1
|
Kalika E, Hussain M, Egan H, Mantzios M. Exploration of the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion and Mindfulness on Orthorexia Nervosa and Perfectionism. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241256886. [PMID: 38835133 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241256886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with healthy eating, accompanied by increasingly restrictive dietary practices over time. In light of the increased attention to ON, it is noteworthy that the existing body of research, specifically with regard to mindfulness and self-compassion remains constrained in scope and depth. A total of 151 participants over the age of 18 completed scales measuring Orthorexia, Self-Compassion, Mindfulness, and Perfectionism. The findings revealed that individuals exhibiting high levels of ON tended to have low levels of self-compassion and mindfulness, along with high levels of perfectionism. Furthermore, the results indicated that self-compassion and mindfulness acted as mediators in the relationship between perfectionism and orthorexia nervosa. These findings deepen our comprehension of orthorexia and underscore the role of self-compassion and mindfulness, or their absence, as mediating factors in this context. The implications of these results and potential future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kalika
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Keyte R, Mantzios M, Hussain M, Tahrani AA, Abbott S, Strachan R, Singhal R, Egan H. 'Surgery is my only hope': A qualitative study exploring perceptions of living with obesity and the prospect of having bariatric surgery. Clin Obes 2024; 14:e12643. [PMID: 38302857 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The health benefits of bariatric surgery are well documented; however, the occurrence of weight-regain after surgery, along with the development of mental health difficulties poses a question of how contemporary psychology could assist to prepare people living with obesity prior to undergoing bariatric surgery. This research explored individuals' (in the immediate pre-operative and post-operative population) attitudes, beliefs and experiences towards obesity and their journey to bariatric surgery. Seventeen adult participants (males n = 4; age range: 26-64 years) were recruited and participated in a semi-structured interview. Twelve individuals participated prior to undergoing bariatric surgery. Five individuals participated in the early post-operative period (<3 months post-surgery). People living with obesity displayed high optimism for positive outcomes, with participants hoping that bariatric surgery would be different to previous attempts at weight regulation, with there being a clear shift in the locus of control for weight management from self to healthcare professionals. Whilst this is adaptive, there was the presence of seemingly unrealistic optimism, with many pre-surgery participants not relaying the realistic possibility of post-surgery weight-regain. Despite the optimism individuals feel about bariatric surgery, participants felt that the psychological factors influencing eating behaviours are not being addressed by healthcare. These findings suggest that mindfulness, mindful eating, and self-compassion approaches should be incorporated into clinical practice to support weight regulation and adaption to physiological changes after bariatric surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Keyte
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Abd A Tahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sally Abbott
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Rachel Strachan
- Black Country Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, West Bromwich, UK
| | | | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mantzios M, McAtamney K, Regan H, Kokocinska K, Kauser S, Kalika E, Hussain M, Keyte R, Wood J, Wallis D, Egan H. Does controlling for epicurean eating or the tendency to supersize food portions change the relationship between mindful eating and grazing? Heliyon 2024; 10:e24823. [PMID: 38352731 PMCID: PMC10861966 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The study examines the potential for Epicurean eating to offer fresh perspectives on the predictive value of mindful eating. This research seeks to ascertain whether accounting for Epicurean eating (or its antithesis, supersizing), could influence the previously identified negative relationship between mindful eating and grazing habits. In a cross-sectional study, 419 participants completed questionnaires on epicurean eating, grazing, and mindful eating. The findings suggested mindful eating and epicurean eating were significantly associated with grazing, with both variables accounting for a significant amount of variance in grazing. Further analysis of the mindful eating subscales showed that eating without distraction, eating with awareness, and hunger and satiety cues accounted for this association with grazing when epicurean eating was included. Finally, whilst eating without distraction, eating with awareness, and hunger and satiety cues were associated with grazing, preference for supersizing did not account for a significant amount of variance in the relationship with grazing. The complex interplay between grazing and mindful eating becomes more apparent when considering the influence of epicurean eating. Exploring cross-cultural factors through additional research could provide valuable insights into the dynamics of epicurean eating and grazing. Simultaneously, incorporating alternative mindful eating scales may yield a more nuanced interpretation of mindful eating. Collectively, these avenues of inquiry warrant further investigation. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harvey Regan
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sophia Kauser
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Eliza Kalika
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Misba Hussain
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Wood
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Wallis
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Egan
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brenton-Peters JM, Consedine NS, Cavadino A, Roy R, Ginsberg KH, Serlachius A. Finding kindness: A randomized controlled trial of an online self-compassion intervention for weight management (SC4WM). Br J Health Psychol 2024; 29:37-58. [PMID: 37544883 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Weight loss is hard to achieve and even harder to maintain. Engaging in effortful behavioural change to manage body weight can sometimes result in feelings of guilt and shame. Self-compassion, the tendency to find kindness for oneself in times of struggle, may facilitate coping with the unique challenges of weight management. This study assessed whether a remotely delivered self-compassion intervention improved weight management outcomes when delivered as a supplement to an existing digital behavioural weight management programme, Weight Watchers (WW). METHOD Using a mixed-method study design, 249 adults seeking to manage weight were randomized to either the WW programme or WW supplemented with the self-compassion for weight management intervention (SC4WM). Participants completed measures of self-compassion, eating behaviour, physical activity, body weight and emotional well-being along with potential moderators, including weight self-stigma, eating restraint, psychological coping and perceived stress at baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) and follow-up (12 weeks). RESULTS There was no evidence that the SC4WM intervention had a significantly different effect than WW alone. Other than body weight, all outcomes improved over time in both groups. Self-compassion was slightly higher overall in the SC4WM group (p = .05), with this group reporting higher self-kindness at 4 weeks (p = .014) and lower self-judgement at 12 weeks (p = .023) compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Although the SC4WM intervention group did show a small increase in self-kindness and reduction in self-judgement, weight management outcomes were not improved over and above the existing WW programme. Recommendations for adapting the SC4WM intervention to improve efficacy to augment weight management outcomes are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Section of Epidemiology and Bisostatistics, Facultity of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rajshri Roy
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Anna Serlachius
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tolonen I, Saarinen A, Sebert S, Hintsanen M. Do compassion and self-compassion moderate the relationship between childhood socioeconomic position and adulthood body composition? Psychol Health 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38270065 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2305133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the associations of compassion and self-compassion with body composition, and whether adulthood compassion and self-compassion moderate the relationship between childhood SEP and adulthood body composition. The participants came from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study (n = 789, 52.1% women), with a mean age of 34.0 years. Compassion and self-compassion were measured with the Dispositional Positive Emotions Scale and Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form, respectively. Body composition was assessed using anthropometric and body fat measurements at a clinic. Childhood SEP included parental occupation, education, and employment. The results showed that high compassion was associated with three out of the five body composition measurements, namely lower waist circumference (B = -0.960, p = 0.039, 95% CI: -1.870; -0.498), body fat percentage (B = -0.693, p = 0.030, 95% CI: -1.317; -0.069), and fat mass index (B = -0.325, p = 0.023, 95% CI: -0.605; -0.044) (adjusted for sex, and childhood and adulthood SEP) but not with body mass index or waist-to-hip ratio. Self-compassion was not associated with body composition. Neither compassion nor self-compassion moderated the association between childhood SEP and adulthood body composition, as the interaction effects were not significant. Therefore, the dispositions did not protect against the negative effects of childhood SEP on adulthood body composition. High other-directed compassion may be, however, associated with healthier body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iina Tolonen
- Division of Psychology, VISE, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aino Saarinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Division of Psychology, VISE, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hussain M, Egan H, Keyte R, Strachan R, Tahrani AA, Mantzios M. Exploring the association between self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating with eating behaviours amongst patients with obesity. Nutr Health 2023; 29:683-693. [PMID: 35538911 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221094671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: People who have obesity often experience problematic eating behaviours, contributing towards their excessive weight gain. Aims: Understanding problematic eating behaviours and their association to self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating is important for the development of future interventions that improve weight-loss and weight-regulation. Methods: One hundred and one participants attending their first session of a 6-session dietetic programme within a Tier 3 medical weight management service in the West Midlands, UK were recruited to complete questionnaires on self-compassion, mindfulness, mindful eating and eating behaviours, such as, emotional, restrained, external, fat and sugar consumption and grazing. Results: The findings suggested all three constructs, self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating were significantly and negatively associated with grazing and emotional eating, but mindful eating was the only construct that also displayed a significant and negative association with other eating behaviours that are often barriers to successful weight regulation, such as external eating and fat consumption. Further investigation suggested mindful eating had an indirect effect on fat consumption and grazing via external eating. Conclusion: Whilst, self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating displayed a negative relationship with grazing and emotional eating, mindful eating also displayed a negative relationship with fat consumption and external eating. Possible explanations and directions for future work are discussed with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, UK
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, UK
| | | | - Abd A Tahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mantzios M, Zervos K, Koletsi M, Giannou K. Mindful eating and eating behaviours in Greece: exploring the validity and reliability of two mindful eating scales and other eating behaviours for Greek-speaking populations. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:85. [PMID: 37864641 PMCID: PMC10590293 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindful eating has seen an increase in clinical and non-clinical practices of changing health outcomes. Meanwhile, the restriction of not having validated scales in other languages proposes a barrier to exploring the impact of mindful eating cross-culturally, and specific to the present project, across Greek-speaking populations, limiting the potential of exploring the association with Mediterranean dieting. METHODS In the present research, volunteers (n = 706) completed online the Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale and the Mindful Eating Scale. A forward-backwards translation, leading to face validity, and was assessed for internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) and followed up by an assessment of the factorial structure of the scales. Divergent and convergent validity was explored using motivations to eat palatable foods, grazing, craving, Dusseldorf orthorexia, Salzburg emotional eating, and the Salzburg stress eating scales. RESULTS Results indicated that both scales displayed good internal consistency, and the assessment of the factorial structure of the scales was equally good and semi-consistent with the English versions, with parallel analyses and item loadings proposing problems that have been shown in critical review literature. Associations of mindful eating scales to other eating behaviours were replicated to previously established findings with English-speaking populations. CONCLUSIONS Findings that deviated from the expected outcomes are central to the discussion on the measurement of mindful eating, and further direction highlights the way forward for researchers and clinicians. LEVEL V Descriptive studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
| | | | - Marsha Koletsi
- Department of Psychology, New York College, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Giannou
- Department of Psychology, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mantzios M. Mindful eating: A conceptual critical review of the literature, measurement and intervention development. Nutr Health 2023; 29:435-441. [PMID: 36703297 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231153427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Defining mindful eating and discussing all it entails has proven to be abstract, open-ended and biased to the interpretation of the researchers and authors in the field. Despite some consensus, different interpretations have led to different psychometric tools and practices not descriptive of mindful eating, contributing towards a replication crisis. Aim/Method: This narrative review will draw on the most appropriate definition of mindful eating in the framework of traditional secular mindfulness literature and discuss how mindful eating psychometrics and practices are unsuitable for precise research. Results/Discussion: A proposal and directive of separation between eating behaviours and decision-making in mindful eating as a way of developing evidence-based practices and psychometric tools are proposed for both clinical and non-clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Croft RL, Byrd CT. A pilot study of an online self-compassion intervention for adults who stutter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37572047 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2023.2236813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary aim of this pilot study was to determine the preliminary effectiveness of an online self-compassion intervention for improving self-compassion and quality of life in adults who stutter. A secondary aim was to determine intervention acceptability and participant satisfaction. METHOD Participants included adults who stutter who completed an online self-compassion module once a week for six consecutive weeks. Pre- and post-intervention measures included the Self-Compassion Scale-Trait and the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering. Participants also completed acceptability questionnaires weekly and post-intervention via quantitative and qualitative reports. RESULT Ten participants completed all six intervention modules, as well as pre- and post-intervention measures. Participants reported increased self-compassion and improved quality of life at post-intervention, as well as high intervention acceptability with regard to delivery format, content, duration, and relevance to stuttering and daily life. Individual variation was also observed across acceptability domains. CONCLUSION The present study provides pilot data supporting the use of online modules to increase self-compassion and decrease the negative impact of stuttering on the quality of life among adults who stutter. Future studies should employ larger sample sizes, compare outcomes to a control group, and determine if gains are maintained over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Croft
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Courtney T Byrd
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ugarte Pérez C, Cruzat-Mandich C, Quiñones Bergeret Á, Díaz-Tendero D, Gallegos M, Gil AA, Cepeda-Benito A. Comparative efficacy of remotely delivered mindfulness-based eating awareness training versus behavioral-weight loss counseling during COVID-19. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1101120. [PMID: 37265953 PMCID: PMC10229895 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysregulated eating (emotional eating, cue-elicited eating, and dietary restraint and restriction) has been linked to being overweight or obese. The present investigation used a random controlled trial (RCT) to test the differential efficacy of remotely delivered Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) and Behavioral Weight Loss (BWL) counseling. Methods The sample was recruited through advertisements that offered help to people "with problems controlling their eating" or "interested in improving their relationship with food" (n = 135). Results Retention was low in both groups (42%), but not dissimilar to retention rates reported in related clinical trials delivered "in person." Among the participants who completed treatment, we found no between-group differences in any of the treatment outcomes, but participants in both groups experienced significant increases in eating-related mindfulness [Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) and awareness [Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA), and significant decreases in unhealthy eating patterns [Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ); Binge Eating Scale (BES), and weight over the course of treatment. Participants in both groups also experienced increases in self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)], although these increases likely reflected normative changes observed in the population at large during COVID-19. Discussion Overall, the results suggest that dysregulated eating and weight loss intervention delivered remotely via teleconference can be effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ugarte Pérez
- Centro de Estudios de la Conducta Alimentaria (CECA), Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Peñalolén, Chile
| | - Claudia Cruzat-Mandich
- Centro de Estudios de la Conducta Alimentaria (CECA), Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Peñalolén, Chile
| | | | - Dafne Díaz-Tendero
- Centro de Estudios de la Conducta Alimentaria (CECA), Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Peñalolén, Chile
| | - Marcela Gallegos
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bariátrica, Clinica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aurora A. Gil
- Eating Disorders Unit, Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Cepeda-Benito
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Departamento de Psicología, Personalidad y Tratamiento, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
George L, Wallace JC, Snider JB, Suh H. Self-Compassion, Performance, and Burnout: Surfacing an Unknown Work Construct. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/10596011231161123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Research on self-compassion across various disciplines has consistently demonstrated numerous self-regulatory benefits associated with the construct. Despite the increasing interest, theory-driven research on self-compassion in the workplace has only begun to emerge recently. In the present research, we introduce the construct of work self-compassion ( WSC). Building on Neff’s definition of self-compassion, we submit that WSC is comprised of work self-kindness, common work challenges, and work-specific mindfulness. Across two studies, we develop a scale to measure WSC and test its place within the larger nomological network of organizational constructs. Specifically, by integrating COR theory with prior research on self-compassion, in Study 1, we test the incremental validity of WSC beyond general self-compassion in predicting job performance. In Study 2, we further demonstrate that WSC is an important mediating mechanism that bridges the association between honesty-humility, namely the H-factor, and job performance and burnout, respectively. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings and conclude with limitations and future research directions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Moffitt RL, Neumann DL, Gersh HE, van Poppel EJ. A brief self-compassionate reflective writing task can manage negative reactions following an eating transgression. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2023.2183109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L. Moffitt
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David L. Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannah E. Gersh
- Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily J. van Poppel
- Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kalika E, Hussain M, Egan H, Mantzios M. Exploring the moderating role of mindfulness, mindful eating, and self-compassion on the relationship between eating-disordered quality of life and orthorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:18. [PMID: 36808014 PMCID: PMC9941235 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterised by an obsessive focus on healthy eating, following restrictive dietary practices and dietary restrictions escalating over time. The aim of this study was to explore mindfulness, mindful eating, self-compassion and quality of life in a female population. Two hundred eighty-eight participants completed Orthorexia, Self-Compassion, Mindful eating, Mindfulness and Eating Disorder Quality of Life scales. The results indicated that there was a negative relationship between ON and mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating. Furthermore, the present study found a positive relationship between lower quality of life and ON, while findings indicated that self-compassion and the awareness facet of mindfulness moderated the relationship between ON and QOL. The present results contribute to a better understanding of orthorexic eating behaviours in a female population, and identify the moderating capacity of self-compassion and mindfulness. Further implications and future directions are discussed.Level of evidence Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kalika
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK.
| | - Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carter A, Gilbert P, Kirby JN. A systematic review of compassion-based interventions for individuals struggling with body weight shame. Psychol Health 2023; 38:94-124. [PMID: 34694950 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1955118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review investigated compassion-based interventions and the extent to which they can assist with addressing body weight shame. DESIGN The systematic review was pre-registered and conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Seven electronic databases (PsycNET, Pubmed, Web of science, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest, Social Science Database) were searched. The methodological quality of studies was also assessed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcomes were body weight shame, and compassion. Secondary outcomes assessed were mental health, eating attitudes and behaviours, physical exercise and Body Mass Index and weight. RESULTS 25 studies (23 papers) met inclusion criteria and results indicated promise for compassion-based interventions for body weight shame, compassion, and health related behaviour. Mixed results were found for BMI and weight. The studies varied considerably in terms of populations targeted, the duration of interventions, and intervention delivery.Conclusion: Overall, compassion-based interventions were found to reduce body weight shame and improve levels of compassion. However, the impact of compassion-based interventions on BMI and weight is less promising. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Carter
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Paul Gilbert
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Psychology, Derby University, Derby, UK
| | - James N Kirby
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mantzios M, Egan H, Wallis DJ, Wood J. Advancing the assessment of mindful eating: Exploring the psychometric properties and validating the mindful eating behaviour scale in English. Nutr Health 2022; 28:501-507. [PMID: 35876339 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221116164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Mindful eating has been described as significant in motivating research and clinical outcomes in weight regulation and healthy eating. The use of psychometric tools to measure mindful eating is problematic, with results often leading to interpretations that are not reflective of mindful eating theory and fundamentals of mindfulness. Aim: In this research, we explored the Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale (MEBS) within a British sample to validate the factorial structure, and widen the use of a scale that appears appropriate for measuring mindful eating. Methods: A community sample (n = 742) was recruited via social media, and the findings supported the factorial structure proposed through the original Dutch sample. Predictive validity was also assessed, with the scale and subscales predicting fat and sugar consumption. Results: Cronbach's α values were acceptable and similar to the original findings, also supporting the internal consistency of the scale. Conclusion: While factorial structure, predictive validity and internal consistency propose a scale that can be adopted with English speaking populations, we propose the potential of furthering scientific inquiry on mindful eating research by highlighting the behavioural aspects of the scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deborah J Wallis
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeffrey Wood
- Department of Psychology, Schools of Social Sciences, 1725Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wan R, Shi J, Hu K, Wang Y, Jiang X, Yan W, Cao M, Wang Y. Effect of different weekly frequencies of Chen-style Tai Chi in elders with chronic non-specific low back pain: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:951. [PMID: 36414978 PMCID: PMC9682833 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tai Chi (TC), as one of mild to moderate exercise therapies specifically recommended by clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physician, is a viable option for chronic non-specific low back pain (CNLBP) treatment. Nevertheless, limited studies focused on the effect of different weekly frequencies of TC in elders with CNLBP. This superiority study aims to compare the differences of TC with different weekly frequencies in elders with CNLBP on the premise of proving its effectiveness, and identifying whether mindfulness mediates the effect of TC on treatment outcomes. METHODS In total, 284 senior citizens with CNLBP will be recruited in this single-centre, randomised, single-blinded (outcome assessors, data managers and the statistician), parallel controlled trial. Participants will be randomly divided into either one of three TC groups (1, 3, or 5 sessions/week, on the basis of weekly health educational lectures) or weekly health educational lectures, sustaining for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of follow-up after the end of intervention. The primary outcome (the changes of LBP intensity at rest) will be measured at baseline before randomisation and immediately after the completion of weeks 4, 8 and 12 of the intervention, and the end of follow-up (week 24) using the visual analogue scale (VAS, 0-10 cm) to put a mark on the VAS scale to show how severities of their average low back pain have been over the past 24 h. Secondary outcomes, including Beck Depression Inventory-II, Pain Catastrophising Scale and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index and Short Form-36, will be measured at baseline and immediately after the completion of week 12 of the intervention and end of follow-up. The intention-to-treat and per-protocol principles will be used to analyse outcomes with a setting at α = 0.05 as statistical significance. DISCUSSION This comprehensive and detailed protocol will be the first trial to compare the effectiveness of different weekly frequencies of TC in elders with CNLBP. The outcomes may provide valuable data about the choice of the ideal number of sessions to further normalise the application of exercise for clinicians. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese clinical trial registry ChiCTR2200058190 . Registered on 1 April 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Wan
- grid.411504.50000 0004 1790 1622College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China ,grid.488525.6Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655 China
| | - Jian Shi
- grid.488525.6Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655 China ,grid.443556.50000 0001 1822 1192College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kun Hu
- grid.443556.50000 0001 1822 1192College of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- grid.488525.6Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655 China
| | - Xue Jiang
- grid.488525.6Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655 China ,grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangwang Yan
- grid.488525.6Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655 China ,grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mali Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Changsha Social Work College, Changsha, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- grid.488525.6Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kalika E, Egan H, Mantzios M. Exploring the role of mindful eating and self-compassion on eating behaviours and orthorexia in people following a vegan diet. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2641-2651. [PMID: 35553382 PMCID: PMC9556376 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a new concept that is more prevalent in vegan populations. ON is characterised by obsessive focus on healthy eating, following restrictive dietary practices and dietary restrictions escalating over time. The aim of this study was to explore problematic eating behaviours in a vegan population, and to explore whether mindful eating and self-compassion have an impact on ON. Two hundred and eighty-seven females and twenty-eight males who followed a vegan diet completed scales in Orthorexia, Self-Compassion, Mindful, Emotional, External and Restraint Eating. The results indicated that individuals with high levels of ON display low levels of self-compassion, and high levels of restrained eating. Moreover, the findings indicated that self-compassion, but not mindful eating, partially mediated the relationship between restrained eating and orthorexia nervosa. The present results contribute to a better understanding of orthorexic eating behaviours in a vegan population, and identifies the mediating capacity of self-compassion. Further implications and future directions are discussed.Level of evidence: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kalika
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK.
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Curzon Building, Office C325, Birmingham, B4 7DE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Miley M, Egan H, Wallis D, Mantzios M. Orthorexia nervosa, mindful eating, and perfectionism: an exploratory investigation. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2869-2878. [PMID: 35829900 PMCID: PMC9556414 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Research has drawn associations between Mindful Eating (ME) and perfectionism in the aetiology and treatment of eating disorders (ED), but understanding into the relationship between these factors and Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is limited. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between perfectionism, ME, and ON. METHOD Participants (n = 670) completed the Düsseldorf Orthorexia scale, the Mindful Eating Behavior scale, and the Big-Three Perfectionism scale Short-form, to reveal the relationship between ON, ME, and perfectionism. The relationship was assessed using correlational and regression analyses. RESULTS A positive association was observed between perfectionism and ON. Moreover, perfectionism demonstrated a significant negative correlation with three out of four ME facets, with "eating without distraction" displaying the highest correlation. The "eating with awareness" facet of ME demonstrated a significant relationship with ON, in a negative direction. An unexpected relationship was observed between the focused eating facet of ME and ON, with a positive association being found. A further regression analysis revealed both perfectionism and ME to predict orthorexic tendencies. CONCLUSION These findings identify a relationship between ON, ME, and perfectionism. It offers suggestion for the complexity of ME, and how it should be recognised by its different components, estimating a differential predictability and estimation of ON. Further research is required to clarify the direction of causality in the relationships observed, to inform the clinical diagnoses and intervention of ON. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Miley
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| | - Deborah Wallis
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Body Esteem Explains the Relationship Between Mindful Eating and Self-Compassion: a Mediation Analysis. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-022-00252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Research illustrates that high levels of self-compassion are associated with individuals eating in a mindful way. Previous research focusing upon emotional eating behaviours has suggested that body esteem is a mechanism that links self-compassion to eating behaviours, whilst mindful eating relates negatively to emotional eating and displays another, more adaptive way of eating. The present research explored whether body esteem could explain (i.e. mediate) the relationship between mindful eating and self-compassion. Two hundred participants were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between mindful eating, self-compassion, and body esteem. The present study highlights a positive correlation between mindful eating and body esteem, with a mediation effect being observed for mindful eating on self-compassion via the appearance subscale of body esteem. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work. In addition, suggestions are provided regarding the inclusion of body esteem within weight management interventions focusing upon mindful eating and self-compassion.
Collapse
|
20
|
Moss SA, Serbetci D, O'Brien K, Alexi N. The Validated Features of Psychological Interventions for Weight Loss: An Integration. Behav Med 2022; 48:147-161. [PMID: 33226915 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2020.1842316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Many psychological inclinations, such as maladaptive beliefs, can diminish the capacity of individuals to manage their weight effectively and sustainably. Yet, interventions that purportedly address these psychological inclinations and improve weight management are not always beneficial. To be effective, these interventions should offer participants several choices, should be devoid of features that have not been validated in isolation, and should arrange the various activities in an efficient and effective sequence. Few if any programs fulfill these criteria. The aim of this paper was to construct an intervention that assimilates all the validated features of interventions that overcome the psychological impediments to weight loss. To achieve this goal, we blended a technique called intervention component analysis with thematic analysis. Specifically, we extracted refereed journal articles about weight loss from PsycInfo, distilled the practical recommendations from these articles, excluded recommendations that had not been validated in isolation of other features, integrated overlapping recommendations, and applied several principles to arrange these recommendations into the most effective sequence. This procedure generated an intervention that could comprise up to 43 features and activities, including self-affirmation to foster openness to change, anecdotes about dramatic improvements, ambitious rather than modest targets, an emphasis on strategies rather than targets, rewards for attempts, implementation intentions with partners, self-hypnosis, cognitive reframing, and distancing. If these features are unsuccessful, practices that demand more resources-such as group disclosure, virtual environments, motivational interviewing, and customized programs-were also recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Moss
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Duygu Serbetci
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Kerry O'Brien
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nektarios Alexi
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Exploring Mindfulness and Mindful Eating and Visual Attention Towards Food Cues: Preliminary Findings. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-022-00246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractContinual exposure to energy dense foods is suggested to promote overeating and obesity. The aim of the present research was to explore whether or not mindfulness could reduce visual attention towards food cues. In two laboratory studies, participants with a normal weight range completed an eye-tracking paradigm, and their eye-movements were recorded. In study 1, participants were exposed to either mindfulness meditation or a control condition, and their eye-movements towards low energy density (LED) vs high energy density (HED) food cues were measured. In study 2, participants were assigned to a mindful eating condition using a Mindful Construal Diary (MCD) or a control condition, and their eye-movements towards LED or HED food vs. non-food cues were recorded. In study 1, participants in the mindfulness meditation condition had greater attention duration towards LED food cues, whilst those in the control condition exhibited greater attention duration towards HED food cues. In study 2, there were no significant differences in the maintenance of attentional biases towards food cues between the two conditions. Mindfulness meditation may be beneficial in increasing attention towards LED food cues. Future research should further explore the effect of mindfulness and mindful eating on visual attention towards food cues with people who suffer from excess weight or have obesity, and also within naturalistic settings.
Collapse
|
22
|
Brenton-Peters J, Consedine NS, Roy R, Cavadino A, Serlachius A. Self-compassion, Stress, and Eating Behaviour: Exploring the Effects of Self-compassion on Dietary Choice and Food Craving After Laboratory-Induced Stress. Int J Behav Med 2022; 30:438-447. [PMID: 35731497 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-022-10110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress has been linked to high-fat and high-sugar food consumption. Self-compassion is associated with better emotional and physiological responses to stress. The current study explored whether trait self-compassion or induced state self-compassion could improve dietary choice and food craving after a stress induction. METHOD Fifty-three university students completed an online survey assessing self-compassion, eating restraint, and general perceived stress before attending a laboratory visit. In the laboratory, participants were randomised to a neutral writing control or a self-compassion letter writing condition before a stress induction. Measures of heart rate, heart rate variability, state self-compassion, dietary choice, and state food cravings were taken. RESULTS The brief self-compassion intervention did not sufficiently increase state self-compassion in the intervention group compared to the neutral writing condition. There was no effect of the written self-compassion intervention on heart rate, heart rate variability, dietary choice, or food craving. However, higher trait self-compassion was associated with healthier dietary choices (F(1, 49) = 5.35, p = .025, R2 = .098). CONCLUSION Results suggest that higher trait self-compassion improved dietary choice after stress in a controlled environment in a university population. Further research is warranted to explore whether brief self-compassion interventions can improve state self-compassion and thereby influence dietary choices and food cravings after a stress induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brenton-Peters
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, 22-30 Park Avenue, Building 507, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, 22-30 Park Avenue, Building 507, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rajshri Roy
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Serlachius
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, 22-30 Park Avenue, Building 507, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brenton-Peters JM, Consedine NS, Cavadino A, Roy R, Serlachius AS. Investigating the effect of an online self-compassion for weight management (SC4WM) intervention on self-compassion, eating behaviour, physical activity and body weight in adults seeking to manage weight: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056174. [PMID: 35105594 PMCID: PMC8808316 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individual weight management, defined as engaging in behaviours to maintain or lose weight, can improve health and well-being. However, numerous factors influence weight management outcomes, such as genetics, biology, stress, the social and physical environment. Consequently, weight management can be hard. Self-compassion, described as treating oneself kindly in times of failure or distress, has shown promise in improving weight management outcomes. The objectives of this study are twofold: (1) to examine the efficacy of an online self-compassion for weight management (SC4WM) intervention coupled with an online commercial weight management programme (WW Weight Watchers reimagined) with increasing self-compassion and improving weight management outcomes (eating behaviour, physical activity and body weight) in comparison with the WW programme only and (2) to explore whether improvements in weight management outcomes are moderated by eating restraint, weight self-stigma, perceived stress and psychological coping. METHODS AND ANALYSIS To achieve these objectives, 240 participants seeking to manage their weight were randomised to either an online behavioural commercial weight management programme (WW) or the online WW +SC4 WM intervention. Validated measures of self-compassion, stress, weight self-stigma, eating restraint, psychological coping and weight management outcomes were administered online at baseline, 4 weeks and at a 12-week follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics has been granted by the University of Auckland Health Research Ethics committee. Results will be communicated in peer-review journals, conferences and a doctoral thesis. If effective in increasing self-compassion and improving weight management outcomes, the intervention could be made more widely available to supplement behavioural weight management programmes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12621000580875; Pre-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rajshri Roy
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Sofia Serlachius
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Egan H, Keyte R, Mantzios M. The Challenges of Eating Well for People Living with Cystic Fibrosis: an Interview Study Exploring the Use of Mindful Eating Approaches and Behaviours to Support Optimal Nutritional Status. Int J Behav Med 2022; 29:762-774. [PMID: 35088244 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-022-10057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional status and weight are closely linked to lung function and health status in cystic fibrosis (CF). The investigation of eating behaviours has shown mindfulness practices to be useful in modifying eating behaviours, particularly with obesity; to date, no research specifically explores how these concepts may be utilised within a CF population who face specific challenges in eating behaviours. METHOD Adult patients (n = 20, M = 8, age range 21-62 years) were recruited from a UK CF regional centre to take part in qualitative semi-structured interviews. Experiences of eating behaviours focusing on the use of mindful (or mindless) eating as barriers and enablers to achieving and maintaining optimal nutritional status were explored. Data were analysed using thematic analysis with a contextualist approach to understand how participants experienced eating behaviours within the context of health and weight status. RESULTS Participants engaged readily in discussions of eating behaviour describing active self-regulation of food eaten and calorie intake. Participants who struggled to maintain weight employed strategies to increase calorie intake such as distraction and multitasking while eating. Most participants reported no pleasure in food, describing eating as another treatment to endure. Confusion existed around how to eat healthily for CF alongside co-morbid health conditions including diabetes, cholesterol and heart disease. CONCLUSION Participants were highly aware of their eating behaviours, engaging in intentional and deliberate preparations, which could be described as mindful, for making eating a more automatic or mindless activity. Modifications to usual mindful eating interventions are needed to support people with CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Egan
- Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Room C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK.
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Room C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Room C332, The Curzon Building, 4 Cardigan St., Birmingham, B4 7BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kömürcü Akik B, Yiğit İ. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the mindful eating questionnaire: Turkish validity and reliability study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
26
|
Salvo V, Sanudo A, Kristeller J, Schveitzer MC, Martins P, Favarato ML, Demarzo M. Mindful eating for overweight and obese women in Brazil: An exploratory mixed-methods pilot study. Nutr Health 2021; 28:591-601. [PMID: 34913753 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211052794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Worldwide, approximately 95% of obese people who follow diets for weight loss fail to maintain their weight loss in the long term. To fill this gap, mindfulness-based interventions, with a focus on mindful eating, are promising therapies to address this challenging public health issue. Aim: To verify the effects of the Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) protocol by exploring quantitative and qualitative data collected from Brazilian women. Methods: A single-group, mixed-methods trial was conducted at a public university with adult women (n = 34). Four MB-EAT groups were offered weekly for 2.5-h sessions over 12 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included body mass index (BMI) and self-report measures of anxiety, depression, mindfulness, self-compassion, and eating behaviour. Qualitative information was collected using focus groups in the last session of each group, including both participants and MB-EAT instructors. The qualitative data were examined using thematic analyses and empirical categories. Results: Twenty participants (58.8%) completed both pre- and post-intervention assessments, with adequate attendance (≥4 sessions). There was a significant average decrease in weight of 1.9 ± 0.6 kg from pre- to post-intervention. All participants who had scored at the risk level for eating disorders on the EAT-26 decreased their score below this risk level. Qualitative analysis identified that participants were able to engage a more compassionate perspective on themselves, as well as greater self-awareness and self-acceptance. Conclusion: The MB-EAT showed preliminary efficacy in promoting weight loss and improvements in mindfulness and eating behaviour. This intervention promoted effects beyond those expected, extending to other life contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Salvo
- Mente Aberta, Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, 58804Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sanudo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, 58804Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Cabral Schveitzer
- Department of Preventive Medicine, 58804Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Martins
- Mente Aberta, Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, 58804Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Favarato
- Mente Aberta, Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, 58804Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Demarzo
- Mente Aberta, Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, 58804Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindful eating has exceeded two decades of scientific enquiry but defining mindful eating has proven to be quite challenging. AIM The inability to clearly define mindful eating led to variations in the description in academic and clinical literature, different psychometric tools and the development of a field that is lacking the preciseness that is needed to advance mindful eating - and the associated interventions - onto a level that is simple to comprehend and implement in practice. METHODS Drawing from traditional and contemporary mindfulness and mindful eating literature, this manuscript will attempt to define and describe mindful eating in the context of eating behaviours. RESULTS The review of the literature has resulted in challenging areas around the main principles that should be included in defining the term mindful eating, and highlights the distinction between mindfulness and mindful eating, as well as behaviour and decision making within the context of mindful eating. CONCLUSION In a field that is lacking transparency and methodological rigour, mindful eating behaviour is detailed as a new beginning in conducting precise experimental research and evidence-based interventions for clinical and non-clinical use.
Collapse
|
28
|
Shaw R, Cassidy T. Self-Compassion, Mindful Eating, Eating Attitudes and Wellbeing Among Emerging Adults. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 156:33-47. [PMID: 34762553 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.1992334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindful eating behavior and self-compassion have been individually shown to contribute to healthy eating. Evidence suggests that they may interact and that interaction may increase our understanding of eating behavior. The aim of the current study was to explore the relationship between mindful eating behavior, self-compassion, healthy/unhealthy weight, eating disorder and wellbeing in a sample of university students. An online survey using questionnaire data collection in a sample of 349 students (105 males and 244 females). Variables measured included body mass index (BMI), mindful eating behavior, eating attitudes, self-compassion and mental wellbeing. Regression and path analysis show mindful eating behavior and self-compassion to individually and interaction predict eating attitudes and wellbeing. BMI was shown to have a curvilinear relationship with mindful eating behavior, self-compassion and wellbeing with both the underweight and obese reporting lower self-compassion, less Mindful eating behavior, lower wellbeing and more likely to exhibit disordered eating. These results indicate that self-compassion and mindful eating behavior might be usefully targeted in interventions to prevent both obesity and eating disorder.
Collapse
|
29
|
Brenton-Peters J, Consedine NS, Boggiss A, Wallace-Boyd K, Roy R, Serlachius A. Self-compassion in weight management: A systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2021; 150:110617. [PMID: 34560404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-compassion - the tendency or ability to treat oneself kindly in times of failure or distress - may be a natural fit to support individuals who struggle with weight management. However, while self-compassion shows promise with improving health behaviours, the associations self-compassion has on weight management outcomes are unclear. The objective of this systematic review was three-fold: (1) to evaluate whether self-compassion interventions can increase individual self-compassion in the context of weight management, (2) to investigate if self-compassion interventions can improve weight management outcomes, defined as healthier eating, increased physical activity, or reduced weight and finally, (3) to explore whether these benefits can be sustained over the longer term. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, Scopus, PsycINFO, Medline, PubMed and Embase databases were searched. Studies including a measure of self-compassion and a self-compassion intervention reporting weight management outcomes were included. Studies in populations living with an eating disorder were excluded. The Quality Criteria Checklist from the American Dietetic Association was used to assess study quality. Prospero Registration #CRD42019146707. RESULTS Of the 9082 records screened, a total of 20 studies met inclusion criteria. Seventeen studies reported significant increases in self-compassion post-intervention. Improvements were also found for eating behaviours (15 of 18), physical activity behaviours (6 of 9), and weight loss (6 of 11). The majority of improvements were maintained at follow-up, except for physical activity behaviours (1 of 7). CONCLUSION Self-compassion interventions tailored to weight management outcomes demonstrate efficacy with increasing self-compassion post-intervention. Methodological weaknesses and questions about the maintenance of any improvements in weight management outcomes limit our ability to make strong conclusions. However, there is promise and clear relevance for including self-compassion interventions to enhance weight management outcomes; directions for improved intervention and study design are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Anna Boggiss
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Kate Wallace-Boyd
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rajshri Roy
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Anna Serlachius
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carrière K, Shireen SH, Siemers N, Preißner CE, Starr J, Falk C, Knäuper B. Development and Validation of the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES). Appetite 2021; 168:105689. [PMID: 34517074 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous mindful eating scales stress the attentional domains of eating-specific mindfulness, such as present-moment attention to homeostatic cues of hunger and satiety while discounting other important domains such as non-judgment and decentering. The purpose of the series of studies was to develop and evaluate a multifaceted mindful eating scale that assesses several domains of eating-specific mindfulness. METHODS A multistep process was used to construct the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES). Study 1 outlined the initial scale construction and the development of a novel item pool (N = 480). Study 2 examined the internal structure of the observed variables using exploratory analysis (N = 445) and confirmatory analysis in a separate sample (N = 445). Reliability and validity were assessed in Study 3 (N = 166). RESULTS The final scale consists of 29 items with 4 factors: Non-Reactance, Non-Judgment, External Awareness, and Internal Awareness. The FFaMES demonstrated good internal consistency, retest reliability as well as preliminary convergent and divergent validity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide reliability evidence and initial support for the construct validity of the FFaMES and the continued study of multiple facets of eating-specific mindfulness. Future research should continue to investigate the differential effects of various aspects of eating-specific mindfulness in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Carrière
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | - Nellie Siemers
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Joshua Starr
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carl Falk
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bärbel Knäuper
- McGill University (Department of Psychology), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lengyel A, Keczeli D, Orosz R, Bács Z, Müller A, Szőke S, Bába ÉB. Initial Validation of the Mindful Presence Scale: The Issue of the Construal Level of Scale Items. Front Psychol 2021; 12:626084. [PMID: 34366955 PMCID: PMC8333280 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our research has two main aims. It undertakes the validation of a six-item trait mindfulness scale called Mindful Presence Scale (MPS), which measures central aspects of mindfulness. For the first time in mindfulness literature, the construal level of scale items is also examined. Four questionnaire-based online studies were conducted. Study 1 drew three samples (n n = 391, n p = 215, and n b = 235) from the students at the University of Debrecen. It examined the factor structure, reliability, and internal consistency of the three differently worded scale versions. The positively worded scale version (MPSp) yielded a stable two-factor structure and demonstrated the best psychometric properties. Study 2 performed a confirmatory factor analysis on a sample drawn from public employees across the country (n cfa = 420). The two-factor solution in Study 1 was confirmed. χ2 tests were not significant, and fit indices were excellent. There was no significant difference between the high-level construal subscale (Fhlc) and the low-level construal subscale (Fllc) in terms of factorial stability. Participant of Study 3 were students who did not take part in Study 1. The sample (n inv = 250) was tested for measurement invariance across gender. The scaled results supported strong/threshold invariance. Study 4 tested concurrent validity with 10 concurrent instruments. A sample of secondary school teachers (n con = 128) was tested by examining Spearman's rank order correlations. There was a significant difference in how the Fhlc and Fllc subscales predicted scores of some of the concurrent instruments. Further research is warranted into how the construal level of mindfulness scale items affects the recollection of the mindful experience. Overall, MPSp proved to be a valid short mindfulness measure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Lengyel
- Department of Tourism Management and Catering, Institute of Rural Development Tourism and Sports Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Danica Keczeli
- Department of Sport Economics and Management, Institute of Rural Development, Tourism and Sports Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róbert Orosz
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bács
- Institute of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anetta Müller
- Department of Sport Economics and Management, Institute of Rural Development, Tourism and Sports Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Szőke
- Department of Research Methodology and Statistics, Institute of Sectorial Economics and Methodology, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Bácsné Bába
- Department of Sport Economics and Management, Institute of Rural Development, Tourism and Sports Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Compassion toward others and self-compassion predict mental and physical well-being: a 5-year longitudinal study of 1090 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:397. [PMID: 34282145 PMCID: PMC8287292 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of compassion in promoting health and well-being, with cross-sectional data showing an inverse correlation with loneliness. This is the first longitudinal study examining both compassion toward others (CTO) and compassion toward self (CTS) as predictors of mental and physical health outcomes including loneliness, across adult lifespan. We followed 552 women and 538 men in San Diego County for up to 7.5 (mean 4.8 and SD 2.2) years, using validated rating scales for CTO, CTS, and loneliness. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to examine age- and sex-related trajectories of CTO and CTS over time. Linear regression models were used to evaluate baseline and longitudinal relationships of CTO and CTS with mental well-being, physical well-being, and loneliness. CTS and CTO were weakly intercorrelated. Women had higher baseline CTO than men. While CTO was stable over time and across the lifespan, CTS scores had an inverse U-shaped relationship with age, peaking around age 77. There were significant baseline × slope interactions of both CTO and CTS predicting improvements in physical well-being in adults <60 years old. Increases in CTO and CTS predicted improvements in mental well-being. Higher baseline CTO and CTS as well as increases in CTO and CTS scores predicted lower loneliness scores at follow-up. Thus, CTO and CTS were associated with better mental well-being and loneliness across the adult lifespan, and physical well-being in younger adults, and are promising targets for interventions to improve health outcomes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Mindfulness moderates the relationship between emotional eating and body mass index in a sample of people with cystic fibrosis. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1521-1527. [PMID: 32737812 PMCID: PMC8128802 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-regulation in eating is significant for enhancing life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis (CF), but research with this population is scarce. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, adults with CF completed a number of psychometric scales exploring typical eating behaviours that may increase calorific intake including motivations to eat palatable foods and scales that may be associated with decreased calorific intake: mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion. RESULTS Findings suggested that motivations to eat palatable foods and eating behaviours correlate with higher BMI, while mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion did not reach significance. Mindfulness and mindful eating moderated the relationship between emotional eating and BMI, while self-compassion did not moderate this relationship. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to develop healthy and effective means of enhancing calorific intake, where this is indicated, adapting mindful eating principles to focus on increasing both self-regulation and pleasure in eating while reducing emotional eating may be one means of doing this. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
|
34
|
Giannou K, Frowd CD, Taylor JR, Lander K. Mindfulness in face recognition: Embedding mindfulness instructions in the face‐composite construction process. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Giannou
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Charlie D. Frowd
- School of Psychology and Computer Science University of Central Lancashire Preston UK
| | - Jason R. Taylor
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Karen Lander
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mantzios M, Tariq A, Altaf M, Giannou K. Loving-Kindness Colouring and Loving-Kindness Meditation: Exploring the Effectiveness of Non-Meditative and Meditative Practices on State Mindfulness and Anxiety. JOURNAL OF CREATIVITY IN MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15401383.2021.1884159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aqsa Tariq
- Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Kyriaki Giannou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Exploring the Role of Self-Kindness in Making Healthier Eating Choices: A Preliminary Study. Int J Behav Med 2020; 28:664-669. [PMID: 33230640 PMCID: PMC7682770 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-020-09942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Food selection is an important factor in the prevalence of obesity, and regularly choosing nutrient-poor high-energy foods can have negative health consequences. The present study tested whether the use of mindful construal diaries (MCD) combined with self-kindness could promote healthier eating choices. Method Ninety participants were randomly assigned to either a self-kindness to the mind condition or self-kindness to the mind and body condition, and were served M&Ms and grapes as an unhealthy and healthy option, respectively. Results The results suggested that a difference in consumption was found between the two conditions, with participants in the self-kindness to the mind condition consuming significantly more grapes than those in the self-kindness to the mind and body condition. However, this difference was restricted to those who are usually low consumers of fruit and vegetable. Conclusion The effect of self-kindness towards promoting heathier eating whilst considering the body thus appears to require further investigation. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hussain M, Egan H, Keyte R, Mantzios M. Exploring the Environmental Manifestation of Types of Music on Reinforcing Mindfulness and Concurrent Calorie Intake. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:2633-2650. [PMID: 33092479 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120967276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of music on energy intake is conflicting, and recent research has suggested a positive association between classical music listening and mindfulness. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of music, specifically classical music on state mindfulness and calorie intake of energy-dense foods. METHOD One hundred participants were randomly assigned to either a classical, popular or no music condition, and were served a variety of sweet (i.e., chocolate and cookies) and savoury (i.e., crisps) energy-dense foods. Results: The results found no significant differences in state mindfulness, overall calorie intake, or intake of sweet foods across the three conditions. However, participants in the classical music condition did consume significantly less savoury food than those in the no music condition. CONCLUSION Playing classical music may be beneficial in reducing intake of savoury foods, but not through the association to changes in state mindfulness. Future research should explore extended sessions of music listening on state mindfulness and other experiential evaluations of mindfulness to conclude on the direct and indirect effects of music on sweet and savoury foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca Keyte
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schnepper R, Reichenberger J, Blechert J. Being My Own Companion in Times of Social Isolation - A 14-Day Mobile Self-Compassion Intervention Improves Stress Levels and Eating Behavior. Front Psychol 2020; 11:595806. [PMID: 33162922 PMCID: PMC7581850 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.595806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the resulting lockdown has affected the whole world and the maintenance of healthy eating behavior might be an additional challenge. Self-compassion (SC) interventions emphasize not only treating oneself in a caring way regarding personal weaknesses, e.g., diet lapses, but also the recognition of shared human suffering. Thus, self-compassion might be particularly valuable during the current worldwide crisis due to COVID-19. In this study, N = 65 participants that wanted to lose weight or develop a healthier eating behavior were randomized to either a 14-day self-compassion intervention arm or a waitlist control arm. The intervention consisted of daily journaling exercises and meditations via smartphone with a focus on improving eating behavior. Before and after the intervention phase, questionnaires on self-compassion, eating, dieting, health behavior, stress, and emotion regulation were completed and body weight was determined. Participants in the treatment arm (n = 28) showed an increase in self-compassion, a decrease in perceived stress, eating in response to feeling anxious, and, on trend level, body mass index (BMI). Changes in self-compassion fully mediated changes in stress. No such effects were found in the waitlist control group (n = 29). Thus, self-compassion might help to maintain well-being and healthy eating habits in times of increased stress and isolation. Future studies should replicate these findings outside of the COVID-19 crisis and test the effect of self-compassion in samples with eating disorders or weight problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Schnepper
- Division of Health Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Reichenberger
- Division of Health Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Division of Health Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lee EE, Bangen KJ, Avanzino JA, Hou B, Ramsey M, Eglit G, Liu J, Tu XM, Paulus M, Jeste DV. Outcomes of Randomized Clinical Trials of Interventions to Enhance Social, Emotional, and Spiritual Components of Wisdom: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:925-935. [PMID: 32401284 PMCID: PMC7221873 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Wisdom is a neurobiological personality trait made up of specific components, including prosocial behaviors, emotional regulation, and spirituality. It is associated with greater well-being and happiness. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to enhance individual components of wisdom. Data Sources MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles published through December 31, 2018. Study Eligibility Criteria Randomized clinical trials that sought to enhance a component of wisdom, used published measures to assess that component, were published in English, had a minimum sample size of 40 participants, and presented data that enabled computation of effect sizes were included in this meta-analysis. Data Extraction and Synthesis Random-effect models were used to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) for each wisdom component and random-effects meta-regression to assess heterogeneity of studies. Main Outcomes and Measures Improvement in wisdom component using published measures. Results Fifty-seven studies (N = 7096 participants) met review criteria: 29 for prosocial behaviors, 13 for emotional regulation, and 15 for spirituality. Study samples included people with psychiatric or physical illnesses and from the community. Of the studies, 27 (47%) reported significant improvement with medium to large effect sizes. Meta-analysis revealed significant pooled SMDs for prosocial behaviors (23 studies; pooled SMD, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.22-0.3]; P = .02), emotional regulation (12 studies; pooled SMD, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.21-1.12]; P = .004), and spirituality (12 studies; pooled SMD, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.41-1.60]; P = .001). Heterogeneity of studies was considerable for all wisdom components. Publication bias was present for prosocial behavior and emotional regulation studies; after adjusting for it, the pooled SMD for prosocial behavior remained significant (SMD, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.16-0.78]; P = .003). Meta-regression analysis found that effect sizes did not vary by wisdom component, although for trials on prosocial behaviors, large effect sizes were associated with older mean participant age (β, 0.08 [SE, 0.04]), and the reverse was true for spirituality trials (β, -0.13 [SE, 0.04]). For spirituality interventions, higher-quality trials had larger effect sizes (β, 4.17 [SE, 1.07]), although the reverse was true for prosocial behavior trials (β, -0.91 [SE 0.44]). Conclusions and Relevance Interventions to enhance spirituality, emotional regulation, and prosocial behaviors are effective in a proportion of people with mental or physical illnesses and from the community. The modern behavioral epidemics of loneliness, suicide, and opioid abuse point to a growing need for wisdom-enhancing interventions to promote individual and societal well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Katherine J. Bangen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Julie A. Avanzino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - BaiChun Hou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Marina Ramsey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Graham Eglit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Martin Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Exploring the Effects of Mindfulness and Self-Distancing on Chocolate Intake After a Negative State Affect. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-020-00181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFoods high in fat and sugar can often act as emotional regulators during negative emotional states, and regularly engaging in such behaviour can contribute towards weight gain. The present study investigated whether using mindful construal diaries (MCD) adapted with the element of self-distancing could improve state mindfulness, attenuate negative affect, and reduce chocolate intake. One hundred twenty participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, self-immersed, self-distanced, and control, and after evoking a negative state affect through a film excerpt, participants were served chocolate. The findings suggested there were no significant differences in improving state mindfulness or state negative affect across the three conditions. However, participants in the control condition did consume significantly more chocolate than those in the self-immersed and self-distanced conditions. Whilst there were no significant differences in chocolate intake between the two experimental conditions, those in the self-distanced condition did consume the least amount of chocolate. The concept of self-distancing may be beneficial in improving emotional eating behaviours further in mindful and attentive eating interventions. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Collapse
|
41
|
Efficacy and acceptability of a pilot dietary intervention focusing on self-compassion, goal-setting and self-monitoring. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2746-2758. [PMID: 32517844 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overweight and obesity are universal health challenges. Recent evidence emphasises the potential benefits of addressing psychological factors associated with obesity in dietary programmes. This pilot study investigated the efficacy and acceptability of a combined online and face-to-face dietary intervention that used self-compassion, goal-setting and self-monitoring to improve dietary behaviour, as well as psychological factors associated with dietary behaviour. DESIGN Embedded mixed methods including a 4-week before-after trial and a one-on-one interview. Quantitative outcomes of the study were the levels of self-compassion; eating pathology; depression, anxiety and stress; and dietary intake. Qualitative outcomes were participants' perceptions about the acceptability of the intervention. SETTING UNSW Kensington campus. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen participants with overweight and obesity aged between 18 and 55 years old. RESULTS Results showed that the intervention significantly improved self-compassion and some aspects of dietary intake (e.g. decrease in energy intake) at Week Four compared with Week Zero. Some aspects of eating pathology also significantly decreased (e.g. Eating Concern). However, changes in self-compassion over the 4 weeks did not significantly predict Week Four study outcomes, except for level of stress. Most participants found self-compassion, goal-setting and self-monitoring to be essential for dietary behaviour change. However, participants also indicated that an online programme needed to be efficient, simple and interactive. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the current study provides preliminary but promising findings of an effective and acceptable combined online and face-to-face intervention that used self-compassion, goal-setting and self-monitoring to improve dietary habits. However, the results need to be examined in future long-term randomised controlled trials.
Collapse
|
42
|
Giannou K, Taylor JR, Lander K. Exploring the relationship between mindfulness, compassion and unfamiliar face identification. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1739693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Giannou
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jason R. Taylor
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Karen Lander
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Keyte R, Egan H, Mantzios M. How does mindful eating without non-judgement, mindfulness and self-compassion relate to motivations to eat palatable foods in a student population? Nutr Health 2020; 26:27-34. [PMID: 31779514 DOI: 10.1177/0260106019888367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research acknowledges the impact mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion has upon weight regulation and motives to eat palatable foods, with mindful eating showing an increased impact of eating behaviours. Some research has identified that present moment awareness should be the primary focus of mindful eating. AIM This research aimed to explore the relationship between mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating with motivations to eat palatable food. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate this relationship among university students (n = 211), utilizing a newly developed mindful eating scale primarily focusing on present moment awareness. RESULTS Results indicated significant negative correlations between both self-compassion and mindful eating and motives to eat palatable foods. Mindful eating positively correlated with self-compassion and other mindfulness elements that are suggesting indirect acceptance measurements of the mindful eating scale. CONCLUSION Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work. In addition, suggestions are provided regarding the reinterpretation of elements that are investigated and explored in eating literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Keyte
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dieting, mindfulness and mindful eating:exploring whether or not diets reinforce mindfulness and mindful eating practices. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2020. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2019.88057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
45
|
A Randomised Experiment Evaluating the Mindful Raisin Practice as a Method of Reducing Chocolate Consumption During and After a Mindless Activity. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-019-00159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study investigated the impact of the mindful raisin exercise on overeating during and after the experiment while controlling for wellbeing. One-hundred and twenty-eight participants were recruited and completed a questionnaire on wellbeing (i.e. depression, anxiety and stress) and state mindfulness. Participants were randomly allocated to either the mindful raisin exercise or a newspaper reading control condition. The State Mindfulness Scale was then completed again, and participants watched a neutral video while exposed to chocolate for 10 min. For those 10 min, results showed that the mindfulness condition translated into lower food consumption during the mindless activity when compared to the control condition. Post experiment, participants were asked to wait for 5 min, and any extra chocolate consumption during this time was recorded. Post-consumption was non-significantly different between the two groups, with those in the mindfulness condition consuming 1.3 g less than those in the control group. Controlling for wellbeing did not alter the impact of the mindfulness intervention on consumption. Implications for future work and practical applications for weight regulation are discussed.
Collapse
|
46
|
Mantzios M, Skillett K, Egan H. Examining the Effects of Two Mindful Eating Exercises on Chocolate Consumption. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The present study aimed to investigate and compare the impact of the Mindful Construal Diary (MCD) and the Mindful Raisin Exercise on the sensory tasting experience of chocolate and participants’ chocolate consumption. Participants were randomly allocated into three conditions (MCD, mindful raisin exercise, and mindless control), and engaged with either the MCD, the mindful raisin exercise, or, were asked to read a news article, respectively, while they ate a piece of chocolate. They then rated their satisfaction and desire to consume more chocolate on a 10-point Likert scale, and filled in a state mindful eating scale. Afterward, participants were informed that the study had ended and were asked to wait while the experimenter recorded some information, and any extra chocolate consumption during this time was recorded. Participants in both mindfulness conditions consumed significantly less chocolate after the exercise than participants in the control condition. No significant differences were found between the three conditions on ratings of satisfaction and desire to consume more chocolate. Both the MCD and the raisin exercise can be used to successfully moderate the intake of calorific foods, while the MCD can be utilized as an alternative practice to the typical meditation-based interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Kirby Skillett
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Egan H, Keyte R, McGowan K, Peters L, Lemon N, Parsons S, Meadows S, Fardy T, Singh P, Mantzios M. ‘You Before Me’: A Qualitative Study of Health Care Professionals’ and Students’ Understanding and Experiences of Compassion in the Workplace, Self-compassion, Self-care and Health Behaviours. HEALTH PROFESSIONS EDUCATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hpe.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
|
48
|
Adult colouring: the effect of app-based
vs. pen-and-paper colouring on mindfulness
and anxiety. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2019. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2019.87312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe rise in popularity of “mindfulness colouring books” has led to the development of colouring applications as an alternative to the traditional pen-and-paper versions. There have been no investigations exploring these applications in regards to mindfulness.Participants and procedureIn two randomised experiments, this study examined whether there were any differences in state mindfulness and anxiety between (a) paper-and-pen and a colouring application (i.e., Experiment 1; n = 100), and (b) two different methods of colouring within an application (i.e., tapping or swiping; i.e., Experiment 1; n = 100).ResultsExperiments 1 and 2 showed a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms following a single colouring session, irrespective of different conditions. Also, Experiment 1, but not Experiment 2, revealed that colouring through the application significantly aided the increase in mindfulness.ConclusionsApp-based colouring may be a contemporary time- and cost-effective intervention in reducing anxiety. However, the non-significant increase in mindfulness appears challenging when attempting to justify the results. The effectiveness of colouring apart from mindfulness is seen through potential constructs such as flow, and display a limitation that requires further reflections on guidance to enhance mindfulness through colouring. Future directions are discussed.
Collapse
|
49
|
Xia T, Hu H, Seritan AL, Eisendrath S. The Many Roads to Mindfulness: A Review of Nonmindfulness-Based Interventions that Increase Mindfulness. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25:874-889. [PMID: 31241348 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have become increasingly popular for treating various physical and mental disorders. An increase in mindfulness levels through the teaching of mindfulness meditation is the most well-studied mechanism of MBIs. Recent studies, however, suggest that an increase in mindfulness is also observed in physical or psychosocial interventions not explicitly labeled as MBIs, or what the authors call non-MBIs. The authors aimed to review what non-MBIs can increase mindfulness levels despite not explicitly teaching mindfulness meditation. Design: The authors conducted a literature search for studies that included a non-MBI study arm measuring pre- and postintervention mindfulness levels using one of the following eight validated self-reported mindfulness questionnaires: Five-Faceted Mindfulness Questionnaire, Mindful Awareness and Attention Scale, Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory, Toronto Mindfulness Scale, Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale, Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills, Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure, and Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised. The authors identified 69 non-MBI study arms from 51 independent studies of the non-MBI itself or as active controls of an MBI under investigation. The authors documented or calculated, if not provided, effect sizes (ES) for changes in mindfulness levels following these interventions. Results: Among the 69 non-MBI arms, 36 showed no effect for change in mindfulness (ES <0.20), 3 were indeterminate (no ES available or unable to calculate), 13 had small effects (0.20 < ES <0.5), 13 had medium effects (0.50 < ES <0.80), 3 had large effects (0.80 < ES <1.3), and 1 had a very large effect (ES >1.3) for change in mindfulness. Conclusions: Analysis of the characteristics of non-MBIs with significant increases in mindfulness levels suggested some commonalities between MBIs and non-MBIs, shedding light on a spectrum of mindfulness-related interventions and the possibility that there are many roads to developing mindfulness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Xia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hiroe Hu
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andreea L Seritan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Stuart Eisendrath
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Acceptance- and Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Health Behavior Change: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2019; 13:74-93. [PMID: 32832377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral health issues such as smoking and overweight are risk factors for a variety of adverse health outcomes, including mortality. Over the past decade, a growing number of randomized controlled trials have examined the efficacy of acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions for smoking cessation and weight loss. The purpose of the current meta-analytic reviews was to quantitatively synthesize the existing literature comparing these interventions to controls for a) smoking cessation and b) weight loss outcomes. Searches identified 17 smoking cessation studies and 31 weight loss studies eligible for inclusion. Meta-analytic results indicated a non-significant effect favoring acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions over controls for smoking cessation (OR = 1.13) and a small, significant effect favoring these interventions over controls for weight loss outcomes (Hedge's g = 0.30). Statistical heterogeneity and risk of bias were assessed. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine moderating variables (e.g., sample and intervention characteristics). The findings indicated that acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions were at least as efficacious as active control conditions. Given the significant health risks associated with smoking and overweight, these findings have important clinical and public health implications. Limitations (e.g., relative infancy of the literature; lack of diversity in sample demographics) and future directions (e.g., further exploration of mediators and moderators of change) are discussed.
Collapse
|