1
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Martinelli L, Bihanic C, Bony A, Gros F, Conart C, Fiorucci S, Casabianca H, Schiets F, Chietera G, Boachon B, Blerot B, Baudino S, Jullien F, Saint-Marcoux D. Citronellol biosynthesis in pelargonium is a multistep pathway involving progesterone 5β-reductase and/or iridoid synthase-like enzymes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1006-1023. [PMID: 37831417 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Citronellol is a pleasant-smelling compound produced in rose (Rosa spp.) flowers and in the leaves of many aromatic plants, including pelargoniums (Pelargonium spp.). Although geraniol production has been well studied in several plants, citronellol biosynthesis has been documented only in crab-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia plicata) and its mechanism remains open to question in other species. We therefore profiled 10 pelargonium accessions using RNA sequencing and gas chromatography-MS analysis. Three enzymes from the progesterone 5β-reductase and/or iridoid synthase-like enzymes (PRISE) family were characterized in vitroand subsequently identified as citral reductases (named PhCIRs). Transgenic RNAi lines supported a role for PhCIRs in the biosynthesis of citronellol as well as in the production of mint-scented terpenes. Despite their high amino acid sequence identity, the 3 enzymes showed contrasting stereoselectivity, either producing mainly (S)-citronellal or a racemate of both (R)- and (S)-citronellal. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a single amino acid substitution as being primarily responsible for the enzyme's enantioselectivity. Phylogenetic analysis of pelargonium PRISEs revealed 3 clades and 7 groups of orthologs. PRISEs from different groups exhibited differential affinities toward substrates (citral and progesterone) and cofactors (NADH/NADPH), but most were able to reduce both substrates, prompting hypotheses regarding the evolutionary history of PhCIRs. Our results demonstrate that pelargoniums evolved citronellol biosynthesis independently through a 3-step pathway involving PRISE homologs and both citral and citronellal as intermediates. In addition, these enzymes control the enantiomeric ratio of citronellol thanks to small alterations of the catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Martinelli
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07455, Germany
| | - Camille Bihanic
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Aurélie Bony
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Florence Gros
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Corentin Conart
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Sébastien Fiorucci
- Institut de Chimie de Nice-UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice 06108, France
| | - Hervé Casabianca
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques-UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Frédéric Schiets
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques-UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | | | - Benoît Boachon
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | | | - Sylvie Baudino
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Frédéric Jullien
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Denis Saint-Marcoux
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
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2
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Aničić N, Matekalo D, Skorić M, Gašić U, Nestorović Živković J, Dmitrović S, Božunović J, Milutinović M, Petrović L, Dimitrijević M, Anđelković B, Mišić D. Functional iridoid synthases from iridoid producing and non-producing Nepeta species (subfam. Nepetoidae, fam. Lamiaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1211453. [PMID: 38235204 PMCID: PMC10792066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1211453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Iridoids, a class of atypical monoterpenes, exhibit exceptional diversity within the Nepeta genus (subfam. Nepetoidae, fam. Lamiaceae).The majority of these plants produce iridoids of the unique stereochemistry, with nepetalactones (NLs) predominating; however, a few Nepeta species lack these compounds. By comparatively analyzing metabolomics, transcriptomics, gene co-expression, and phylogenetic data of the iridoid-producing N. rtanjensis Diklić & Milojević and iridoid-lacking N. nervosa Royle & Bentham, we presumed that one of the factors responsible for the absence of these compounds in N. nervosa is iridoid synthase (ISY). Two orthologues of ISY were mined from leaves transcriptome of N. rtanjensis (NrPRISE1 and NrPRISE2), while in N. nervosa only one (NnPRISE) was identified, and it was phylogenetically closer to the representatives of the Family 1 isoforms, designated as P5βRs. Organ-specific and MeJA-elicited profiling of iridoid content and co-expression analysis of IBG candidates, highlighted NrPRISE2 and NnPRISE as promising candidates for ISY orthologues, and their function was confirmed using in vitro assays with recombinant proteins, after heterologous expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli and their His-tag affinity purification. NrPRISE2 demonstrated ISY activity both in vitro and likely in planta, which was supported by the 3D modeling and molecular docking analysis, thus reclassification of NrPRISE2 to NrISY is accordingly recommended. NnPRISE also displays in vitro ISY-like activity, while its role under in vivo conditions was not here unambiguously confirmed. Most probably under in vivo conditions the NnPRISE lacks substrates to act upon, as a result of the loss of function of some of the upstream enzymes of the iridoid pathway. Our ongoing work is conducted towards re-establishing the biosynthesis of iridoids in N. nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Aničić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Matekalo
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Skorić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Gašić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nestorović Živković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Dmitrović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Božunović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Milutinović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luka Petrović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Dimitrijević
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Danijela Mišić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Lawas LMF, Kamileen MO, Buell CR, O'Connor SE, Leisner CP. Transcriptome-based identification and functional characterization of iridoid synthase involved in monotropein biosynthesis in blueberry. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e512. [PMID: 37440931 PMCID: PMC10333835 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are well known for their nutritional quality, and recent work has shown that Vaccinium spp. also produce iridoids, which are specialized metabolites with potent health-promoting benefits. The iridoid glycoside monotropein, which has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, has been detected in several wild blueberry species but in only a few cultivated highbush blueberry cultivars. How monotropein is produced in blueberry and the genes involved in its biosynthesis remain to be elucidated. Using a monotropein-positive (M+) and monotropein-negative (M-) cultivar of blueberry, we employed transcriptomics and comparative genomics to identify candidate genes in the blueberry iridoid biosynthetic pathway. Orthology analysis was completed using de novo transcript assemblies for both the M+ and M- blueberry cultivars along with the known iridoid-producing plant species Catharanthus roseus to identify putative genes involved in key steps in the early iridoid biosynthetic pathway. From the identified orthologs, we functionally characterized iridoid synthase (ISY), a key enzyme involved in formation of the iridoid scaffold, from both the M+ and M- cultivars. Detection of nepetalactol suggests that ISY from both the M+ and M- cultivars produce functional enzymes that catalyze the formation of iridoids. Transcript accumulation of the putative ISY gene did not correlate with monotropein production, suggesting other genes in the monotropein biosynthetic pathway may be more directly responsible for differential accumulation of the metabolite in blueberry. Mutual rank analysis revealed that ISY is co-expressed with UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, which encodes an enzyme downstream of the ISY step. Results from this study contribute new knowledge in our understanding of iridoid biosynthesis in blueberry and could lead to development of new cultivars with increased human health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed O. Kamileen
- Department of Natural Product BiosynthesisMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - C. Robin Buell
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesInstitute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, & Genomics, University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sarah E. O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product BiosynthesisMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Courtney P. Leisner
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
- School of Plant and Environmental SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
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4
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Knockout of Arabidopsis thaliana VEP1, Encoding a PRISE (Progesterone 5β-Reductase/Iridoid Synthase-Like Enzyme), Leads to Metabolic Changes in Response to Exogenous Methyl Vinyl Ketone (MVK). Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010011. [PMID: 35050133 PMCID: PMC8778713 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small or specialized natural products (SNAPs) produced by plants vary greatly in structure and function, leading to selective advantages during evolution. With a limited number of genes available, a high promiscuity of the enzymes involved allows the generation of a broad range of SNAPs in complex metabolic networks. Comparative metabolic studies may help to understand why—or why not—certain SNAPs are produced in plants. Here, we used the wound-induced, vein patterning regulating VEP1 (AtStR1, At4g24220) and its paralogue gene on locus At5g58750 (AtStR2) from Arabidopsis to study this issue. The enzymes encoded by VEP1-like genes were clustered under the term PRISEs (progesterone 5β-reductase/iridoid synthase-like enzymes) as it was previously demonstrated that they are involved in cardenolide and/or iridoid biosynthesis in other plants. In order to further understand the general role of PRISEs and to detect additional more “accidental” roles we herein characterized A. thaliana steroid reductase 1 (AtStR1) and compared it to A. thaliana steroid reductase 2 (AtStR2). We used A. thaliana Col-0 wildtype plants as well as VEP1 knockout mutants and VEP1 knockout mutants overexpressing either AtStR1 or AtStR2 to investigate the effects on vein patterning and on the stress response after treatment with methyl vinyl ketone (MVK). Our results added evidence to the assumption that AtStR1 and AtStR2, as well as PRISEs in general, play specific roles in stress and defense situations and may be responsible for sudden metabolic shifts.
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5
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Tropper M, Höhn S, Wolf LS, Fritsch J, Kastner-Detter N, Rieck C, Munkert J, Meitinger N, Lanig H, Kreis W. 21-Hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonylation, a crucial step in cardenolide biosynthesis, can be achieved by substrate-promiscuous BAHD-type phenolic glucoside malonyltransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana and homolog proteins from Digitalis lanata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112710. [PMID: 33930670 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three putative 21-hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonyltransferases (21MaT) from Digitalis lanata were partially purified. Two of them were supposed to be BAHD-type enzymes. We were unable to purify them in quantities necessary for reliable sequencing. We identified two genes in A. thaliana coding for substrate-promiscuous BAHD-type phenolic glucoside malonyltransferases (AtPMaT1, AtPMaT2) and docked various 21-hydroxypregnanes into the substrate-binding site of a homology model built on the BAHD template 2XR7 (NtMaT1 from N. tabacum). Recombinant forms of Atpmat1 and Atpmat2 were expressed in E. coli and the recombinant enzymes characterized with regard to their substrate preferences. They were shown to malonylate various 21-hydroxypregnanes. The Atpmat1 sequence was used to identify candidate genes in Digitalis lanata (Dlmat1 to Dlmat4). Dlmat1 and Dlmat2 were also expressed in E. coli and shown to possess 21-hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tropper
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Höhn
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura-Sophie Wolf
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Fritsch
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Kastner-Detter
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rieck
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Meitinger
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Lanig
- Zentralinstitut für Scientific Computing (ZISC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 5a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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6
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Sandholu AS, Mujawar SP, Ramakrishnan K, Thulasiram HV, Kulkarni K. Structural studies on 10-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase: A novel linear substrate-specific dehydrogenase from Catharanthus roseus. Proteins 2020; 88:1197-1206. [PMID: 32181958 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of 10-hydroxygeraniol to 10-oxogeranial is a crucial step in iridoid biosynthesis. This reaction is catalyzed by a zinc-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase, 10-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase, belonging to the family of medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (MDR). Here, we report the crystal structures of a novel 10-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase from Catharanthus roseus in its apo and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ) bound forms. Structural analysis and docking studies reveal how subtle conformational differences of loops L1, L2, L3, and helix α9' at the orifice of the catalytic site confer differential activity of the enzyme toward various substrates, by modulating the binding pocket shape and volume. The present study, first of its kind, provides insights into the structural basis of substrate specificity of MDRs specific to linear substrates. Furthermore, comparison of apo and NADP+ bound structures suggests that the enzyme adopts open and closed states to facilitate cofactor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S Sandholu
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sharmila P Mujawar
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Krithika Ramakrishnan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hirekodathakallu V Thulasiram
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran Kulkarni
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Nguyen TD, O’Connor SE. The Progesterone 5β-Reductase/Iridoid Synthase Family: A Catalytic Reservoir for Specialized Metabolism across Land Plants. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1780-1787. [PMID: 32501002 PMCID: PMC7467569 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Iridoids are plant-derived
terpenoids with a rich array of bioactivities.
The key step in iridoid skeleton formation is the reduction of 8-oxogeranial
by certain members of the progesterone 5β-reductase/iridoid
synthase (PRISE) family of short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases. Other
members of the PRISE family have previously been implicated in the
biosynthesis of the triterpenoid class of cardenolides, which requires
the reduction of progesterone. Here, we explore the occurrence and
activity of PRISE across major lineages of plants. We observed trace
activities toward either 8-oxogeranial or progesterone in all PRISEs,
including those from nonseed plants and green algae. Phylogenetic
analysis, coupled with enzymatic assays, show that these activities
appear to have become specialized in specific angiosperm lineages.
This broad analysis of the PRISE family provides insight into how
these enzymes evolved in plants and also suggests that iridoid synthase
activity is an ancestral trait in all land plants, which might have
contributed to the rise of iridoid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh-Don Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sarah E. O’Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Lichman BR, Godden GT, Hamilton JP, Palmer L, Kamileen MO, Zhao D, Vaillancourt B, Wood JC, Sun M, Kinser TJ, Henry LK, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Dudareva N, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Buell CR, O’Connor SE. The evolutionary origins of the cat attractant nepetalactone in catnip. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba0721. [PMID: 32426505 PMCID: PMC7220310 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Catnip or catmint (Nepeta spp.) is a flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae) famed for its ability to attract cats. This phenomenon is caused by the compound nepetalactone, a volatile iridoid that also repels insects. Iridoids are present in many Lamiaceae species but were lost in the ancestor of the Nepetoideae, the subfamily containing Nepeta. Using comparative genomics, ancestral sequence reconstructions, and phylogenetic analyses, we probed the re-emergence of iridoid biosynthesis in Nepeta. The results of these investigations revealed mechanisms for the loss and subsequent re-evolution of iridoid biosynthesis in the Nepeta lineage. We present evidence for a chronology of events that led to the formation of nepetalactone biosynthesis and its metabolic gene cluster. This study provides insights into the interplay between enzyme and genome evolution in the origins, loss, and re-emergence of plant chemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Lichman
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Corresponding author. (B.R.L.); (C.R.B.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Grant T. Godden
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John P. Hamilton
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lira Palmer
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mohamed O. Kamileen
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dongyan Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Brieanne Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Joshua C. Wood
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Miao Sun
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Taliesin J. Kinser
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Laura K. Henry
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - C. Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- MSU AgBioResearch, Michigan State University, 446 West Circle Drive, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Corresponding author. (B.R.L.); (C.R.B.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Sarah E. O’Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Corresponding author. (B.R.L.); (C.R.B.); (S.E.O.)
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9
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Li Y, Pan H, Chang Y, Dong N, Zou L, Liang P, Tian W, Chang Z. Identification of key sites determining the cofactor specificity and improvement of catalytic activity of a steroid 5β-reductase from Capsella rubella. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 134:109483. [PMID: 32044030 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone 5β-reductases (P5βRs) are involved in 5β-cardenolide formation by stereo-specific reduction of the △4,5 double bond of steroid precursors. In this study a steroid 5β-reductase was identified in Capsella rubella (CrSt5βR1) and its function in steroid 5β-reduction was validated experimentally. CrSt5βR1 is capable of enantioselectively reducing the activated CC bond of broad substrates such as steroids and enones by using NADPH as a cofactor and therefore has the potential as a biocatalyst in organic synthesis. However, for industrial purposes the cheaper NADH is the preferred cofactor. By applying rational design based on literature and complementary mutagenesis strategies, we successfully identified two key amino acid residues determining the cofactor specificity of the enzyme. The R63 K mutation enables the enzyme to convert progesterone to 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione with NADH as cofactor, whereas the wild-type CrSt5βR1 is strictly NADPH-dependent. By further introducing the R64H mutation, the double mutant R63K_R64H of CrSt5βR1 was shown to increase enzymatic activity by13.8-fold with NADH as a cofactor and to increase the NADH/NADPH conversion ratio by 10.9-fold over the R63 K single mutant. This finding was successfully applied to change the cofactor specificity and to improve activity of other members of the same enzyme family, AtP5βR and DlP5βR. CrSt5βR1 mutants are expected to have the potential for biotechnological applications in combination with the well-established NADH regeneration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Pan
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaowen Chang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Dong
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zou
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zunxue Chang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Rieck C, Geiger D, Munkert J, Messerschmidt K, Petersen J, Strasser J, Meitinger N, Kreis W. Biosynthetic approach to combine the first steps of cardenolide formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e925. [PMID: 31436030 PMCID: PMC6925150 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A yeast expression plasmid was constructed containing a cardenolide biosynthetic module, referred to as CARD II, using the AssemblX toolkit, which enables the assembly of large DNA constructs. The genes cloned into the vector were (a) a Δ5‐3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene from Digitalis lanata, (b) a steroid Δ5‐isomerase gene from Comamonas testosteronii, (c) a mutated steroid‐5β‐reductase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, and (d) a steroid 21‐hydroxylase gene from Mus musculus. A second plasmid bearing an ADR/ADX fusion gene from Bos taurus was also constructed. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain bearing these two plasmids was generated. This strain, termed “CARD II yeast”, was capable of producing 5β‐pregnane‐3β,21‐diol‐20‐one, a central intermediate in 5β‐cardenolide biosynthesis, starting from pregnenolone which was added to the culture medium. Using this approach, five consecutive steps in cardenolide biosynthesis were realized in baker's yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rieck
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Geiger
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Petersen
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliane Strasser
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Meitinger
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Kreis W, Munkert J. Exploiting enzyme promiscuity to shape plant specialized metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1435-1445. [PMID: 30715457 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The amazing variability of plant metabolism and its rapid divergence during evolution pose fundamental questions as to the driving forces, mechanisms, and players in metabolic differentiation. This review examines concepts that help us understand adaptive pathway evolution, with a particular emphasis on plant specialized metabolism, previously often termed secondary metabolism. Following a general introduction to pathway and metabolite evolution, the focus is directed to enzyme promiscuity and its classification. Promiscuous enzymes (or substrates), 'silent' elements of the metabolome, and the 'underground metabolism' may be used and combined to evolve 'new' metabolic pathways. It appears that new pathways rarely appear from scratch, but instead emerge from 'floppy' enzymes and elements of a 'messy' metabolism, and in this way a range of metabolites is generated, some of which may provide benefits to the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Schmidt K, Petersen J, Munkert J, Egerer-Sieber C, Hornig M, Muller YA, Kreis W. PRISEs (progesterone 5β-reductase and/or iridoid synthase-like 1,4-enone reductases): Catalytic and substrate promiscuity allows for realization of multiple pathways in plant metabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:9-19. [PMID: 30172078 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PRISEs (progesterone 5β-reductase and/or iridoid synthase-like 1,4-enone reductases) are involved in cardenolide and iridoid biosynthesis. We here investigated a PRISE (rAtSt5βR) from Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant producing neither cardenolides nor iridoids. The structure of rAtSt5βR was elucidated with X-ray crystallography and compared to the known structures of PRISEs from Catharanthus roseus (rCrISY) and Digitalis lanata (rDlP5βR). The three enzymes show a high degree of sequence and structure conservation in the active site. Amino acids previously considered to allow discrimination between progesterone 5β-reductase and iridoid synthase were interchanged among rAtSt5βR, rCrISY and rDlP5βR applying site-directed mutagenesis. Structural homologous substitutions had different effects, and changes in progesterone 5β-reductase and iridoid synthase activity were not correlated in all cases. Our results help to explain fortuitous emergence of metabolic pathways and product accumulation. The fact that PRISEs are found ubiquitously in spermatophytes insinuates that PRISEs might have a more general function in plant metabolism such as, for example, the detoxification of reactive carbonyl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schmidt
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Petersen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Egerer-Sieber
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hornig
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yves A Muller
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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13
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Fellows R, Russo CM, Silva CS, Lee SG, Jez JM, Chisholm JD, Zubieta C, Nanao MH. A multisubstrate reductase from Plantago major: structure-function in the short chain reductase superfamily. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14796. [PMID: 30287897 PMCID: PMC6172241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDR) is a large family of NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes found in all kingdoms of life. SDRs are particularly well-represented in plants, playing diverse roles in both primary and secondary metabolism. In addition, some plant SDRs are also able to catalyse a reductive cyclisation reaction critical for the biosynthesis of the iridoid backbone that contains a fused 5 and 6-membered ring scaffold. Mining the EST database of Plantago major, a medicinal plant that makes iridoids, we identified a putative 5β-progesterone reductase gene, PmMOR (P. major multisubstrate oxido-reductase), that is 60% identical to the iridoid synthase gene from Catharanthus roseus. The PmMOR protein was recombinantly expressed and its enzymatic activity assayed against three putative substrates, 8-oxogeranial, citral and progesterone. The enzyme demonstrated promiscuous enzymatic activity and was able to not only reduce progesterone and citral, but also to catalyse the reductive cyclisation of 8-oxogeranial. The crystal structures of PmMOR wild type and PmMOR mutants in complex with NADP+ or NAD+ and either 8-oxogeranial, citral or progesterone help to reveal the substrate specificity determinants and catalytic machinery of the protein. Site-directed mutagenesis studies were performed and provide a foundation for understanding the promiscuous activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fellows
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Structural Biology Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Catarina S Silva
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Structural Biology Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, BIG, Grenoble, USA
| | - Soon Goo Lee
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Chloe Zubieta
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, BIG, Grenoble, USA.
| | - Max H Nanao
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Structural Biology Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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14
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Sandholu AS, Mohole M, Duax WL, Thulasiram HV, Sengupta D, Kulkarni K. Dynamics of loops at the substrate entry channel determine the specificity of iridoid synthases. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2624-2635. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand S. Sandholu
- Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
| | - Madhura Mohole
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
| | - William L. Duax
- Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute Suny Buffalo NY USA
| | - Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Division of Organic Chemistry CSIR‐ National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
| | - Durba Sengupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
| | - Kiran Kulkarni
- Division of Biochemical Sciences CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR‐National Chemical Laboratory Pune India
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15
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Hu Y, Liu W, Malwal SR, Zheng Y, Feng X, Ko TP, Chen CC, Xu Z, Liu M, Han X, Gao J, Oldfield E, Guo RT. Structures of Iridoid Synthase from Cantharanthus roseus with Bound NAD(+) , NADPH, or NAD(+) /10-Oxogeranial: Reaction Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15478-15482. [PMID: 26768532 PMCID: PMC4718417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Structures of the iridoid synthase nepetalactol synthase in the presence of NAD(+) , NADPH or NAD(+) /10-oxogeranial were solved. The 10-oxogeranial substrate binds in a transoid-O1-C3 conformation and can be reduced by hydride addition to form the byproduct S-10-oxo-citronellal. Tyr178 Oζ is positioned 2.5 Å from the substrate O1 and provides the second proton required for reaction. Nepetalactol product formation requires rotation about C1-C2 to form the cisoid isomer, leading to formation of the cis-enolate, together with rotation about C4-C5, which enables cyclization and lactol production. The structure is similar to that of progesterone-5β-reductase, with almost identical positioning of NADP, Lys146(147), Tyr178(179), and F342(343), but only Tyr178 and Phe342 appear to be essential for activity. The transoid 10-oxogeranial structure also serves as a model for β-face hydride attack in progesterone 5β-reductases and is of general interest in the context of asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Hu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Satish R. Malwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhongxia Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Meixia Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xu Han
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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16
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Hu Y, Liu W, Malwal SR, Zheng Y, Feng X, Ko TP, Chen CC, Xu Z, Liu M, Han X, Gao J, Oldfield E, Guo RT. Structures of Iridoid Synthase fromCantharanthus roseuswith Bound NAD+, NADPH, or NAD+/10-Oxogeranial: Reaction Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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