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Nelson MI, Culhane MR, Trovão NS, Patnayak DP, Halpin RA, Lin X, Shilts MH, Das SR, Detmer SE. The emergence and evolution of influenza A (H1α) viruses in swine in Canada and the United States. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2663-2675. [PMID: 29058649 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine are a key reservoir host for influenza A viruses (IAVs), with the potential to cause global pandemics in humans. Gaps in surveillance in many of the world's largest swine populations impede our understanding of how novel viruses emerge and expand their spatial range in pigs. Although US swine are intensively sampled, little is known about IAV diversity in Canada's population of ~12 million pigs. By sequencing 168 viruses from multiple regions of Canada, our study reveals that IAV diversity has been underestimated in Canadian pigs for many years. Critically, a new H1 clade has emerged in Canada (H1α-3), with a two-amino acid deletion at H1 positions 146-147, that experienced rapid growth in Manitoba's swine herds during 2014-2015. H1α-3 viruses also exhibit a higher capacity to invade US swine herds, resulting in multiple recent introductions of the virus into the US Heartland following large-scale movements of pigs in this direction. From the Heartland, H1α-3 viruses have disseminated onward to both the east and west coasts of the United States, and may become established in Appalachia. These findings demonstrate how long-distance trading of live pigs facilitates the spread of IAVs, increasing viral genetic diversity and complicating pathogen control. The proliferation of novel H1α-3 viruses also highlights the need for expanded surveillance in a Canadian swine population that has long been overlooked, and may have implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nídia S Trovão
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai University, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Xudong Lin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Meghan H Shilts
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Suman R Das
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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Fitzpatrick A, Mor SK, Thurn M, Wiedenman E, Otterson T, Porter RE, Patnayak DP, Lauer DC, Voss S, Rossow S, Collins JE, Goyal SM. Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Minnesota in 2015. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:169-175. [PMID: 28176609 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716682058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) into the United States during 2014 resulted in an unprecedented foreign animal disease (FAD) event; 232 outbreaks were reported from 21 states. The disease affected 49.6 million birds and resulted in economic losses of $950 million. Minnesota is the largest turkey-producing state, accounting for 18% of U.S. turkey production. Areas with concentrated numbers of turkeys in Minnesota were the epicenter of the outbreak. The first case was presumptively diagnosed in the last week of February 2015 at the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MVDL) and confirmed as HPAI H5N2 at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories on March 4, 2015. A total of 110 farms were affected in Minnesota, and the MVDL tested >17,000 samples from March to July 2015. Normal service was maintained to other clients of the laboratory during this major FAD event, but challenges were encountered with communications, staff burnout and fatigue, training requirements of volunteer technical staff, test kit validation, and management of specific pathogen-free egg requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Fitzpatrick
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Mary Thurn
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Elizabeth Wiedenman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Tracy Otterson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Robert E Porter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Devi P Patnayak
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Dale C Lauer
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Shauna Voss
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Stephanie Rossow
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - James E Collins
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Fitzpatrick, Mor, Thurn, Wiedenman, Otterson, Porter, Patnayak, Rossow, Collins, Goyal).,University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Minnesota Poultry Testing Laboratory, Willmar, MN (Lauer, Voss)
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3
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Singh A, Bekele AZ, Patnayak DP, Jindal N, Porter RE, Mor SK, Goyal SM. Molecular characterization of quail bronchitis virus isolated from bobwhite quail in Minnesota. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2815-2818. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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4
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Malik YS, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM. Detection of Three Avian Respiratory Viruses by Single-Tube Multiplex Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:244-8. [PMID: 15152843 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections are leading causes of morbidity in poultry farms throughout the world. Avian pneumovirus (APV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been recognized as the most important pathogens of both chicken and turkeys. Single-virus reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (sRT-PCR) assays are used extensively to detect these viruses in clinical samples. This study reports the development and evaluation of a single-tube multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR) assay for simultaneous and specific detection of APV, AIV, and NDV. Specific primers for each virus were selected that amplified products of predicted sizes from each virus in the mRT-PCR as well as in the sRT-PCR assays (438, 218, and 532 bp for APV, AIV, and NDV, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of mRT-PCR assay were compared with those of the sRT-PCR. The mRT-PCR assay was as sensitive as the sRT-PCR assays because virus detection limits were similar in both assays. The detection limits of mRT-PCR assay were 100.5 tissue culture infective dose (50%) (TCID50)/ml, 101.2 TCID50/ml, and 100.7 TCID50/ml for APV, AIV, and NDV, respectively. Overall, there was an excellent correlation between mRT-PCR and sRT-PCR assays. No product amplification was obtained with nucleic acid from infectious bronchitis virus and reovirus using these primer sets. In summary, mRT-PCR assay holds potential to be an economical and rapid diagnostic method for the simultaneous detection of 3 avian respiratory viruses in chickens and turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal S Malik
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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5
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Maherchandani S, Patnayak DP, Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Lauer D, Goyal SM. Evaluation of Five Different Antigens in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Avian Pneumovirus Antibodies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:16-22. [PMID: 15690946 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five different antigens were evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests for the detection of avian pneumovirus (APV) antibodies. Two of the 5 antigens were prepared from recent APV isolates from Minnesota. The 2 older isolates were passage 63 of a strain currently used as a live, attenuated vaccine and a Colorado strain isolated for the first time in the United States and currently used in an ELISA test. The fifth antigen is based on an APV recombinant N-protein. Basic parameters and positive-negative threshold of the assays were established for all 5 antigens on the basis of data obtained by testing 46 known negative and 46 known positive serum samples. Subsequently, 449 field samples were tested by all 5 ELISAs. The optical density difference (ODD) was calculated by subtracting optical density of the sample in the negative antigen well from that in the positive antigen well. In the current ELISA test based on the Colorado strain, an ODD of 0.2 is considered to be the cutoff value to classify samples as negative or positive. In this study, however, use of different cutoffs, based on ODD of negative control plus 3 SD or values estimated from Receiver operating characteristic analysis, was considered to be more appropriate for the various antigens used. Overall person-to-person and day-to-day variability was found to be large for all tests using either ODD or sample to positive ratio to report results. In addition, results suggest that antigenicity of the APV isolates in the United States has not changed between 1997 and 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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6
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Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine the role of enteric viruses in Light Turkey Syndrome (LTS), which is characterized by lower weight in market age turkeys than their standard breed character. In the surveillance study, we selected four LTS and two non-LTS turkey flocks in Minnesota and collected faecal samples at 2, 3, 5 and 8-weeks of age. Astrovirus, rotavirus, and reovirus were detected alone or in various combinations in both LTS and non-LTS flocks. No coronavirus was detected in LTS flocks and no corona- or reovirus was detected in non-LTS flocks. In the second study, 2-week-old turkey poults were divided into two groups; Group A (challenged) was inoculated orally with 10% pooled faecal suspension from LTS flocks and group B (control) was inoculated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Clinical signs of depression, huddling, and lack of uniform size were observed in the challenged group but not in the control group. diarrhoea was observed in both groups but was more severe in the challenged group than in the control group. Birds in the challenged group shed astrovirus, rotavirus and reovirus, while the control group shed only astrovirus. Virus shedding in both groups was observed for up to nine weeks of age. Significantly lower body weights were seen in the challenged group starting at seven weeks of age and lasting until 20 weeks of age. These findings suggest that viral enteritis at an early age may set up conditions for the development of LTS in adult turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Mor
- a Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota , 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108
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7
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Abstract
The molecular diversity in S3 gene sequences of turkey reovirus (TRV) was determined in poult enteritis syndrome (PES)-affected and apparently healthy turkey poults. Twenty-nine TRV-positive samples (15 from PES-affected flocks and 14 from apparently healthy flocks) were tested using self-designed primers for the S3 gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the TRV S3 sequences of this study clustered in clade III and formed two different groups in this clade. The avian reoviruses from duck and goose formed clade I and those from chickens formed clade II. The clade III TRV sequences had a nucleotide percent identity of 88.9 to 100% among themselves but only of 59.5 to 63.5% and 69.2 to 72.6% with clades I and II, respectively. More amino acid substitutions were present in TRVs from PES-affected flocks than in those from apparently healthy flocks using ATCC VR-818 (AY444912) as a benchmark. All TRVs of this study showed substitutions at positions 244 and 285. The impact of these changes on the virulence of the virus, if any, needs to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Jindal
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences , Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , India
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8
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Abin MC, Mor SK, Popowski JM, Cox RB, Goyal SM, Patnayak DP. Effect of temperature on the survival of porcine circovirus type 2b in fresh pork. Vet J 2013; 197:898-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Guarino H, Cox RB, Goyal SM, Patnayak DP. Survival of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Pork Products. Food Environ Virol 2013; 5:157-161. [PMID: 23760750 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a risk of virus transmission through contaminated pork, and many viruses are considered potential hazards for both humans and livestock. The risk of transmission may be elevated with importation/exportation of meat between countries globally. Survival of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in different pork products has not been studied. The present study evaluated PRRSV survival in four different products: fresh sausage, ham, bacon, and acidified sausage prepared with experimentally contaminated pork. These products were prepared according to standard methods used by the manufacturers of pork products, and then stored at room temperature, 4 °C and -20 °C. PRRSV was detected only in fresh sausage for up to 15 days at 4 °C and for 30 days at -20 °C. No PRRSV was detected at any temperature in any of the other three products. These preliminary data provide valuable information for the pork processing industry, as well as in planning for import/export of these products among different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Guarino
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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10
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Mor SK, Sharafeldin TA, Porter RE, Ziegler A, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM. Isolation and Characterization of a Turkey Arthritis Reovirus. Avian Dis 2013; 57:97-103. [DOI: 10.1637/10353-090712-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Phelps NBD, Patnayak DP, Jiang Y, Goyal SM. The use of a one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for the surveillance of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in Minnesota. J Aquat Anim Health 2012; 24:238-243. [PMID: 23066788 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2012.711268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a highly contagious and pathogenic virus of fish. The virus infects more than 70 fish species worldwide, in both fresh and salt water. A new viral strain (VHSV-IVb) has proven both virulent and persistent, spreading throughout the Great Lakes of North America and to inland water bodies in the region. To better understand the geographic distribution of the virus, we used a modified real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay for high-throughput testing of fish for VHSV. The assay was shown to be twice as sensitive as the gold standard, virus isolation, and did not cross react with other viruses found in fish. In addition, the diagnostic turnaround time was reduced from 28 to 30 d for virus isolation to 2-4 d for rRT-PCR. To demonstrate the usefulness of the rRT-PCR assay, 115 high-priority water bodies in Minnesota were tested by both methods from April 2010 to June 2011. All survey sites tested negative for VHSV by both methods. The survey results have informed fisheries managers on the absence of VHSV in Minnesota and have better prepared them for the eventual arrival of the disease. In addition, the results demonstrate the value of this rRT-PCR as a surveillance tool to rapidly identify an outbreak so that it can be controlled in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B D Phelps
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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12
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Jindal N, Chander Y, Patnayak DP, Mor SK, Ziegler AF, Goyal SM. A multiplex RT-PCR for the detection of astrovirus, rotavirus, and reovirus in turkeys. Avian Dis 2012; 56:592-6. [PMID: 23050480 DOI: 10.1637/9958-100911-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to develop and validate a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) for simultaneous detection of avian rotavirus, turkey astrovirus-2 (TAstV-2), and avian reovirus. Primers targeting the conserved regions of NSP4 gene of avian rotavirus, polymerase gene of TAstV-2, and S4 gene of avian reovirus were used. The position of bands at 630, 802, and 1120 base pairs on agarose gel confirmed the presence of rotavirus, TAstV-2, and reovirus, respectively. This mRT-PCR was found to be specific as no amplification was observed with avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, turkey coronavirus, avian metapneumovirus, and intestinal contents of uninfected turkey poults. Intestinal contents of poults from flocks suspected of exhibiting "poult enteritis syndrome" were pooled and tested. Of the 120 pooled samples tested, 70% were positive for TAstV-2, 45% for avian rotavirus, and 18% for avian reovirus. These three viruses were detected alone or in different combinations. Of the samples tested, 20% were negative for these three viruses, 38% were positive for a single virus (TAstV or rotavirus or reovirus), and 42% were positive for two or three viruses. This single-tube mRT-PCR assay has the potential to serve as a rapid diagnostic method for the simultaneous detection of the three enteric viruses in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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13
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Mor SK, Chander Y, Marthaler D, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM. Detection and molecular characterization of Porcine astrovirus strains associated with swine diarrhea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:1064-7. [PMID: 22956487 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712458781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrovirus has been reported to be associated with diarrhea in pigs. The current study was conducted for the detection and molecular characterization of astroviruses in diarrheic pigs submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota. Intestinal contents from 269 pigs were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and 62% were found positive for astroviruses. Of the positive samples, 20% were positive for astrovirus alone while astrovirus with rotavirus was detected in 58% of the samples. The remaining 22% revealed the presence of astrovirus along with Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, or Porcine circovirus-2. Sequencing the capsid gene of 56 randomly selected samples confirmed them to be Porcine astrovirus type 4 (PAstV-4) with 58-100% nucleotide identity within these viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 2 possible subgroups. The results indicate that PAstV is present on swine farms in the United States and that it may be associated with diarrhea either alone or in combination with other enteric viruses. Further studies are needed to determine strain diversity among porcine astroviruses so that appropriate control strategies can be devised and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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14
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Abstract
An experimental study was conducted to determine the comparative pathogenicity of type-2 turkey astrovirus (TAstV-2) obtained from turkey flocks afflicted with poult enteritis syndrome (PES) and from turkey flocks displaying no apparent signs of infection. In total, ninety 7-d-old poults, which tested negative for the presence of astrovirus, rotavirus, coronavirus, and reovirus by reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR, were divided evenly into 3 groups: A, B, and C. Birds in group A were inoculated orally with turkey astrovirus-positive intestinal contents from birds affected with PES. Group B received turkey astrovirus-containing intestinal contents from apparently healthy flocks. Group C served as a negative control and was given PBS. Clinical signs of diarrhea, depression, and dullness were observed in group A. Birds in group B also showed clinical signs similar to those in group A, although the signs were milder in nature. Birds in group C did not show any clinical signs. At 16 d postinoculation, the BW of birds in group A was significantly lower than that of birds in groups B or C. In addition, the bursa size was reduced in group A, but not in groups B or C. Birds in groups A and B, but not in group C, were found to shed turkey astrovirus in their feces, as detected by RT-PCR. These results provide a preliminary indication that TAstV-2 from PES birds may be more pathogenic than TAstV-2 from apparently healthy poults. Further studies are needed to determine if pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of TAstV-2 exist in the environment. These results also reinforce our previous observations that astrovirus is involved in PES, causing significant retardation in growth and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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15
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Abstract
Porcine oral fluids have been used for the detection of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Porcine circovirus-2. The objective of the present study was to determine whether Influenza A virus (FLUAV) is present in porcine oral fluids at detectable levels and to validate a standard FLUAV molecular diagnostic test for porcine oral fluids. Pen-based oral fluid samples were collected on 3, 4, 5, and 6 days postinfection (DPI) from 4 groups of 6 pigs each that were inoculated intratracheally with A/Swine/Iowa/00239/2004 H1N1 and from 2 untreated or mock-inoculated groups of 6 pigs each that served as negative controls. Individual nasal swabs were also collected from these 36 pigs on 3 and 7 DPI. All oral fluid samples were examined for the presence of FLUAV by matrix gene real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and virus isolation. Nasal swabs were tested initially by virus isolation followed by retest of negative samples with real-time RT-PCR. No oral fluid sample from virus-inoculated pigs was positive by virus isolation, but 15 of 16 positive (94%) oral fluids were positive by real-time RT-PCR. In contrast, virus was isolated from 32 of 48 (67%) nasal swabs collected from virus-inoculated pigs. In addition, 382 of 910 porcine oral fluids collected from pigs in the field between August 1, 2009, and January 31, 2010, were positive by real-time RT-PCR. The results of the present study indicate that pen-based oral fluids provide an easy, effective, and safe collection method for the detection of FLUAV with rapid testing methods such as real-time RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Detmer
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Chacón JL, Mizuma M, Vejarano MP, Toquín D, Eterradossi N, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM, Ferreira AJP. Avian metapneumovirus subtypes circulating in Brazilian vaccinated and nonvaccinated chicken and turkey farms. Avian Dis 2011; 55:82-9. [PMID: 21500641 DOI: 10.1637/9501-081310-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) causes turkey rhinotracheitis and is associated with swollen head syndrome in chickens, which is usually accompanied by secondary infections that increase mortality. AMPVs circulating in Brazilian vaccinated and nonvaccinated commercial chicken and turkey farms were detected using a universal reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assay that can detect the four recognized subtypes of AMPV. The AMPV status of 228 farms with respiratory and reproductive disturbances was investigated. AMPV was detected in broiler, hen, breeder, and turkey farms from six different geographic regions of Brazil. The detected viruses were subtyped using a nested RT-PCR assay and sequence analysis of the G gene. Only subtypes A and B were detected in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated farms. AMPV-A and AMPV-B were detected in 15 and 23 farms, respectively, while both subtypes were simultaneously found in one hen farm. Both vaccine and field viruses were detected in nonvaccinated farms. In five cases, the detected subtype was different than the vaccine subtype. Field subtype B virus was detected mainly during the final years of the survey period. These viruses showed high molecular similarity (more than 96% nucleotide similarity) among themselves and formed a unique phylogenetic group, suggesting that they may have originated from a common strain. These results demonstrate the cocirculation of subtypes A and B in Brazilian commercial farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Chacón
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, Butanā, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Jindal N, Patnayak DP, Chander Y, Ziegler AF, Goyal SM. Comparison of capsid gene sequences of turkey astrovirus-2 from poult-enteritis-syndrome-affected and apparently healthy turkeys. Arch Virol 2011; 156:969-77. [PMID: 21327787 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-0931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine genetic variations in the capsid gene of turkey astrovirus-2 (TAstV-2) detected in apparently healthy and poult enteritis syndrome (PES)-affected turkeys. Capsid genes of astroviruses obtained from 30 PES-affected and 45 apparently healthy turkey flocks had sequence homologies of 73.4-100% and 72.4-100% at the nucleotide levels, respectively. The analysis of deduced amino acid sequences revealed one amino acid deletion at position 552 in 28 (93.3%) of 30 PES-affected cases. However, there were two deletions (at positions 551 and 552) in 31 (68.9%) of 45 TAstV-2 from apparently healthy flocks. The TAstV-2 (6.7%) from two PES-affected cases had two amino acid insertions each between positions 552 and 553, while TAstV-2 from 14 (31.1%) of 45 healthy flocks had two insertions at the same position. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences revealed that the astroviruses in this study were closely related to most of the previously published TAstV-2 isolates. The sequence homology of TAstV-2 in this study ranged from 70.4% to 99.4% at the nucleotide level with those of previously published TAstV-2 isolates. The variations at the amino acid level in the capsid gene suggest the possibility of the existence of different serotypes of turkey astrovirus. The close relationship of turkey astroviruses from apparently healthy flocks to those from PES-affected cases in capsid gene phylogeny necessitates further studies to compare complete capsid gene sequences from both types of flocks from different geographic areas for better understanding of TAstV circulating in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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18
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Abstract
The present study was undertaken to detect and characterize enteric viruses (rotavirus, astrovirus, reovirus, and coronavirus) in breeder poults. Five turkey breeder flocks were selected. Faecal samples were collected from all flocks at 1 week of age and then every other week until the poults reached 9 weeks of age. The faecal samples were pooled in groups of five. Of the 193 pools ("samples") tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 47.2%, 30.6%, and 10.4% samples were positive for astrovirus, rotavirus, and reovirus, respectively. No coronavirus was detected in any of the samples. Overall, 118 (61.1%) samples were positive for one or more enteric viruses. Of the 118 samples, 70 (59.3%) were positive for a single virus and 48 (40.7%) for a combination of viruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on the polymerase gene showed that astroviruses clustered into two groups with sequence homology ranging from 85.6 to 100% at the nucleotide level. Based on NSP4 gene sequences, rotaviruses clustered in a group and had 96.3 to 99.9% sequence homology at the nucleotide level. The reoviruses, based on their S4 gene sequences, clustered in a single group with sequence homology of 96.9 to 100%. Differing amino acid sequences of all three viruses may affect the antigenicity and/or pathogenicity of these viruses and may merit further study. The presence of two or three different viruses in combination may affect the dynamics of turkey health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Jindal N, Patnayak DP, Chander Y, Ziegler AF, Goyal SM. Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses from poult enteritis syndrome in turkeys. Poult Sci 2010; 89:217-26. [PMID: 20075272 PMCID: PMC7107190 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to detect and characterize enteric viruses [rotavirus, turkey astrovirus-2 (TAstV-2), reovirus, and turkey coronavirus] from cases of poult enteritis syndrome (PES) in Minnesota turkeys. Of the intestinal contents collected from 43 PES cases, 25 were positive for rotavirus and 13 for small round viruses by electron microscopy (EM). Of the enteric virus-positive cases by EM (n=27), 16 cases had rotavirus or small round viruses alone and the remaining 11 cases had both viruses. None of the cases were positive for reovirus or coronavirus by EM. However, with reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 40 cases (93%) were positive for rotavirus, 36 (84%) for TAstV-2, and 17 (40%) for reovirus. None of the cases were positive for turkey coronavirus by RT-PCR. The viruses from all cases were detected either alone or in combination of 2 or 3 by RT-PCR. Thus, 8 (19%) cases were positive for a single virus, whereas a combination of viruses was detected in the remaining 35 (81%) cases. The rota-TAstV-2 combination was the most predominant (n=18 cases). Fifteen cases were positive for all 3 viruses. The rotaviruses had sequence homology of 89.8 to 100% with previously published sequences of turkey rotaviruses at the nucleotide level. The TAstV-2 had sequence homology of 84.6 to 98.7% with previously published TAstV-2, whereas reoviruses had sequence homology of 91.6 to 99.3% with previously published sequences of turkey reoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that rota- and reoviruses clustered in a single group, whereas TAstV-2 clustered in 2 different groups. In conclusion, a larger number of PES cases was positive for rotavirus, TAstV-2, and reovirus by RT-PCR than with EM. The presence of more than one virus and changes at the genetic level in a virus may affect the severity of PES in turkey flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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20
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Jindal N, Patnayak DP, Ziegler AF, Lago A, Goyal SM. Duration of growth depression and pathogen shedding in experimentally reproduced poult enteritis syndrome. Avian Dis 2010; 53:517-22. [PMID: 20095151 DOI: 10.1637/8845-040709-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted to determine the duration of growth depression and virus shedding in turkey poults after oral inoculation with intestinal contents from birds affected with poult enteritis syndrome (PES). Poults at day 14 of age were divided into four groups (groups A, B, C, and D) of 40 poults each and inoculated orally with unfiltered supernatant, filtered supernatant, sediment suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or PBS alone (control), respectively. The poults were observed daily for clinical signs, and their growth response, pathology, and pathogen shedding were examined at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days postinoculation (DPI). Body weights of eight poults in each group were recorded at each of these intervals followed by euthanasia. Dullness, depression, and diarrhea were observed in birds inoculated with supernatant or sediment suspension. All three treatments significantly reduced body weight gain of poults compared with the control group; average weight loss was 14%. Gross pathologic changes consisted of pale distended intestines with watery contents and distended ceca with frothy and watery contents. Astrovirus and rotavirus were detected in the inoculum by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, whereas Salmonella was identified on bacterial isolation. Both viruses were detected in treated poults by RT-PCR for up to 10 and 40 DPI, respectively. Of the three treatments, sediment suspension caused maximal decrease in weight gain as well as greatest pathologic lesions followed by unfiltered supernatant and filtered supernatant. These findings suggest a role for bacteria in increasing the severity of PES. Lower weight gain in treated poults (compared with controls) at 9 wk of age also indicates that PES-affected poults may not reach normal weight at marketing, leading to economic losses for the producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted to determine the occurrence of poult enteritis syndrome (PES) in Minnesota from January 2002 to December 2007. PES is an infectious intestinal disease of young turkeys between 1 day and 7 wk of age and is characterized by diarrhea, depression, and lethargy with pale intestines and/or excessively fluid cecal contents. During the study period, samples from 1736 turkey flocks were submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for disease investigation. Of these, 151 flocks (8.7%) were PES positive. Cases of PES were seen throughout the year with higher prevalence in fall. The PES was statistically associated with age with higher occurrence in poults less than 3 wk of age. Rotavirus, small round virus (SRV), Salmonella, nonhemolytic Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Eimeria oocysts were detected alone or in different combinations. Reovirus and adenovirus were found in one flock each. The most commonly identified pathogens were Salmonella (85 flocks) and rotavirus (73 flocks). Of PES-affected flocks, 39 (25.8%), 66 (43.7%), and 37 (24.5%) had one, two, and three or more pathogens, respectively. Rotavirus, SRV, and reovirus occurred mostly in poults of less than 6 wk of age while Salmonella, E. coli, and Eimeria were seen in poults of all age groups. Minimum age for rotavirus detection was in 2-day-old poults. Histopathologically, moderate to severe mixed intestinal villus or lamina propria inflammatory infiltrates, necrosis of distal villus tips in intestinal specimens, and mild to severe lymphocellular depletion in thymus, bursa, and spleen were seen. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from PES-affected flocks revealed maximum sensitivity to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftiofur and a varying degree of resistance to other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1333 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Jindal N, Patnayak DP, Ziegler AF, Lago A, Goyal SM. Experimental reproduction of poult enteritis syndrome: clinical findings, growth response, and microbiology. Poult Sci 2009; 88:949-58. [PMID: 19359682 PMCID: PMC7107170 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poult enteritis syndrome (PES) is an infectious disease of turkey poults characterized by diarrhea, dullness, and depression. Five experiments were conducted to reproduce the disease in turkey poults using intestinal contents of PES-affected birds. In all experiments, poults at 14 d of age were divided into 4 groups and were orally given 2 mL of unfiltered supernatant, filtered supernatant, sediment dissolved in PBS, or PBS alone. Inocula in experiments 1, 3, and 5 consisted of intestinal contents from PES-affected birds of less than 2 wk of age, whereas those in experiments 2 and 4 consisted of intestinal contents from PES-affected birds of 4 to 6 wk of age. Poults in all groups were observed daily for clinical signs. The BW and microbiological criteria in experiments 1, 3, and 5 were evaluated at 5, 10, and 15 d postinoculation, whereas in experiments 2 and 4, these observations were made at 10 and 20 d postinoculation. Rotavirus, astrovirus, and Salmonella were present in all 5 inocula. Diarrhea and depression were the major signs in poults given PES material. Significant retardation of growth was observed in poults given any of the 3 PES materials, but this effect was more pronounced in poults given the sediment inoculum. Rotavirus, astrovirus, and Salmonella were detected in poults given PES material. In some cases, enterovirus was also detected. No major difference was noticed in experimental reproduction of PES when intestinal contents from different age birds were used as the inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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23
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Patnayak DP, Prasad AM, Malik YS, Ramakrishnan MA, Goyal SM. Efficacy of disinfectants and hand sanitizers against avian respiratory viruses. Avian Dis 2008; 52:199-202. [PMID: 18646446 DOI: 10.1637/8097-082807-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Disinfectants play a major role in the control of animal diseases by decontaminating the farm environment. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of nine commonly used disinfectants on a nonporous surface contaminated experimentally with avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), avian influenza virus, or Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Phenolic compounds and glutaraldehyde were found to be the most effective against all three viruses. Quaternary ammonium compounds were effective against aMPV but not against the other two viruses. In addition, efficacy of commercially available hand sanitizers was evaluated on human fingers contaminated with aMPV and NDV. All three hand sanitizers tested were found to be effective against both viruses within 1 min of application on fingers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota. 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Tiwari A, Patnayak DP, Chander Y, Goyal SM. Permissibility of different cell types for the growth of avian metapneumovirus. J Virol Methods 2006; 138:80-4. [PMID: 16930732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vero cells are commonly used for the growth of avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV-C). This study was conducted to evaluate 17 different cell types for the growth of a Minnesota strain of aMPV-C. The virus was inoculated into these cell types and virus growth was monitored by the development of cytopathic effects (cpe) and immunofluorescence. Virus growth was obtained in 6 of 17 cell types tested with the highest virus titers observed in BGM and DF-1 cells. The flow cytometric analysis of cells at 72 h post inoculation found the highest number of infected cells in BGM cells followed by QT-35 cells. At 48 h post inoculation, DF-1 and BGM cells showed the highest number of infected cells. These results suggest that BGM, QT-35, and DF-1 cells can be used for high titer propagation of aMPV-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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25
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Abstract
The transmission of pathogens from infected to susceptible hosts may occur through contaminated fomites and inanimate objects. This type of transmission depends on the ability of the pathogens to survive in the environment. In this report, we describe the survivability of two avian respiratory viruses, e.g., avian metapneumovirus and avian influenza virus on 12 different porous and nonporous surfaces. The viruses survived on some of the surfaces for up to 6 days postcontamination but not after 9 days. Both viruses survived longer on nonporous surfaces than on porous ones. One of the reasons for poor survival on porous surfaces could be inefficient elution of virus from these surfaces. These results should be helpful in determining how long the premises should be left vacant after an outbreak of these viruses has occurred in poultry houses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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26
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Abstract
Respiratory disease caused by avian pneumovirus (APV) has a strong negative impact on the economy of the turkey industry in many countries. Progress in developing vaccines against this infection in the US has been slow partly because of the lack of a consistent challenge model to conduct vaccine efficacy studies. This study was designed to determine whether in vivo passages of a US isolate of APV, designated subtype C (APV-C), would increase virus virulence, leading to consistent clinical signs in turkeys. Three different experiments were performed. In experiments 1 and 2, a cell culture adapted APV was passaged four times in vivo in turkeys. Following each passage, clinical signs were found to increase in severity. In addition, inoculated birds were found to shed both APV RNA (by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) and live virus (by virus isolation) at each passage. The mean antibody titres also increased with each passage. The results of the second experiment were not in complete agreement with those of experiment 1. In the third experiment, APV grown in three different cell lines was inoculated into three groups of turkeys. Clinical signs were observed in inoculated birds and virus could be isolated from all three groups. The results of this preliminary study indicate that in vivo passage of APV-C in birds may increase virus virulence, but the results obtained in experiment 2 suggest that further studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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27
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Patnayak DP, Goyal SM. Duration of immunity engendered by a single dose of a cold-adapted strain of Avian pneumovirus. Can J Vet Res 2006; 70:65-7. [PMID: 16548335 PMCID: PMC1325097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The duration of immunity after a single dose of a cold-adapted strain of Avian pneumovirus (APV) was studied. Turkeys were vaccinated at 1 wk of age and challenged with virulent virus 3, 7, 10, and 14 wk later. Nonvaccinated groups were also challenged at the same times. No clinical signs were observed in the vaccinated birds after vaccination or after any challenge. No viral RNA was shed by the vaccinated birds after any challenge. The nonvaccinated birds shed viral RNA after all challenges. Avian pneumovirus-specific humoral antibodies were detected in the vaccinated birds until 14 wk after vaccination. The results of this preliminary study indicate that inoculation with a single dose of a cold-adapted strain of APV at 1 wk of age provides protection until 15 wk of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Abstract
The isolation of avian pneumovirus (APV) (avian metapneumovirus) is usually performed in embryonated chicken eggs or chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures followed by adaptation in continuous cell lines such as Vero cells. This study was conducted to find a suitable cell line that could be used to propagate vaccine strains of APV to high titre. For this purpose, we compared the growth of two Vero cell-adapted vaccine strains of APV (P63 and ca-APV) in seven different cell types with their growth in Vero cells. The cell types used were BGM-70, MA-104, QT-35, BHK-21, McCoy and DF-1 cells and primary turkey embryo fibroblast cells. When compared with growth in Vero cells, both viruses yielded higher titres in BGM-70 cells, while P63 also produced higher titres in MA-104 cells. In another experiment, the two viruses were grown and titrated in Vero cells under various cell culture conditions, such as age of cells, seeding concentration, and time of harvest. None of these cell culture variables were found to affect virus titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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Maherchandani S, Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Patnayak DP, Malik YS, Goyal SM. The effect of pooling sera on the detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005; 16:497-502. [PMID: 15586563 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooling of samples is a cost-effective approach to estimate disease prevalence and to identify infected individuals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of serum pools for the detection of avian pneumovirus infection in turkey flocks by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, so that a minimum number of tests can be performed without compromising the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A total of 900 field samples were tested; 20 samples from each of 45 flocks. All samples were tested individually followed by pool testing in groups of 3, 4, 5, and 7 samples each. The number of positive pools for a given pool size was positively associated with the number of positive samples. In a separate experiment, the effect of dilution was examined by pooling 1 positive sample with different numbers of negative samples to form pools of sizes 2-7. These laboratory results were analyzed and integrated into a simulation model aimed at evaluating cost-efficient testing procedures. The probability of detecting an infected flock depended on prevalence of infection, size of serum pool, and the cutoff value used for optical density difference. At a theoretical prevalence of 20%, the probability of detecting an infected flock was 0.93 and 0.86 for a pool of 2 and 7, respectively. The probability of detecting positive flocks increased with increased prevalence and decreased cutoff. Pooling of samples represented a significant reduction in the cost of testing, suggesting that pooling is more advantageous and cost effective than testing individual samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Maherchandani
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Abstract
A recently developed live, attenuated vaccine against avian pneumovirus (APV) was found to be safe and protective in experimental birds. Duration of immunity following a single dose of this experimental vaccine in 1-week-old turkey poults is described. Two groups each of 60 poults were housed in separate isolation rooms. Birds in group one were inoculated oculonasally at 1 week of age with the vaccine. The second group served as a non-vaccinated group and was inoculated with mock-infected cell culture fluid. At 3, 7, 10, and 14 weeks post vaccination, 15 birds from each of the groups were removed to separate isolation rooms and challenged with virulent APV. Taken together, data on clinical signs and virus detection in choanal swabs following each challenge indicated that the vaccine was able to protect birds for up to 14 weeks post vaccination. Peak antibody levels were attained 7 weeks post vaccination and declined thereafter. These results indicated that this experimental vaccine induced protection against APV even in the absence of high antibody titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Abstract
To determine the optimum route of vaccination, we inoculated 1-day-old turkeys with a cold-adapted strain of avian pneumovirus (APV) by oculonasal, oral, or aerosol route. Another two groups served as nonvaccinated-challenged and nonvaccinated-nonchallenged groups. Birds in all vaccinated and nonvaccinated-challenged groups were challenged with virulent APV 3 wk postvaccination. After challenge, no vaccinated bird developed clinical signs or virus shedding, whereas nonvaccinated-challenged birds developed clinical signs (clinical score = 11.2/bird) and shed virus from their choanal cleft. Birds in all three vaccinated groups seroconverted at 3 wk postvaccination. The nonvaccinated-nonchallenged group remained free of clinical signs and virus shedding and did not develop APV antibodies throughout the course of the study. These results suggest that this cold-adapted strain of APV is safe and effective in 1-day-old turkeys when given by any of the three routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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32
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Rautenschlein S, Sheikh AM, Patnayak DP, Miller RL, Sharma JM, Goyal SM. Effect of an immunomodulator on the efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against avian pneumovirus in turkeys. Avian Dis 2003; 46:555-61. [PMID: 12243518 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0555:eoaiot]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since 1997, avian pneumovirus (APV) has caused estimated annual losses of $15 million to the Minnesota turkey industry. In order to develop an attenuated live vaccine against APV, we serially passaged a Minnesota isolate of APV (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) in vitro in cell cultures for 41 passages. Laboratory experiments with this high-passage virus (P41) indicated that the attenuated virus provided immunogenic protection to turkeys against challenge with virulent APV, although some birds showed mild to moderate dinical signs after inoculation. To reduce the residual pathogenicity of P41, while maintaining its immunogenicity, we decided to vaccinate turkeys with P41 in the presence of an immunomodulator, S-28828 (1-n-butyl-2-ethoxymethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine-hydrochloride), which is a potent cytokine inducer. The combined inoculation of S-28828 (5 mg/kg body weight) and P41 resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of virus-induced clinical signs in comparison with birds that received P41 without immunomodulator (P < 0.05). Only 17% of birds inoculated with S-28828 + APV P41 showed mild respiratory symptoms at 5 days postinoculation as compared with 46% of the vaccinated turkeys that did not receive S-28828. Vaccination with either P41 or with P41 + S-28828 protected turkeys against dinical signs and viral replication after challenge with virulent APV. These results indicate that immunomodulators, such as S-28828, may act as good vaccine adjuvants that can reduce the pathogenicity but maintain the immunogenicity of partially attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Rautenschlein
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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Abstract
We report the development of a cold adapted strain of avian pneumovirus (APV) and its evaluation as a live vaccine candidate in 2-week-old turkey poults. A US isolate of APV (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) was serially passaged in Vero cells for 41 passages and then adapted to grow at sub-optimal temperatures by growing successively at 35, 33 and 31 degrees C for eight passages at each temperature. The virus thus adapted to grow at 31 degrees C was used as a candidate vaccine. The birds were vaccinated with two different doses of cold adapted virus and challenged with virulent virus 2 weeks after vaccination. No clinical signs were observed post-vaccination. Upon challenge, no clinical signs were seen in vaccinated birds but severe clinical signs were seen in non-vaccinated, challenged birds. The signs included unilateral or bilateral mucoid nasal discharge, watery eyes and swelling of infraorbital sinuses. The antibody levels in vaccinated birds were not very high. None of the vaccinated birds were found to shed virus after challenge in their choanal secretions whereas all of the non-vaccinated, challenged birds shed the virus. The absence of clinical signs and virus shedding in vaccinated birds as compared to that in non-vaccinated birds suggests that the cold adapted strain of APV is a viable candidate for use as a live, attenuated vaccine in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul 55108, USA
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Abstract
The attenuation of an avian pneumovirus (APV) isolate (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) by 63 serial passages in cell culture (seven in chicken embryo fibroblasts and 56 in Vero cells) and its evaluation as a live attenuated vaccine in turkey poults is described. The birds were vaccinated with two different doses of attenuated virus (10(4.5) median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50))/ml and 10(2.5) TCID(50) /ml) at 2 weeks of age, and were challenged 2 weeks later with virulent APV. No clinical signs were seen in vaccinated, challenged birds, whereas severe clinical signs were observed in the mock-vaccinated, challenged group. Vaccinated birds developed anti-APV antibodies, which increased in titre following challenge with virulent virus. On challenge, none of the vaccinates was found to shed viral nucleic acid as detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, but non-vaccinated, challenged birds did. The vaccine virus was also evaluated under field conditions in two farms. At one farm, the 'seeder bird approach' was used and two birds per 1,000 birds were vaccinated by the oculo-nasal route. In the second farm, the virus was given to all birds simultaneously in the drinking water. The birds vaccinated by the drinking water route seroconverted earlier and continued to shed virus for longer as compared with birds inoculated by the seeder bird approach. The overall results of this study indicate that the 63rd passage of APV was sufficiently attenuated and offered protection against challenge with virulent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Gulati BR, Munir S, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM, Kapur V. Detection of antibodies to U.S. isolates of avian pneumovirus by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2967-70. [PMID: 11474024 PMCID: PMC88271 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.8.2967-2970.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2000] [Accepted: 05/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of subgroup C (United States-specific) avian pneumovirus (APV/US) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and antibodies to the recombinant N protein were shown to specifically recognize the approximately 47-kDa N protein of APV/US by Western immunoblot analysis. The recombinant APV/US N protein was used in a sandwich-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the resulting assay was found to be more sensitive and specific than the routine indirect ELISA for the detection of APV/US antibodies in turkey sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gulati
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Gulati BR, Patnayak DP, Sheikh AM, Poss PE, Goyal SM. Protective Efficacy of High-Passage Avian Pneumovirus (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) in Turkeys. Avian Dis 2001. [DOI: 10.2307/1592899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gulati BR, Patnayak DP, Sheikh AM, Poss PE, Goyal SM. Protective efficacy of high-passage avian pneumovirus (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) in turkeys. Avian Dis 2001; 45:593-7. [PMID: 11569731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
A U.S. isolate of avian pneumovirus (APV), APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97, was attenuated by serial cell culture passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts (seven passages) and Vero cells (34 passages). This virus was designated as APV passage 41 (P41) and was evaluated for use as a live vaccine in commercial turkey flocks. The vaccine was inoculated by nasal and ocular routes in 2-to-4-wk-old turkeys in 10 turkey flocks, each with 20,000-50,000 birds. Only 2 birds per 1000 birds were inoculated in each flock with the expectation that bird-to-bird passage would help spread the infection from P41-exposed birds to their respective flock mates. The virus did spread from vaccinated birds to the entire flock within 10 days as detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mild respiratory illness was observed in a few birds 12 days postvaccination in 2 of 10 flocks. Within 3 wk postvaccination, all flocks became seropositive for APV antibodies as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In an additional flock, the virus was administered to all turkeys simultaneously in drinking water and seroconversion occurred within 2 wk. All 11 flocks remained seropositive until 10 wk postvaccination. When compared with unvaccinated flocks on the same farm from the previous year, the medication cost, total condemnation, and mortality rates attributed to APV were lower in P41-vaccinated flocks. When birds from vaccinated flocks were challenged with virulent APV under experimental conditions, no clinical signs were observed at 2, 6, and 10 wk postvaccination, whereas in the control unvaccinated birds, respiratory illness and virus shedding occurred after challenge. These results indicate that P41 administered by the nasal and ocular routes, and by drinking water, causes seroconversion and induces protection from virulent APV challenge for at least 10 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gulati
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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Gulati BR, Maherchandani S, Patnayak DP, Pandey R. RNA profile and structural protein analysis of rotaviruses isolated from diarrhoeal calves in India. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1997; 15:12-6. [PMID: 9308295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two isolates of group A rotaviruses (CR129 and CR156) were isolated from faecal samples of diarrhoeal calves reared in two dairy farms at Hisar (Haryana, India) by using MA-104 cell lines. These isolates were compared with three standard reference bovine rotaviruses, UK, NCDV and B223, to reveal differences, if any, in their genome and protein migration profiles. The migration of RNA segment 4 of CR129 was slower than that of NCDV, but faster than that of UK. Segment 10 of CR156 moved faster than that of the reference viruses. The segments 2 and 3 co-migrated in CR129, but resolved separately in CR156. Five protein bands of size 116-120 KD (VP1), 95 KD (VP2), 90 KD (VP3/VP4), 44 KD (VP6) and 34 KD (VP7) were detected by protein analysis. No significant difference was observed in the protein profile of these two bovine rotavirus isolates by immunoblotting. However, VP1 was of approximately 116 KD size in the two isolates, compared to 120 KD in the reference strains. These findings indicate that these rotaviruses isolated from diarrhoeic Indian calves differed from the 3 reference strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gulati
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
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