, with the suspected cases additionally providing health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) loss estimates by completing EQ-5D-3L-Y or EQ-5D-3L instruments. We used the responses from the suspected cases to calibrate a regression model which estimates the HR-QoL and QALY loss due to infection. FINDINGS For confirmed RSV cases in children under 5 years of age who sought health care, our model predicted a QALY loss per RSV episode of 3.823 × 10-3 (95% CI 0.492-12.766 × 10-3 ), compared with 3.024 × 10-3 (95% CI 0.329-10.098 × 10-3 ) for under fives who did not seek health care. Quality of life years loss per episode was less for older children and adults, estimated as 1.950 × 10-3 (0.185-9.578 × 10-3 ) and 1.543 × 10-3 (0.136-6.406 × 10-3 ) for those who seek or do not seek health care, respectively. CONCLUSION Evaluations of potential RSV vaccination programmes should consider their impact across the whole population, not just young child children.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hodgson
- Centre for Mathematics, Physics and Engineering in the Life Sciences and Experimental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of MathematicsUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Katherine E. Atkins
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyFaculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Centre for Global HealthUsher Institute of Population Health Sciences and InformaticsEdinburgh Medical SchoolThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Marc Baguelin
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyFaculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Respiratory Diseases DepartmentPublic Health EnglandLondonUK
| | - Jasmina Panovska‐Griffiths
- Centre for Mathematics, Physics and Engineering in the Life Sciences and Experimental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of MathematicsUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Department of Applied Health ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dominic Thorrington
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Respiratory Diseases DepartmentPublic Health EnglandLondonUK
| | - Albert Jan van Hoek
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyFaculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Department of Epidemiology and SurveillanceNational Institute for Public Health and EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Respiratory Diseases DepartmentPublic Health EnglandLondonUK
| | - Ellen Fragaszy
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyFaculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Centre for Public Health Data ScienceInstitute of Health InformaticsUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew C. Hayward
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Richard Pebody
- Respiratory Diseases DepartmentPublic Health EnglandLondonUK
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29
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Bokun V, Moore JJ, Moore R, Smallcombe CC, Harford TJ, Rezaee F, Esper F, Piedimonte G. Respiratory syncytial virus exhibits differential tropism for distinct human placental cell types with Hofbauer cells acting as a permissive reservoir for infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225767. [PMID: 31790466 PMCID: PMC6886783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is capable of transient viremia and extrapulmonary dissemination. Recently, this virus has been identified in fetal cord blood, suggesting the possibility of in utero acquisition in humans. Here, we assess permissivity and kinetics of RSV replication in primary human placental cells, examine their potential to transfer this infection to neighboring cells, and measure the inflammatory response evoked by the virus. METHODS AND FINDINGS Human placental villus tissue was collected immediately upon delivery and processed for isolation of placental cytotrophoblast, fibroblast, and macrophage (Hofbauer) cells. Isolated cells were infected with a recombinant RSV-A2 strain (rrRSV) expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, Western blot, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Based on RFP expression, rrRSV exhibited differential tropism for the three major placental cell types. Placental fibroblasts and Hofbauer cells were permissive and supported productive rrRSV replication. While infected cytotrophoblast cells expressed viral glycoprotein (G protein), only limited RSV replication was detected. Importantly, qPCR and fluorescence-focused unit assay revealed that the viral progeny remains trapped within infected Hofbauer cells for up to 30 days, with no release into surrounding media. Yet, Hofbauer cells passed the infection onto overlaid naïve 16HBE cells, suggesting contact-dependent trans-infection. Lastly, a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma was measured in the supernatant of infected Hofbauer cells by multiplex cytokine assay and conventional ELISA. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that RSV can replicate in human placenta, exhibits differential tropism for distinct placental cell types, can be stored and transferred to neighboring cells by Hofbauer cells, and elicits an inflammatory response. It also supports the hypothesis that this respiratory virus can be vertically transferred to the fetus and potentially affect its development and the outcome of pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bokun
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John J Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carrie C Smallcombe
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Terri J Harford
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Frank Esper
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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30
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Lopes BRP, da Costa MF, Genova Ribeiro A, da Silva TF, Lima CS, Caruso IP, de Araujo GC, Kubo LH, Iacovelli F, Falconi M, Desideri A, de Oliveira J, Regasini LO, de Souza FP, Toledo KA. Quercetin pentaacetate inhibits in vitro human respiratory syncytial virus adhesion. Virus Res 2019; 276:197805. [PMID: 31712123 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the main etiological agents of diseases of the lower respiratory tract and is often responsible for the hospitalization of children and the elderly. To date, treatments are only palliative and there is no vaccine available. Natural products show exceptional structural diversity and they have played a vital role in drug research. Several investigations focused on applied structural modification of natural products to improved metabolic stability, solubility and biological actions them. Quercetin is a flavonoid that presents several biological activities, including anti-hRSV role. Some works criticize the pharmacological use of Quercetin because it has low solubility and low specificity. In this sense, we acetylated Quercetin structure and we used in vitro and in silico assays to compare anti-hRSV function between Quercetin (Q0) and its derivative molecule (Q1). Q1 shows lower cytotoxic effect than Q0 on HEp-2 cells. In addition, Q1 was more efficient than Q0 to protect HEp-2 cells infected with different multiplicity of infection (0.1-1 MOI). The virucidal effects of Q0 and Q1 suggest interaction between these molecules and viral particle. Dynamic molecular results suggest that Q0 and Q1 may interact with F-protein on hRSV surface in an important region to adhesion and viral infection. Q1 interaction with F-protein showed ΔG= -14.22 kcal/mol and it was more stable than Q0. Additional, MTT and plate assays confirmed that virucidal Q1 effects occurs during adhesion step of cycle hRSV replication. In conclusion, acetylation improves anti-hRSV Quercetin effects because Quercetin pentaacetate could interact with F-protein with lower binding energy and better stability to block viral adhesion. These results show alternative anti-hRSV strategy and contribute to drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rafael Pereira Lopes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP (FCLAssis), Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Mirian Feliciano da Costa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP (FCLAssis), Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Amanda Genova Ribeiro
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP (FCLAssis), Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Icaro Putinhon Caruso
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular (CMIB), Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Campos de Araujo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular (CMIB), Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Federico Iacovelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Falconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Desideri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fatima Pereira de Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular (CMIB), Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Karina Alves Toledo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP (FCLAssis), Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.
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31
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Jonsdottir HR, Marti S, Geerts D, Rodriguez R, Thiel V, Dijkman R. Establishment of Primary Transgenic Human Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures to Study Respiratory Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080747. [PMID: 31412613 PMCID: PMC6723040 DOI: 10.3390/v11080747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human airway epithelial cell (hAEC) cultures represent a universal platform to propagate respiratory viruses and characterize their host interactions in authentic target cells. To further elucidate specific interactions between human respiratory viruses and important host factors in the airway epithelium, it is important to make hAEC cultures amenable to genetic modification. However, the short and finite lifespan of primary cells in cell culture creates a bottleneck for the genetic modification of these cultures. In the current study, we show that the incorporation of the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (Y-27632) during cell propagation extends the life span of primary human cells in vitro and thereby facilitates the incorporation of lentivirus-based expression systems. Using fluorescent reporters for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based sorting, we generated homogenously fluorescent hAEC cultures that differentiate normally after lentiviral transduction. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that host gene expression can be modulated post-differentiation via inducible short hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated knockdown. Importantly, functional characterization of these transgenic hAEC cultures with exogenous poly (I:C), as a proxy for virus infection, demonstrates that such modifications do not influence the host innate immune response. Moreover, the propagation kinetics of both human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) were not affected. Combined, these results validate our newly established protocol for the genetic modification of hAEC cultures, thereby unlocking a unique potential for detailed molecular characterization of virus–host interactions in human respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulda R Jonsdottir
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern & 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Marti
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern & 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regulo Rodriguez
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern & 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern & 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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32
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Cortjens B, de Jong R, Bonsing JG, van Woensel JBM, Bem RA, Antonis AFG. Human respiratory syncytial virus infection in the pre-clinical calf model. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:213-218. [PMID: 31300116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most important respiratory pathogen in young children worldwide. Experimental modelling of hRSV disease by bovine RSV (bRSV) infection in calves provides an important tool for developing new strategies for prevention and treatment. Depending on the scientific hypothesis under investigation, this cognate host-virus model might have the disadvantage of using a highly related but not genetically identical virus. In this study, we aim to describe viral kinetics and (clinical) disease characteristics in calves inoculated with hRSV. Our results show that hRSV infects the upper and, to a lesser extent, the lower respiratory tract of calves. Infection causes upper airway clinical disease symptoms and neutrophilic infiltration of the lower airways. We conclude that a hRSV model in calves may aid future research involving distinct scientific questions related to hRSV disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cortjens
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - R de Jong
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - J G Bonsing
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - J B M van Woensel
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R A Bem
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A F G Antonis
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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33
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Mahikul W, J. White L, Poovorawan K, Soonthornworasiri N, Sukontamarn P, Chanthavilay P, F. Medley G, Pan-ngum W. Modeling household dynamics on Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219323. [PMID: 31287832 PMCID: PMC6615606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the most common cause of respiratory tract infection in infants and children and shows increasing trend among elderly people worldwide. In many developing country settings, population and household structures have gone through some significant changes in the past decades, namely fewer births, more elderly population, and smaller household size but more RSV high-risk individuals. These dynamics have been captured in a mathematical model with RSV transmission dynamics to predict the disease burden on the detailed population for future targeted interventions. The population and disease dynamics model was constructed and tested against the hospitalization data for Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection due to RSV in rural Thai settings between 2005 and 2011. The proportion of extended families is predicted to increase by about 10% from 2005 to 2020, especially for those with elderly population, while the classic nuclear family type (with adults and children) will decline by about 10%. For RSV, infections from extended family type (approximately 60% of all household types) have majorly contributed to the force of infection (FOI). While the model predicted the increase of FOI from the extended family by 15% from 2005 to 2020, the FOI contributed by other household types would be either stable or decrease in the same time period. RSV incidence rate is predominantly high among babies (92.2%) and has been predicted to decrease slightly over time (from 940 to 864 cases per 100,000 population by 2020), while the incidence rates among children and elderly people may remain steadily low over the same period. However, the estimated incidence rates among elderly people were twice than those in children. The model predicts that approximately 60% of FOI for RSV will come from members of the extended family type. The incidence rate of RSV among children and elderly in extended families was about 20 times lower than that in infants and the trend is steady. Targeted intervention strategies, such as health education in some specific groups and targeted vaccination, may be considered, with the focus on extended family type. Target interventions on babies can lessen the transmission to children and elderly especially when transmission within households of extended family type is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiriya Mahikul
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lisa J. White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kittiyod Poovorawan
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Phetsavanh Chanthavilay
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Research and Education Development, UHS, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Graham F. Medley
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease & Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wirichada Pan-ngum
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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34
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DeFord DM, Nosek JM, Castiglia KR, Hasik EF, Franke ME, Nick BC, Abdelnour AM, Haas CE, Junod NA, Latsko KN, Moore ML, Berthrong ST, Rostad CA, Stobart CC. Evaluation of the role of respiratory syncytial virus surface glycoproteins F and G on viral stability and replication: implications for future vaccine design. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1112-1122. [PMID: 31184573 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide and exhaustive international efforts are underway to develop a vaccine. However, vaccine development has been hindered by a legacy of vaccine-enhanced disease, poor viral immunogenicity in infants, and genetic and physical instabilities. Natural infection with RSV does not prime for enhanced disease encouraging development of live-attenuated RSV vaccines for infants; however, physical instabilities of RSV may limit vaccine development. The role of RSV strain-specific differences on viral physical stability remains unclear. We have previously demonstrated that the RSV fusion (F) surface glycoprotein is responsible for mediating significant differences in thermostability between strains A2 and A2-line19F. In this study, we performed a more comprehensive analysis to characterize the replication and physical stability of recombinant RSV A and B strains that differed only in viral attachment (G) and/or F surface glycoprotein expression. We observed significant differences in thermal stability, syncytia size, pre-fusion F incorporation and viral growth kinetics in vitro, but limited variations to pH and freeze-thaw inactivation among several tested strains. Consistent with earlier studies, A2-line19F showed significantly enhanced thermal stability over A2, but also restricted growth kinetics in both HEp2 and Vero cells. As expected, no significant differences in susceptibility to UV inactivation were observed. These studies provide the first analysis of the physical stability of multiple strains of RSV, establish a key virus strain associated with enhanced thermal stability compared to conventional lab strain A2, and further support the pivotal role RSV F plays in virus stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby M DeFord
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jenna M Nosek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Emily F Hasik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Megan E Franke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Benjamin C Nick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alyssa M Abdelnour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Caitlin E Haas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nathan A Junod
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karina N Latsko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Martin L Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean T Berthrong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Vázquez Y, González L, Noguera L, González PA, Riedel CA, Bertrand P, Bueno SM. Cytokines in the Respiratory Airway as Biomarkers of Severity and Prognosis for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: An Update. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1154. [PMID: 31214165 PMCID: PMC6557983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the most important causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and the main cause of bronchiolitis worldwide. Disease manifestations caused by hRSV may vary from mild to severe, occasionally requiring admission and hospitalization in intensive care units. Despite the high morbidity rates associated to bronchiolitis, treatment options against hRSV are limited and there are no current vaccination strategies to prevent infection. Importantly, the early identification of high-risk patients can help improve disease management and prevent complications associated with hRSV infection. Recently, the characterization of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine patterns produced during hRSV-related inflammatory processes has allowed the identification of potential prognosis biomarkers. A suitable biomarker should allow predicting the severity of the infection in a simple and opportune manner and should ideally be obtained from non-invasive samples. Among the cytokines associated with hRSV disease severity, IL-8, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), and IL-6, as well as the Th2-type cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-3, and IL-33 have been highlighted as molecules with prognostic value in hRSV infections. In this review, we discuss current studies that describe molecules produced by patients during hRSV infection and their potential as biomarkers to anticipate the severity of the disease caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaneisi Vázquez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liliana González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreani Noguera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Bertrand
- División de Pediatría, Unidad de Enfermedades Respiratorias Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Gilman MSA, Furmanova-Hollenstein P, Pascual G, B van 't Wout A, Langedijk JPM, McLellan JS. Transient opening of trimeric prefusion RSV F proteins. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2105. [PMID: 31068578 PMCID: PMC6506550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F glycoprotein is a class I fusion protein that mediates viral entry and is a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Structures of prefusion forms of RSV F, as well as other class I fusion proteins, have revealed compact trimeric arrangements, yet whether these trimeric forms can transiently open remains unknown. Here, we perform structural and biochemical studies on a recently isolated antibody, CR9501, and demonstrate that it enhances the opening of prefusion-stabilized RSV F trimers. The 3.3 Å crystal structure of monomeric RSV F bound to CR9501, combined with analysis of over 25 previously determined RSV F structures, reveals a breathing motion of the prefusion conformation. We also demonstrate that full-length RSV F trimers transiently open and dissociate on the cell surface. Collectively, these findings have implications for the function of class I fusion proteins, as well as antibody prophylaxis and vaccine development for RSV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Computer Simulation
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Drug Development
- HEK293 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Multimerization/physiology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/isolation & purification
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S A Gilman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Pascual
- Janssen Immunosciences, World Without Disease Accelerator, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Angélique B van 't Wout
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, CN, 2333, The Netherlands
- AlphaBiomics, London, SW4 0PA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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37
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Martín-Vicente M, Resino S, Martínez I. siRNA-Mediated Simultaneous Regulation of the Cellular Innate Immune Response and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050165. [PMID: 31035368 PMCID: PMC6572644 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection is a common cause of severe lower respiratory tract diseases such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Both virus replication and the associated inflammatory immune response are believed to be behind these pathologies. So far, no vaccine or effective treatment is available for this viral infection. With the aim of finding new strategies to counteract HRSV replication and modulate the immune response, specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were generated targeting the mRNA coding for the viral fusion (F) protein or nucleoprotein (N), or for two proteins involved in intracellular immune signaling, which are named tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I). Furthermore, two additional bispecific siRNAs were designed that silenced F and TRIM25 (TRIM25/HRSV-F) or N and RIG-I (RIG-I/HRSV-N) simultaneously. All siRNAs targeting N or F, but not those silencing TRIM25 or RIG-I alone, significantly reduced viral titers. However, while siRNAs targeting F inhibited only the expression of the F mRNA and protein, the siRNAs targeting N led to a general inhibition of viral mRNA and protein expression. The N-targeting siRNAs also induced a drastic decrease in the expression of genes of the innate immune response. These results show that both virus replication and the early innate immune response can be regulated by targeting distinct viral products with siRNAs, which may be related to the different role of each protein in the life cycle of the virus.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Gene Silencing
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/growth & development
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-Vicente
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Leemans A, Boeren M, Van der Gucht W, Martinet W, Caljon G, Maes L, Cos P, Delputte P. Characterization of the role of N-glycosylation sites in the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in virus replication, syncytium formation and antigenicity. Virus Res 2019; 266:58-68. [PMID: 31004621 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of infant hospitalization worldwide each year and there is presently no licensed vaccine to prevent severe RSV infections. Two major RSV glycoproteins, attachment (G) and fusion (F) protein, regulate viral replication and both proteins contain potential glycosylation sites which are highly variable for the G protein and conserved for the F protein among virus isolates. The RSV F sequence possesses five N-glycosylation sites located in the F2 subunit (N27 and N70), the p27 peptide (N116 and N126) and the F1 subunit (N500). The importance of RSV F N-glycosylation in virus replication and immunogenicity is not yet fully understood, and a better understanding may provide new insights for vaccine development. By using a BAC-based reverse genetics system, recombinant viruses expressing F proteins with loss of N-glycosylation sites were made. Mutant viruses with single N-glycosylation sites removed could be recovered, while this was not possible with the mutant with all N-glycosylation sites removed. Although the individual RSV F N-glycosylation sites were shown not to be essential for viral replication, they do contribute to the efficiency of in vitro and in vivo viral infection. To evaluate the role of N-glycosylation sites on RSV F antigenicity, serum antibody titers were determined after infection of BALB/c mice with RSV expressing the glycomutant F proteins. Infection with recombinant virus lacking the N-glycosylation site at position N116 (RSV F N116Q) resulted in significant higher neutralizing antibody titers compared to RSV F WT infection, which is surprising since this N-glycan is present in the p27 peptide which is assumed to be absent from the mature F protein in virions. Thus, single or combined RSV F glycomutations which affect virus replication and fusogenicity, and which may induce enhanced antibody responses upon immunization could have the potential to improve the efficacy of RSV LAV approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Female
- Giant Cells/virology
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/pathology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/growth & development
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/pathogenicity
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Marlies Boeren
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Winke Van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
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39
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Beauchemin CAA, Kim YI, Yu Q, Ciaramella G, DeVincenzo JP. Uncovering critical properties of the human respiratory syncytial virus by combining in vitro assays and in silico analyses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214708. [PMID: 30986239 PMCID: PMC6464176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are still poorly understood. Yet these knowledge gaps have had and could continue to have adverse, unintended consequences for the efficacy and safety of antivirals and vaccines developed against RSV. Mathematical modelling was used to test and evaluate hypotheses about the rate of loss of RSV infectivity and the mechanisms and kinetics of RSV infection spread in SIAT cells in vitro. While the rate of loss of RSV integrity, as measured via qRT-PCR, is well-described by an exponential decay, the latter mechanism failed to describe the rate at which RSV A Long loses infectivity over time in vitro based on the data presented herein. This is unusual given that other viruses (HIV, HCV, influenza) have been shown to lose their infectivity exponentially in vitro, and indeed an exponential rate of loss of infectivity is always assumed in mathematical modelling and experimental analyses. The infectivity profile of RSV in HEp-2 and SIAT cells remained consistent over the course of an RSV infection, over time and a large range of infectivity. However, SIAT cells were found to be ∼ 100× less sensitive to RSV infection than HEp-2 cells. In particular, we found that RSV spreads inefficiently in SIAT cells, in a manner we show is consistent with the establishment of infection resistance in uninfected cells. SIAT cells are a good in vitro model in which to study RSV in vivo dissemination, yielding similar infection timescales. However, the higher sensitivity of HEp-2 cells to RSV together with its RSV infectivity profile being similar to that of SIAT cells, makes HEp-2 cells more suitable for quantifying RSV infectivity over the course of in vitro RSV infections in SIAT cells. Our findings highlight the importance and urgency of resolving the mechanisms at play in the dissemination of RSV infections in vitro, and the processes by which this infectivity is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. A. Beauchemin
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS) Research Program at RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Young-In Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Qin Yu
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Ciaramella
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. DeVincenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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40
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Ampuero S, Andaur R, Milano M, Moreno M, Lizama L, Larrañaga C, Urzúa U. Time-course of transcriptome response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in lung epithelium cells. Acta Virol 2019; 62:310-325. [PMID: 30160147 DOI: 10.4149/av_2018_225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Winter outbreaks in Chile result in 5% of infected children hospitalized, with 0.01% mortality. Increased evidence indicates that viral and host factors modulate the severity of infection. Using DNA microarrays, we characterized the genome-wide transcriptional response of lung mucoepidermoid cells (NCI-H292) at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-infection (hpi) with a single dose of RSV/A. During the whole studied period, a bi-phasic gene expression profile was observed by a total of 330 differentially expressed genes. About 60% of them were up-regulated between 24-72 hpi and then turned-off at 96 hpi. This transient, early gene expression pattern was significantly enriched in biological processes like interferon signaling, antigen processing and presentation, double-stranded RNA binding and chemokine activity. We detected 27 common genes up-regulated between 24-72 hpi, from which IFIT1, IFI44, MX1, CXCL11 and OAS1 had the highest expression. The second pattern comprised over 120 genes, which remained silenced until 72 hpi, but were steeply up-regulated by 96 hpi. Biological processes of this late-response profile included cell cycle division and microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Conversely, the genes belonging to virus response pathway showed a decreased expression at 96 hpi. We conclude that RSV induces an early innate immune activation profile response until 72 hpi. Thereafter, the viral response is inhibited, leading to host cell recovery. The presented cellular model allows to study the specific pathways involved in elimination of infection at prolonged time intervals and their subsequent analysis in severe RSV disease of infants and/or older adults.
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41
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Cohen R, Babushkin F, Geller K, Finn T. Characteristics of hospitalized adult patients with laboratory documented Influenza A, B and Respiratory Syncytial Virus - A single center retrospective observational study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214517. [PMID: 30921408 PMCID: PMC6438521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes of hospitalized adult patients with Influenza A (FluA), Influenza B (FluB) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) have not been thoroughly compared. The aim of this study was to describe the differences between these viruses during 3 winter seasons. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted consisting of all the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnoses of FluA, FluB and RSV among adults during 2015–2018, in one regional hospital. Epidemiology, clinical symptoms and outcome-related data were comparatively analyzed. Results Between November 2015 and April 2018, 759 patients were diagnosed with FluA, FluB or RSV. Study cohort included 539 adult patients (306 FluA, 148 FluB and 85 RSV). FluB was predominant during the winter of 2017–18. RSV caused 15.7% of hospitalizations with diagnosed viral infection and in comparison to influenza, had distinct epidemiological, clinical features and outcomes, including older age (74.2 vs 66.2, p = 0.001) and higher rates of co-morbidities; complications including bacterial pneumonia (31 vs 18%, p = 0.02), mechanical ventilation (20 vs 7%, p = 0.001), and viral-related death (13 vs 6.6%, p = 0.04). FluA and FluB had similar epidemiology, clinical symptoms and outcomes, but vaccinated patients were less prone to be hospitalized with FluB as compared with FluA (3 vs 14%, p = 0.001). Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and falls were common (8.7 and 8.5% respectively). Conclusions FluA and FluB had similar epidemiological, clinical features and contributed equally to hospitalization burden and complications. RSV had a major impact on hospitalizations, occurring among the more elderly and sick populations and causing significantly worse outcomes, when compared to influenza patients. Vaccination appeared as a protective factor against hospitalizations with FluB as compared with FluA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regev Cohen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Neytanya, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Frida Babushkin
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Neytanya, Israel
| | - Keren Geller
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Neytanya, Israel
| | - Talya Finn
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Neytanya, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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42
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Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Canedo-Marroquín G, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Andrade-Parra C, Gómez-Santander F, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Cytokines to Tissue Damage During Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:452. [PMID: 30936869 PMCID: PMC6431622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains one of the leading pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children younger than 2 years old, worldwide. Hospitalizations during the winter season due to hRSV-induced bronchiolitis and pneumonia increase every year. Despite this, there are no available vaccines to mitigate the health and economic burden caused by hRSV infection. The pathology caused by hRSV induces significant damage to the pulmonary epithelium, due to an excessive inflammatory response at the airways. Cytokines are considered essential players for the establishment and modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses, which can either be beneficial or harmful for the host. The deleterious effect observed upon hRSV infection is mainly due to tissue damage caused by immune cells recruited to the site of infection. This cellular recruitment takes place due to an altered profile of cytokines secreted by epithelial cells. As a result of inflammatory cell recruitment, the amounts of cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and CCL5 are further increased, while IL-10 and IFN-γ are decreased. However, additional studies are required to elicit the mediators directly associated with hRSV damage entirely. In addition to the detrimental induction of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory tract caused by hRSV, reports indicating alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) have been published. Indeed, elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), CCL2, and CCL4 have been reported in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with severe bronchiolitis and hRSV-associated encephalopathy. In this review article, we provide an in-depth analysis of the role of cytokines secreted upon hRSV infection and their potentially harmful contribution to tissue damage of the respiratory tract and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S. Pizarro-Ortega
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Andrade-Parra
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Gómez-Santander
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Noton
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chadene Z. Tremaglio
- Department of Biology, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Hamad ME, Amer HM, Farrag MA, Osman AH, Almajhdi FN. Naked DNA immunization with full-length attachment gene of human respiratory syncytial virus induces safe and protective immune response. Acta Virol 2018; 62:137-146. [PMID: 29895154 DOI: 10.4149/av_2018_203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Development of potent vaccine for human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) that confers better protection than natural infection remains a global challenge. Vaccination with naked DNA is considered successful approach for the control of many viral diseases. In this study, the potential of DNA vaccination using full-length attachment gene of HRSV type A Saudi strain cloned in pcDNA3.1+ vector (pcDNA/GA) was evaluated in BALB/c mice. The expression efficiency of pcDNA/GA was first confirmed in HEp-2 cells on RNA and protein levels. Mice immunization with either pcDNA/GA or the positive control formalin-inactivated vaccine (FI-RSV) has generated significant serum antibody concentration in ELISA (7.31±0.418 and 9.76±0.006 µg/ml, respectively) with superior neutralizing activity. Similarly, both immunogens evoked robust HRSV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in ELISPOT assay compared to mice immunized with pcDNA3.1+ vector or saline (negative controls). Challenge of the immunized mice with the wild-type HRSV did not provoke clinical symptoms or mortality in any mice group. On the 7th day post-challenge, mice were euthanized and lungs were extirpated for evaluation of viral load, histopathological changes and cytokine profile. A significant diminish in the viral load and histology score were concluded in lungs of pcDNA/GA immunized mice compared to those immunized with FI-RSV and negative controls. The pulmonary cytokine profile of pcDNA/GA immunized mice displayed notable upregulation of Th1-associated cytokines while that of FI-RSV immunized mice exhibited high levels of Th2-associated cytokines. In conclusion, the DNA vaccine candidate pcDNA/GA has proven prominent efficacy and safety in mouse model, which encourages further evaluation in clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunization
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Viral Load
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45
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Moral-Hernández OD, Santiago-Olivares C, Rivera-Toledo E, Gaona J, Castillo-Villanueva E, Gómez B. RSV infection in a macrophage-cell line activates the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Acta Virol 2018; 62:129-136. [PMID: 29895153 DOI: 10.4149/av_2018_202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly prevalent infectious agent that causes severe respiratory tract illnesses in infants and children worldwide. Children who have suffered severe RSV infections during infancy are prone to develop recurrent episodes of wheezing and asthma that may be associated with viral persistence. RSV infections in humans and animal models are characterized by extensive inflammatory responses. Epithelial cell lines acutely infected by RSV have shown activation of the NF-κB signaling through two independent pathways: the canonical pathway, mediated by RelA and p50 subunits, and the non-canonical pathway, mediated by the subunits RelB and p52. Herein, we investigated the state of activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways in macrophages either acutely or persistently infected by RSV and examined the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Activation of NF-κB subunits was analyzed through Western blot assays using acutely RSV-infected epithelial cells as a control. The expression levels of two pro-inflammatory cytokines and a chemokine were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and through immunobead assays. The results showed that p52 was abundant during acute and persistent RSV infection, indicating that macrophages predominantly activate the non-canonical pathway. We also observed activation of IL-1β, TNF-α and CCL5/RANTES transcription, though at higher levels in persistently infected macrophages than in acutely infected macrophages. In contrast, the protein levels of these cytokines/chemokine did not correlate with their mRNA transcription, as quantitation displayed higher levels during acute infection than in persistent infection, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation by RSV persistence.
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46
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Ban J, Lee NR, Lee NJ, Lee JK, Quan FS, Inn KS. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus NS 1 Targets TRIM25 to Suppress RIG-I Ubiquitination and Subsequent RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Signaling. Viruses 2018; 10:E716. [PMID: 30558248 PMCID: PMC6316657 DOI: 10.3390/v10120716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe acute lower respiratory tract disease. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) serves as an innate immune sensor and triggers antiviral responses upon recognizing viral infections including RSV. Since tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25)-mediated K63-polyubiquitination is crucial for RIG-I activation, several viruses target initial RIG-I activation through ubiquitination. RSV NS1 and NS2 have been shown to interfere with RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling. In this study, we explored the possibility that NS1 suppresses RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling by targeting TRIM25. Ubiquitination of ectopically expressed RIG-I-2Cards domain was decreased by RSV infection, indicating that RSV possesses ability to inhibit TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination. Similarly, ectopic expression of NS1 sufficiently suppressed TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination. Furthermore, interaction between NS1 and TRIM25 was detected by a co-immunoprecipitation assay. Further biochemical assays showed that the SPRY domain of TRIM25, which is responsible for interaction with RIG-I, interacted sufficiently with NS1. Suppression of RIG-I ubiquitination by NS1 resulted in decreased interaction between RIG-I and its downstream molecule, MAVS. The suppressive effect of NS1 on RIG-I signaling could be abrogated by overexpression of TRIM25. Collectively, this study suggests that RSV NS1 interacts with TRIM25 and interferes with RIG-I ubiquitination to suppress type-I interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Ban
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Na-Rae Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Noh-Jin Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Jong Kil Lee
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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47
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Snape N, Li D, Wei T, Jin H, Lor M, Rawle DJ, Spann KM, Harrich D. The eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A regulation of actin stress fibers is important for infectious RSV production. Virol J 2018; 15:182. [PMID: 30477508 PMCID: PMC6260765 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular protein eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is an actin binding protein that plays a role in the formation of filamentous actin (F-actin) bundles. F-Actin regulates multiple stages of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication including assembly and budding. Our previous study demonstrated that eEF1A knock-down significantly reduced RSV replication. Here we investigated if the eEF1A function in actin bundle formation was important for RSV replication and release. To investigate this, eEF1A function was impaired in HEp-2 cells by either knock-down of eEF1A with siRNA, or treatment with an eEF1A inhibitor, didemnin B (Did B). Cell staining and confocal microscopy analysis showed that both eEF1A knock-down and treatment with Did B resulted in disruption of cellular stress fiber formation and elevated accumulation of F-actin near the plasma membrane. When treated cells were then infected with RSV, there was also reduced formation of virus-induced cellular filopodia. Did B treatment, similarly to eEF1A knock-down, reduced the release of infectious RSV, but unlike eEF1A knock-down, did not significantly affect RSV genome replication. The lower infectious virus production in Did B treated cells also reduced RSV-induced cell death. In conclusion, the cellular factor eEF1A plays an important role in the regulation of F-actin stress fiber formation required for RSV assembly and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale Snape
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Qld, Herston, 4029 Australia
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Qld, Herston, 4029 Australia
| | - Hongping Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Qld, Herston, 4029 Australia
| | - Mary Lor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Qld, Herston, 4029 Australia
| | - Daniel J. Rawle
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Qld, Herston, 4029 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Qld, St. Lucia, 4072 Australia
| | - Kirsten M. Spann
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Centre for Children’s Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Qld, Brisbane, 4101 Australia
| | - David Harrich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Qld, Herston, 4029 Australia
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48
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Viguria N, Martínez-Baz I, Moreno-Galarraga L, Sierrasesúmaga L, Salcedo B, Castilla J. Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in children in northern Spain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206474. [PMID: 30439987 PMCID: PMC6237306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) morbidity may help to plan health care and future vaccine recommendations. We aim to describe the characteristics and temporal distribution of children diagnosed with RSV admitted in a Spanish hospital. METHODS Descriptive study for which the hospital discharges of children < 5 years of age with RSV infection were analyzed. The information was extracted from the hospital discharge database of a reference pediatric hospital in northern Spain for the 2010-2011 to 2014-2015 RSV seasons. RESULTS Six hundred and forty-seven hospitalizations of children with RSV infection were analyzed, 94% of which occurred between the second week of November and the last week of March. Most children (72%) were under one year of age and 95% were previously healthy infants. Infants born from October to December had the highest risk of hospitalization in the first year of life. The median length of hospital stay of children with and without comorbidities was six and three days, respectively. 6.5% of the hospitalized cases were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit; this percentage was higher among children < 2 months (adjusted odds ratio 4.15; 95% confidence interval: 1.37-12.61) or with comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio 4.15; 95% confidence interval: 1.53-11.28). The case lethality was 0.3%. CONCLUSIONS The risk of hospitalizations for RSV is high during the first year of life and increases among infants born in the fall. Being under two months of age and presenting comorbidities are the main risk factors associated to pediatric intensive care unit admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Viguria
- Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iván Martínez-Baz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno-Galarraga
- Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Blanca Salcedo
- Servicio de Gestión, Información y Evaluación, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Castilla
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Pamplona, Spain
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49
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Shahriari S, Wei KJ, Ghildyal R. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix (M) Protein Interacts with Actin In Vitro and in Cell Culture. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100535. [PMID: 30274351 PMCID: PMC6213044 DOI: 10.3390/v10100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The virus–host protein interactions that underlie respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) assembly are still not completely defined, despite almost 60 years of research. RSV buds from the apical surface of infected cells, once virion components have been transported to the budding sites. Association of RSV matrix (M) protein with the actin cytoskeleton may play a role in facilitating this transport. We have investigated the interaction of M with actin in vitro and cell culture. Purified wildtype RSV M protein was found to bind directly to polymerized actin in vitro. Vero cells were transfected to express full-length M (1–256) as a green fluorescent protein-(GFP) tagged protein, followed by treatment with the microfilament destabilizer, cytochalasin D. Destabilization of the microfilament network resulted in mislocalization of full-length M, from mostly cytoplasmic to diffused across both cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting that M interacts with microfilaments in this system. Importantly, treatment of RSV-infected cells with cytochalasin D results in lower infectious virus titers, as well as mislocalization of M to the nucleus. Finally, using deletion mutants of M in a transfected cell system, we show that both the N- and C-terminus of the protein are required for the interaction. Together, our data suggest a possible role for M–actin interaction in transporting virion components in the infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Shahriari
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Ke-Jun Wei
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia.
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50
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Huong TN, Yan Y, Jumat MR, Lui J, Tan BH, Wang DY, Sugrue RJ. A sustained antiviral host response in respiratory syncytial virus infected human nasal epithelium does not prevent progeny virus production. Virology 2018; 521:20-32. [PMID: 29870884 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infection was examined using a human nasal epithelial cell model. Maximum levels of shed-virus were produced at between 3 and 5 days post-infection (dpi), and the infectivity of the shed-virus was stable up to 10 dpi. The highest levels of interferon signalling were recorded at 2dpi, and infection induced a widespread antivirus response in the nasal epithelium, involving both infected cells and non-infected cells. Although these cellular responses were associated with reduced levels of progeny virus production and restricted virus spread, they did not inhibit the infectivity virus that is shed early in infection. In the clinical context these data suggest that although the host cell response in the nasal epithelium may restrict the levels of progeny virus particles produced, the stability of the shed-virus in the nasal mucosa may be an important factor in both disease progression and virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Muhammad Raihan Jumat
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Lui
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Republic of Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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