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Yan T, Li G, Zhou D, Hu L, Hao X, Li R, Wang G, Cheng Z. Long read sequencing revealed proventricular virome of broiler chicken with transmission viral proventriculitis. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:253. [PMID: 35768837 PMCID: PMC9241223 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) causes significant economic loss to the poultry industry. However, the exact causative agents are obscure. Here we examine the virome of proventriculus from specified pathogen free (SPF) chickens that reproduced by infection of proventricular homogenate from broiler chicken with TVP using long read sequencing of the Pacific Biosciences RSII platform. The normal SPF chickens were used as control. Results Our investigation reveals a virome of proventriculitis, including three Gyrovirus genera of the Aneloviridae: Gyrovirus homsa1 (GyH1) (also known as Gyrovirus 3, GyV3) (n = 2662), chicken anemia virus (CAV) (n = 482) and Gyrovirus galga1 (GyG1) (also known as avian Gyrovirus 2, AGV2) (n = 11); a plethora of novel CRESS viral genomes (n = 26) and a novel genomovirus. The 27 novel viruses were divided into three clusters. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GyH1 strain was more closely related to the strains from chicken (MG366592) than mammalian (human and cat), the GyG1 strain was closely related to the strains from cat in China (MK089245) and from chicken in Brazil (HM590588), and the CAV strain was more closely related to the strains from Germany (AJ297684) and United Kingdom (U66304) than that previously found in China. Conclusion In this study, we revealed that Gyrovirus virome showed high abundance in chickens with TVP, suggesting their potential role in TVP, especially GyH1. This study is expected to contribute to the knowledge of the etiology of TVP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03339-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Yan
- Present Address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provence, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Gen Li
- Present Address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provence, Tai'an, 271018, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Defang Zhou
- Present Address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provence, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Animal Epidemic Prevention and Control Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Present Address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provence, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Present Address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provence, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- Present Address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provence, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Hauck R, Stoute S, Senties-Cue CG, Guy JS, Shivaprasad HL. A Retrospective Study of Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens in California: 2000-18. Avian Dis 2021; 64:525-531. [PMID: 33570104 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d20-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is a disease of chickens, mostly in broilers of 2-8 wk of age. Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), a birnavirus, is the etiologic agent. Characteristic gross lesions are enlargement, atony, and pallor of the proventriculus. Cases diagnosed in California between 2000 and 2018 (n = 477), originating from 93 different farms representing all major companies in the region, were analyzed. Frequency of cases varied widely between years, with no recognizable seasonality. The flocks were between 6 and 61 days of age; the average age was 34.0 days, and the median age was 35 days. In 166 cases, between 6.3% and 100% of the submitted birds had gross lesions in the proventriculus. The most common findings were enlarged or dilated proventriculi, thickened walls, and pale or mottled serosal appearance. Histopathologically, inflammation of the glands was the most frequent finding. Other lesions included necrosis, hyperplasia, or both conditions of the glandular epithelium; dilated glands; and occasionally fibrin deposition, fibrosis, and hemorrhages. Twenty-three proventriculi from six cases were tested by immunohistochemistry for the presence of CPNV antigen; 21 stained positive. In 209 cases, birds also had lesions in the bursa fabricii attributed to infectious bursal disease, but with no significant difference in the mean percentage of birds with gross lesions in the proventriculus between cases with or without lesions in the bursa fabricii. The results show that TVP is a common disease of broiler flocks in California and confirms that CPNV is the likely causative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95380
| | - C Gabriel Senties-Cue
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95380
| | - James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 93274
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3
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Leão PA, Amaral CI, Santos WHM, Moreira MVL, de Oliveira LB, Costa EA, Resende M, Wenceslau R, Ecco R. Retrospective and prospective studies of transmissible viral proventriculitis in broiler chickens in Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:605-610. [PMID: 33769146 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211004106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and pathologic findings of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) associated with the chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in commercial broiler chickens in southeastern Brazil. Seventy-three broilers, 25-36 d old, with a history of reduced growth, were referred to our veterinary pathology services from 2013 to 2017. Broilers were clinically examined, weighed, and euthanized for postmortem examination. Broilers of different ages with proventricular histologic lesions were positive for CPNV by RT-PCR; however, the intensity of histologic lesions was higher among 33-d-old animals, and viral RNA detection was more frequent among those that were 28 d old. In the proventriculi of 35 of 73 (48%) broilers, lesions were characterized by glandular epithelial necrosis, lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltrates, and metaplasia of glandular epithelium to ductal epithelium. In 24 of 73 (36%) broilers with histologic TVP-compatible lesions, CPNV was detected by RT-PCR for the viral protein 1 (VP1) gene. Broilers with histologic lesions were lighter than expected compared to the Cobb 500 standard weight. TVP has not been reported previously in broiler chickens in Brazil, to our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe A Leão
- Departments of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila I Amaral
- Departments of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Willian H M Santos
- Departments of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus V L Moreira
- Departments of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leticia B de Oliveira
- Departments of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erica A Costa
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Resende
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raphael Wenceslau
- Departments of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Departments of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Śmiałek M, Gesek M, Dziewulska D, Niczyporuk JS, Koncicki A. Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis Caused by Chicken ProVentricular Necrosis Virus Displaying Serological Cross-Reactivity with IBDV. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010008. [PMID: 33374720 PMCID: PMC7822447 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) of chickens is manifested in decreased body weight gains, poor feed conversion and weight diversity. Although TVP etiology has not been defined, a Birnaviridae family member, named chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) is considered as a potential factor of a disease. This study was undertaken in order to reproduce TVP and to evaluate its etiology. Broiler chickens of the TVP-infected group were inoculated with TVP positive proventriculi homogenate on the 24th day of life. Samples were collected, on infection day and 14 days post-infection (dpi). The 14 dpi anatomo- and histopathological evaluation, revealed that we have succeeded to reproduce TVP. TVP-infected birds gained 30.38% less body weight. In the TVP-infected group a seroconversion against picornaviruses, fowl adenoviruses (FAdV) and infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDV) was recorded with an ELISA test. Using RT-PCR and PCR, CPNV was detected in proventriculi and FAdV in spleens and livers of infected birds, 14 dpi. Our study supports that CPNV is involved in the development of TVP. We did not record the presence of IBDV in TVP or control birds, despite our recording of a seroconversion against IBDV in TVP infected birds. CPNV and IBDV belong to the same family, which allows us to assume serological cross-reactivity between them. The role of FAdV needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Śmiałek
- Department of Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Gesek
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Daria Dziewulska
- Department of Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
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5
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Grau-Roma L, Schock A, Nofrarías M, Ali Wali N, de Fraga AP, Garcia-Rueda C, de Brot S, Majó N. Retrospective study on transmissible viral proventriculitis and chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in the UK. Avian Pathol 2019; 49:99-105. [PMID: 31591909 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1677856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) is a recently described birnavirus, which has been proposed to be the cause of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP). The understanding of the epidemiology of both the virus and the disease is very limited. A retrospective investigation on TVP and CPNV in broiler chicken submissions from the UK from between 1994 and 2015 was performed with the aims of assessing the longitudinal temporal evolution of TVP and CPNV, and to review the histological proventricular lesions in the studied chickens. Ninety-nine of the 135 included submissions (73.3%) fulfilled the TVP-diagnostic criteria, while the remaining 36 submissions (26.7%) displayed only lymphocytic proventriculitis (LP). The first detection of CPNV by PCR dated from 2009. Results showed a rise in the number of both TVP and positive CPNV RT-PCR submissions from 2009 with a peak in 2013, suggesting that they may be an emerging or re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively. Twenty-two out of the 99 submissions displaying TVP lesions (22%) and four out of the 36 (11%) submissions with LP gave positive CPNV RT-PCR results, further supporting the association between CPNV and TVP and confirming that CPNV is present in a low proportion of proventriculi that do not fulfil the TVP-diagnostic criteria. In addition, intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in 22 of the submissions with TVP. The vast majority of these cases (21 of 22, 96%) gave negative CPNV RT-PCR results, raising the question of whether a virus other than CPNV is responsible for some of these TVP-affected cases.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSTVP and CPNV have been present in British broilers since at least 1994 and 2009, respectively.TVP and CPNV seem to be an emerging and re-emerging disease and pathogen, respectively.CPNV was detected in proventriculi with both TVP and LP-lesions.Viruses other than CPNV may be responsible for some TVP-affected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llorenç Grau-Roma
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS), University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK.,Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alex Schock
- Avian Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Penicuik, UK
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nabil Ali Wali
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aline Padilha de Fraga
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Simone de Brot
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS), University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK.,Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Majó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Li G, Yuan S, He M, Zhao M, Hao X, Song M, Zhang L, Qiao C, Huang L, Zhang L, Li C, Wang G, Cheng Z. Emergence of gyrovirus 3 in commercial broiler chickens with transmissible viral proventriculitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1170-1174. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an China
| | - Shiyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an China
| | - Menglian He
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; Vocational-technical school of Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine; Weifang China
| | - Manda Zhao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; Vocational-technical school of Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine; Weifang China
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Qindao husbandry and Veterinary Institute; Qingdao China
| | - Minxun Song
- Poultry Institute of Shandong Agricultural Science Academy; Jinan China
| | - Lingjuan Zhang
- Animal Diseases Control and Prevention Center in Penglai; Yantai China
| | | | - Libo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an China
| | - Chengui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an China
| | - Guihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an China
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7
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Grau-Roma L, Reid K, de Brot S, Jennison R, Barrow P, Sánchez R, Nofrarías M, Clark M, Majó N. Detection of transmissible viral proventriculitis and chicken proventricular necrosis virus in the UK. Avian Pathol 2016; 46:68-75. [PMID: 27400318 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1207751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that a new birnavirus, named chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), is the aetiological agent of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP). The present work aimed to explore the possible presence of both TVP and CPNV in the UK. Forty-four chickens showing TVP-compatible gross lesions were classified into three groups based on the histological lesions: (i) TVP-affected chickens: lymphocytic infiltration and glandular necrosis (n = 15); (ii) lymphocytic proventriculitis (LP)-affected chickens: lymphocytic infiltration without necrosis (n = 18); and (iii) without proventriculitis (WP): no lymphocytic infiltration or necrosis (n = 11). Nine proventriculi (seven out of 15 corresponding to TVP, and two out of 11 corresponding to LP) were positive for CPNV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These results support the previously suggested idea of CPNV as causative agent of TVP. Moreover, these data show that CPNV can also be detected in a number of cases with LP, which do not fulfil the histological TVP criteria. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of gene VP1 showed that British CPNV sequences were closer to other European CPNV sequences and might constitute a different lineage from the American CPNV. TVP cases with negative CPNV PCR results may be due to chronic stages of the disease or to the reduced PCR sensitivity on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. However, involvement of other agents in some of the cases cannot totally be ruled out. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first peer-reviewed report of TVP as well as of CPNV in the UK, and the first exploratory CPNV phylogenetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llorenç Grau-Roma
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | - Kirsty Reid
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | - Simone de Brot
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | | | - Paul Barrow
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | - Raúl Sánchez
- c IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- c IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mike Clark
- a School of Veterinary Medicine and Science (SVMS) , University of Nottingham (UoN) , Loughborough , UK
| | - Natàlia Majó
- c IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB) , Barcelona , Spain.,d Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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8
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Brar RS, Kumar R, Leishangthem GD, Banga HS, Singh ND, Singh H. Ascaridia galli induced ulcerative proventriculitis in a poultry bird. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:562-4. [PMID: 27413342 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Various possible causes of proventriculitis include virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, nematodes, biogenic amines and excessive copper sulphate. In the present case, parasites were found in the lumen of the proventriculus, gizzard and duodenum of a poultry bird. Characteristic features of the parasite were studied and confirmed as Ascaridia galli. An ulcerative proventriculitis evident as denuded superficial epithelium, sub-epithelial hemorrhages, infiltration of the inflammatory cells and fibrosis were seen at histopathology. Proventriculitis caused by A. galli has not been reported till date. Here, we report a case of ulcerative proventriculitis in a poultry bird caused by nematode, A. galli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Singh Brar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Geeta Devi Leishangthem
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Harmanjit Singh Banga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Nittin Dev Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Harkirat Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
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9
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Noiva R, Guy JS, Hauck R, Shivaprasad HL. Runting Stunting Syndrome Associated with Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2015; 59:384-7. [PMID: 26478156 DOI: 10.1637/11061-031115-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This report describes an outbreak of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) associated with runting stunting syndrome (RSS) in 25- and 28-day-old broiler chickens, in which chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CNPV) was detected. Clinical signs included poor uniformity, very small birds for their age, increased mortality, and culling of smaller birds. Almost all birds necropsied exhibited moderate to severely enlarged proventriculi with diffusely pale serosa and thickened walls. Microscopically the proventriculi had lesions of degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium of the proventricular glands, accompanied by lymphocytic inflammation and glandular hyperplasia, with occasional formation of lymphoid nodules within the glandular parenchyma. Immunohistochemistry staining for CPNV was positive. Positive staining was generally found in the cytoplasm of glandular epithelial cells in the form of finely granular brown pigment. CPNV RNA was detected in the proventriculi by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). Other findings included mild enteritis in a few birds and small bursa of Fabricius. Direct electron microscopy performed on the intestinal samples was negative for viral particles. RT-PCR analysis of bursae was positive for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In conclusion, this report associates TVP with RSS by describing an outbreak in which TVP attributable to CPNV was the most commonly found lesionin chickens with a clinical history compatible with RSS. Therefore, TVP should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in cases compatible with RSS.
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Marusak RA, West MA, Davis JF, Fletcher OJ, Guy JS. Transmissible viral proventriculitis identified in broiler breeder and layer hens. Avian Dis 2013; 56:757-9. [PMID: 23397852 DOI: 10.1637/10216-042412-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is a recognized cause of production losses in broiler chickens, but previously it has not been reported in broiler breeder and commercial layer hens. In this study, TVP was identified in broiler breeder and commercial layer hens, 9-20 wk of age, based on histopathologic detection of characteristic microscopic lesions. Microscopic lesions in proventriculi of affected hens consisted of glandular epithelial necrosis, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, replacement of glandular epithelium with ductal epithelium, and diffuse interstitial lymphoid infiltration. Additionally, chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), a virus previously identified as the etiology of TVP in broiler chickens, was detected in proventriculi of TVP-affected hens using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction procedure. The findings identify TVP as a potential cause of production losses in broiler breeder and commercial layer hens and provide additional evidence for etiologic involvement in TVP by CPNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Marusak
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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11
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Ramis A, Latimer KS, Gibert X, Campagnoli R. A concurrent outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease virus, and avian polyomavirus infection in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Avian Pathol 2012; 27:43-50. [PMID: 18483964 DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A dual natural infection with psittacine beak and feather disease virus and budgerigar fledgling disease virus in a breeding aviary of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) is described. One-hundred per cent of newly-hatched birds were affected and mortality was high (85%). Most surviving birds had diarrhoea, feather alterations and 30% mortality after a 5- to 10-week period. Necropsies of 1-week-old and 2-month-old birds demonstrated non-specific lesions, but histologically nuclear inclusions suggestive of viral infection (adenovirus, herpesvirus, polyomavirus) and also cytoplasmic inclusions suggestive of beak and feather disease were seen in integument and internal organs. Staining of tissues with viral specific DNA probes for psittacine beak and feather disease virus and for avian polyomavirus demonstrated simultaneous presence of viral DNA from both viruses in some birds. This is the first description of a concurrent outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease virus and avian polyomavirus infection in a breeding aviary.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramis
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autbonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Marguerie J, Leon O, Albaric O, Guy JS, Guerin JL. Birnavirus-associated proventriculitis in French broiler chickens. Vet Rec 2011; 169:394-6. [PMID: 21984631 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d6412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Guy JS, West MA, Fuller FJ, Marusak RA, Shivaprasad HL, Davis JL, Fletcher OJ. Detection of chicken proventricular necrosis virus (R11/3 virus) in experimental and naturally occurring cases of transmissible viral proventriculitis with the use of a reverse transcriptase-PCR procedure. Avian Dis 2011; 55:70-5. [PMID: 21500639 DOI: 10.1637/9586-102110-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) procedure was evaluated for detection of chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) -affected chickens. The RT-PCR procedure was compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and virus isolation for detection of CPNV in experimentally infected chickens. Microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP were detected on days 5-35 postexposure (PE) in CPNV-infected chickens; CPNV was detected by RT-PCR on days 3-14 PE in freshly collected proventriculi, and on days 1-14 PE in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) proventriculi. CPNV was detected in proventriculi of experimentally infected chickens by IFA on days 3-10 PE, and by virus isolation on days 1-14 PE. With IFA used as a reference, sensitivity of the RT-PCR procedure with freshly collected and FFPE proventriculi was 88% and 100%, respectively; specificity was 83% and 86%, respectively. Proventriculi (FFPE) obtained from suspect TVP cases (n=19) were evaluated for presence of CPNV by RT-PCR and microscopic lesions consistentwith TVP. CPNV was detected by RT-PCR in proventriculi from 8/11 TVP (+) cases (24/36 tissue sections). TVP (+) cases were defined by microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP; CPNV was not detected in proventriculi (0/8 cases, 0/32 tissue sections) in the absence of these lesions. The association between presence of TVP-characteristic microscopic lesions and presence of CPNV was highly significant (P = 0.0014). These findings indicate the utility of the RT-PCR procedure for detection of CPNV and provide additional evidence for an etiologic role for this virus in TVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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Guy JS, West AMA, Fuller FJ. Physical and genomic characteristics identify chicken proventricular necrosis virus (R11/3 virus) as a novel birnavirus. Avian Dis 2011; 55:2-7. [PMID: 21500628 DOI: 10.1637/9504-081610-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), isolate R11/3, previously was isolated from transmissible viral proventriculitis-affected chickens and was determined to be the likely etiology of this disease. CPNV was identified as a birnavirus on the basis of virion size and morphology (icosahedral, approximately 75 nm in diameter, nonenveloped); buoyant density in cesium chloride (1.32 g/ml); a genome comprising bisegmented, double-stranded RNA (approximately 3.8 and 3.4 kilobase pairs); and nucleotide sequence analyses. Nucleotide sequencing of CPNV RNA, segment B, identified a single large open reading frame that encodes a 903-amino acid protein. The 903-amino acid protein was identified as the putative VP1, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), on the basis of sequence homologies with other birnavirus VP1 proteins. The CPNV VP1 possessed the unique permuted RdRp sequence motif arrangement characteristic of birnaviruses; however, phylogenetic analyses based on VP1 demonstrated that CPNV is deeply divergent from other birnaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Grau-Roma L, Marco A, Martínez J, Chaves A, Dolz R, Majó N. Infectious bursal disease-like virus in cases of transmissible viral proventriculitis. Vet Rec 2011; 167:836. [PMID: 21262640 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
This article reviews transmissible proventriculitis in poultry from 1971 to 2006. The disease is important in commercial broilers worldwide, resulting in reduced profits. The aetiology of this disease is unknown and different clinical presentations often result in a confused or complicated diagnosis. The lesion of enlarged proventriculus is often referred to as proventriculitis. However, the term proventriculitis can only be used correctly when there is microscopic evidence of inflammation of the proventriculus glands. Infectious and non-infectious causes of proventriculitis, with major emphasis on the infectious or transmissible causes, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Dormitorio
- Poultry Science Department, 260 Lem Morrison Drive, Auburn University, AL 36849-5416, USA
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Guy JS, Smith LG, Evans ME, Barnes HJ. Experimental reproduction of transmissible viral proventriculitis by infection of chickens with a novel adenovirus-like virus (isolate R11/3). Avian Dis 2007; 51:58-65. [PMID: 17461268 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)051[0058:erotvp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) was experimentally reproduced in 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens and commercial broiler chickens by eyedrop inoculation of adenovirus-like virus (AdLV), isolate R1 1/3. No clinical signs and no weight gain depression were observed in chickens inoculated with AdLV (R11/3); however, gross and microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP were present in proventriculi of inoculated chickens. Proventriculi of AdLV (R11/3)-inoculated chickens were markedly enlarged, compared with sham-inoculated controls, by day 7 postinoculation (PI). Microscopic lesions in proventriculi of inoculated chickens were detected beginning on day 3 PI and consisted of degeneration and necrosis of glandular epithelium, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, replacement of glandular epithelium with ductal epithelium, and diffuse interstitial lymphoid infiltration; no microscopic lesions were observed in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) antigens were detected in proventriculi by immunohistochemistry on days 3-10 PI in inoculated SPF chickens and days 3-21 PI in inoculated commercial broiler chickens; no viral antigens were detected in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) was reisolated from proventriculi of inoculated SPF and commercial broiler chickens on days 5 and 7 PI. No virus, viral antigens, or lesions were detected in proventriculi collected from sham-inoculated chickens. These findings indicate an etiologic role for AdLV (R11/3) in TVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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Guy JS, Barnes HJ, Smith L, Owen R, Fuller FJ. Partial characterization of an adenovirus-like virus isolated from broiler chickens with transmissible viral proventriculitis. Avian Dis 2006; 49:344-51. [PMID: 16252486 DOI: 10.1637/7352-030205r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) was experimentally reproduced in specific-pathogen-free chickens using a homogenate of proventricular tissue obtained from TVP-affected commercial broiler chickens. Thin-section electron microscopy revealed intranuclear, approximately 70-nanometer (nm), adenovirus-like viruses (AdLV) within proventricular lesions. The AdLV, designated AdLV (R11/3), could not be propagated using various avian and mammalian cell cultures or by inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs by yolk, allantoic, or chorioallantoic membrane routes. However, AdLV (R11/3) was successfully propagated by amniotic inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs, with detection of the virus in proventriculi and intestinal contents of hatched 2-day-old chicks (8 days postinoculation). Virus propagation was evident in in ovo-inoculated chicks by (1) gross and microscopic lesions in proventriculi consistent with TVP, (2) immunohistochemical localization of AdLV (R11/3) antigens in proventricular epithelium, (3) thin-section electron microscopic detection of intranuclear, approximately 70-nm AdLVs within proventricular epithelium, and (4) negative-stain electron microscopic detection of extracellular, approximately 70-nm AdLVs in intestinal contents. Indirect immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction procedures that specifically recognize groups I, II, and III avian adenoviruses failed to recognize AdLV (R11/3). The findings suggest an etiologic role for AdLV (R11/3) in TVP and indicate that this virus is distinct from known avian adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Brown TP, Huff GR. Proventriculitis in broiler chickens: immunohistochemical characterization of the lymphocytes infiltrating the proventricular glands. Vet Pathol 2005; 41:641-8. [PMID: 15561672 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-6-641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Broiler chickens with transmissible proventriculitis have severe lymphocytic infiltration of the proventricular glands. The distribution of T cells and B cells in these infiltrates was studied histopathologically, and their identity was confirmed immunohistochemically (CD3, CD4, CD8, and B cells). To reproduce this disease, 1-day-old commercial boilers were orally gavaged with homogenized proventriculi from broilers with proventriculitis. Resulting lesions were examined at both acute (7 days postinoculation [i]) and chronic (14 and 21 dpi) time points. Lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands and the mucosal lamina propria were present at all time points and were most prominent and demarcated at 14 dpi. T and B lymphocytes were present during acute and chronic proventriculitis, but their distribution varied within the glands. Lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands and in the lamina propria were predominantly CD3+T cells, and most of these were also CD8+. B cells and CD4+ T cells formed aggregates in chronic proventriculitis. Thus, both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are induced during transmissible proventriculitis, and the cell-mediated immune response is morphologically greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pantin-Jackwood
- Department of Avian Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Brown TP, Kim Y, Huff GR. Proventriculitis in broiler chickens: effects of immunosuppression. Avian Dis 2004; 48:300-16. [PMID: 15283417 DOI: 10.1637/7099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proventriculitis in broilers causes carcass condemnation when swollen proventriculi tear during evisceration. The cause of this proventriculitis is unknown, but several infectious agents have been associated with it. One such agent, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), has been implicated as a cause of proventriculitis, but a direct effect of this virus on the proventriculus has not been proven. The role of IBDV in proventriculitis may be indirect as a result of its ability to cause immunosuppression. The objective of this study was to understand how immunosuppression affects the incidence of proventriculitis in broiler chickens. Immunosuppression was induced in commercial and specific-pathogen-free broiler chickens using chemicals (cyclophosphamide and cyclosporin) or virus (IBDV). All groups were then exposed to a proventricular homogenate produced from diseased birds. At 7 and 14 days postinoculation, the incidence of proventriculitis in these groups was compared to that produced by homogenate exposure in immunocompetent broilers. All birds exposed to the proventricular homogenate from diseased birds developed proventriculitis. Cyclophosphamide and IBDV, both B cell suppressors, did not significantly affect the incidence or characteristics of the proventriculitis observed, although they did have an effect on the size of the proventriculus at 7 days postinoculation. Chickens immunosuppressed with cyclosporin, a T cell suppressor, developed more severe lesions and had a higher incidence of proventriculitis. These findings indicate that both B and T cells are involved in the immune response against proventriculitis, but cell-mediated immunity appears to have a more important role in controlling the disease. IBDV affects both humoral and cellular immunity in the chicken, so although under experimental conditions it didn't have a major effect on proventriculitis, it may explain why control of IBDV in the field seems to reduce the incidence of proventriculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pantin-Jackwood
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Brown TP. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2003; 47:681-90. [PMID: 14562897 DOI: 10.1637/7018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Acute necrotic proventriculitis is a naturally occurring disease of broiler chickens that causes proventricular rupture during routine evisceration. Although infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) has been implicated, it has not been proven to be a direct cause of this disease. To further study the role of IBDV in proventriculitis, proventriculi and bursas were collected during both acute and chronic phases of naturally occurring proventriculitis and from chickens experimentally infected with seven different [BDV strains. All tissues were examined for IBDV by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and real time reverse transcriptase(RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for apoptosis by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling method (TUNEL). Tissues from naturally occurring proventriculitis had bursal and proventricular lesions. Two out of four bursas had no IHC-stainable IBDV antigen or RT-PCR detectable IBDV sequences. No proventriculus had IBDV detectable by any of these methods. Bursas from chickens experimentally infected with IBDV had microscopically evident lesions, IBDV was detectable by IHC and RT-PCR, and strong IHC staining for apoptosis was present. Proventriculi from these experimentally exposed chickens had no lesions, low levels of IBDV detectable by IHC or RT-PCR, and very little IHC-stainable apoptosis. We conclude that naturally occurring proventriculitis can occur in the absence of IBDV and that the IBDV strains tested do not directly produce proventriculitis or induce increased proventricular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3875, USA
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Escorcia M, Fortoul TI, Petrone VM, Galindo F, López C, Téllez G. Gastric gross and microscopic lesions caused by the UNAM-97 variant strain of infectious bronchitis virus after the eighth passage in specific pathogen-free chicken embryos. Poult Sci 2002; 81:1647-52. [PMID: 12455591 PMCID: PMC7107215 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.11.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a description of gross and microscopic lesions found in specific pathogen-free chicken embryos caused by UNAM-97 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variant strain after the eighth passage. Embryos were divided into three groups and were inoculated in the chorioallantoic sac with 0.2 mL of UNAM-97, Mass 41 IBV (positive control), or sterile PBS (negative control). Forty-eight hours later the allatoic fluid was taken and used to start a cycle of eight passages through 9-d-old embryos. Seven days after the last passage, embryos were harvested and macroscopic lesions in all organs were recorded. Proventriculus and gizzard samples were obtained from all embryos and routinely processed for microscopic and ultrastructural examinations. The UNAM-97 IBV variant strain caused two macroscopic lesions uncommon for Mexican strains: thin-walled proventriculus and gizzard, as well as urate accumulation within an extra-embryonic peritoneal sac, leaving the body through the umbilical duct and accompanied by the yolk sac. At microscopic level, two relevant findings were observed to be produced by this variant. In the proventriculus, there was a decrease in the gland papillary branching, while the gizzard showed a significant reduction in mucosa thickness and tubular-to-proliferative-cell ratio, as well as an absence of hyaline secretion in the lumen. Electrodense material scattered in proventricular and gizzard cells was observed, with a structure consistent with that of coronaviruses. These pathological chicken embryo findings have not been reported as being caused by other IBV strains in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Escorcia
- Departamento de Producción Animal: Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D. F., C. P. 04510, Mexico.
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of digestive disease in poultry involves the cellular events and reactions that result in a deviation from normal structure and function. To a degree, the differentiation of disease and normal in commercial poultry also involves an economic perspective. Factors external to the digestive tract may mimic digestive disease, including reductions in the density of various nutrients and feed refusal. Antinutritional factors, such as certain storage polysaccharides and proteins, are inaccessible to endogenous enzymes and are either indigestible or act as blockers of the digestion of other nutrients. Changes in digestive secretions that result in either excess or deficiency also influence digestive structure and function. Infectious agents and toxins that cause degeneration and necrosis are especially injurious because a series of critical repair events must occur in order to regain function. The consequences range from lethal injury of the host animal to diminished performance. The digestive tract has a large component of lymphoid tissue and impairment of the immune system influences the course of protozoan, bacterial and viral enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Hoerr
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36830, USA.
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