A longitudinal study on the association between trait mindfulness and maternal bonding across the perinatal period

AIMS/BACKGROUND

The mother-to-infant is important for healthy child development. The current study focused on the association between maternal trait mindfulness and the course of maternal bonding from pregnancy to one year postpartum.

DESIGN/METHODS

Women participating in a prospective perinatal cohort study (n = 1003) completed online questionnaires on maternal bonding (Pre- and Post-natal Bonding Scale) at 28 weeks of pregnancy, and at 8 weeks, 6 months and 12 months postpartum. At 20 weeks of pregnancy, women completed the Three Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire - Short Form. Multilevel analyses were used to analyse 1) changes in maternal bonding over time and 2) the relationship of these changes with different facets of trait mindfulness measured once during pregnancy. Demographics, obstetrics, and depressive symptoms were controlled for.

RESULTS

Results showed that maternal bonding first increased from pregnancy to 8 weeks postpartum and then remained relatively stable throughout the first-year postpartum. On average, women with high scores on acting with awareness and non-judging also scored higher on maternal bonding, but demonstrated a smaller increase in maternal bonding scores over time when compared to women with medium and low scores on these mindfulness facets. Furthermore, non-reacting was also positively associated with the level of maternal bonding but was not related to the course of bonding over time. The main effects of non-reacting and non-judging were not significant after adjusting for covariates. Depressive symptoms and a high educational level were negatively associated with bonding.

CONCLUSION

Mindfulness-based interventions may be helpful in supporting expectant mothers who are at risk for suboptimal bonding.

The Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness and Depression in Elementary Pre-Service Teachers: The Sequential Mediating Role of Flow Experience and Learning Engagement

Objective

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between trait mindfulness, flow experience, learning engagement, and depression among elementary pre-service teachers.

Methods

We employed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Flow Experience Scale, Learning Engagement Scale, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale to assess 614 elementary pre-service teachers.

Results

Trait mindfulness in elementary pre-service teachers negatively predicts depression. Trait mindfulness indirectly impacts depression through flow experience and learning engagement. Furthermore, flow experience and learning engagement serve as mediating factors in the relationship between trait mindfulness and depression among elementary pre-service teachers.

Conclusion

Flow experience and learning engagement play a mediating role in the relationship between trait mindfulness and depression among elementary pre-service teachers. This study enriches our understanding of depression cognitive theory, emphasizing the positive influence of internal resources on depression prevention. Additionally, it provides a deeper explanation of the mechanism through which trait mindfulness affects depression, offering valuable insights for future depression intervention programs.

How public commuting stress promotes employee turnover intention: an examination through the lens of the transactional theory of stress

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The potential detrimental effects of commuting stress have gradually attracted scholars' interest in recent years. Going beyond the perspectives of prior studies (e.g., conservation of resources theory), this study offers a new explanatory framework for the relationship between employees' commuting stress and turnover intention based on the transactional theory of stress. Specifically, this study aims to investigate the mediating effect of hindrance appraisal and the moderating effect of trait mindfulness.

DESIGN AND METHOD

To test the hypotheses, we collected two-wave data from 243 employees working in various Chinese firms. Path analysis was used for the analysis.

RESULTS

The findings demonstrated that hindrance appraisal mediated the positive relationship between commuting stress and turnover intention. In addition, trait mindfulness buffered the relationship between commuting stress and turnover intention as well as the indirect effect of hindrance appraisal on this relationship.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings highlight the stressor appraisal mechanism in the association between commuting stress and turnover intention and identify trait mindfulness as a key coping mechanism for reducing commuting stress.

Collectivism, face concern and Chinese-style lurking among university students: the moderating role of trait mindfulness

Introduction

This study focuses on understanding the unique causes and mechanisms of "Chinese-style lurking" on WeChat among university students, within a cultural context that emphasizes collectivism and face concern. The research also looks into the moderating role of trait mindfulness.

Methods

For the confirmation of these phenomena and to validate the theories, a structural equation model was constructed using the Stress-Strain-Outcome (SSO) theory and mindfulness buffering theory. The model was then tested and validated with data from 1,453 valid online surveys. These data were analyzed using the SmartPLS 4.0 software.

Results

The results indicate that collectivism increases face concern, which in turn escalates online social anxiety. Face concern completely mediates between collectivism and online social anxiety, creating a serial mediation effect between face concern, online social anxiety, and lurking behavior. Additionally, trait mindfulness was found to negatively modulate the pathways from collectivism to face concern and from online social anxiety to lurking.

Discussion

The findings underscore the influence of traditional Chinese culture on contemporary students' online behavior and provide a new perspective for understanding social media lurking in an Eastern context. The results suggest that a mindfulness-based approach could be used to mitigate the associated silence and anxiety.

The relationship between trait mindfulness and inclusive education attitudes of primary school teachers: a multiple mediating model

Objective

This study aims to explore the impact of primary school teachers' empathy and efficacy for inclusive practice on the relationship between trait mindfulness and inclusive educational attitudes.

Methods

A total of 606 primary school teachers were tested using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Interpersonal Response Index Scale, Teacher Self-efficacy for Inclusive Practice Scale, and Teachers' Multidimensional Attitudes toward Inclusive Education Scale.

Results

Primary school teachers' trait mindfulness is significantly positively correlated with inclusive educational attitudes. Primary school teachers' trait mindfulness has an indirect impact on inclusive education attitudes through empathy, and primary school teachers' trait mindfulness has an indirect impact on inclusive education attitudes through teacher efficacy for inclusive practice. In addition, empathy and teacher efficacy for inclusive practice play a sequential mediating role between primary school teachers' trait mindfulness and inclusive education attitudes.

Conclusion

This empirical study reveals that empathy and efficacy for inclusive practice play a sequential mediating role between primary school teachers' trait mindfulness and inclusive education attitudes. On one hand, this research contributes to enriching the outcomes in the field of inclusive education for primary school teachers, providing a theoretical foundation for the study of their inclusive education attitudes. On the other hand, the study offers a detailed explanation of the psychological mechanisms behind the impact of mindfulness traits on the inclusive education attitude of primary school teachers, guiding schools in implementing mindfulness-based intervention programs.

Switching off automatic pilot to promote wellbeing and performance in the workplace: the role of mindfulness and basic psychological needs satisfaction

Introduction and method

Building on self-determination theory, this study aims to advance the happy-productive worker thesis by examining a sequential mediation linking trait mindfulness to task performance through basic psychological need satisfaction and psychological wellbeing at work. Whereas most of the papers published on the topic stem from USA and Europe, we tested our model in a Canadian sample of 283 French-speaking workers.

Results

Based on structural equation modeling, results show that the three need satisfactions at work mediate the relationship between trait mindfulness and psychological wellbeing at work. Rather than observing a sequential mediation, we find an indirect effect of trait mindfulness on task performance through the satisfaction for one of the basic psychological need (i.e., competence).

Discussion

The present research goes beyond previous studies by exploring a new pair of happy construct-productive criteria alongside an emergent intrapersonal factor contributing to this relationship.

Trait mindfulness, self-efficacy, and coping strategies during COVID-19

BACKGROUND

The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic may have negative impacts on individuals' mental health. At the same time, protective factors such as mindfulness, i.e., a moment-to-moment awareness of own experiences without judgment, may have positive effects on various psychological outcomes during the pandemic.

OBJECTIVES

The current study analyzed the associations between trait mindfulness and psychological outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic at three measurement points, testing self-efficacy and coping strategies as further potential predictors.

DESIGN & METHODS

Altogether 207 students (85% female, mostly between 18 and 25 years old) participated in a longitudinal online survey from May to July 2020. At t1, t2, and t3, trait mindfulness, COVID-19-specific psychological well-being, depressiveness, anxiety, and stress were assessed. In addition, coping strategies were measured at t1 and self-efficacy at t2.

RESULTS

Psychological outcomes at t1 were associated with trait mindfulness and coping strategies. The change in psychological outcomes between t2 and t3 was predicted by trait mindfulness and self-efficacy and to some extent by maladaptive coping. In a cross-lagged panel design, trait mindfulness was a better predictor of the psychological outcomes than vice versa.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results support the value of trait mindfulness for psychological outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Effect of Maternal Trait Mindfulness on Preschoolers' Social Competence: The Chain-Mediating Role of Maternal Self-Control and Problematic Social Media Use

The impact of maternal trait mindfulness on the development of preschoolers' social competence is receiving increasing attention from researchers. However, the mediating mechanisms that link maternal mindfulness to preschoolers' social competence are still not well understood. This study examined the mediating effect of maternal self-control and problematic social media use on the association between maternal trait mindfulness and preschoolers' social competence. We administered 407 mothers of preschoolers in China a questionnaire to assess their trait mindfulness, self-control, problematic social media use, and the degree of social competence of their children. After controlling for demographic variables, the results showed that (1) Maternal trait mindfulness was positively related to preschoolers' social competence; (2) Maternal self-control and problematic social media use independently mediated the relationship between maternal trait mindfulness and preschoolers' social competence; and (3) Maternal self-control and problematic social media use play a chain-mediating role between maternal trait mindfulness and preschoolers' social competence. These findings have enhanced our understanding of how maternal trait mindfulness influences preschoolers' social competence and holds important implications for interventions aimed at enhancing preschoolers' social competence.

The Role of Trait and State Mindfulness in Cognitive Performance of Male Adolescents

Purpose

The number of mindfulness intervention projects is continually increasing. Within the educational environment, mindfulness has purported links to well-being, positive behaviour, educational and cognitive performance. Trait mindfulness is related to rational thinking and better performance in cognitive tests, suggesting that innate mindfulness ability contributes to self-regulation ability and thus the efficacy of mindfulness interventions. The current study investigates whether mindfulness is a moderating factor. It examines correlations between cognitive performance and trait mindfulness. The study investigates the influence of trait mindfulness on the ability of students to enter state mindfulness in an attempt to understand the role both types of mindfulness may have on cognitive performance.

Participants and Method

Two-hundred and five male students aged fifteen and sixteen completed the adolescent version of the Mindfulness Awareness Scale, the Cognitive Reflection Test, and the Toronto Mindfulness Scale.

Results

Hierarchical regression analysis found that state mindfulness was a predictor of cognitive reflection ability. ANOVA also found that having either trait or state mindfulness predicted higher cognitive reflection scores, but only state mindfulness had a significant effect on cognitive reflection. Trait mindfulness was not a moderating factor.

Conclusion

Both state and trait aspects of mindfulness ability influence cognitive performance. Those with higher trait mindfulness ability are better able to enter state mindfulness and thus had better cognitive reflection scores. However, where it is possible to induce state mindfulness into those with low trait mindfulness, CRT scores were also higher although not significantly so.

The Influence of Authoritarian-Benevolent Leadership on Subordinates' Work Engagement: A Social Information Processing Perspective

Purpose

The dynamic and complex external environment calls for leaders to be both benevolent and authoritarian to cope with the mutually exclusive demands in the management process. But few research paid attention to the dark side of leaders' inconsistent behaviors on employees' work outcomes. Based on social information processing theory, this study investigated the impact of authoritarian-benevolent leadership on subordinates' work engagement and explored the mediating role of leader-member exchange ambivalence and the moderating role of trait mindfulness.

Methods

A two-wave time-lagged survey approach was employed and data from 309 employees from three Chinese companies were collected. R 4.2.1 and SPSS 26.0 were used to test our hypotheses.

Results

The findings demonstrated how subordinates were influenced in their work engagement by authoritarian-benevolent leadership and leader-member exchange ambivalence and emphasized the value of maintaining a high level of trait mindfulness. This study indicated that (1) authoritarian-benevolent leadership was negatively associated with work engagement, which was mediated by leader-member exchange ambivalence; (2) subordinates' trait mindfulness moderated the relationship between leader-member exchange ambivalence and work engagement; (3) the indirect effect of authoritarian-benevolent leadership on subordinates' work engagement through leader-member exchange ambivalence was moderated by subordinates' trait mindfulness.

Conclusion

This study reveals the dark side of authoritarian-benevolent leadership and deepens our understanding of the mechanism underlying the effect of authoritarian-benevolent leadership on subordinates' work engagement from a new theoretical perspective. Practical implications are provided for managers to effectively develop authoritarian-benevolent leadership skills and improve subordinates' work engagement.

Emotion regulation strategies and PTSS among children who experienced an explosion accident: the moderating role of trait mindfulness

The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating role of trait mindfulness in the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among children and adolescents who experienced an explosion accident. A total of 712 participants, aged 7-15, (Mage = 11.45, SD = 1.77; 48.9% male) who have experienced an explosion accident completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Trauma Screening Questionnaire and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. The results showed that trait mindfulness significantly moderated the relationship of the expressive suppression and PTSS under the control of sex, age, trauma exposure, and cognitive reappraisal strategy (β = -0.27, p < 0.05). However, the moderating effect of trait mindfulness between cognitive reappraisal strategy and PTSS was not significant (p> 0.05). Findings suggested that traumatized children with low levels of mindfulness may report severer PTSS when they adopt expressive suppression strategy.

Factors that contribute to trait mindfulness level among hospitalized patients with major depressive disorder

Mindfulness training among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) reduces symptoms, prevents relapse, improves prognosis, and is more efficient for those with a high level of trait mindfulness. Upon hospital admission, 126 MDD patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief, Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Rumination Response Scale (RRS). The 65 patients that scored less than the median of all subjects on the FFMQ were placed into the low mindfulness level (LML) group. The other 61 patients were placed in the high mindfulness level (HML) group. All facet scores were statistically different between the mental health assessment scores of the HML and LML groups except for RRS brooding and FFMQ nonjudgement. Trait mindfulness level exhibited a negative and bidirectional association with MDD severity primarily through the facets of description and aware actions. Trait mindfulness was also related positively with age primarily through the facets of nonreactivity and nonjudgement. Being married is positively associated with trait mindfulness levels primarily through the facet of observation and by an associated increase in perceived quality of life. Mindfulness training prior to MDD diagnosis also associates positively with trait mindfulness level. Hospitalized MDD patients should have their trait mindfulness levels characterized to predict treatment efficiency, help establish a prognosis, and identify mindfulness-related therapeutic targets.

How Does Trait Mindfulness Weaken the Effects of Risk Factors for Adolescent Smartphone Addiction? A Moderated Mediation Model

As a psychological resource of individuals, trait mindfulness is valuable in facilitating individuals to maintain attention intensity, increase efficiency, and alleviate stress and depression. It can also buffer against the risk factors of addictive behaviors. However, applied research combining trait mindfulness and smartphone addiction with the use of psychological resources is relatively scarce and needs further examination. We constructed a moderated mediation model based on compensatory Internet use and conservation of resources theory (OCR) to examine the effects of social anxiety on adolescent smartphone addiction and to describe how trait mindfulness "works" and "in what contexts it works better". We analyzed 1570 adolescent subjects through a multistage stratified sampling method. Our findings revealed that social anxiety positively predicted smartphone addiction, while trait mindfulness was negatively associated with it. Furthermore, trait mindfulness mitigated smartphone addiction by reducing social anxiety, suggesting a mediating effect of social anxiety on this relationship. Meanwhile, the mediating effect was more pronounced among adolescents with left-behind experience; we found that left-behind experience partially moderated the relationship between social anxiety and smartphone addiction. Adolescents with left-behind experience had more significant compensatory media use with a higher risk of smartphone addiction. This study highlights the potential protective role of trait mindfulness in the development and maintenance of adolescent smartphone addiction. It provides empirical support for applying resource conservation theory and stress buffering theory in this context.

The Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness and Well-Being in College Students: The Serial Mediation Role of Flow Experience and Sports Participation

Purpose

The current college students have a lot of mental pressure due to their heavy study, life and work burdens, and the incidence of college students' problems continues to rise. Sports are considered to be one of the best ways to improve the well-being of college students. However, the mechanism of college students' well-being is still unclear. This article is intended to exploring the mechanism of action of Trait Mindfulness (TM) on well-being in college students.

Methods

Four hundred and ninety six college students were tested with Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, Flow Experience Scale, Physical Activity Rating Scale, and Subjective Well-being Scale.

Results

College students' trait mindfulness (TM) can predict well-being, college students' trait mindfulness (TM) can have an indirect impact on well-being through flow experience, and college students' trait mindfulness (TM) has an indirect impact on well-being through sports participation. In addition, flow experience and sports participation play a sequential mediating role between college students' trait mindfulness (TM) and well-being.

Conclusion

Flow experience and sports participation play a sequential mediating role between college students' trait mindfulness(TM) and well-being. The current research results indicate that college students get well-being in sport activities. Trait mindfulness influences the behavioral tendency of sports participation through the mediation of thinking activities and cognitive function sequences. The results of this study provide a new literature reference for expanding the theory of positive emotion expansion and well-being. In addition, this study also provides an important basis for improving college students' well-being and college education.

How relative deprivation affects the sleep quality of Chinese college students: testing an integrated model of social anxiety and trait mindfulness

Although previous studies have confirmed the association between relative deprivation and individual health, the relationship between and underlying mechanisms of relative deprivation and sleep quality have rarely been explored. Therefore, the present study investigated how relative deprivation affected sleep quality by testing an integrated model and examining the roles of social anxiety and trait mindfulness. We surveyed 568 college students using the Relative Deprivation Scale, Interaction Anxiousness Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and PROCESS macro for SPSS. We found that a high relative deprivation score predicted poor sleep quality, and social anxiety partially mediated this relationship. Our model also indicated that the relationship between relative deprivation and sleep quality via social anxiety was moderated by mindfulness. Specifically, increasing trait mindfulness may decrease the indirect effect of relative deprivation on sleep quality through social anxiety. The current study expands our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, paths, and conditions of the effects of relative deprivation on sleep quality. Furthermore, we provide additional evidence that trait mindfulness can mitigate the adverse effects of negative events. College students should consciously use trait mindfulness techniques to consider problems, reduce anxiety, and improve their sleep quality.

Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescent Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Roles of Trait Mindfulness and Perceived Stress

The present study was conducted twice over one year during the COVID-19 pandemic with Chinese adolescents (n = 1582) to investigate the relationships among family socioeconomic status (SES), adolescent mental health problems, trait mindfulness, and perceived stress using self-reported measures. We administered the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PPS), the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and Conduct Problem Tendency Inventory (CPTDI) to a sample of Chinese adolescents. The results prove that (1) there were significant correlations among socioeconomic status, trait mindfulness, perceived stress, and adolescent mental health problems, and the (2) serial mediation analysis indicated that trait mindfulness and perceived stress performed as mediators on the path from SES to anxiety, depression, and externalizing problems. Our findings provide a contribution by showing the connection between socioeconomic position and adolescent mental health problems and by offering a reference for the treatment of psychological issues affecting adolescents.

Trait Mindfulness and Physical Health among Chinese Middle-Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Mental Health

Few studies have focused on the specific effects of trait mindfulness on physical health status, especially from a resilient aging perspective. This study examined the mediating role of mental health in the association between trait mindfulness and physical health status among middle-older adults in urban China. The participants included 188 individuals who were recruited from a community senior university and five community senior care centers. The findings reveal: (1) trait mindfulness has a strong effect on two physical health indicators (self-rated physical health and subjective sleep quality); (2) mental health is a significant mediator in the relationship between trait mindfulness and physical health status; and (3) the mediation role of mental health is more evident in the self-rated physical health model (24.15%) than subjective sleep quality (18.10%). This study improves our knowledge of how trait mindfulness can lead to a better physical health in middle-older adults and can lead to the development of social value communication and effective prevention.

Indulging in Smartphones in Times of Stress: A Moderated Mediation Model of Experiential Avoidance and Trait Mindfulness

Although previous studies have shown that perceived stress is positively related to problematic smartphone use, knowledge of mediating and moderating mechanisms underpinning this relationship is quite limited. In this study, we explored whether experiential avoidance mediated the relationship between perceived stress and problematic smartphone use and whether trait mindfulness moderated this mediating process. A total of 763 Chinese college students completed the measures of perceived stress, experiential avoidance, problematic smartphone use, and trait mindfulness. The results indicate that perceived stress was positively related to problematic smartphone use and this relation was partially mediated by experiential avoidance. Furthermore, moderated mediation analysis showed that trait mindfulness moderated the linkage between perceived stress and problematic smartphone use via experiential avoidance. This link became weaker for college students with higher levels of trait mindfulness. The results highlight the value of identifying the underlying mechanisms between perceived stress and college students' problematic smartphone use.

Trait mindfulness and emotion regulation responsiveness to negative affect in daily life

Objectives

Recent conceptualizations of adaptive emotion regulation is predicated on the ability to flexibly use emotion regulation strategies to meet changing contextual demands. Although trait mindfulness has been linked to enhanced emotional well-being and use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies, there is a dearth of literature examining associations between trait mindfulness and emotion regulation flexibility. Further, despite a rich literature suggesting that emotion regulation processes change with age, no study to date has assessed whether the role of trait mindfulness on emotion regulation responsiveness to negative emotions-a component of emotion regulation flexibility-differs between young and older adults.

Methods

The current study recruited 130 young adults and 130 older adults to assess trait mindfulness, emotion regulation strategy use, and emotion regulation responsiveness of six distinct strategies in daily life.

Results

Across the full sample, trait mindfulness was related to reduced distraction (β = -0.11, t(238.09) = -3.02, p = .003) and expressive suppression (β = -0.15, t(237.70) = -4.62, p < .001) strategy use. Age moderation analyses revealed that trait mindfulness was associated with reduced expressive suppression responsiveness (β = 0.12, t(247) = 2.31, p = .022) in young adults and increased detached reappraisal responsiveness among older adults (β = 0.15, t(247) = -2.95, p = .003).

Conclusions

The current findings highlight the importance of understanding how trait mindfulness is associated with strategy use and responsiveness to negative affect changes in daily life as well as how these patterns may shift across the lifespan.

Manuscript Pre-registration

Open Science Framework, registration number: z5g8v.

The Relationship between Perfectionism and Social Anxiety: A Moderated Mediation Model

Social anxiety is one of the mental health problems associated with perfectionism. The present study investigated the possible mediation of perceived stress in the relationship between perfectionism and social anxiety, and whether this mediation depends on the level of trait mindfulness. A total of 425 college students (female: 82.9%; mean age: M = 19.90 ± 1.06 years old) completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS), the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS), and the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). After controlling for age and gender, the moderated mediation analysis suggested that perfectionism significantly and positively predicted social anxiety and that perceived stress mediated the link between perfectionism and social anxiety. In addition, the indirect effect of perfectionism on social anxiety was moderated by trait mindfulness. Specifically, the indirect effect was weaker among the individuals with a high level of mindfulness compared to those with a low level of mindfulness. The findings of this study suggest that trait mindfulness significantly moderates the indirect effect of perfectionism on social anxiety via perceived stress.

Burnout, negative emotions, and wellbeing among social workers in China after community lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic: Mediating roles of trait mindfulness

Objective

This study aimed to investigate burnout situation of social workers (SWs) who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic-related community lockdown 1 year before, and to assess the protective value of trait mindfulness (TM) in states of burnout.

Method

We surveyed the burnout, trait mindfulness, negative emotions (NEs) and wellbeing (WB) of 182 social workers provided services to Wuhan lockdowns community by COVID-19 one year before. Burnout were measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey; TM using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; NEs using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21; and WB using the General Wellbeing Schedule. We also performed correlation regression analysis and mediation test for burnout, TM, NEs, and WB.

Results

Among the 182 respondents, 75 (41.2%) still suffered from severe burnout. TM was negatively correlated with burnout (r = -0.623), negatively correlated with NEs (r = -0.560), and positively correlated with WB (r = 0.617). Burnout had a significantly positive correlation with NEs (r = 0.544) and a significantly negative correlation with WB (r = -0.666). Further, WB had significantly negative correlation with NEs (r = -0.758). After controlling for age, gender, marital status, educational level, and years of employment, burnout had a significantly positive predictive effect on NEs (β = 0.509), whereas TM had a significantly negative predictive effect on NEs (β = -0.334). TM played a partial mediating role in the effect of burnout on NEs, with a mediating effect and effect ratio of 0.088 and 39.7%, respectively. Burnout had a significantly negative predictive effect on WB (β = -0.598), whereas TM had a significantly positive predictive effect on WB (β = 0.299). TM played a partial mediating role in the effect of burnout on NEs, with a mediating effect and effect ratio of -0.164 and 30.3%, respectively. WB had a significantly negative predictive effect on NEs (β = -0.711), and it played a partial mediating role in the effect of burnout on NEs, with a mediating effect and effect ratio of 0.185 and 83.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

The current levels of burnout among local SWs remained high 1 year after the community lockdowns. TM played a mediating role in the relationship between burnout, NEs, and WB. Concomitantly, WB played a mediating role in the relationship between burnout and NEs. Therefore, in the context of burnout, TM is a protective factor for reducing emotional stress and risks of developing psychiatric disorders through the enhancement of WB.

Physical Activity and Mindfulness are Associated with Lower Anxiety in Different but Complementary Ways

INTRODUCTION

Anxiety is the most prevalent mental illness worldwide. Physical activity and mindfulness both reduce anxiety. The two are highly related; however, the relative association of physical activity and mindfulness on anxiety has yet to be examined. The present study aimed to evaluate the unique variance accounted for by physical activity and mindfulness on anxiety.

METHODS

Fifty young adults from a student population (M ± SD = 19 ± 0.2 years old; 58% female) reported their physical activity, mindfulness, and anxiety symptoms at the start of the study and reported their change in state anxiety to an acute psychological stress test, Trier Social Stress Test.

RESULTS

Mindfulness explained more of the variance associated with anxiety symptoms at baseline, whereas physical activity explained more of the variance associated with change in state anxiety in response to the acute stressor. Females had higher rates of anxiety symptoms than males suggesting that females may benefit more from mindfulness. In contrast, both males and females reacted similarly to an acute stressor suggesting that both genders may benefit from physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that physical activity and trait mindfulness may have related, but distinct impacts on anxiety levels. These results have important implications for using these lifestyle interventions to support mental health and point to personalizing interventions to help ease the burden of anxiety felt by the individual.

Nature-Based Relaxation Videos and Their Effect on Heart Rate Variability

Growing evidence suggests that natural environments – whether in outdoor or indoor settings – foster psychological health and physiological relaxation, indicated by increased wellbeing, reduced stress levels, and increased parasympathetic activity. Greater insight into differential psychological aspects modulating psychophysiological responses to nature-based relaxation videos could help understand modes of action and develop personalized relaxation interventions. We investigated heart rate variability (HRV) as an indicator of autonomic regulation, specifically parasympathetic activity, in response to a 10-min video intervention in two consecutive studies as well as heart rate (HR). We hypothesized that a nature-based relaxation video elicits HRV increase and HR decrease, with response magnitude being affected by aspects of early life adversity (conceptualized as low parental care and high overprotection/constraint) and trait mindfulness. In Study 1, N = 60 participants (52% female, age_mean = 23.92 ± 3.13 years, age_range = 18–34 years) watched a relaxation video intervention depicting different natural scenery. We analyzed changes in HR and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as a standard HRV measure, both based on 3-min segments from the experimental session, in multiple growth curve models. We found a decrease in HR and increase of RSA during the video intervention. Higher paternal care and lower trait mindfulness observing skills (assessed via questionnaires) were associated with higher RSA values before but not during video exposure. In Study 2, N = 90 participants (50% female, age_mean = 22.63 ± 4.57 years, age_range = 18–49 years) were assigned to three video conditions: natural scenery from Study 1, meditation video, or short clip from “The Lord of the Rings.” Again, HR decreased, and RSA increased during video segments, yet without expected group differences across different video types. We found higher parental care and lower parental overprotection to predict higher RSA at different times during the experiment. Interestingly, lower paternal overprotection predicted overall higher RSA. These results suggest a generic relaxation effect of video interventions on autonomic regulation that we discuss in light of different theories mapping restorative effects of natural environments. Further, psychological characteristics like aspects of early life adversity and trait mindfulness could contribute to individual differences in autonomic regulation. This study contributes to a better understanding of autonomic and psychological responses to relaxation videos.

Interpersonal mindfulness and forgiveness: Examining the mediating roles of anger rumination and state anger

Measuring mindfulness without accounting for specific contexts may lead to controversial results. This study attempted to examine whether the newly proposed construct of interpersonal mindfulness, mindfulness as it happens within the interpersonal context, was connected to forgiveness and the mechanisms behind this connection. Data were collected from 312 participants using measures of interpersonal mindfulness, trait mindfulness, anger rumination, state anger, self-reported forgiveness, and forgiving behavior. Results showed that interpersonal mindfulness was significantly associated with both self-reported forgiveness and forgiving behavior even while accounting for trait mindfulness. Mediation analysis revealed that anger rumination and state anger could mediate this link separately and sequentially, but only when trait mindfulness was uncontrolled. When controlling for trait mindfulness, the mediating role of state anger remained significant, but neither anger rumination nor the serial combination did. An alternative model was also supported, showing that after controlling for interpersonal mindfulness, trait mindfulness was indirectly associated with forgiveness through anger rumination and the serial mediating effect of anger rumination and state anger, but not state anger. These findings suggest that interpersonal mindfulness is more suitable for predicting interpersonal forgiveness than trait mindfulness. State anger may operate as a proximal mechanism in explaining how mindfulness relates to interpersonal forgiveness, whereas anger rumination may operate at a more distal level.

Can Trait Mindfulness Improve Job Satisfaction? The Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness and Job Satisfaction of Preschool Teachers: The Sequential Mediating Effect of Basic Psychological Needs and Positive Emotions

Objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between basic psychological needs and positive emotions of preschool teachers between trait mindfulness and job satisfaction. Methods: Three hundred and ninety-eight preschool teachers were tested with mindfulness attention awareness scale, basic psychological needs scale, positive emotion scale, and job satisfaction scale. Results: Preschool teachers trait mindfulness can predict job satisfaction (β = 0.265, p < 0. 001). Preschool teachers trait mindfulness has an indirect impact on job satisfaction through basic psychological needs (β = 0.059, p = 0.002), and preschool teachers trait mindfulness has an indirect impact on job satisfaction through positive emotions (β = 0.123, p < 0. 001). In addition, basic psychological needs and positive emotions play a sequential intermediary role between preschool teachers trait mindfulness and job satisfaction (β = 0.017, p < 0. 001). Conclusion: Basic psychological needs and positive emotions play a sequential mediating role between preschool teachers trait mindfulness and job satisfaction, and this sequential mediating effect accounts for a high proportion of the total effect.

The Effect of Trait Mindfulness on Teachers' Emotional Exhaustion: The Chain Mediating Role of Psychological Capital and Job Engagement

Emotional exhaustion has become an important occupational health problem faced by teachers, and it has seriously affected their mental health. It is necessary to pay attention to the factors that affect emotional exhaustion. In this study, 815 frontline university faculty were selected as subjects to explore the relationship between trait mindfulness and emotional exhaustion and the role of psychological capital and work engagement in this relation, using the trait mindfulness, psychological capital, work engagement, and emotional exhaustion scales. It was found that trait mindfulness and emotional exhaustion are negatively correlated; the mediating role of psychological capital between trait mindfulness and emotional exhaustion is not significant; the mediating role of work engagement between trait mindfulness and emotional exhaustion is significant; the chain mediation effect of psychological capital and work engagement between trait mindfulness and emotional exhaustion are significant.

Job insecurity and innovative work behaviour: A moderated mediation model of intrinsic motivation and trait mindfulness

Research has disregarded the processes and boundary conditions associated with the effects of job insecurity on innovative work behaviour. Combining the job demands-resources and the self-determination perspectives, the present study develops and tests a first-stage moderated mediation model that identifies intrinsic motivation as a key mechanism accounting for a negative effect of job insecurity on innovative behaviour and trait mindfulness as a buffer against the detrimental impact of job insecurity on intrinsic motivation and, indirectly, innovative work behaviour. Two time-lagged studies-a two-wave study of 138 employees from Canadian firms and a three-wave study of 157 employees from US firms-were conducted to test the hypothesized model. Supporting our predictions, intrinsic motivation mediated a negative relationship between job insecurity and innovative work behaviour. Moreover, high levels of trait mindfulness were observed to attenuate the negative relationship of job insecurity with intrinsic motivation and, indirectly, innovative behaviour. These findings contribute to the literature by disclosing the processes linking job insecurity with impaired work outcomes and help to elucidate how and when employee can keep their innovative potential alive in spite of insecure work conditions.

Initial Validation of the Mindful Presence Scale: The Issue of the Construal Level of Scale Items

Our research has two main aims. It undertakes the validation of a six-item trait mindfulness scale called Mindful Presence Scale (MPS), which measures central aspects of mindfulness. For the first time in mindfulness literature, the construal level of scale items is also examined. Four questionnaire-based online studies were conducted. Study 1 drew three samples (n n = 391, n p = 215, and n b = 235) from the students at the University of Debrecen. It examined the factor structure, reliability, and internal consistency of the three differently worded scale versions. The positively worded scale version (MPSp) yielded a stable two-factor structure and demonstrated the best psychometric properties. Study 2 performed a confirmatory factor analysis on a sample drawn from public employees across the country (n cfa = 420). The two-factor solution in Study 1 was confirmed. χ2 tests were not significant, and fit indices were excellent. There was no significant difference between the high-level construal subscale (Fhlc) and the low-level construal subscale (Fllc) in terms of factorial stability. Participant of Study 3 were students who did not take part in Study 1. The sample (n inv = 250) was tested for measurement invariance across gender. The scaled results supported strong/threshold invariance. Study 4 tested concurrent validity with 10 concurrent instruments. A sample of secondary school teachers (n con = 128) was tested by examining Spearman's rank order correlations. There was a significant difference in how the Fhlc and Fllc subscales predicted scores of some of the concurrent instruments. Further research is warranted into how the construal level of mindfulness scale items affects the recollection of the mindful experience. Overall, MPSp proved to be a valid short mindfulness measure.

Exploring the Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness and Interpersonal Sensitivity for Chinese College Students: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotions and Moderating Role of Effectiveness/Authenticity

Background: Interpersonal sensitivity is a prominent mental health problem facing college students today. Trait mindfulness is a potential positive factor that may influence interpersonal relationships. However, the precise relationship between trait mindfulness and interpersonal sensitivity remains elusive, which limits the optimization and further application of mindfulness-based intervention schemes targeting interpersonal sensitivity. This study aimed to explore (a) whether negative emotions mediate the relationship between trait mindfulness and interpersonal sensitivity and (b) whether the relationship among trait mindfulness, negative emotions, and interpersonal sensitivity is moderated by effectiveness/authenticity. We hypothesize that (a) negative emotions mediate the relationship between trait mindfulness and interpersonal sensitivity, and (b) effectiveness/authenticity moderates the indirect association between trait mindfulness and interpersonal sensitivity through negative emotions.

Methods: One thousand four hundred nineteen Chinese college students (1,023 females, 396 males), aged from 17 to 23 (SD = 0.86, mean = 18.38), participated in this study. Their trait mindfulness, negative emotions, the effectiveness/authenticity, and interpersonal sensitivity were measured using well-validated self-report questionnaires.

Results: Correlational analyses indicated that both trait mindfulness and effectiveness/authenticity were significantly and negatively associated with interpersonal sensitivity. Mediation analyses uncovered a partial mediating role of negative emotions in the relationship between trait mindfulness and interpersonal sensitivity. Moderated mediation analyses showed that in college students with high effectiveness/authenticity, the relationship between trait mindfulness and negative emotions was stronger, whereas the relationship between negative emotions and interpersonal sensitivity was weaker.

Conclusion: Negative emotion is a mediator of the relationship between trait mindfulness and interpersonal sensitivity, which in turn is moderated by effectiveness/authenticity. These findings suggest a potential mechanism through which trait mindfulness influences interpersonal sensitivity. Mindfulness-based interventions have the potential to decrease interpersonal sensitivity and offer a basis for predicting individual differences in response to mindfulness-based interventions among individuals.

Trait mindfulness and cannabis use-related factors in adolescents and young adults with frequent use

BACKGROUND

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are effective in adult substance-use treatment and may be helpful for adolescents and young adults (AYAs). One target of MBIs is to improve trait mindfulness, which has been associated with better lifestyle and health outcomes. To inform MBIs for reducing cannabis use in AYAs, we sought to identify how trait mindfulness was associated with cannabis-related problems and quit attempts, as well as with motivation to change use in youth who report frequent use. Methods: Participants aged 15-24 years using cannabis ≥ 3x/week were recruited from AYA clinics in a northeastern US city to participate in a cannabis-use intervention pilot, randomized trial. At baseline, we assessed cannabis-use history, problems associated with use, attempts to quit, and trait mindfulness. All participants were offered two sessions of motivational enhancement therapy, during which they rated motivation to quit cannabis. Regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between trait mindfulness and cannabis use-related problems, attempts to quit, and motivation to change. Results: Seventy participants, mean age 20.7 ± 1.9 years, enrolled. Sixty percent identified as female, 47% as Black non-Hispanic, and 31% as Hispanic. Participants started using cannabis at mean age 15.0 ± 2.8 years and were using ≥ 3x/week by 17.0 ± 2.3 years. Higher mindfulness scores were associated with fewer cannabis-related problems (p = 0.004) and fewer quit attempts (p = 0.035). The number of cannabis-related problems did not significantly mediate the relationship between mindfulness and quit attempts. Trait mindfulness did not predict motivation to change cannabis use. Conclusions: Among AYAs using cannabis frequently, higher trait mindfulness was associated with both fewer cannabis use--related problems and fewer quit attempts. Future research should assess whether trait mindfulness is an appropriate target for decreasing cannabis use and the utility of MBIs for reducing cannabis-use behaviors.

The Relationship Among Trait Mindfulness, Attention, and Working Memory in Junior School Students Under Different Stressful Situations

Attention and working memory are important cognitive functions that affect junior school students’ learning ability and academic performance. This study aimed to explore the relationships among trait mindfulness, attention, and working memory and to explore differences in performance between a high trait mindfulness group and a low one in attention and working memory under different stressful situations. In study 1, 216 junior school students completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and their attention and working memory were tested in a non-pressure situation. The results showed that attention had a partial mediating effect between mindfulness and working memory. In study 2, the high trait mindfulness group and the low one were tested for attention and working memory under situations with single and multiple pressures. One notable result was that the attention and working memory performances of the high mindfulness group were all significantly higher than those of the low mindfulness group in every stress situation (no stress, single stress, and multiple stresses). Other important results were that trait mindfulness moderates the relationship between stress and attention and between stress and working memory. These results suggest that trait mindfulness has a protective effect in the process by which various stresses affect attention and working memory. These findings indicate that trait mindfulness is an important psychological quality that affects the attention and working memory of junior school students, and it is also an important psychological resource for effectively coping with the impact of stress on attention and working memory. Therefore, it is possible that improving trait mindfulness may help to improve junior school students’ attention and working memory and enable them to cope better with stress, thereby helping to improve academic performance. This research is of great significance for understanding the association between key psychological qualities and cognitive functions in different stressful situations. These findings also provide insight for future studies in educational psychology.

A longitudinal study of childhood trauma impacting on negative emotional symptoms among college students: a moderated mediation analysis

The present study investigated the possible mediation of resilience in the relationship between childhood trauma and negative emotional symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress) and whether this mediation depends on the levels of trait mindfulness. A total of 629 college students (female: 189, 30.0%; age: M= 18.43, SD = .90) completed the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC), and the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS) at baseline assessment (T1), and completed the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) three months later (T2). After controlling for age and gender, the moderated mediation analysis with longitudinal data suggested that resilience mediated the link between childhood trauma and negative emotional symptoms, and the indirect effect of childhood trauma on negative emotional symptoms was moderated by trait mindfulness. Specifically, the indirect effect was weaker among individuals with a high level of mindfulness compared to those with a low level of mindfulness. The findings suggested that trait mindfulness significantly influenced the indirect effect of childhood trauma on negative emotional symptoms via resilience. However, when the model was analyzed for males and females, respectively, the results suggested that the moderated mediating effects were only found for males, but not for females.

Trait mindfulness and depressive symptoms in non-small cell lung cancer patients: the mediating roles of quality of life and meaning in life

OBJECTIVE

The present study examined the potential mediating influences of meaning in life and quality of life in the relationship of trait mindfulness and depressive symptoms in lung cancer patients. Design: We adopted a cross-sectional design studying a sample of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, aged 20-65 years, and receiving cancer treatments or follow-up care. Main Outcome Measures: The outcome measures included Beck Depression Inventory-II, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and lung cancer specific complementary measure (EORTC QLQ-LC13), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, and the meaning in life questionnaire. Results: Among 116 lung cancer patients, 26.72% of them had clinically significant depressive symptoms. The presence of meaning, quality of life (QOL) functioning and symptom distress mediated the relationship of trait mindfulness and depressive symptoms. Multiple mediation analyses found that the presence of meaning in life was the main mediator. Conclusion: The reductions of depressive symptoms might be related to trait mindfulness enhancing lung cancer patients' perceptions of meaning in life. A mindfulness program has the potential to improve depressive symptoms in people with lung cancer.

The impact of mindfulness training on performance in a group decision-making task: Evidence from an experimental study

It is widely assumed that mindfulness training will lead to a range of benefits, from improved attentional capacities to better decision-making. Indeed, many large corporations have begun to provide workplace mindfulness training with the aim of improving group-based decision-making. Yet, there has been little empirical work testing the effects of mindfulness training on complex group-based task performance. In a randomised experimental study (N = 332), we examine the effects of two different durations of mindfulness training on strategic decision-making using the classic NASA survival task, assessing individual and then group performance. We expected that a longer training duration (seven daily sessions) would be associated with better group performance relative to a "one-off" training session. We did not find such an association: groups in the longer training condition made slightly, but not significantly, more errors than groups in the one-off condition. We did not find any differences across training conditions when examining individual performance. Our findings should be interpreted in light of numerous studies demonstrating the benefits of even short durations of mindfulness practice on cognitive performance. We conclude that our lengthier mindfulness training duration did not confer measurable benefits over a one-off training session at either the individual or the group level on a strategic decision-making task.

Higher trait mindfulness is associated with empathy but not with emotion recognition abilities

Mindfulness involves an intentional and non-judgemental attention or awareness of present-moment experiences. It can be cultivated by meditation practice or present as an inherent disposition or trait. Higher trait mindfulness has been associated with improved emotional skills, but evidence comes primarily from studies on emotion regulation. It remains unclear whether improvements extend to other aspects of emotional processing, namely the ability to recognize emotions in others. In the current study, 107 participants (M age = 25.48 years) completed a measure of trait mindfulness, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, and two emotion recognition tasks. These tasks required participants to categorize emotions in facial expressions and in speech prosody (modulations of the tone of voice). They also completed an empathy questionnaire and attention tasks. We found that higher trait mindfulness was associated positively with cognitive empathy, but not with the ability to recognize emotions. In fact, Bayesian analyses provided substantial evidence for the null hypothesis, both for emotion recognition in faces and in speech. Moreover, no associations were observed between mindfulness and attention performance. These findings suggest that the positive effects of trait mindfulness on emotional processing do not extend to emotion recognition abilities.

Pain Catastrophizing Mediates the Association Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress in Chronic Pain Syndrome

AIM

Trait mindfulness has been found to be inversely associated with emotional distress such as depression and anxiety among patients suffering from pain. The current study investigated the putative mechanisms underlying these associations by examining whether pain catastrophizing mediates the association between mindfulness and psychological distress and whether this model differs in patients suffering from chronic pain compared to patients experiencing nonchronic pain in a medical rehabilitation setting.

METHODS

Forty-eight patients in their subacute stage of recovery participated in the study. Seventeen participants had a diagnosis of chronic pain. Trait mindfulness was assessed using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, pain catastrophizing was assessed using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, depression symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire, and anxiety was assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale. Two mediation models were used, with pain catastrophizing mediating the association between mindfulness and depression and anxiety.

RESULTS

Catastrophizing significantly mediated the association between trait mindfulness and depression (P < 0.05, confidence interval [CI] = -0.35, -0.05). Catastrophizing also mediated the relationship between trait mindfulness and anxiety (P < 0.05, CI = -0.34, -0.04). Two moderated mediation models were tested, in which pain catastrophizing fully mediated the relationship between trait mindfulness and depression and anxiety, but only in patients with chronic pain.

CONCLUSIONS

The negative association between trait mindfulness and psychological distress may thus be partly attributed to pain catastrophizing: individuals high in trait mindfulness engage in less catastrophic thinking and therefore experience less distress. Importantly, this was only observed in the patients with chronic pain. These results further underscore the need to cope with pain catastrophizing and encourage mindfulness among patients with chronic pain.

Roles of Trait Mindfulness in Behavioral Activation Mechanism for Patients With Major Depressive Disorder

Behavioral activation and mindfulness have both been shown to engender improvement of functional impairment in patients with major depressive disorder. In behavioral activation, the practice of engaging with the direct experience of the present moment is central, especially when targeting avoidance. Consequently, mindfulness affects changes of avoidance in behavioral activation. This study was designed to assess exploratory relations among trait mindfulness, avoidance, and functional impairment in behavioral activation mechanism for depression. For 1042 participants with depression only or for depression with anxiety disorders, we used structural equation modeling to examine relations among trait mindfulness, avoidance, and functional impairment. Trait mindfulness non-reactivity, non-judging, and acting with awareness had a direct negative effect on avoidance. Trait mindfulness non-reactivity, trait non-judging, and trait acting with awareness had indirect negative effects on functional impairment. Results show that each trait mindfulness facet exhibited a distinct pattern of relations with avoidance and impairment.

Mindful aging: The association between trait mindfulness and expectations regarding aging among middle-aged and older adults

Objectives: Positive Expectations Regarding Aging serve as a protective factor of healthy aging; however, negative stereotypes regarding aging continue to dominate popular aging discourse. It is proposed that trait mindfulness (TM) is associated with aging expectations through the cultivation of openness, curiosity, and non-judgment to one's thoughts, emotions, and sensations, whether they are positive or negative.Methods: Associations between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Expectations Regarding Aging Survey (ERA-38) were examined among 201 participants aged 55+ years.Results: Analyses revealed that higher levels of TM was significantly associated with positive aging expectations, controlling for retirement and socioeconomic status ([Formula: see text]= 14.0%, F(5,192) = 7.17, p < .001).Conclusion: The development of TM, notably the facet of non-judgment, may be used to promote positive aging expectations to help support healthy aging.

Trait Mindfulness and Functional Connectivity in Cognitive and Attentional Resting State Networks

Mindfulness has been described as an orienting of attention to the present moment, with openness and compassion. Individuals displaying high trait mindfulness exhibit this tendency as a more permanent personality attribute. Given the numerous physical and mental health benefits associated with mindfulness, there is a great interest in understanding the neural substrates of this trait. The purpose of the current research was to examine how individual differences in trait mindfulness associated with functional connectivity in five resting-state networks related to cognition and attention: the default mode network (DMN), the salience network (SN), the central executive network (CEN), and the dorsal and ventral attention networks (DAN and VAN). Twenty-eight undergraduate participants completed the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), a self-report measure of trait mindfulness which also provides scores on five of its sub-categories (Observing, Describing, Acting with Awareness, Non-judging of Inner Experience, and Non-reactivity to Inner Experience). Participants then underwent a structural MRI scan and a 7-min resting state functional MRI scan. Resting-state data were analyzed using independent-component analyses. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to determine the relationship between each resting state network and each FFMQ score. These analyses indicated that: (1) trait mindfulness and its facets showed increased functional connectivity with neural regions related to attentional control, interoception, and executive function; and (2) trait mindfulness and its facets showed decreased functional connectivity with neural regions related to self-referential processing and mind wandering. These patterns of functional connectivity are consistent with some of the benefits of mindfulness-enhanced attention, self-regulation, and focus on present experience. This study provides support for the notion that non-judgmental attention to the present moment facilitates the integration of regions in neural networks that are related to cognition, attention, and sensation.

The impact of trait mindfulness on relational outcomes in novice yoga practitioners participating in an academic yoga course

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the role of dispositional mindfulness in impacting the relational benefits of yoga in novice practitioners in an undergraduate academic yoga course.

PARTICIPANTS

21 college students enrolled in a yoga course throughout a 15-week academic semester (January-April 2016).

METHODS

Participants attended lab assessments at the beginning and end of the semester and were asked to complete eight consecutive Internet-based daily surveys across six separate bursts, yielding 48 data points for each participant.

RESULTS

Multivariate time-series analyses revealed within-person subgroup differences such that in general, those in the high trait mindfulness group gleaned benefits from yoga practice with respect to relational outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated trait mindfulness impacts relational outcomes in novice yoga practitioners, suggesting those low in trait mindfulness may not garner immediate relational benefits from yoga and could benefit from additional strategies to bolster against any negative influences of initiating yoga practice.

Trait Mindfulness Is Associated With the Self-Similarity of Heart Rate Variability

Previous studies have linked trait mindfulness with better self-regulation and adaptation. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a good physiological indicator of the capacity for self-regulation and adaptation. The present study explored the relationship between trait mindfulness and HRV from the viewpoint of crosstalking between different HRV parameter pairs, which would reflect the dynamic interactions between each pair of HRV parameters in different processes. We measured the trait mindfulness of seventy-four undergraduate students and recorded nine HRV parameters during the following four consecutive experimental phases: (1) calming phase, (2) mental arithmetic task phase, (3) recovery phase, and (4) mindfulness practice phase. The relationship between trait mindfulness and HRV was explored at the following three levels: (1) the absolute level, i.e., HRV parameters in four different states, (2) the difference-change level, i.e., differences in HRV parameters between different states, and (3) the crosstalking level, i.e., self-similarity of crosstalking HRV parameter pairs. The results supported the following hypothesis: trait mindfulness, as measured by the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), was significantly and positively correlated with the self-similarity of crosstalking HRV parameter pairs but was not significantly correlated with the HRV parameters at the difference-change and absolute levels. These findings indicate that as trait mindfulness increases, the ability to maintain ANS function homeostasis improves. HIGHLIGHTS -Trait mindfulness is associated with better self-regulation and adaptation.-Heart rate variability (HRV) is a good physiological indicator of the capacity for self-regulation and adaptation.-Trait mindfulness is significantly correlated with self-similarity of crosstalking HRV parameter pairs but not with the HRV parameters at the difference-change or absolute levels.

Autonomic and affective mediators of the relationship between mindfulness and opioid craving among chronic pain patients

Prescription opioid misuse among chronic pain patients is undergirded by self-regulatory deficits, affective distress, and opioid-cue reactivity. Dispositional mindfulness has been associated with enhanced self-regulation, lower distress, and adaptive autonomic responses following drug-cue exposure. We hypothesized that dispositional mindfulness might serve as a protective factor among opioid-treated chronic pain patients. We examined heart-rate variability (HRV) during exposure to opioid cues and depressed mood as mediators of the association between dispositional mindfulness and opioid craving. Data were obtained from a sample of chronic pain patients (N = 115) receiving long-term opioid pharmacotherapy. Participants self-reported opioid craving and depression, and HRV was measured during an opioid-cue dot-probe task. Dispositional mindfulness was significantly positively correlated with HRV, and HRV was significantly inversely associated with opioid craving. Dispositional mindfulness was significantly negatively correlated with depression, and depression was significantly positively correlated with opioid craving. Path analysis revealed significant indirect effects of dispositional mindfulness on craving through both HRV and depression. Dispositional mindfulness may buffer against opioid craving among chronic pain patients prescribed opioids; this buffering effect may be a function of improved autonomic and affective responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Understanding the Role of Alcohol, Anxiety, and Trait Mindfulness in the Perpetration of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence in Emerging Adults

This study examines alcohol consumption, anxiety, trait mindfulness, and physical and sexual dating violence aggression (PDV and SDV) among 735 emerging adults (18-25 years) in an urban emergency department. Of the total sample, 27.2% perpetrated PDV and 16.5% perpetrated SDV. Alcohol was positively associated with PDV/SDV. Anxiety was positively associated with PDV. Mindfulness was negatively associated with PDV/SDV. Interaction analyses revealed women had lower PDV with higher nonjudgment facet of mindfulness. Higher act aware was associated with lower PDV regardless of high versus low alcohol. Findings indicate different contributing factors among perpetrators of PDV/SDV; some factors may be attenuated by mindfulness.

Physical activity in Indonesian University students: the contradictory roles of dispositional mindfulness and self-control

Physical inactivity is now identified as one of the major risk factors for global mortality, including in Indonesia. Past research in Western settings have demonstrated the efficacy of self-determined or autonomous forms of motivation in predicting health-related behaviours, and that association between these variables could possibly be moderated by individual differences in mindfulness. In terms of mindfulness, individuals from different cultures may vary in their familiarity and acceptance of mindfulness in daily life. Moreover, the ways though which individuals exhibit qualities of mindfulness are often intertwined with their capacity for self-control. In this correlational study utilizing cloud-based online survey, samples of Indonesian undergraduates (N = 411, mean age = 20.202, SD = 1.406) completed self-report measures of trait mindfulness, trait self-control, autonomous motivation, and physical activity. Bootstrap multiple regression analysis indicated that association between autonomous motivation and physical activity is strengthened by trait self-control (p = .017), but conversely, weakened by trait mindfulness (p = .024). Cultural perspective may help explain the dynamics of mindfulness, self-control, autonomous motivation, and physical activity.

Resting-State Network Functional Connectivity Patterns Associated with the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale

Mindfulness refers to attending to moment-to-moment experiences with acceptance and no judgment. Several scales have been developed to quantify different components of mindfulness. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) is particularly sensitive to trait mindfulness and is proposed to measure the attentional component of mindfulness. The purpose of this study was to identify the neural correlates of the MAAS in four resting-state networks related to attention-the default mode network (DMN), the salience network (SN), and the left and right central executive network (CEN). Thirty-two university students naive to mindfulness completed the MAAS and later underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Resting-state data were analyzed using an independent component analysis; the scores from the MAAS were covaried to the connectivity maps in an analysis of covariance. The results indicate that variations in MAAS scores correlated with variations in functional connectivity patterns in resting-state networks. Specifically, within the SN and CEN, the MAAS was negatively correlated with functional connectivity in the precuneus, even though the precuneus is a key component of the DMN. Negative correlations in the DMN between the MAAS and the insula and negative correlations in the SN between the MAAS and the posterior cingulate cortex were also observed. These results suggest that MAAS scores (1) are correlated with the functional connectivity of several brain structures related to attention and (2) involve cross-network functional connectivity.

Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Associated With Meditation Among Patients With Melanoma

Aim: To explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with meditation among people with melanoma and investigate the relationship between perceived stress, trait mindfulness, and meditation. Factors associated with interest to participate in an online meditation program were also explored. Methods: A survey-based cross-sectional study of 291 patients attending a melanoma outpatient clinic assessed knowledge of meditation, attitudes toward meditation using Determinants of Meditation Practice Inventory (DMPI), and meditation experience. Perceived stress and trait mindfulness were measured using the Perceived Stressed Scale and Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale, respectively. Results: Participants who had tried meditation (43%) were likely to be younger, female, and have completed higher education or be employed. Perceived stress score was higher among women, younger participants, and those treated in the past year but did not differ by melanoma stage. Participants reported a good understanding of the potential benefits of meditation, but even among people with meditation experience, common misconceptions prevailed. The main barrier to meditation was a perceived lack of knowledge about meditation . Higher DMPI scores were associated with lower education, moderate to low access to service centers, or living in disadvantaged neighborhoods . Participants practicing meditation that involved self-reflection reported less stress and higher trait mindfulness compared with participants practicing another type of meditation. People interested in participating in an online meditation-based program reported higher perceived stress than those not interested. Conclusion: A meditation-based intervention teaching self-reflective practices, targeted at people with melanoma, may have the potential to assist them with managing their stress.

Elucidating the Association between Trait Mindfulness and Alcohol Use Behaviors among College Students

Trait mindfulness has been considered a protective factor against alcohol use behaviors; however, the specific trait mindfulness facets, the specific alcohol use behaviors, and the mechanism underlying this relationship remain unclear. The present study examined the relationship between specific trait mindfulness facets and specific alcohol use behaviors, and how cued alcohol cravings might mediate this relationship. High-risk, young adult, undergraduate social drinkers (n = 240, 75% Caucasian, 70% female, mean age 19.4 years) completed a series of questionnaires and reported their level of alcohol cravings following alcohol pictorial cue exposure. Trait mindfulness was associated with less problematic alcohol use (r = -0.19, p < 0.01), but was not associated with alcohol use quantity (r = -0.07, p = 0.30) and duration (r = -0.08, p = 0.21). Only acting with awareness was associated with all types of alcohol use behaviors-including less problematic alcohol use (β = -0.18, p = 0.02), lower alcohol use quantity (β = -0.16, p = 0.04), and shorter alcohol use duration (β = -0.19, p = 0.02). Cued alcohol cravings mediated the negative associations of overall trait mindfulness (b = -0.50, p < 0.05) and acting with awareness (b = -0.32, p < 0.05) with problematic alcohol use, and the negative associations of acting with awareness with alcohol use quantity (b = -1.24, p < 0.05) and alcohol use duration (b = -0.34, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the protective effect of trait mindfulness likely operates through reducing cued alcohol cravings and might be most specific to acting with awareness among college students, thus suggesting a differential role of separate trait mindfulness facets in this high risk group.